merge from trunk revisions 127002-132392, 9/N

git-svn-id: https://gcc.gnu.org/svn/gcc/branches/st/cli-be@146440 138bc75d-0d04-0410-961f-82ee72b054a4

47 files changed, 19090 insertions, 7907 deletions

diff --git a/libdecnumber/ChangeLog b/libdecnumber/ChangeLog
index dd1804f0437..8e8cf1ac0fa 100644
--- a/libdecnumber/ChangeLog
+++ b/libdecnumber/ChangeLog
@@ -1,3 +1,93 @@
+2008-01-25  Janis Johnson  <janis187@us.ibm.com>
+
+	* decCommonSymbols.h: Commit.
+	* decDPDSybmols.h: Commit.
+
+	* Makefile.in (libdecnumber_a_SOURCES): List Symbols headers.
+	* decCommonSymbols.h: New file.
+	* decCommon.c: Include it.
+	* decDPDSymbols.h: New file.
+	* decDPD.h: Include it.
+	* decNumberLocal.h: Include the two new files.
+	* decContextSymbols.h (DECPOWERS, DECSTICKYTAB): New.
+	* decNumberSymbols.h (LNnn, d2utable): New.
+	* dpd/decimal32Symbols.h (COMBEXP, COMBMSD, DPD2BIN, BIN2DPD): New.
+	* dpd/decimal64Symbols.h (COMBEXP, COMBMSD, DPD2BIN, BIN2DPD): New.
+	* dpd/decimal128Symbols.h (COMBEXP, COMBMSD, DPD2BIN, BIN2DPD): New.
+	* dpd/decimal32.c: Remove redefine of DPD2BIN, BIN2DPD.
+	* dpd/decimal64.c: Ditto.
+	* dpd/decimal128.c: Ditto.
+
+2007-11-26  Thiago Jung Bauermann  <bauerman@br.ibm.com>
+
+	* Makefile.in (decimal32.o): Prepend $(srcdir) to dependencies
+	and substitute $< for the source file in compilation command.
+	(decimal64.o): Likewise.
+	(decimal128.o): Likewise.
+	(bid2dpd_dpd2bid.o): Likewise.
+	(host-ieee32.o): Likewise.
+	(host-ieee64.o): Likewise.
+	(host-ieee128.o): Likewise.
+
+2007-10-31  Thiago Jung Bauermann  <bauerman@br.ibm.com>
+
+	* configure.ac: Add ADDITIONAL_OBJS variable.
+	* Makefile.in (bid_OBS): New.
+	(libdecnumber_a_OBJS): Add ADDITIONAL_OBJS, remove condition
+	on enable_decimal_float.
+	* configure: Regenerate.
+
+2007-09-10  Janis Johnson  <janis187@us.ibm.com>
+	    Ben Elliston  <bje@au.ibm.com>
+
+	* Makefile.in (libdecnumber_a_OBJS): Remove decUtility.o
+	(dependencies): Add Symbols headers.
+	* decContext.c: Upgrade to decNumber 3.53.
+	* decContext.h: Ditto.
+	* decDPD.h: Ditto.
+	* decNumber.c: Ditto.
+	* decNumber.h: Ditto.
+	* decNumberLocal.h: Ditto.
+	* decBasic.c: New file from decNumber 3.53.
+	* decCommon.c: Ditto.
+	* decDouble.c: Ditto.
+	* decDouble.h: Ditto.
+	* decQuad.c: Ditto.
+	* decQuad.h: Ditto.
+	* decSingle.c: Ditto.
+	* decSingle.h: Ditto.
+	* decPacked.c: Ditto.
+	* decPacked.h: Ditto.
+	* dpd/decimal128.c: Upgrade to decNumber 3.53.
+	* dpd/decimal128.h: Ditto.
+	* dpd/decimal32.c: Ditto.
+	* dpd/decimal32.h: Ditto.
+	* dpd/decimal64.c: Ditto.
+	* dpd/decimal64.h: Ditto.
+	* decLibrary.c (__dec_byte_swap): Remove.
+	* decContextSymbols.h: New file.
+	* decDoubleSymbols.h: New file.
+	* decNumberSymbols.h: New file.
+	* decPackedSymbols.h: New file.
+	* decQuadSymbols.h: New file.
+	* decSingleSymbols.h: New file.
+	* decUtility.c: Delete file.
+	* decUtility.h: Delete file.
+	* bid/decimal128Symbols.h: New file.
+	* bid/decimal128Local.h: New file.
+	* bid/decimal32Symbols.h: New file.
+	* bid/decimal64Symbols.h: New file.
+	* bid/host-ieee128.c (__swap128): Remove.
+	(__host_to_ieee_128, __ieee_to_host_128): Don't handle endianness.
+	* bid/host-ieee32.c (__dec_type_swap): Remove.
+	(__host_to_ieee_32, __ieee_to_host_32): Don't handle endianness.
+	* bid/host-ieee64.c (__swap64): Remove.
+	(__host_to_ieee_64, __ieee_to_host_64): Don't handle endianness.
+	* dpd/decimal32Symbols.h: New file.
+	* dpd/decimal64Symbols.h: New file.
+	* dpd/decimal128Symbols.h: New file.
+	* dpd/decimal128Local.h: New file.
+
 2007-06-18  Martin Michlmayr  <tbm@cyrius.com>
 	    H.J. Lu  <hongjiu.lu@intel.com>
 
diff --git a/libdecnumber/Makefile.in b/libdecnumber/Makefile.in
index 730e1eb43fa..00b16b297dd 100644
--- a/libdecnumber/Makefile.in
+++ b/libdecnumber/Makefile.in
@@ -50,26 +50,25 @@ libdir = @libdir@
 localedir = $(datadir)/locale
 prefix = @prefix@
 
+ADDITIONAL_OBJS = @ADDITIONAL_OBJS@
+
 enable_decimal_float= @enable_decimal_float@
 
 INCLUDES = -I$(srcdir) -I.
 
 ALL_CFLAGS = $(CFLAGS) $(WARN_CFLAGS) $(INCLUDES) $(CPPFLAGS)
 
-libdecnumber_a_OBJS = decNumber.o decContext.o decUtility.o \
-	decimal32.o decimal64.o decimal128.o
+bid_OBJS = bid2dpd_dpd2bid.o host-ieee32.o host-ieee64.o host-ieee128.o
 
-ifeq ($(enable_decimal_float),bid)
-libdecnumber_a_OBJS+=bid2dpd_dpd2bid.o host-ieee32.o host-ieee64.o \
-	host-ieee128.o
-endif
+libdecnumber_a_OBJS = decNumber.o decContext.o \
+	decimal32.o decimal64.o decimal128.o $(ADDITIONAL_OBJS)
 
 libdecnumber_a_SOURCES = decContext.c decContext.h decDPD.h \
 	decNumber.c decNumber.h decNumberLocal.h \
-	decUtility.c decUtility.h \
-	dpd/decimal128.c dpd/decimal128.h \
-	dpd/decimal32.c dpd/decimal32.h \
-	dpd/decimal64.c dpd/decimal64.h \
+	decContextSymbols.h decDPDSymbols.h decNumberSymbols.h \
+	dpd/decimal128.c dpd/decimal128.h dpd/decimal128Symbols.h \
+	dpd/decimal32.c dpd/decimal32.h dpd/decimal32Symbols.h \
+	dpd/decimal64.c dpd/decimal64.h dpd/decimal64Symbols.h \
 	bid/decimal128.c bid/decimal128.h \
 	bid/decimal32.c bid/decimal32.h \
 	bid/decimal64.c bid/decimal64.h
@@ -113,28 +112,34 @@ $(srcdir)/config.in: @MAINT@ $(srcdir)/configure
 
 # Dependencies.
 
-decContext.o: decContext.c decContext.h decNumberLocal.h
-decNumber.o:  decNumber.c decNumber.h decContext.h decNumberLocal.h
-decimal32.o:  $(enable_decimal_float)/decimal32.c \
-   $(enable_decimal_float)/decimal32.h \
-   decNumber.h decContext.h decNumberLocal.h decUtility.h
-	$(COMPILE) $<
-decimal64.o:  $(enable_decimal_float)/decimal64.c \
-   $(enable_decimal_float)/decimal64.h \
-   decNumber.h decContext.h decNumberLocal.h decUtility.h
-	$(COMPILE) $<
-decimal128.o:  $(enable_decimal_float)/decimal128.c \
-   $(enable_decimal_float)/decimal128.h \
-   decNumber.h decContext.h decNumberLocal.h decUtility.h
-	$(COMPILE) $<
-bid2dpd_dpd2bid.o : bid/bid2dpd_dpd2bid.c bid/bid2dpd_dpd2bid.h
-	$(COMPILE) $<
-host-ieee32.o : bid/host-ieee32.c bid/decimal32.h
-	$(COMPILE) $<
-host-ieee64.o : bid/host-ieee64.c bid/decimal64.h
-	$(COMPILE) $<
-host-ieee128.o : bid/host-ieee128.c bid/decimal128.h
-	$(COMPILE) $<
+decContext.o: decContext.c decContext.h decNumberLocal.h \
+	decContextSymbols.h
+decNumber.o:  decNumber.c decNumber.h decContext.h decNumberLocal.h \
+	decNumberSymbols.h
+decimal32.o:  $(srcdir)/$(enable_decimal_float)/decimal32.c \
+   $(srcdir)/$(enable_decimal_float)/decimal32.h \
+   $(srcdir)/$(enable_decimal_float)/decimal32Symbols.h \
+   decNumber.h decContext.h decNumberLocal.h
+	$(COMPILE) $(srcdir)/$(enable_decimal_float)/decimal32.c
+decimal64.o:  $(srcdir)/$(enable_decimal_float)/decimal64.c \
+   $(srcdir)/$(enable_decimal_float)/decimal64.h \
+   $(srcdir)/$(enable_decimal_float)/decimal64Symbols.h \
+   decNumber.h decContext.h decNumberLocal.h
+	$(COMPILE) $(srcdir)/$(enable_decimal_float)/decimal64.c
+decimal128.o:  $(srcdir)/$(enable_decimal_float)/decimal128.c \
+   $(srcdir)/$(enable_decimal_float)/decimal128.h \
+   $(srcdir)/$(enable_decimal_float)/decimal128Symbols.h\
+   $(srcdir)/$(enable_decimal_float)/decimal128Local.h\
+   decNumber.h decContext.h decNumberLocal.h 
+	$(COMPILE) $(srcdir)/$(enable_decimal_float)/decimal128.c
+bid2dpd_dpd2bid.o : $(srcdir)/bid/bid2dpd_dpd2bid.c $(srcdir)/bid/bid2dpd_dpd2bid.h
+	$(COMPILE) $(srcdir)/bid/bid2dpd_dpd2bid.c
+host-ieee32.o : $(srcdir)/bid/host-ieee32.c $(srcdir)/bid/decimal32.h
+	$(COMPILE) $(srcdir)/bid/host-ieee32.c
+host-ieee64.o : $(srcdir)/bid/host-ieee64.c $(srcdir)/bid/decimal64.h
+	$(COMPILE) $(srcdir)/bid/host-ieee64.c
+host-ieee128.o : $(srcdir)/bid/host-ieee128.c $(srcdir)/bid/decimal128.h
+	$(COMPILE) $(srcdir)/bid/host-ieee128.c
 # Other miscellaneous targets.
 
 mostlyclean:
diff --git a/libdecnumber/bid/decimal128Local.h b/libdecnumber/bid/decimal128Local.h
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000..e499d73bf04
--- /dev/null
+++ b/libdecnumber/bid/decimal128Local.h
@@ -0,0 +1 @@
+#include "dpd/decimal128Local.h"
diff --git a/libdecnumber/bid/decimal128Symbols.h b/libdecnumber/bid/decimal128Symbols.h
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000..17757114ae7
--- /dev/null
+++ b/libdecnumber/bid/decimal128Symbols.h
@@ -0,0 +1 @@
+#include "dpd/decimal128Symbols.h"
diff --git a/libdecnumber/bid/decimal32Symbols.h b/libdecnumber/bid/decimal32Symbols.h
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000..a0c4bf8cd3c
--- /dev/null
+++ b/libdecnumber/bid/decimal32Symbols.h
@@ -0,0 +1 @@
+#include "dpd/decimal32Symbols.h"
diff --git a/libdecnumber/bid/decimal64Symbols.h b/libdecnumber/bid/decimal64Symbols.h
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000..5f3069cd62e
--- /dev/null
+++ b/libdecnumber/bid/decimal64Symbols.h
@@ -0,0 +1 @@
+#include "dpd/decimal64Symbols.h"
diff --git a/libdecnumber/bid/host-ieee128.c b/libdecnumber/bid/host-ieee128.c
index 2c8ea32746a..6d493e5c9d8 100644
--- a/libdecnumber/bid/host-ieee128.c
+++ b/libdecnumber/bid/host-ieee128.c
@@ -27,56 +27,22 @@ along with GCC; see the file COPYING.  If not, write to the Free
 Software Foundation, 51 Franklin Street, Fifth Floor, Boston, MA
 02110-1301, USA.  */
 
-#include <stdio.h>
-#include <stdlib.h>
 #include <string.h>
-#include <limits.h>
 
-#include "config.h"
-#include "gstdint.h"
 #include "bid-dpd.h"
 #include "decimal128.h"
 
-extern uint32_t __dec_byte_swap (uint32_t);
 void __host_to_ieee_128 (_Decimal128 in, decimal128 *out);
 void __ieee_to_host_128 (decimal128 in, _Decimal128 *out);
 
-#ifndef WORDS_BIGENDIAN
-#define WORDS_BIGENDIAN 0
-#endif
-
-static void
-__swap128 (char *src, char *dst)
-{
-  uint32_t t1, t2, t3, t4;
-
-  if (!WORDS_BIGENDIAN)
-    {
-      memcpy (&t1, src, 4);
-      memcpy (&t2, src + 4, 4);
-      memcpy (&t3, src + 8, 4);
-      memcpy (&t4, src + 12, 4);
-      t1 = __dec_byte_swap (t1);
-      t2 = __dec_byte_swap (t2);
-      t3 = __dec_byte_swap (t3);
-      t4 = __dec_byte_swap (t4);
-      memcpy (dst, &t4, 4);
-      memcpy (dst + 4, &t3, 4);
-      memcpy (dst + 8, &t2, 4);
-      memcpy (dst + 12, &t1, 4);
-    }
-  else
-    memcpy (dst, src, 16);
-}
-
 void
 __host_to_ieee_128 (_Decimal128 in, decimal128 *out)
 {
-  __swap128 ((char *) &in, (char *) out);
+  memcpy ((char *) out, (char *) &in, 16);
 }
 
 void
 __ieee_to_host_128 (decimal128 in, _Decimal128 *out)
 {
-  __swap128 ((char *) &in, (char *) out);
+  memcpy ((char *) out, (char *) &in, 16);
 }
diff --git a/libdecnumber/bid/host-ieee32.c b/libdecnumber/bid/host-ieee32.c
index 639662edfee..9a59c938644 100644
--- a/libdecnumber/bid/host-ieee32.c
+++ b/libdecnumber/bid/host-ieee32.c
@@ -37,69 +37,21 @@ Software Foundation, 51 Franklin Street, Fifth Floor, Boston, MA
 /* The intended way to use this file is to make two copies, add `#define '
    to one copy, then compile both copies and add them to libgcc.a.  */
 
-#include <stdio.h>
-#include <stdlib.h>
 #include <string.h>
-#include <limits.h>
-
-#include "config.h"
-#include "gstdint.h"
 #include "bid-dpd.h"
 #include "decimal32.h"
 
-uint32_t __dec_byte_swap (uint32_t);
 void __host_to_ieee_32 (_Decimal32 in, decimal32 *out);
 void __ieee_to_host_32 (decimal32 in, _Decimal32 *out);
 
-#ifndef WORDS_BIGENDIAN
-#define WORDS_BIGENDIAN 0
-#endif
-
-uint32_t
-__dec_byte_swap (uint32_t in)
-{
-  uint32_t out = 0;
-  unsigned char *p = (unsigned char *) &out;
-  union {
-    uint32_t i;
-    unsigned char b[4];
-  } u;
-
-  u.i = in;
-  p[0] = u.b[3];
-  p[1] = u.b[2];
-  p[2] = u.b[1];
-  p[3] = u.b[0];
-
-  return out;
-}
-
 void
 __host_to_ieee_32 (_Decimal32 in, decimal32 *out)
 {
-  uint32_t t;
-
-  if (!WORDS_BIGENDIAN)
-    {
-      memcpy (&t, &in, 4);
-      t = __dec_byte_swap (t);
-      memcpy (out, &t, 4);
-    }
-  else
-    memcpy (out, &in, 4);
+  memcpy ((char *) out, (char *) &in, 4);
 }
 
 void
 __ieee_to_host_32 (decimal32 in, _Decimal32 *out)
 {
-  uint32_t t;
-
-  if (!WORDS_BIGENDIAN)
-    {
-      memcpy (&t, &in, 4);
-      t = __dec_byte_swap (t);
-      memcpy (out, &t, 4);
-    }
-  else
-    memcpy (out, &in, 4);
+  memcpy ((char *) out, (char *) &in, 4);
 }
diff --git a/libdecnumber/bid/host-ieee64.c b/libdecnumber/bid/host-ieee64.c
index 3c98985244d..ac6cd849efe 100644
--- a/libdecnumber/bid/host-ieee64.c
+++ b/libdecnumber/bid/host-ieee64.c
@@ -37,50 +37,21 @@ Software Foundation, 51 Franklin Street, Fifth Floor, Boston, MA
 /* The intended way to use this file is to make two copies, add `#define '
    to one copy, then compile both copies and add them to libgcc.a.  */
 
-#include <stdio.h>
-#include <stdlib.h>
 #include <string.h>
-#include <limits.h>
-
-#include "config.h"
-#include "gstdint.h"
 #include "bid-dpd.h"
 #include "decimal64.h"
 
-uint32_t __dec_byte_swap (uint32_t);
 void __host_to_ieee_64 (_Decimal64 in, decimal64 *out);
 void __ieee_to_host_64 (decimal64 in, _Decimal64 *out);
 
-#ifndef WORDS_BIGENDIAN
-#define WORDS_BIGENDIAN 0
-#endif
-
-static void
-__swap64 (char *src, char *dst)
-{
-  uint32_t t1, t2;
-
-  if (!WORDS_BIGENDIAN) 
-    {
-      memcpy (&t1, src, 4);
-      memcpy (&t2, src + 4, 4);
-      t1 = __dec_byte_swap (t1);
-      t2 = __dec_byte_swap (t2);
-      memcpy (dst, &t2, 4);
-      memcpy (dst + 4, &t1, 4);
-    }
-  else
-    memcpy (dst, src, 8);
-}
-
 void
 __host_to_ieee_64 (_Decimal64 in, decimal64 *out)
 {
-  __swap64 ((char *) &in, (char *) out);
+  memcpy ((char *) out, (char *) &in, 8);
 }
 
 void
 __ieee_to_host_64 (decimal64 in, _Decimal64 *out)
 {
-  __swap64 ((char *) &in, (char *) out);
+  memcpy ((char *) out, (char *) &in, 8);
 }
diff --git a/libdecnumber/configure b/libdecnumber/configure
index a105bb01a42..19ece0fba0e 100755
--- a/libdecnumber/configure
+++ b/libdecnumber/configure
@@ -311,7 +311,7 @@ ac_includes_default="\
 # include <unistd.h>
 #endif"
 
-ac_subst_vars='SHELL PATH_SEPARATOR PACKAGE_NAME PACKAGE_TARNAME PACKAGE_VERSION PACKAGE_STRING PACKAGE_BUGREPORT exec_prefix prefix program_transform_name bindir sbindir libexecdir datadir sysconfdir sharedstatedir localstatedir libdir includedir oldincludedir infodir mandir build_alias host_alias target_alias DEFS ECHO_C ECHO_N ECHO_T LIBS SET_MAKE CC CFLAGS LDFLAGS CPPFLAGS ac_ct_CC EXEEXT OBJEXT RANLIB ac_ct_RANLIB ACLOCAL AUTOCONF AUTOHEADER WARN_CFLAGS WARN_PEDANTIC WERROR CPP EGREP MAINT build build_cpu build_vendor build_os host host_cpu host_vendor host_os target target_cpu target_vendor target_os enable_decimal_float LIBOBJS LTLIBOBJS'
+ac_subst_vars='SHELL PATH_SEPARATOR PACKAGE_NAME PACKAGE_TARNAME PACKAGE_VERSION PACKAGE_STRING PACKAGE_BUGREPORT exec_prefix prefix program_transform_name bindir sbindir libexecdir datadir sysconfdir sharedstatedir localstatedir libdir includedir oldincludedir infodir mandir build_alias host_alias target_alias DEFS ECHO_C ECHO_N ECHO_T LIBS SET_MAKE CC CFLAGS LDFLAGS CPPFLAGS ac_ct_CC EXEEXT OBJEXT RANLIB ac_ct_RANLIB ACLOCAL AUTOCONF AUTOHEADER WARN_CFLAGS WARN_PEDANTIC WERROR CPP EGREP MAINT build build_cpu build_vendor build_os host host_cpu host_vendor host_os target target_cpu target_vendor target_os enable_decimal_float ADDITIONAL_OBJS LIBOBJS LTLIBOBJS'
 ac_subst_files=''
 
 # Initialize some variables set by options.
@@ -7478,10 +7478,18 @@ if test x$enable_decimal_float = xyes -o x$enable_decimal_float = xno; then
   esac
 fi
 
+# If BID is being used, additional objects should be linked in.
+if test x$enable_decimal_float = xbid; then
+  ADDITIONAL_OBJS="$ADDITIONAL_OBJS \$(bid_OBJS)"
+else
+  ADDITIONAL_OBJS=
+fi
+
 echo "$as_me:$LINENO: result: $enable_decimal_float" >&5
 echo "${ECHO_T}$enable_decimal_float" >&6
 
 
+
 echo "$as_me:$LINENO: checking whether byte ordering is bigendian" >&5
 echo $ECHO_N "checking whether byte ordering is bigendian... $ECHO_C" >&6
 if test "${ac_cv_c_bigendian+set}" = set; then
@@ -8390,6 +8398,7 @@ s,@target_cpu@,$target_cpu,;t t
 s,@target_vendor@,$target_vendor,;t t
 s,@target_os@,$target_os,;t t
 s,@enable_decimal_float@,$enable_decimal_float,;t t
+s,@ADDITIONAL_OBJS@,$ADDITIONAL_OBJS,;t t
 s,@LIBOBJS@,$LIBOBJS,;t t
 s,@LTLIBOBJS@,$LTLIBOBJS,;t t
 CEOF
diff --git a/libdecnumber/configure.ac b/libdecnumber/configure.ac
index 2a30707e857..01eb4caf9f5 100644
--- a/libdecnumber/configure.ac
+++ b/libdecnumber/configure.ac
@@ -113,8 +113,16 @@ if test x$enable_decimal_float = xyes -o x$enable_decimal_float = xno; then
   esac
 fi
 
+# If BID is being used, additional objects should be linked in.
+if test x$enable_decimal_float = xbid; then
+  ADDITIONAL_OBJS="$ADDITIONAL_OBJS \$(bid_OBJS)"
+else
+  ADDITIONAL_OBJS=
+fi
+
 AC_MSG_RESULT($enable_decimal_float)
 AC_SUBST(enable_decimal_float)
+AC_SUBST(ADDITIONAL_OBJS)
 
 AC_C_BIGENDIAN
 
diff --git a/libdecnumber/decBasic.c b/libdecnumber/decBasic.c
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000..9ce277d2c30
--- /dev/null
+++ b/libdecnumber/decBasic.c
@@ -0,0 +1,3769 @@
+/* Common base code for the decNumber C Library.
+   Copyright (C) 2007 Free Software Foundation, Inc.
+   Contributed by IBM Corporation.  Author Mike Cowlishaw.
+
+   This file is part of GCC.
+
+   GCC is free software; you can redistribute it and/or modify it under
+   the terms of the GNU General Public License as published by the Free
+   Software Foundation; either version 2, or (at your option) any later
+   version.
+
+   In addition to the permissions in the GNU General Public License,
+   the Free Software Foundation gives you unlimited permission to link
+   the compiled version of this file into combinations with other
+   programs, and to distribute those combinations without any
+   restriction coming from the use of this file.  (The General Public
+   License restrictions do apply in other respects; for example, they
+   cover modification of the file, and distribution when not linked
+   into a combine executable.)
+
+   GCC is distributed in the hope that it will be useful, but WITHOUT ANY
+   WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of MERCHANTABILITY or
+   FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE.  See the GNU General Public License
+   for more details.
+
+   You should have received a copy of the GNU General Public License
+   along with GCC; see the file COPYING.  If not, write to the Free
+   Software Foundation, 51 Franklin Street, Fifth Floor, Boston, MA
+   02110-1301, USA.  */
+
+/* ------------------------------------------------------------------ */
+/* decBasic.c -- common base code for Basic decimal types	      */
+/* ------------------------------------------------------------------ */
+/* This module comprises code that is shared between decDouble and    */
+/* decQuad (but not decSingle).	 The main arithmetic operations are   */
+/* here (Add, Subtract, Multiply, FMA, and Division operators).	      */
+/*								      */
+/* Unlike decNumber, parameterization takes place at compile time     */
+/* rather than at runtime.  The parameters are set in the decDouble.c */
+/* (etc.) files, which then include this one to produce the compiled  */
+/* code.  The functions here, therefore, are code shared between      */
+/* multiple formats.						      */
+/*								      */
+/* This must be included after decCommon.c.			      */
+/* ------------------------------------------------------------------ */
+/* Names here refer to decFloat rather than to decDouble, etc., and */
+/* the functions are in strict alphabetical order. */
+
+/* The compile-time flags SINGLE, DOUBLE, and QUAD are set up in */
+/* decCommon.c */
+#if !defined(QUAD)
+  #error decBasic.c must be included after decCommon.c
+#endif
+#if SINGLE
+  #error Routines in decBasic.c are for decDouble and decQuad only
+#endif
+
+/* Private constants */
+#define DIVIDE	    0x80000000	   /* Divide operations [as flags] */
+#define REMAINDER   0x40000000	   /* .. */
+#define DIVIDEINT   0x20000000	   /* .. */
+#define REMNEAR	    0x10000000	   /* .. */
+
+/* Private functions (local, used only by routines in this module) */
+static decFloat *decDivide(decFloat *, const decFloat *,
+			      const decFloat *, decContext *, uInt);
+static decFloat *decCanonical(decFloat *, const decFloat *);
+static void	 decFiniteMultiply(bcdnum *, uByte *, const decFloat *,
+			      const decFloat *);
+static decFloat *decInfinity(decFloat *, const decFloat *);
+static decFloat *decInvalid(decFloat *, decContext *);
+static decFloat *decNaNs(decFloat *, const decFloat *, const decFloat *,
+			      decContext *);
+static Int	 decNumCompare(const decFloat *, const decFloat *, Flag);
+static decFloat *decToIntegral(decFloat *, const decFloat *, decContext *,
+			      enum rounding, Flag);
+static uInt	 decToInt32(const decFloat *, decContext *, enum rounding,
+			      Flag, Flag);
+
+/* ------------------------------------------------------------------ */
+/* decCanonical -- copy a decFloat, making canonical		      */
+/*								      */
+/*   result gets the canonicalized df				      */
+/*   df	    is the decFloat to copy and make canonical		      */
+/*   returns result						      */
+/*								      */
+/* This is exposed via decFloatCanonical for Double and Quad only.    */
+/* This works on specials, too; no error or exception is possible.    */
+/* ------------------------------------------------------------------ */
+static decFloat * decCanonical(decFloat *result, const decFloat *df) {
+  uInt encode, precode, dpd;	   /* work */
+  uInt inword, uoff, canon;	   /* .. */
+  Int  n;			   /* counter (down) */
+  if (df!=result) *result=*df;	   /* effect copy if needed */
+  if (DFISSPECIAL(result)) {
+    if (DFISINF(result)) return decInfinity(result, df); /* clean Infinity */
+    /* is a NaN */
+    DFWORD(result, 0)&=~ECONNANMASK;	/* clear ECON except selector */
+    if (DFISCCZERO(df)) return result;	/* coefficient continuation is 0 */
+    /* drop through to check payload */
+    }
+  /* return quickly if the coefficient continuation is canonical */
+  { /* declare block */
+  #if DOUBLE
+    uInt sourhi=DFWORD(df, 0);
+    uInt sourlo=DFWORD(df, 1);
+    if (CANONDPDOFF(sourhi, 8)
+     && CANONDPDTWO(sourhi, sourlo, 30)
+     && CANONDPDOFF(sourlo, 20)
+     && CANONDPDOFF(sourlo, 10)
+     && CANONDPDOFF(sourlo, 0)) return result;
+  #elif QUAD
+    uInt sourhi=DFWORD(df, 0);
+    uInt sourmh=DFWORD(df, 1);
+    uInt sourml=DFWORD(df, 2);
+    uInt sourlo=DFWORD(df, 3);
+    if (CANONDPDOFF(sourhi, 4)
+     && CANONDPDTWO(sourhi, sourmh, 26)
+     && CANONDPDOFF(sourmh, 16)
+     && CANONDPDOFF(sourmh, 6)
+     && CANONDPDTWO(sourmh, sourml, 28)
+     && CANONDPDOFF(sourml, 18)
+     && CANONDPDOFF(sourml, 8)
+     && CANONDPDTWO(sourml, sourlo, 30)
+     && CANONDPDOFF(sourlo, 20)
+     && CANONDPDOFF(sourlo, 10)
+     && CANONDPDOFF(sourlo, 0)) return result;
+  #endif
+  } /* block */
+
+  /* Loop to repair a non-canonical coefficent, as needed */
+  inword=DECWORDS-1;		   /* current input word */
+  uoff=0;			   /* bit offset of declet */
+  encode=DFWORD(result, inword);
+  for (n=DECLETS-1; n>=0; n--) {   /* count down declets of 10 bits */
+    dpd=encode>>uoff;
+    uoff+=10;
+    if (uoff>32) {		   /* crossed uInt boundary */
+      inword--;
+      encode=DFWORD(result, inword);
+      uoff-=32;
+      dpd|=encode<<(10-uoff);	   /* get pending bits */
+      }
+    dpd&=0x3ff;			   /* clear uninteresting bits */
+    if (dpd<0x16e) continue;	   /* must be canonical */
+    canon=BIN2DPD[DPD2BIN[dpd]];   /* determine canonical declet */
+    if (canon==dpd) continue;	   /* have canonical declet */
+    /* need to replace declet */
+    if (uoff>=10) {		   /* all within current word */
+      encode&=~(0x3ff<<(uoff-10)); /* clear the 10 bits ready for replace */
+      encode|=canon<<(uoff-10);	   /* insert the canonical form */
+      DFWORD(result, inword)=encode;	/* .. and save */
+      continue;
+      }
+    /* straddled words */
+    precode=DFWORD(result, inword+1);	/* get previous */
+    precode&=0xffffffff>>(10-uoff);	/* clear top bits */
+    DFWORD(result, inword+1)=precode|(canon<<(32-(10-uoff)));
+    encode&=0xffffffff<<uoff;		/* clear bottom bits */
+    encode|=canon>>(10-uoff);		/* insert canonical */
+    DFWORD(result, inword)=encode;	/* .. and save */
+    } /* n */
+  return result;
+  } /* decCanonical */
+
+/* ------------------------------------------------------------------ */
+/* decDivide -- divide operations				      */
+/*								      */
+/*   result gets the result of dividing dfl by dfr:		      */
+/*   dfl    is the first decFloat (lhs)				      */
+/*   dfr    is the second decFloat (rhs)			      */
+/*   set    is the context					      */
+/*   op	    is the operation selector				      */
+/*   returns result						      */
+/*								      */
+/* op is one of DIVIDE, REMAINDER, DIVIDEINT, or REMNEAR.	      */
+/* ------------------------------------------------------------------ */
+#define DIVCOUNT  0		   /* 1 to instrument subtractions counter */
+#define DIVBASE	  BILLION	   /* the base used for divide */
+#define DIVOPLEN  DECPMAX9	   /* operand length ('digits' base 10**9) */
+#define DIVACCLEN (DIVOPLEN*3)	   /* accumulator length (ditto) */
+static decFloat * decDivide(decFloat *result, const decFloat *dfl,
+			    const decFloat *dfr, decContext *set, uInt op) {
+  decFloat quotient;		   /* for remainders */
+  bcdnum num;			   /* for final conversion */
+  uInt	 acc[DIVACCLEN];	   /* coefficent in base-billion .. */
+  uInt	 div[DIVOPLEN];		   /* divisor in base-billion .. */
+  uInt	 quo[DIVOPLEN+1];	   /* quotient in base-billion .. */
+  uByte	 bcdacc[(DIVOPLEN+1)*9+2]; /* for quotient in BCD, +1, +1 */
+  uInt	 *msua, *msud, *msuq;	   /* -> msu of acc, div, and quo */
+  Int	 divunits, accunits;	   /* lengths */
+  Int	 quodigits;		   /* digits in quotient */
+  uInt	 *lsua, *lsuq;		   /* -> current acc and quo lsus */
+  Int	 length, multiplier;	   /* work */
+  uInt	 carry, sign;		   /* .. */
+  uInt	 *ua, *ud, *uq;		   /* .. */
+  uByte	 *ub;			   /* .. */
+  uInt	 divtop;		   /* top unit of div adjusted for estimating */
+  #if DIVCOUNT
+  static uInt maxcount=0;	   /* worst-seen subtractions count */
+  uInt	 divcount=0;		   /* subtractions count [this divide] */
+  #endif
+
+  /* calculate sign */
+  num.sign=(DFWORD(dfl, 0)^DFWORD(dfr, 0)) & DECFLOAT_Sign;
+
+  if (DFISSPECIAL(dfl) || DFISSPECIAL(dfr)) { /* either is special? */
+    /* NaNs are handled as usual */
+    if (DFISNAN(dfl) || DFISNAN(dfr)) return decNaNs(result, dfl, dfr, set);
+    /* one or two infinities */
+    if (DFISINF(dfl)) {
+      if (DFISINF(dfr)) return decInvalid(result, set); /* Two infinities bad */
+      if (op&(REMAINDER|REMNEAR)) return decInvalid(result, set); /* as is rem */
+      /* Infinity/x is infinite and quiet, even if x=0 */
+      DFWORD(result, 0)=num.sign;
+      return decInfinity(result, result);
+      }
+    /* must be x/Infinity -- remainders are lhs */
+    if (op&(REMAINDER|REMNEAR)) return decCanonical(result, dfl);
+    /* divides: return zero with correct sign and exponent depending */
+    /* on op (Etiny for divide, 0 for divideInt) */
+    decFloatZero(result);
+    if (op==DIVIDEINT) DFWORD(result, 0)|=num.sign; /* add sign */
+     else DFWORD(result, 0)=num.sign;	     /* zeros the exponent, too */
+    return result;
+    }
+  /* next, handle zero operands (x/0 and 0/x) */
+  if (DFISZERO(dfr)) {			     /* x/0 */
+    if (DFISZERO(dfl)) {		     /* 0/0 is undefined */
+      decFloatZero(result);
+      DFWORD(result, 0)=DECFLOAT_qNaN;
+      set->status|=DEC_Division_undefined;
+      return result;
+      }
+    if (op&(REMAINDER|REMNEAR)) return decInvalid(result, set); /* bad rem */
+    set->status|=DEC_Division_by_zero;
+    DFWORD(result, 0)=num.sign;
+    return decInfinity(result, result);	     /* x/0 -> signed Infinity */
+    }
+  num.exponent=GETEXPUN(dfl)-GETEXPUN(dfr);  /* ideal exponent */
+  if (DFISZERO(dfl)) {			     /* 0/x (x!=0) */
+    /* if divide, result is 0 with ideal exponent; divideInt has */
+    /* exponent=0, remainders give zero with lower exponent */
+    if (op&DIVIDEINT) {
+      decFloatZero(result);
+      DFWORD(result, 0)|=num.sign;	     /* add sign */
+      return result;
+      }
+    if (!(op&DIVIDE)) {			     /* a remainder */
+      /* exponent is the minimum of the operands */
+      num.exponent=MINI(GETEXPUN(dfl), GETEXPUN(dfr));
+      /* if the result is zero the sign shall be sign of dfl */
+      num.sign=DFWORD(dfl, 0)&DECFLOAT_Sign;
+      }
+    bcdacc[0]=0;
+    num.msd=bcdacc;			     /* -> 0 */
+    num.lsd=bcdacc;			     /* .. */
+    return decFinalize(result, &num, set);   /* [divide may clamp exponent] */
+    } /* 0/x */
+  /* [here, both operands are known to be finite and non-zero] */
+
+  /* extract the operand coefficents into 'units' which are */
+  /* base-billion; the lhs is high-aligned in acc and the msu of both */
+  /* acc and div is at the right-hand end of array (offset length-1); */
+  /* the quotient can need one more unit than the operands as digits */
+  /* in it are not necessarily aligned neatly; further, the quotient */
+  /* may not start accumulating until after the end of the initial */
+  /* operand in acc if that is small (e.g., 1) so the accumulator */
+  /* must have at least that number of units extra (at the ls end) */
+  GETCOEFFBILL(dfl, acc+DIVACCLEN-DIVOPLEN);
+  GETCOEFFBILL(dfr, div);
+  /* zero the low uInts of acc */
+  acc[0]=0;
+  acc[1]=0;
+  acc[2]=0;
+  acc[3]=0;
+  #if DOUBLE
+    #if DIVOPLEN!=2
+      #error Unexpected Double DIVOPLEN
+    #endif
+  #elif QUAD
+  acc[4]=0;
+  acc[5]=0;
+  acc[6]=0;
+  acc[7]=0;
+    #if DIVOPLEN!=4
+      #error Unexpected Quad DIVOPLEN
+    #endif
+  #endif
+
+  /* set msu and lsu pointers */
+  msua=acc+DIVACCLEN-1;	      /* [leading zeros removed below] */
+  msuq=quo+DIVOPLEN;
+  /*[loop for div will terminate because operands are non-zero] */
+  for (msud=div+DIVOPLEN-1; *msud==0;) msud--;
+  /* the initial least-significant unit of acc is set so acc appears */
+  /* to have the same length as div. */
+  /* This moves one position towards the least possible for each */
+  /* iteration */
+  divunits=(Int)(msud-div+1); /* precalculate */
+  lsua=msua-divunits+1;	      /* initial working lsu of acc */
+  lsuq=msuq;		      /* and of quo */
+
+  /* set up the estimator for the multiplier; this is the msu of div, */
+  /* plus two bits from the unit below (if any) rounded up by one if */
+  /* there are any non-zero bits or units below that [the extra two */
+  /* bits makes for a much better estimate when the top unit is small] */
+  divtop=*msud<<2;
+  if (divunits>1) {
+    uInt *um=msud-1;
+    uInt d=*um;
+    if (d>=750000000) {divtop+=3; d-=750000000;}
+     else if (d>=500000000) {divtop+=2; d-=500000000;}
+     else if (d>=250000000) {divtop++; d-=250000000;}
+    if (d) divtop++;
+     else for (um--; um>=div; um--) if (*um) {
+      divtop++;
+      break;
+      }
+    } /* >1 unit */
+
+  #if DECTRACE
+  {Int i;
+  printf("----- div=");
+  for (i=divunits-1; i>=0; i--) printf("%09ld ", (LI)div[i]);
+  printf("\n");}
+  #endif
+
+  /* now collect up to DECPMAX+1 digits in the quotient (this may */
+  /* need OPLEN+1 uInts if unaligned) */
+  quodigits=0;		      /* no digits yet */
+  for (;; lsua--) {	      /* outer loop -- each input position */
+    #if DECCHECK
+    if (lsua<acc) {
+      printf("Acc underrun...\n");
+      break;
+      }
+    #endif
+    #if DECTRACE
+    printf("Outer: quodigits=%ld acc=", (LI)quodigits);
+    for (ua=msua; ua>=lsua; ua--) printf("%09ld ", (LI)*ua);
+    printf("\n");
+    #endif
+    *lsuq=0;		      /* default unit result is 0 */
+    for (;;) {		      /* inner loop -- calculate quotient unit */
+      /* strip leading zero units from acc (either there initially or */
+      /* from subtraction below); this may strip all if exactly 0 */
+      for (; *msua==0 && msua>=lsua;) msua--;
+      accunits=(Int)(msua-lsua+1);		  /* [maybe 0] */
+      /* subtraction is only necessary and possible if there are as */
+      /* least as many units remaining in acc for this iteration as */
+      /* there are in div */
+      if (accunits<divunits) {
+	if (accunits==0) msua++;		  /* restore */
+	break;
+	}
+
+      /* If acc is longer than div then subtraction is definitely */
+      /* possible (as msu of both is non-zero), but if they are the */
+      /* same length a comparison is needed. */
+      /* If a subtraction is needed then a good estimate of the */
+      /* multiplier for the subtraction is also needed in order to */
+      /* minimise the iterations of this inner loop because the */
+      /* subtractions needed dominate division performance. */
+      if (accunits==divunits) {
+	/* compare the high divunits of acc and div: */
+	/* acc<div:  this quotient unit is unchanged; subtraction */
+	/*	     will be possible on the next iteration */
+	/* acc==div: quotient gains 1, set acc=0 */
+	/* acc>div:  subtraction necessary at this position */
+	for (ud=msud, ua=msua; ud>div; ud--, ua--) if (*ud!=*ua) break;
+	/* [now at first mismatch or lsu] */
+	if (*ud>*ua) break;			  /* next time... */
+	if (*ud==*ua) {				  /* all compared equal */
+	  *lsuq+=1;				  /* increment result */
+	  msua=lsua;				  /* collapse acc units */
+	  *msua=0;				  /* .. to a zero */
+	  break;
+	  }
+
+	/* subtraction necessary; estimate multiplier [see above] */
+	/* if both *msud and *msua are small it is cost-effective to */
+	/* bring in part of the following units (if any) to get a */
+	/* better estimate (assume some other non-zero in div) */
+	#define DIVLO 1000000U
+	#define DIVHI (DIVBASE/DIVLO)
+	#if DECUSE64
+	  if (divunits>1) {
+	    /* there cannot be a *(msud-2) for DECDOUBLE so next is */
+	    /* an exact calculation unless DECQUAD (which needs to */
+	    /* assume bits out there if divunits>2) */
+	    uLong mul=(uLong)*msua * DIVBASE + *(msua-1);
+	    uLong div=(uLong)*msud * DIVBASE + *(msud-1);
+	    #if QUAD
+	    if (divunits>2) div++;
+	    #endif
+	    mul/=div;
+	    multiplier=(Int)mul;
+	    }
+	   else multiplier=*msua/(*msud);
+	#else
+	  if (divunits>1 && *msua<DIVLO && *msud<DIVLO) {
+	    multiplier=(*msua*DIVHI + *(msua-1)/DIVLO)
+		      /(*msud*DIVHI + *(msud-1)/DIVLO +1);
+	    }
+	   else multiplier=(*msua<<2)/divtop;
+	#endif
+	}
+       else {					  /* accunits>divunits */
+	/* msud is one unit 'lower' than msua, so estimate differently */
+	#if DECUSE64
+	  uLong mul;
+	  /* as before, bring in extra digits if possible */
+	  if (divunits>1 && *msua<DIVLO && *msud<DIVLO) {
+	    mul=((uLong)*msua * DIVHI * DIVBASE) + *(msua-1) * DIVHI
+	       + *(msua-2)/DIVLO;
+	    mul/=(*msud*DIVHI + *(msud-1)/DIVLO +1);
+	    }
+	   else if (divunits==1) {
+	    mul=(uLong)*msua * DIVBASE + *(msua-1);
+	    mul/=*msud;	      /* no more to the right */
+	    }
+	   else {
+	    mul=(uLong)(*msua) * (uInt)(DIVBASE<<2) + (*(msua-1)<<2);
+	    mul/=divtop;      /* [divtop already allows for sticky bits] */
+	    }
+	  multiplier=(Int)mul;
+	#else
+	  multiplier=*msua * ((DIVBASE<<2)/divtop);
+	#endif
+	}
+      if (multiplier==0) multiplier=1;		  /* marginal case */
+      *lsuq+=multiplier;
+
+      #if DIVCOUNT
+      /* printf("Multiplier: %ld\n", (LI)multiplier); */
+      divcount++;
+      #endif
+
+      /* Carry out the subtraction  acc-(div*multiplier); for each */
+      /* unit in div, do the multiply, split to units (see */
+      /* decFloatMultiply for the algorithm), and subtract from acc */
+      #define DIVMAGIC	2305843009U		  /* 2**61/10**9 */
+      #define DIVSHIFTA 29
+      #define DIVSHIFTB 32
+      carry=0;
+      for (ud=div, ua=lsua; ud<=msud; ud++, ua++) {
+	uInt lo, hop;
+	#if DECUSE64
+	  uLong sub=(uLong)multiplier*(*ud)+carry;
+	  if (sub<DIVBASE) {
+	    carry=0;
+	    lo=(uInt)sub;
+	    }
+	   else {
+	    hop=(uInt)(sub>>DIVSHIFTA);
+	    carry=(uInt)(((uLong)hop*DIVMAGIC)>>DIVSHIFTB);
+	    /* the estimate is now in hi; now calculate sub-hi*10**9 */
+	    /* to get the remainder (which will be <DIVBASE)) */
+	    lo=(uInt)sub;
+	    lo-=carry*DIVBASE;			  /* low word of result */
+	    if (lo>=DIVBASE) {
+	      lo-=DIVBASE;			  /* correct by +1 */
+	      carry++;
+	      }
+	    }
+	#else /* 32-bit */
+	  uInt hi;
+	  /* calculate multiplier*(*ud) into hi and lo */
+	  LONGMUL32HI(hi, *ud, multiplier);	  /* get the high word */
+	  lo=multiplier*(*ud);			  /* .. and the low */
+	  lo+=carry;				  /* add the old hi */
+	  carry=hi+(lo<carry);			  /* .. with any carry */
+	  if (carry || lo>=DIVBASE) {		  /* split is needed */
+	    hop=(carry<<3)+(lo>>DIVSHIFTA);	  /* hi:lo/2**29 */
+	    LONGMUL32HI(carry, hop, DIVMAGIC);	  /* only need the high word */
+	    /* [DIVSHIFTB is 32, so carry can be used directly] */
+	    /* the estimate is now in carry; now calculate hi:lo-est*10**9; */
+	    /* happily the top word of the result is irrelevant because it */
+	    /* will always be zero so this needs only one multiplication */
+	    lo-=(carry*DIVBASE);
+	    /* the correction here will be at most +1; do it */
+	    if (lo>=DIVBASE) {
+	      lo-=DIVBASE;
+	      carry++;
+	      }
+	    }
+	#endif
+	if (lo>*ua) {		   /* borrow needed */
+	  *ua+=DIVBASE;
+	  carry++;
+	  }
+	*ua-=lo;
+	} /* ud loop */
+      if (carry) *ua-=carry;	   /* accdigits>divdigits [cannot borrow] */
+      } /* inner loop */
+
+    /* the outer loop terminates when there is either an exact result */
+    /* or enough digits; first update the quotient digit count and */
+    /* pointer (if any significant digits) */
+    #if DECTRACE
+    if (*lsuq || quodigits) printf("*lsuq=%09ld\n", (LI)*lsuq);
+    #endif
+    if (quodigits) {
+      quodigits+=9;		   /* had leading unit earlier */
+      lsuq--;
+      if (quodigits>DECPMAX+1) break;	/* have enough */
+      }
+     else if (*lsuq) {		   /* first quotient digits */
+      const uInt *pow;
+      for (pow=DECPOWERS; *lsuq>=*pow; pow++) quodigits++;
+      lsuq--;
+      /* [cannot have >DECPMAX+1 on first unit] */
+      }
+
+    if (*msua!=0) continue;	   /* not an exact result */
+    /* acc is zero iff used all of original units and zero down to lsua */
+    /* (must also continue to original lsu for correct quotient length) */
+    if (lsua>acc+DIVACCLEN-DIVOPLEN) continue;
+    for (; msua>lsua && *msua==0;) msua--;
+    if (*msua==0 && msua==lsua) break;
+    } /* outer loop */
+
+  /* all of the original operand in acc has been covered at this point */
+  /* quotient now has at least DECPMAX+2 digits */
+  /* *msua is now non-0 if inexact and sticky bits */
+  /* lsuq is one below the last uint of the quotient */
+  lsuq++;			   /* set -> true lsu of quo */
+  if (*msua) *lsuq|=1;		   /* apply sticky bit */
+
+  /* quo now holds the (unrounded) quotient in base-billion; one */
+  /* base-billion 'digit' per uInt. */
+  #if DECTRACE
+  printf("DivQuo:");
+  for (uq=msuq; uq>=lsuq; uq--) printf(" %09ld", (LI)*uq);
+  printf("\n");
+  #endif
+
+  /* Now convert to BCD for rounding and cleanup, starting from the */
+  /* most significant end [offset by one into bcdacc to leave room */
+  /* for a possible carry digit if rounding for REMNEAR is needed] */
+  for (uq=msuq, ub=bcdacc+1; uq>=lsuq; uq--, ub+=9) {
+    uInt top, mid, rem;			/* work */
+    if (*uq==0) {			/* no split needed */
+      UINTAT(ub)=0;			/* clear 9 BCD8s */
+      UINTAT(ub+4)=0;			/* .. */
+      *(ub+8)=0;			/* .. */
+      continue;
+      }
+    /* *uq is non-zero -- split the base-billion digit into */
+    /* hi, mid, and low three-digits */
+    #define divsplit9 1000000		/* divisor */
+    #define divsplit6 1000		/* divisor */
+    /* The splitting is done by simple divides and remainders, */
+    /* assuming the compiler will optimize these [GCC does] */
+    top=*uq/divsplit9;
+    rem=*uq%divsplit9;
+    mid=rem/divsplit6;
+    rem=rem%divsplit6;
+    /* lay out the nine BCD digits (plus one unwanted byte) */
+    UINTAT(ub)	=UINTAT(&BIN2BCD8[top*4]);
+    UINTAT(ub+3)=UINTAT(&BIN2BCD8[mid*4]);
+    UINTAT(ub+6)=UINTAT(&BIN2BCD8[rem*4]);
+    } /* BCD conversion loop */
+  ub--;					/* -> lsu */
+
+  /* complete the bcdnum; quodigits is correct, so the position of */
+  /* the first non-zero is known */
+  num.msd=bcdacc+1+(msuq-lsuq+1)*9-quodigits;
+  num.lsd=ub;
+
+  /* make exponent adjustments, etc */
+  if (lsua<acc+DIVACCLEN-DIVOPLEN) {	/* used extra digits */
+    num.exponent-=(Int)((acc+DIVACCLEN-DIVOPLEN-lsua)*9);
+    /* if the result was exact then there may be up to 8 extra */
+    /* trailing zeros in the overflowed quotient final unit */
+    if (*msua==0) {
+      for (; *ub==0;) ub--;		/* drop zeros */
+      num.exponent+=(Int)(num.lsd-ub);	/* and adjust exponent */
+      num.lsd=ub;
+      }
+    } /* adjustment needed */
+
+  #if DIVCOUNT
+  if (divcount>maxcount) {		/* new high-water nark */
+    maxcount=divcount;
+    printf("DivNewMaxCount: %ld\n", (LI)maxcount);
+    }
+  #endif
+
+  if (op&DIVIDE) return decFinalize(result, &num, set); /* all done */
+
+  /* Is DIVIDEINT or a remainder; there is more to do -- first form */
+  /* the integer (this is done 'after the fact', unlike as in */
+  /* decNumber, so as not to tax DIVIDE) */
+
+  /* The first non-zero digit will be in the first 9 digits, known */
+  /* from quodigits and num.msd, so there is always space for DECPMAX */
+  /* digits */
+
+  length=(Int)(num.lsd-num.msd+1);
+  /*printf("Length exp: %ld %ld\n", (LI)length, (LI)num.exponent); */
+
+  if (length+num.exponent>DECPMAX) { /* cannot fit */
+    decFloatZero(result);
+    DFWORD(result, 0)=DECFLOAT_qNaN;
+    set->status|=DEC_Division_impossible;
+    return result;
+    }
+
+  if (num.exponent>=0) {	   /* already an int, or need pad zeros */
+    for (ub=num.lsd+1; ub<=num.lsd+num.exponent; ub++) *ub=0;
+    num.lsd+=num.exponent;
+    }
+   else {			   /* too long: round or truncate needed */
+    Int drop=-num.exponent;
+    if (!(op&REMNEAR)) {	   /* simple truncate */
+      num.lsd-=drop;
+      if (num.lsd<num.msd) {	   /* truncated all */
+	num.lsd=num.msd;	   /* make 0 */
+	*num.lsd=0;		   /* .. [sign still relevant] */
+	}
+      }
+     else {			   /* round to nearest even [sigh] */
+      /* round-to-nearest, in-place; msd is at or to right of bcdacc+1 */
+      /* (this is a special case of Quantize -- q.v. for commentary) */
+      uByte *roundat;		   /* -> re-round digit */
+      uByte reround;		   /* reround value */
+      *(num.msd-1)=0;		   /* in case of left carry, or make 0 */
+      if (drop<length) roundat=num.lsd-drop+1;
+       else if (drop==length) roundat=num.msd;
+       else roundat=num.msd-1;	   /* [-> 0] */
+      reround=*roundat;
+      for (ub=roundat+1; ub<=num.lsd; ub++) {
+	if (*ub!=0) {
+	  reround=DECSTICKYTAB[reround];
+	  break;
+	  }
+	} /* check stickies */
+      if (roundat>num.msd) num.lsd=roundat-1;
+       else {
+	num.msd--;			     /* use the 0 .. */
+	num.lsd=num.msd;		     /* .. at the new MSD place */
+	}
+      if (reround!=0) {			     /* discarding non-zero */
+	uInt bump=0;
+	/* rounding is DEC_ROUND_HALF_EVEN always */
+	if (reround>5) bump=1;		     /* >0.5 goes up */
+	 else if (reround==5)		     /* exactly 0.5000 .. */
+	  bump=*(num.lsd) & 0x01;	     /* .. up iff [new] lsd is odd */
+	if (bump!=0) {			     /* need increment */
+	  /* increment the coefficient; this might end up with 1000... */
+	  ub=num.lsd;
+	  for (; UINTAT(ub-3)==0x09090909; ub-=4) UINTAT(ub-3)=0;
+	  for (; *ub==9; ub--) *ub=0;	     /* at most 3 more */
+	  *ub+=1;
+	  if (ub<num.msd) num.msd--;	     /* carried */
+	  } /* bump needed */
+	} /* reround!=0 */
+      } /* remnear */
+    } /* round or truncate needed */
+  num.exponent=0;			     /* all paths */
+  /*decShowNum(&num, "int"); */
+
+  if (op&DIVIDEINT) return decFinalize(result, &num, set); /* all done */
+
+  /* Have a remainder to calculate */
+  decFinalize(&quotient, &num, set);	     /* lay out the integer so far */
+  DFWORD(&quotient, 0)^=DECFLOAT_Sign;	     /* negate it */
+  sign=DFWORD(dfl, 0);			     /* save sign of dfl */
+  decFloatFMA(result, &quotient, dfr, dfl, set);
+  if (!DFISZERO(result)) return result;
+  /* if the result is zero the sign shall be sign of dfl */
+  DFWORD(&quotient, 0)=sign;		     /* construct decFloat of sign */
+  return decFloatCopySign(result, result, &quotient);
+  } /* decDivide */
+
+/* ------------------------------------------------------------------ */
+/* decFiniteMultiply -- multiply two finite decFloats		      */
+/*								      */
+/*   num    gets the result of multiplying dfl and dfr		      */
+/*   bcdacc .. with the coefficient in this array		      */
+/*   dfl    is the first decFloat (lhs)				      */
+/*   dfr    is the second decFloat (rhs)			      */
+/*								      */
+/* This effects the multiplication of two decFloats, both known to be */
+/* finite, leaving the result in a bcdnum ready for decFinalize (for  */
+/* use in Multiply) or in a following addition (FMA).		      */
+/*								      */
+/* bcdacc must have space for at least DECPMAX9*18+1 bytes.	      */
+/* No error is possible and no status is set.			      */
+/* ------------------------------------------------------------------ */
+/* This routine has two separate implementations of the core */
+/* multiplication; both using base-billion.  One uses only 32-bit */
+/* variables (Ints and uInts) or smaller; the other uses uLongs (for */
+/* multiplication and addition only).  Both implementations cover */
+/* both arithmetic sizes (DOUBLE and QUAD) in order to allow timing */
+/* comparisons.	 In any one compilation only one implementation for */
+/* each size can be used, and if DECUSE64 is 0 then use of the 32-bit */
+/* version is forced. */
+/* */
+/* Historical note: an earlier version of this code also supported the */
+/* 256-bit format and has been preserved.  That is somewhat trickier */
+/* during lazy carry splitting because the initial quotient estimate */
+/* (est) can exceed 32 bits. */
+
+#define MULTBASE  BILLION	   /* the base used for multiply */
+#define MULOPLEN  DECPMAX9	   /* operand length ('digits' base 10**9) */
+#define MULACCLEN (MULOPLEN*2)		    /* accumulator length (ditto) */
+#define LEADZEROS (MULACCLEN*9 - DECPMAX*2) /* leading zeros always */
+
+/* Assertions: exponent not too large and MULACCLEN is a multiple of 4 */
+#if DECEMAXD>9
+  #error Exponent may overflow when doubled for Multiply
+#endif
+#if MULACCLEN!=(MULACCLEN/4)*4
+  /* This assumption is used below only for initialization */
+  #error MULACCLEN is not a multiple of 4
+#endif
+
+static void decFiniteMultiply(bcdnum *num, uByte *bcdacc,
+			      const decFloat *dfl, const decFloat *dfr) {
+  uInt	 bufl[MULOPLEN];	   /* left  coefficient (base-billion) */
+  uInt	 bufr[MULOPLEN];	   /* right coefficient (base-billion) */
+  uInt	 *ui, *uj;		   /* work */
+  uByte	 *ub;			   /* .. */
+
+  #if DECUSE64
+  uLong	 accl[MULACCLEN];	   /* lazy accumulator (base-billion+) */
+  uLong	 *pl;			   /* work -> lazy accumulator */
+  uInt	 acc[MULACCLEN];	   /* coefficent in base-billion .. */
+  #else
+  uInt	 acc[MULACCLEN*2];	   /* accumulator in base-billion .. */
+  #endif
+  uInt	 *pa;			   /* work -> accumulator */
+  /*printf("Base10**9: OpLen=%d MulAcclen=%d\n", OPLEN, MULACCLEN); */
+
+  /* Calculate sign and exponent */
+  num->sign=(DFWORD(dfl, 0)^DFWORD(dfr, 0)) & DECFLOAT_Sign;
+  num->exponent=GETEXPUN(dfl)+GETEXPUN(dfr); /* [see assertion above] */
+
+  /* Extract the coefficients and prepare the accumulator */
+  /* the coefficients of the operands are decoded into base-billion */
+  /* numbers in uInt arrays (bufl and bufr, LSD at offset 0) of the */
+  /* appropriate size. */
+  GETCOEFFBILL(dfl, bufl);
+  GETCOEFFBILL(dfr, bufr);
+  #if DECTRACE && 0
+    printf("CoeffbL:");
+    for (ui=bufl+MULOPLEN-1; ui>=bufl; ui--) printf(" %08lx", (LI)*ui);
+    printf("\n");
+    printf("CoeffbR:");
+    for (uj=bufr+MULOPLEN-1; uj>=bufr; uj--) printf(" %08lx", (LI)*uj);
+    printf("\n");
+  #endif
+
+  /* start the 64-bit/32-bit differing paths... */
+#if DECUSE64
+
+  /* zero the accumulator */
+  #if MULACCLEN==4
+    accl[0]=0; accl[1]=0; accl[2]=0; accl[3]=0;
+  #else					     /* use a loop */
+    /* MULACCLEN is a multiple of four, asserted above */
+    for (pl=accl; pl<accl+MULACCLEN; pl+=4) {
+      *pl=0; *(pl+1)=0; *(pl+2)=0; *(pl+3)=0;/* [reduce overhead] */
+      } /* pl */
+  #endif
+
+  /* Effect the multiplication */
+  /* The multiplcation proceeds using MFC's lazy-carry resolution */
+  /* algorithm from decNumber.	First, the multiplication is */
+  /* effected, allowing accumulation of the partial products (which */
+  /* are in base-billion at each column position) into 64 bits */
+  /* without resolving back to base=billion after each addition. */
+  /* These 64-bit numbers (which may contain up to 19 decimal digits) */
+  /* are then split using the Clark & Cowlishaw algorithm (see below). */
+  /* [Testing for 0 in the inner loop is not really a 'win'] */
+  for (ui=bufr; ui<bufr+MULOPLEN; ui++) { /* over each item in rhs */
+    if (*ui==0) continue;		  /* product cannot affect result */
+    pl=accl+(ui-bufr);			  /* where to add the lhs */
+    for (uj=bufl; uj<bufl+MULOPLEN; uj++, pl++) { /* over each item in lhs */
+      /* if (*uj==0) continue;		  // product cannot affect result */
+      *pl+=((uLong)*ui)*(*uj);
+      } /* uj */
+    } /* ui */
+
+  /* The 64-bit carries must now be resolved; this means that a */
+  /* quotient/remainder has to be calculated for base-billion (1E+9). */
+  /* For this, Clark & Cowlishaw's quotient estimation approach (also */
+  /* used in decNumber) is needed, because 64-bit divide is generally */
+  /* extremely slow on 32-bit machines, and may be slower than this */
+  /* approach even on 64-bit machines.	This algorithm splits X */
+  /* using: */
+  /* */
+  /*   magic=2**(A+B)/1E+9;   // 'magic number' */
+  /*   hop=X/2**A;	      // high order part of X (by shift) */
+  /*   est=magic*hop/2**B     // quotient estimate (may be low by 1) */
+  /* */
+  /* A and B are quite constrained; hop and magic must fit in 32 bits, */
+  /* and 2**(A+B) must be as large as possible (which is 2**61 if */
+  /* magic is to fit).	Further, maxX increases with the length of */
+  /* the operands (and hence the number of partial products */
+  /* accumulated); maxX is OPLEN*(10**18), which is up to 19 digits. */
+  /* */
+  /* It can be shown that when OPLEN is 2 then the maximum error in */
+  /* the estimated quotient is <1, but for larger maximum x the */
+  /* maximum error is above 1 so a correction that is >1 may be */
+  /* needed.  Values of A and B are chosen to satisfy the constraints */
+  /* just mentioned while minimizing the maximum error (and hence the */
+  /* maximum correction), as shown in the following table: */
+  /* */
+  /*   Type    OPLEN   A   B	 maxX	 maxError  maxCorrection */
+  /*   --------------------------------------------------------- */
+  /*   DOUBLE	 2    29  32  <2*10**18	   0.63	      1 */
+  /*   QUAD	 4    30  31  <4*10**18	   1.17	      2 */
+  /* */
+  /* In the OPLEN==2 case there is most choice, but the value for B */
+  /* of 32 has a big advantage as then the calculation of the */
+  /* estimate requires no shifting; the compiler can extract the high */
+  /* word directly after multiplying magic*hop. */
+  #define MULMAGIC 2305843009U		/* 2**61/10**9	[both cases] */
+  #if DOUBLE
+    #define MULSHIFTA 29
+    #define MULSHIFTB 32
+  #elif QUAD
+    #define MULSHIFTA 30
+    #define MULSHIFTB 31
+  #else
+    #error Unexpected type
+  #endif
+
+  #if DECTRACE
+  printf("MulAccl:");
+  for (pl=accl+MULACCLEN-1; pl>=accl; pl--)
+    printf(" %08lx:%08lx", (LI)(*pl>>32), (LI)(*pl&0xffffffff));
+  printf("\n");
+  #endif
+
+  for (pl=accl, pa=acc; pl<accl+MULACCLEN; pl++, pa++) { /* each column position */
+    uInt lo, hop;			/* work */
+    uInt est;				/* cannot exceed 4E+9 */
+    if (*pl>MULTBASE) {
+      /* *pl holds a binary number which needs to be split */
+      hop=(uInt)(*pl>>MULSHIFTA);
+      est=(uInt)(((uLong)hop*MULMAGIC)>>MULSHIFTB);
+      /* the estimate is now in est; now calculate hi:lo-est*10**9; */
+      /* happily the top word of the result is irrelevant because it */
+      /* will always be zero so this needs only one multiplication */
+      lo=(uInt)(*pl-((uLong)est*MULTBASE));  /* low word of result */
+      /* If QUAD, the correction here could be +2 */
+      if (lo>=MULTBASE) {
+	lo-=MULTBASE;			/* correct by +1 */
+	est++;
+	#if QUAD
+	/* may need to correct by +2 */
+	if (lo>=MULTBASE) {
+	  lo-=MULTBASE;
+	  est++;
+	  }
+	#endif
+	}
+      /* finally place lo as the new coefficient 'digit' and add est to */
+      /* the next place up [this is safe because this path is never */
+      /* taken on the final iteration as *pl will fit] */
+      *pa=lo;
+      *(pl+1)+=est;
+      } /* *pl needed split */
+     else {				/* *pl<MULTBASE */
+      *pa=(uInt)*pl;			/* just copy across */
+      }
+    } /* pl loop */
+
+#else  /* 32-bit */
+  for (pa=acc;; pa+=4) {		     /* zero the accumulator */
+    *pa=0; *(pa+1)=0; *(pa+2)=0; *(pa+3)=0;  /* [reduce overhead] */
+    if (pa==acc+MULACCLEN*2-4) break;	     /* multiple of 4 asserted */
+    } /* pa */
+
+  /* Effect the multiplication */
+  /* uLongs are not available (and in particular, there is no uLong */
+  /* divide) but it is still possible to use MFC's lazy-carry */
+  /* resolution algorithm from decNumber.  First, the multiplication */
+  /* is effected, allowing accumulation of the partial products */
+  /* (which are in base-billion at each column position) into 64 bits */
+  /* [with the high-order 32 bits in each position being held at */
+  /* offset +ACCLEN from the low-order 32 bits in the accumulator]. */
+  /* These 64-bit numbers (which may contain up to 19 decimal digits) */
+  /* are then split using the Clark & Cowlishaw algorithm (see */
+  /* below). */
+  for (ui=bufr;; ui++) {		/* over each item in rhs */
+    uInt hi, lo;			/* words of exact multiply result */
+    pa=acc+(ui-bufr);			/* where to add the lhs */
+    for (uj=bufl;; uj++, pa++) {	/* over each item in lhs */
+      LONGMUL32HI(hi, *ui, *uj);	/* calculate product of digits */
+      lo=(*ui)*(*uj);			/* .. */
+      *pa+=lo;				/* accumulate low bits and .. */
+      *(pa+MULACCLEN)+=hi+(*pa<lo);	/* .. high bits with any carry */
+      if (uj==bufl+MULOPLEN-1) break;
+      }
+    if (ui==bufr+MULOPLEN-1) break;
+    }
+
+  /* The 64-bit carries must now be resolved; this means that a */
+  /* quotient/remainder has to be calculated for base-billion (1E+9). */
+  /* For this, Clark & Cowlishaw's quotient estimation approach (also */
+  /* used in decNumber) is needed, because 64-bit divide is generally */
+  /* extremely slow on 32-bit machines.	 This algorithm splits X */
+  /* using: */
+  /* */
+  /*   magic=2**(A+B)/1E+9;   // 'magic number' */
+  /*   hop=X/2**A;	      // high order part of X (by shift) */
+  /*   est=magic*hop/2**B     // quotient estimate (may be low by 1) */
+  /* */
+  /* A and B are quite constrained; hop and magic must fit in 32 bits, */
+  /* and 2**(A+B) must be as large as possible (which is 2**61 if */
+  /* magic is to fit).	Further, maxX increases with the length of */
+  /* the operands (and hence the number of partial products */
+  /* accumulated); maxX is OPLEN*(10**18), which is up to 19 digits. */
+  /* */
+  /* It can be shown that when OPLEN is 2 then the maximum error in */
+  /* the estimated quotient is <1, but for larger maximum x the */
+  /* maximum error is above 1 so a correction that is >1 may be */
+  /* needed.  Values of A and B are chosen to satisfy the constraints */
+  /* just mentioned while minimizing the maximum error (and hence the */
+  /* maximum correction), as shown in the following table: */
+  /* */
+  /*   Type    OPLEN   A   B	 maxX	 maxError  maxCorrection */
+  /*   --------------------------------------------------------- */
+  /*   DOUBLE	 2    29  32  <2*10**18	   0.63	      1 */
+  /*   QUAD	 4    30  31  <4*10**18	   1.17	      2 */
+  /* */
+  /* In the OPLEN==2 case there is most choice, but the value for B */
+  /* of 32 has a big advantage as then the calculation of the */
+  /* estimate requires no shifting; the high word is simply */
+  /* calculated from multiplying magic*hop. */
+  #define MULMAGIC 2305843009U		/* 2**61/10**9	[both cases] */
+  #if DOUBLE
+    #define MULSHIFTA 29
+    #define MULSHIFTB 32
+  #elif QUAD
+    #define MULSHIFTA 30
+    #define MULSHIFTB 31
+  #else
+    #error Unexpected type
+  #endif
+
+  #if DECTRACE
+  printf("MulHiLo:");
+  for (pa=acc+MULACCLEN-1; pa>=acc; pa--)
+    printf(" %08lx:%08lx", (LI)*(pa+MULACCLEN), (LI)*pa);
+  printf("\n");
+  #endif
+
+  for (pa=acc;; pa++) {			/* each low uInt */
+    uInt hi, lo;			/* words of exact multiply result */
+    uInt hop, estlo;			/* work */
+    #if QUAD
+    uInt esthi;				/* .. */
+    #endif
+
+    lo=*pa;
+    hi=*(pa+MULACCLEN);			/* top 32 bits */
+    /* hi and lo now hold a binary number which needs to be split */
+
+    #if DOUBLE
+      hop=(hi<<3)+(lo>>MULSHIFTA);	/* hi:lo/2**29 */
+      LONGMUL32HI(estlo, hop, MULMAGIC);/* only need the high word */
+      /* [MULSHIFTB is 32, so estlo can be used directly] */
+      /* the estimate is now in estlo; now calculate hi:lo-est*10**9; */
+      /* happily the top word of the result is irrelevant because it */
+      /* will always be zero so this needs only one multiplication */
+      lo-=(estlo*MULTBASE);
+      /* esthi=0;			// high word is ignored below */
+      /* the correction here will be at most +1; do it */
+      if (lo>=MULTBASE) {
+	lo-=MULTBASE;
+	estlo++;
+	}
+    #elif QUAD
+      hop=(hi<<2)+(lo>>MULSHIFTA);	/* hi:lo/2**30 */
+      LONGMUL32HI(esthi, hop, MULMAGIC);/* shift will be 31 .. */
+      estlo=hop*MULMAGIC;		/* .. so low word needed */
+      estlo=(esthi<<1)+(estlo>>MULSHIFTB); /* [just the top bit] */
+      /* esthi=0;			// high word is ignored below */
+      lo-=(estlo*MULTBASE);		/* as above */
+      /* the correction here could be +1 or +2 */
+      if (lo>=MULTBASE) {
+	lo-=MULTBASE;
+	estlo++;
+	}
+      if (lo>=MULTBASE) {
+	lo-=MULTBASE;
+	estlo++;
+	}
+    #else
+      #error Unexpected type
+    #endif
+
+    /* finally place lo as the new accumulator digit and add est to */
+    /* the next place up; this latter add could cause a carry of 1 */
+    /* to the high word of the next place */
+    *pa=lo;
+    *(pa+1)+=estlo;
+    /* esthi is always 0 for DOUBLE and QUAD so this is skipped */
+    /* *(pa+1+MULACCLEN)+=esthi; */
+    if (*(pa+1)<estlo) *(pa+1+MULACCLEN)+=1; /* carry */
+    if (pa==acc+MULACCLEN-2) break;	     /* [MULACCLEN-1 will never need split] */
+    } /* pa loop */
+#endif
+
+  /* At this point, whether using the 64-bit or the 32-bit paths, the */
+  /* accumulator now holds the (unrounded) result in base-billion; */
+  /* one base-billion 'digit' per uInt. */
+  #if DECTRACE
+  printf("MultAcc:");
+  for (pa=acc+MULACCLEN-1; pa>=acc; pa--) printf(" %09ld", (LI)*pa);
+  printf("\n");
+  #endif
+
+  /* Now convert to BCD for rounding and cleanup, starting from the */
+  /* most significant end */
+  pa=acc+MULACCLEN-1;
+  if (*pa!=0) num->msd=bcdacc+LEADZEROS;/* drop known lead zeros */
+   else {				/* >=1 word of leading zeros */
+    num->msd=bcdacc;			/* known leading zeros are gone */
+    pa--;				/* skip first word .. */
+    for (; *pa==0; pa--) if (pa==acc) break; /* .. and any more leading 0s */
+    }
+  for (ub=bcdacc;; pa--, ub+=9) {
+    if (*pa!=0) {			/* split(s) needed */
+      uInt top, mid, rem;		/* work */
+      /* *pa is non-zero -- split the base-billion acc digit into */
+      /* hi, mid, and low three-digits */
+      #define mulsplit9 1000000		/* divisor */
+      #define mulsplit6 1000		/* divisor */
+      /* The splitting is done by simple divides and remainders, */
+      /* assuming the compiler will optimize these where useful */
+      /* [GCC does] */
+      top=*pa/mulsplit9;
+      rem=*pa%mulsplit9;
+      mid=rem/mulsplit6;
+      rem=rem%mulsplit6;
+      /* lay out the nine BCD digits (plus one unwanted byte) */
+      UINTAT(ub)  =UINTAT(&BIN2BCD8[top*4]);
+      UINTAT(ub+3)=UINTAT(&BIN2BCD8[mid*4]);
+      UINTAT(ub+6)=UINTAT(&BIN2BCD8[rem*4]);
+      }
+     else {				/* *pa==0 */
+      UINTAT(ub)=0;			/* clear 9 BCD8s */
+      UINTAT(ub+4)=0;			/* .. */
+      *(ub+8)=0;			/* .. */
+      }
+    if (pa==acc) break;
+    } /* BCD conversion loop */
+
+  num->lsd=ub+8;			/* complete the bcdnum .. */
+
+  #if DECTRACE
+  decShowNum(num, "postmult");
+  decFloatShow(dfl, "dfl");
+  decFloatShow(dfr, "dfr");
+  #endif
+  return;
+  } /* decFiniteMultiply */
+
+/* ------------------------------------------------------------------ */
+/* decFloatAbs -- absolute value, heeding NaNs, etc.		      */
+/*								      */
+/*   result gets the canonicalized df with sign 0		      */
+/*   df	    is the decFloat to abs				      */
+/*   set    is the context					      */
+/*   returns result						      */
+/*								      */
+/* This has the same effect as decFloatPlus unless df is negative,    */
+/* in which case it has the same effect as decFloatMinus.  The	      */
+/* effect is also the same as decFloatCopyAbs except that NaNs are    */
+/* handled normally (the sign of a NaN is not affected, and an sNaN   */
+/* will signal) and the result will be canonical.		      */
+/* ------------------------------------------------------------------ */
+decFloat * decFloatAbs(decFloat *result, const decFloat *df,
+		       decContext *set) {
+  if (DFISNAN(df)) return decNaNs(result, df, NULL, set);
+  decCanonical(result, df);		/* copy and check */
+  DFBYTE(result, 0)&=~0x80;		/* zero sign bit */
+  return result;
+  } /* decFloatAbs */
+
+/* ------------------------------------------------------------------ */
+/* decFloatAdd -- add two decFloats				      */
+/*								      */
+/*   result gets the result of adding dfl and dfr:		      */
+/*   dfl    is the first decFloat (lhs)				      */
+/*   dfr    is the second decFloat (rhs)			      */
+/*   set    is the context					      */
+/*   returns result						      */
+/*								      */
+/* ------------------------------------------------------------------ */
+decFloat * decFloatAdd(decFloat *result,
+		       const decFloat *dfl, const decFloat *dfr,
+		       decContext *set) {
+  bcdnum num;			   /* for final conversion */
+  Int	 expl, expr;		   /* left and right exponents */
+  uInt	 *ui, *uj;		   /* work */
+  uByte	 *ub;			   /* .. */
+
+  uInt sourhil, sourhir;	   /* top words from source decFloats */
+				   /* [valid only until specials */
+				   /* handled or exponents decoded] */
+  uInt diffsign;		   /* non-zero if signs differ */
+  uInt carry;			   /* carry: 0 or 1 before add loop */
+  Int  overlap;			   /* coefficient overlap (if full) */
+  /* the following buffers hold coefficients with various alignments */
+  /* (see commentary and diagrams below) */
+  uByte acc[4+2+DECPMAX*3+8];
+  uByte buf[4+2+DECPMAX*2];
+  uByte *umsd, *ulsd;		   /* local MSD and LSD pointers */
+
+  #if DECLITEND
+    #define CARRYPAT 0x01000000	   /* carry=1 pattern */
+  #else
+    #define CARRYPAT 0x00000001	   /* carry=1 pattern */
+  #endif
+
+  /* Start decoding the arguments */
+  /* the initial exponents are placed into the opposite Ints to */
+  /* that which might be expected; there are two sets of data to */
+  /* keep track of (each decFloat and the corresponding exponent), */
+  /* and this scheme means that at the swap point (after comparing */
+  /* exponents) only one pair of words needs to be swapped */
+  /* whichever path is taken (thereby minimising worst-case path) */
+  sourhil=DFWORD(dfl, 0);	   /* LHS top word */
+  expr=DECCOMBEXP[sourhil>>26];	   /* get exponent high bits (in place) */
+  sourhir=DFWORD(dfr, 0);	   /* RHS top word */
+  expl=DECCOMBEXP[sourhir>>26];
+
+  diffsign=(sourhil^sourhir)&DECFLOAT_Sign;
+
+  if (EXPISSPECIAL(expl | expr)) { /* either is special? */
+    if (DFISNAN(dfl) || DFISNAN(dfr)) return decNaNs(result, dfl, dfr, set);
+    /* one or two infinities */
+    /* two infinities with different signs is invalid */
+    if (diffsign && DFISINF(dfl) && DFISINF(dfr))
+      return decInvalid(result, set);
+    if (DFISINF(dfl)) return decInfinity(result, dfl); /* LHS is infinite */
+    return decInfinity(result, dfr);		       /* RHS must be Infinite */
+    }
+
+  /* Here when both arguments are finite */
+
+  /* complete exponent gathering (keeping swapped) */
+  expr+=GETECON(dfl)-DECBIAS;	   /* .. + continuation and unbias */
+  expl+=GETECON(dfr)-DECBIAS;
+  /* here expr has exponent from lhs, and vice versa */
+
+  /* now swap either exponents or argument pointers */
+  if (expl<=expr) {
+    /* original left is bigger */
+    Int expswap=expl;
+    expl=expr;
+    expr=expswap;
+    /* printf("left bigger\n"); */
+    }
+   else {
+    const decFloat *dfswap=dfl;
+    dfl=dfr;
+    dfr=dfswap;
+    /* printf("right bigger\n"); */
+    }
+  /* [here dfl and expl refer to the datum with the larger exponent, */
+  /* of if the exponents are equal then the original LHS argument] */
+
+  /* if lhs is zero then result will be the rhs (now known to have */
+  /* the smaller exponent), which also may need to be tested for zero */
+  /* for the weird IEEE 754 sign rules */
+  if (DFISZERO(dfl)) {
+    decCanonical(result, dfr);		     /* clean copy */
+    /* "When the sum of two operands with opposite signs is */
+    /* exactly zero, the sign of that sum shall be '+' in all */
+    /* rounding modes except round toward -Infinity, in which */
+    /* mode that sign shall be '-'." */
+    if (diffsign && DFISZERO(result)) {
+      DFWORD(result, 0)&=~DECFLOAT_Sign;     /* assume sign 0 */
+      if (set->round==DEC_ROUND_FLOOR) DFWORD(result, 0)|=DECFLOAT_Sign;
+      }
+    return result;
+    } /* numfl is zero */
+  /* [here, LHS is non-zero; code below assumes that] */
+
+  /* Coefficients layout during the calculations to follow: */
+  /* */
+  /*	   Overlap case: */
+  /*	   +------------------------------------------------+ */
+  /* acc:  |0000|      coeffa	   | tail B |		    | */
+  /*	   +------------------------------------------------+ */
+  /* buf:  |0000| pad0s |      coeffb	    |		    | */
+  /*	   +------------------------------------------------+ */
+  /* */
+  /*	   Touching coefficients or gap: */
+  /*	   +------------------------------------------------+ */
+  /* acc:  |0000|      coeffa	   | gap |	coeffb	    | */
+  /*	   +------------------------------------------------+ */
+  /*	   [buf not used or needed; gap clamped to Pmax] */
+
+  /* lay out lhs coefficient into accumulator; this starts at acc+4 */
+  /* for decDouble or acc+6 for decQuad so the LSD is word- */
+  /* aligned; the top word gap is there only in case a carry digit */
+  /* is prefixed after the add -- it does not need to be zeroed */
+  #if DOUBLE
+    #define COFF 4			/* offset into acc */
+  #elif QUAD
+    USHORTAT(acc+4)=0;			/* prefix 00 */
+    #define COFF 6			/* offset into acc */
+  #endif
+
+  GETCOEFF(dfl, acc+COFF);		/* decode from decFloat */
+  ulsd=acc+COFF+DECPMAX-1;
+  umsd=acc+4;				/* [having this here avoids */
+					/* weird GCC optimizer failure] */
+  #if DECTRACE
+  {bcdnum tum;
+  tum.msd=umsd;
+  tum.lsd=ulsd;
+  tum.exponent=expl;
+  tum.sign=DFWORD(dfl, 0) & DECFLOAT_Sign;
+  decShowNum(&tum, "dflx");}
+  #endif
+
+  /* if signs differ, take ten's complement of lhs (here the */
+  /* coefficient is subtracted from all-nines; the 1 is added during */
+  /* the later add cycle -- zeros to the right do not matter because */
+  /* the complement of zero is zero); these are fixed-length inverts */
+  /* where the lsd is known to be at a 4-byte boundary (so no borrow */
+  /* possible) */
+  carry=0;				/* assume no carry */
+  if (diffsign) {
+    carry=CARRYPAT;			/* for +1 during add */
+    UINTAT(acc+ 4)=0x09090909-UINTAT(acc+ 4);
+    UINTAT(acc+ 8)=0x09090909-UINTAT(acc+ 8);
+    UINTAT(acc+12)=0x09090909-UINTAT(acc+12);
+    UINTAT(acc+16)=0x09090909-UINTAT(acc+16);
+    #if QUAD
+    UINTAT(acc+20)=0x09090909-UINTAT(acc+20);
+    UINTAT(acc+24)=0x09090909-UINTAT(acc+24);
+    UINTAT(acc+28)=0x09090909-UINTAT(acc+28);
+    UINTAT(acc+32)=0x09090909-UINTAT(acc+32);
+    UINTAT(acc+36)=0x09090909-UINTAT(acc+36);
+    #endif
+    } /* diffsign */
+
+  /* now process the rhs coefficient; if it cannot overlap lhs then */
+  /* it can be put straight into acc (with an appropriate gap, if */
+  /* needed) because no actual addition will be needed (except */
+  /* possibly to complete ten's complement) */
+  overlap=DECPMAX-(expl-expr);
+  #if DECTRACE
+  printf("exps: %ld %ld\n", (LI)expl, (LI)expr);
+  printf("Overlap=%ld carry=%08lx\n", (LI)overlap, (LI)carry);
+  #endif
+
+  if (overlap<=0) {			/* no overlap possible */
+    uInt gap;				/* local work */
+    /* since a full addition is not needed, a ten's complement */
+    /* calculation started above may need to be completed */
+    if (carry) {
+      for (ub=ulsd; *ub==9; ub--) *ub=0;
+      *ub+=1;
+      carry=0;				/* taken care of */
+      }
+    /* up to DECPMAX-1 digits of the final result can extend down */
+    /* below the LSD of the lhs, so if the gap is >DECPMAX then the */
+    /* rhs will be simply sticky bits.	In this case the gap is */
+    /* clamped to DECPMAX and the exponent adjusted to suit [this is */
+    /* safe because the lhs is non-zero]. */
+    gap=-overlap;
+    if (gap>DECPMAX) {
+      expr+=gap-1;
+      gap=DECPMAX;
+      }
+    ub=ulsd+gap+1;			/* where MSD will go */
+    /* Fill the gap with 0s; note that there is no addition to do */
+    ui=&UINTAT(acc+COFF+DECPMAX);	/* start of gap */
+    for (; ui<&UINTAT(ub); ui++) *ui=0; /* mind the gap */
+    if (overlap<-DECPMAX) {		/* gap was > DECPMAX */
+      *ub=(uByte)(!DFISZERO(dfr));	/* make sticky digit */
+      }
+     else {				/* need full coefficient */
+      GETCOEFF(dfr, ub);		/* decode from decFloat */
+      ub+=DECPMAX-1;			/* new LSD... */
+      }
+    ulsd=ub;				/* save new LSD */
+    } /* no overlap possible */
+
+   else {				/* overlap>0 */
+    /* coefficients overlap (perhaps completely, although also */
+    /* perhaps only where zeros) */
+    ub=buf+COFF+DECPMAX-overlap;	/* where MSD will go */
+    /* Fill the prefix gap with 0s; 8 will cover most common */
+    /* unalignments, so start with direct assignments (a loop is */
+    /* then used for any remaining -- the loop (and the one in a */
+    /* moment) is not then on the critical path because the number */
+    /* of additions is reduced by (at least) two in this case) */
+    UINTAT(buf+4)=0;			/* [clears decQuad 00 too] */
+    UINTAT(buf+8)=0;
+    if (ub>buf+12) {
+      ui=&UINTAT(buf+12);		/* start of any remaining */
+      for (; ui<&UINTAT(ub); ui++) *ui=0; /* fill them */
+      }
+    GETCOEFF(dfr, ub);			/* decode from decFloat */
+
+    /* now move tail of rhs across to main acc; again use direct */
+    /* assignment for 8 digits-worth */
+    UINTAT(acc+COFF+DECPMAX)=UINTAT(buf+COFF+DECPMAX);
+    UINTAT(acc+COFF+DECPMAX+4)=UINTAT(buf+COFF+DECPMAX+4);
+    if (buf+COFF+DECPMAX+8<ub+DECPMAX) {
+      uj=&UINTAT(buf+COFF+DECPMAX+8);	/* source */
+      ui=&UINTAT(acc+COFF+DECPMAX+8);	/* target */
+      for (; uj<&UINTAT(ub+DECPMAX); ui++, uj++) *ui=*uj;
+      }
+
+    ulsd=acc+(ub-buf+DECPMAX-1);	/* update LSD pointer */
+
+    /* now do the add of the non-tail; this is all nicely aligned, */
+    /* and is over a multiple of four digits (because for Quad two */
+    /* two 0 digits were added on the left); words in both acc and */
+    /* buf (buf especially) will often be zero */
+    /* [byte-by-byte add, here, is about 15% slower than the by-fours] */
+
+    /* Now effect the add; this is harder on a little-endian */
+    /* machine as the inter-digit carry cannot use the usual BCD */
+    /* addition trick because the bytes are loaded in the wrong order */
+    /* [this loop could be unrolled, but probably scarcely worth it] */
+
+    ui=&UINTAT(acc+COFF+DECPMAX-4);	/* target LSW (acc) */
+    uj=&UINTAT(buf+COFF+DECPMAX-4);	/* source LSW (buf, to add to acc) */
+
+    #if !DECLITEND
+    for (; ui>=&UINTAT(acc+4); ui--, uj--) {
+      /* bcd8 add */
+      carry+=*uj;			/* rhs + carry */
+      if (carry==0) continue;		/* no-op */
+      carry+=*ui;			/* lhs */
+      /* Big-endian BCD adjust (uses internal carry) */
+      carry+=0x76f6f6f6;		/* note top nibble not all bits */
+      *ui=(carry & 0x0f0f0f0f) - ((carry & 0x60606060)>>4); /* BCD adjust */
+      carry>>=31;			/* true carry was at far left */
+      } /* add loop */
+    #else
+    for (; ui>=&UINTAT(acc+4); ui--, uj--) {
+      /* bcd8 add */
+      carry+=*uj;			/* rhs + carry */
+      if (carry==0) continue;		/* no-op [common if unaligned] */
+      carry+=*ui;			/* lhs */
+      /* Little-endian BCD adjust; inter-digit carry must be manual */
+      /* because the lsb from the array will be in the most-significant */
+      /* byte of carry */
+      carry+=0x76767676;		/* note no inter-byte carries */
+      carry+=(carry & 0x80000000)>>15;
+      carry+=(carry & 0x00800000)>>15;
+      carry+=(carry & 0x00008000)>>15;
+      carry-=(carry & 0x60606060)>>4;	/* BCD adjust back */
+      *ui=carry & 0x0f0f0f0f;		/* clear debris and save */
+      /* here, final carry-out bit is at 0x00000080; move it ready */
+      /* for next word-add (i.e., to 0x01000000) */
+      carry=(carry & 0x00000080)<<17;
+      } /* add loop */
+    #endif
+    #if DECTRACE
+    {bcdnum tum;
+    printf("Add done, carry=%08lx, diffsign=%ld\n", (LI)carry, (LI)diffsign);
+    tum.msd=umsd;  /* acc+4; */
+    tum.lsd=ulsd;
+    tum.exponent=0;
+    tum.sign=0;
+    decShowNum(&tum, "dfadd");}
+    #endif
+    } /* overlap possible */
+
+  /* ordering here is a little strange in order to have slowest path */
+  /* first in GCC asm listing */
+  if (diffsign) {		   /* subtraction */
+    if (!carry) {		   /* no carry out means RHS<LHS */
+      /* borrowed -- take ten's complement */
+      /* sign is lhs sign */
+      num.sign=DFWORD(dfl, 0) & DECFLOAT_Sign;
+
+      /* invert the coefficient first by fours, then add one; space */
+      /* at the end of the buffer ensures the by-fours is always */
+      /* safe, but lsd+1 must be cleared to prevent a borrow */
+      /* if big-endian */
+      #if !DECLITEND
+      *(ulsd+1)=0;
+      #endif
+      /* there are always at least four coefficient words */
+      UINTAT(umsd)   =0x09090909-UINTAT(umsd);
+      UINTAT(umsd+4) =0x09090909-UINTAT(umsd+4);
+      UINTAT(umsd+8) =0x09090909-UINTAT(umsd+8);
+      UINTAT(umsd+12)=0x09090909-UINTAT(umsd+12);
+      #if DOUBLE
+	#define BNEXT 16
+      #elif QUAD
+	UINTAT(umsd+16)=0x09090909-UINTAT(umsd+16);
+	UINTAT(umsd+20)=0x09090909-UINTAT(umsd+20);
+	UINTAT(umsd+24)=0x09090909-UINTAT(umsd+24);
+	UINTAT(umsd+28)=0x09090909-UINTAT(umsd+28);
+	UINTAT(umsd+32)=0x09090909-UINTAT(umsd+32);
+	#define BNEXT 36
+      #endif
+      if (ulsd>=umsd+BNEXT) {		/* unaligned */
+	/* eight will handle most unaligments for Double; 16 for Quad */
+	UINTAT(umsd+BNEXT)=0x09090909-UINTAT(umsd+BNEXT);
+	UINTAT(umsd+BNEXT+4)=0x09090909-UINTAT(umsd+BNEXT+4);
+	#if DOUBLE
+	#define BNEXTY (BNEXT+8)
+	#elif QUAD
+	UINTAT(umsd+BNEXT+8)=0x09090909-UINTAT(umsd+BNEXT+8);
+	UINTAT(umsd+BNEXT+12)=0x09090909-UINTAT(umsd+BNEXT+12);
+	#define BNEXTY (BNEXT+16)
+	#endif
+	if (ulsd>=umsd+BNEXTY) {	/* very unaligned */
+	  ui=&UINTAT(umsd+BNEXTY);	/* -> continue */
+	  for (;;ui++) {
+	    *ui=0x09090909-*ui;		/* invert four digits */
+	    if (ui>=&UINTAT(ulsd-3)) break; /* all done */
+	    }
+	  }
+	}
+      /* complete the ten's complement by adding 1 */
+      for (ub=ulsd; *ub==9; ub--) *ub=0;
+      *ub+=1;
+      } /* borrowed */
+
+     else {			   /* carry out means RHS>=LHS */
+      num.sign=DFWORD(dfr, 0) & DECFLOAT_Sign;
+      /* all done except for the special IEEE 754 exact-zero-result */
+      /* rule (see above); while testing for zero, strip leading */
+      /* zeros (which will save decFinalize doing it) (this is in */
+      /* diffsign path, so carry impossible and true umsd is */
+      /* acc+COFF) */
+
+      /* Check the initial coefficient area using the fast macro; */
+      /* this will often be all that needs to be done (as on the */
+      /* worst-case path when the subtraction was aligned and */
+      /* full-length) */
+      if (ISCOEFFZERO(acc+COFF)) {
+	umsd=acc+COFF+DECPMAX-1;   /* so far, so zero */
+	if (ulsd>umsd) {	   /* more to check */
+	  umsd++;		   /* to align after checked area */
+	  for (; UINTAT(umsd)==0 && umsd+3<ulsd;) umsd+=4;
+	  for (; *umsd==0 && umsd<ulsd;) umsd++;
+	  }
+	if (*umsd==0) {		   /* must be true zero (and diffsign) */
+	  num.sign=0;		   /* assume + */
+	  if (set->round==DEC_ROUND_FLOOR) num.sign=DECFLOAT_Sign;
+	  }
+	}
+      /* [else was not zero, might still have leading zeros] */
+      } /* subtraction gave positive result */
+    } /* diffsign */
+
+   else { /* same-sign addition */
+    num.sign=DFWORD(dfl, 0)&DECFLOAT_Sign;
+    #if DOUBLE
+    if (carry) {		   /* only possible with decDouble */
+      *(acc+3)=1;		   /* [Quad has leading 00] */
+      umsd=acc+3;
+      }
+    #endif
+    } /* same sign */
+
+  num.msd=umsd;			   /* set MSD .. */
+  num.lsd=ulsd;			   /* .. and LSD */
+  num.exponent=expr;		   /* set exponent to smaller */
+
+  #if DECTRACE
+  decFloatShow(dfl, "dfl");
+  decFloatShow(dfr, "dfr");
+  decShowNum(&num, "postadd");
+  #endif
+  return decFinalize(result, &num, set); /* round, check, and lay out */
+  } /* decFloatAdd */
+
+/* ------------------------------------------------------------------ */
+/* decFloatAnd -- logical digitwise AND of two decFloats	      */
+/*								      */
+/*   result gets the result of ANDing dfl and dfr		      */
+/*   dfl    is the first decFloat (lhs)				      */
+/*   dfr    is the second decFloat (rhs)			      */
+/*   set    is the context					      */
+/*   returns result, which will be canonical with sign=0	      */
+/*								      */
+/* The operands must be positive, finite with exponent q=0, and	      */
+/* comprise just zeros and ones; if not, Invalid operation results.   */
+/* ------------------------------------------------------------------ */
+decFloat * decFloatAnd(decFloat *result,
+		       const decFloat *dfl, const decFloat *dfr,
+		       decContext *set) {
+  if (!DFISUINT01(dfl) || !DFISUINT01(dfr)
+   || !DFISCC01(dfl)   || !DFISCC01(dfr)) return decInvalid(result, set);
+  /* the operands are positive finite integers (q=0) with just 0s and 1s */
+  #if DOUBLE
+   DFWORD(result, 0)=ZEROWORD
+		   |((DFWORD(dfl, 0) & DFWORD(dfr, 0))&0x04009124);
+   DFWORD(result, 1)=(DFWORD(dfl, 1) & DFWORD(dfr, 1))&0x49124491;
+  #elif QUAD
+   DFWORD(result, 0)=ZEROWORD
+		   |((DFWORD(dfl, 0) & DFWORD(dfr, 0))&0x04000912);
+   DFWORD(result, 1)=(DFWORD(dfl, 1) & DFWORD(dfr, 1))&0x44912449;
+   DFWORD(result, 2)=(DFWORD(dfl, 2) & DFWORD(dfr, 2))&0x12449124;
+   DFWORD(result, 3)=(DFWORD(dfl, 3) & DFWORD(dfr, 3))&0x49124491;
+  #endif
+  return result;
+  } /* decFloatAnd */
+
+/* ------------------------------------------------------------------ */
+/* decFloatCanonical -- copy a decFloat, making canonical	      */
+/*								      */
+/*   result gets the canonicalized df				      */
+/*   df	    is the decFloat to copy and make canonical		      */
+/*   returns result						      */
+/*								      */
+/* This works on specials, too; no error or exception is possible.    */
+/* ------------------------------------------------------------------ */
+decFloat * decFloatCanonical(decFloat *result, const decFloat *df) {
+  return decCanonical(result, df);
+  } /* decFloatCanonical */
+
+/* ------------------------------------------------------------------ */
+/* decFloatClass -- return the class of a decFloat		      */
+/*								      */
+/*   df is the decFloat to test					      */
+/*   returns the decClass that df falls into			      */
+/* ------------------------------------------------------------------ */
+enum decClass decFloatClass(const decFloat *df) {
+  Int exp;			   /* exponent */
+  if (DFISSPECIAL(df)) {
+    if (DFISQNAN(df)) return DEC_CLASS_QNAN;
+    if (DFISSNAN(df)) return DEC_CLASS_SNAN;
+    /* must be an infinity */
+    if (DFISSIGNED(df)) return DEC_CLASS_NEG_INF;
+    return DEC_CLASS_POS_INF;
+    }
+  if (DFISZERO(df)) {		   /* quite common */
+    if (DFISSIGNED(df)) return DEC_CLASS_NEG_ZERO;
+    return DEC_CLASS_POS_ZERO;
+    }
+  /* is finite and non-zero; similar code to decFloatIsNormal, here */
+  /* [this could be speeded up slightly by in-lining decFloatDigits] */
+  exp=GETEXPUN(df)		   /* get unbiased exponent .. */
+     +decFloatDigits(df)-1;	   /* .. and make adjusted exponent */
+  if (exp>=DECEMIN) {		   /* is normal */
+    if (DFISSIGNED(df)) return DEC_CLASS_NEG_NORMAL;
+    return DEC_CLASS_POS_NORMAL;
+    }
+  /* is subnormal */
+  if (DFISSIGNED(df)) return DEC_CLASS_NEG_SUBNORMAL;
+  return DEC_CLASS_POS_SUBNORMAL;
+  } /* decFloatClass */
+
+/* ------------------------------------------------------------------ */
+/* decFloatClassString -- return the class of a decFloat as a string  */
+/*								      */
+/*   df is the decFloat to test					      */
+/*   returns a constant string describing the class df falls into     */
+/* ------------------------------------------------------------------ */
+const char *decFloatClassString(const decFloat *df) {
+  enum decClass eclass=decFloatClass(df);
+  if (eclass==DEC_CLASS_POS_NORMAL)    return DEC_ClassString_PN;
+  if (eclass==DEC_CLASS_NEG_NORMAL)    return DEC_ClassString_NN;
+  if (eclass==DEC_CLASS_POS_ZERO)      return DEC_ClassString_PZ;
+  if (eclass==DEC_CLASS_NEG_ZERO)      return DEC_ClassString_NZ;
+  if (eclass==DEC_CLASS_POS_SUBNORMAL) return DEC_ClassString_PS;
+  if (eclass==DEC_CLASS_NEG_SUBNORMAL) return DEC_ClassString_NS;
+  if (eclass==DEC_CLASS_POS_INF)       return DEC_ClassString_PI;
+  if (eclass==DEC_CLASS_NEG_INF)       return DEC_ClassString_NI;
+  if (eclass==DEC_CLASS_QNAN)	       return DEC_ClassString_QN;
+  if (eclass==DEC_CLASS_SNAN)	       return DEC_ClassString_SN;
+  return DEC_ClassString_UN;	       /* Unknown */
+  } /* decFloatClassString */
+
+/* ------------------------------------------------------------------ */
+/* decFloatCompare -- compare two decFloats; quiet NaNs allowed	      */
+/*								      */
+/*   result gets the result of comparing dfl and dfr		      */
+/*   dfl    is the first decFloat (lhs)				      */
+/*   dfr    is the second decFloat (rhs)			      */
+/*   set    is the context					      */
+/*   returns result, which may be -1, 0, 1, or NaN (Unordered)	      */
+/* ------------------------------------------------------------------ */
+decFloat * decFloatCompare(decFloat *result,
+			   const decFloat *dfl, const decFloat *dfr,
+			   decContext *set) {
+  Int comp;				     /* work */
+  /* NaNs are handled as usual */
+  if (DFISNAN(dfl) || DFISNAN(dfr)) return decNaNs(result, dfl, dfr, set);
+  /* numeric comparison needed */
+  comp=decNumCompare(dfl, dfr, 0);
+  decFloatZero(result);
+  if (comp==0) return result;
+  DFBYTE(result, DECBYTES-1)=0x01;	/* LSD=1 */
+  if (comp<0) DFBYTE(result, 0)|=0x80;	/* set sign bit */
+  return result;
+  } /* decFloatCompare */
+
+/* ------------------------------------------------------------------ */
+/* decFloatCompareSignal -- compare two decFloats; all NaNs signal    */
+/*								      */
+/*   result gets the result of comparing dfl and dfr		      */
+/*   dfl    is the first decFloat (lhs)				      */
+/*   dfr    is the second decFloat (rhs)			      */
+/*   set    is the context					      */
+/*   returns result, which may be -1, 0, 1, or NaN (Unordered)	      */
+/* ------------------------------------------------------------------ */
+decFloat * decFloatCompareSignal(decFloat *result,
+				 const decFloat *dfl, const decFloat *dfr,
+				 decContext *set) {
+  Int comp;				     /* work */
+  /* NaNs are handled as usual, except that all NaNs signal */
+  if (DFISNAN(dfl) || DFISNAN(dfr)) {
+    set->status|=DEC_Invalid_operation;
+    return decNaNs(result, dfl, dfr, set);
+    }
+  /* numeric comparison needed */
+  comp=decNumCompare(dfl, dfr, 0);
+  decFloatZero(result);
+  if (comp==0) return result;
+  DFBYTE(result, DECBYTES-1)=0x01;	/* LSD=1 */
+  if (comp<0) DFBYTE(result, 0)|=0x80;	/* set sign bit */
+  return result;
+  } /* decFloatCompareSignal */
+
+/* ------------------------------------------------------------------ */
+/* decFloatCompareTotal -- compare two decFloats with total ordering  */
+/*								      */
+/*   result gets the result of comparing dfl and dfr		      */
+/*   dfl    is the first decFloat (lhs)				      */
+/*   dfr    is the second decFloat (rhs)			      */
+/*   returns result, which may be -1, 0, or 1			      */
+/* ------------------------------------------------------------------ */
+decFloat * decFloatCompareTotal(decFloat *result,
+				const decFloat *dfl, const decFloat *dfr) {
+  Int comp;				     /* work */
+  if (DFISNAN(dfl) || DFISNAN(dfr)) {
+    Int nanl, nanr;			     /* work */
+    /* morph NaNs to +/- 1 or 2, leave numbers as 0 */
+    nanl=DFISSNAN(dfl)+DFISQNAN(dfl)*2;	     /* quiet > signalling */
+    if (DFISSIGNED(dfl)) nanl=-nanl;
+    nanr=DFISSNAN(dfr)+DFISQNAN(dfr)*2;
+    if (DFISSIGNED(dfr)) nanr=-nanr;
+    if (nanl>nanr) comp=+1;
+     else if (nanl<nanr) comp=-1;
+     else { /* NaNs are the same type and sign .. must compare payload */
+      /* buffers need +2 for QUAD */
+      uByte bufl[DECPMAX+4];		     /* for LHS coefficient + foot */
+      uByte bufr[DECPMAX+4];		     /* for RHS coefficient + foot */
+      uByte *ub, *uc;			     /* work */
+      Int sigl;				     /* signum of LHS */
+      sigl=(DFISSIGNED(dfl) ? -1 : +1);
+
+      /* decode the coefficients */
+      /* (shift both right two if Quad to make a multiple of four) */
+      #if QUAD
+	USHORTAT(bufl)=0;
+	USHORTAT(bufr)=0;
+      #endif
+      GETCOEFF(dfl, bufl+QUAD*2);	     /* decode from decFloat */
+      GETCOEFF(dfr, bufr+QUAD*2);	     /* .. */
+      /* all multiples of four, here */
+      comp=0;				     /* assume equal */
+      for (ub=bufl, uc=bufr; ub<bufl+DECPMAX+QUAD*2; ub+=4, uc+=4) {
+	if (UINTAT(ub)==UINTAT(uc)) continue; /* so far so same */
+	/* about to find a winner; go by bytes in case little-endian */
+	for (;; ub++, uc++) {
+	  if (*ub==*uc) continue;
+	  if (*ub>*uc) comp=sigl;	     /* difference found */
+	   else comp=-sigl;		     /* .. */
+	   break;
+	  }
+	}
+      } /* same NaN type and sign */
+    }
+   else {
+    /* numeric comparison needed */
+    comp=decNumCompare(dfl, dfr, 1);	/* total ordering */
+    }
+  decFloatZero(result);
+  if (comp==0) return result;
+  DFBYTE(result, DECBYTES-1)=0x01;	/* LSD=1 */
+  if (comp<0) DFBYTE(result, 0)|=0x80;	/* set sign bit */
+  return result;
+  } /* decFloatCompareTotal */
+
+/* ------------------------------------------------------------------ */
+/* decFloatCompareTotalMag -- compare magnitudes with total ordering  */
+/*								      */
+/*   result gets the result of comparing abs(dfl) and abs(dfr)	      */
+/*   dfl    is the first decFloat (lhs)				      */
+/*   dfr    is the second decFloat (rhs)			      */
+/*   returns result, which may be -1, 0, or 1			      */
+/* ------------------------------------------------------------------ */
+decFloat * decFloatCompareTotalMag(decFloat *result,
+				const decFloat *dfl, const decFloat *dfr) {
+  decFloat a, b;			/* for copy if needed */
+  /* copy and redirect signed operand(s) */
+  if (DFISSIGNED(dfl)) {
+    decFloatCopyAbs(&a, dfl);
+    dfl=&a;
+    }
+  if (DFISSIGNED(dfr)) {
+    decFloatCopyAbs(&b, dfr);
+    dfr=&b;
+    }
+  return decFloatCompareTotal(result, dfl, dfr);
+  } /* decFloatCompareTotalMag */
+
+/* ------------------------------------------------------------------ */
+/* decFloatCopy -- copy a decFloat as-is			      */
+/*								      */
+/*   result gets the copy of dfl				      */
+/*   dfl    is the decFloat to copy				      */
+/*   returns result						      */
+/*								      */
+/* This is a bitwise operation; no errors or exceptions are possible. */
+/* ------------------------------------------------------------------ */
+decFloat * decFloatCopy(decFloat *result, const decFloat *dfl) {
+  if (dfl!=result) *result=*dfl;	     /* copy needed */
+  return result;
+  } /* decFloatCopy */
+
+/* ------------------------------------------------------------------ */
+/* decFloatCopyAbs -- copy a decFloat as-is and set sign bit to 0     */
+/*								      */
+/*   result gets the copy of dfl with sign bit 0		      */
+/*   dfl    is the decFloat to copy				      */
+/*   returns result						      */
+/*								      */
+/* This is a bitwise operation; no errors or exceptions are possible. */
+/* ------------------------------------------------------------------ */
+decFloat * decFloatCopyAbs(decFloat *result, const decFloat *dfl) {
+  if (dfl!=result) *result=*dfl;	/* copy needed */
+  DFBYTE(result, 0)&=~0x80;		/* zero sign bit */
+  return result;
+  } /* decFloatCopyAbs */
+
+/* ------------------------------------------------------------------ */
+/* decFloatCopyNegate -- copy a decFloat as-is with inverted sign bit */
+/*								      */
+/*   result gets the copy of dfl with sign bit inverted		      */
+/*   dfl    is the decFloat to copy				      */
+/*   returns result						      */
+/*								      */
+/* This is a bitwise operation; no errors or exceptions are possible. */
+/* ------------------------------------------------------------------ */
+decFloat * decFloatCopyNegate(decFloat *result, const decFloat *dfl) {
+  if (dfl!=result) *result=*dfl;	/* copy needed */
+  DFBYTE(result, 0)^=0x80;		/* invert sign bit */
+  return result;
+  } /* decFloatCopyNegate */
+
+/* ------------------------------------------------------------------ */
+/* decFloatCopySign -- copy a decFloat with the sign of another	      */
+/*								      */
+/*   result gets the result of copying dfl with the sign of dfr	      */
+/*   dfl    is the first decFloat (lhs)				      */
+/*   dfr    is the second decFloat (rhs)			      */
+/*   returns result						      */
+/*								      */
+/* This is a bitwise operation; no errors or exceptions are possible. */
+/* ------------------------------------------------------------------ */
+decFloat * decFloatCopySign(decFloat *result,
+			    const decFloat *dfl, const decFloat *dfr) {
+  uByte sign=(uByte)(DFBYTE(dfr, 0)&0x80);   /* save sign bit */
+  if (dfl!=result) *result=*dfl;	     /* copy needed */
+  DFBYTE(result, 0)&=~0x80;		     /* clear sign .. */
+  DFBYTE(result, 0)=(uByte)(DFBYTE(result, 0)|sign); /* .. and set saved */
+  return result;
+  } /* decFloatCopySign */
+
+/* ------------------------------------------------------------------ */
+/* decFloatDigits -- return the number of digits in a decFloat	      */
+/*								      */
+/*   df is the decFloat to investigate				      */
+/*   returns the number of significant digits in the decFloat; a      */
+/*     zero coefficient returns 1 as does an infinity (a NaN returns  */
+/*     the number of digits in the payload)			      */
+/* ------------------------------------------------------------------ */
+/* private macro to extract a declet according to provided formula */
+/* (form), and if it is non-zero then return the calculated digits */
+/* depending on the declet number (n), where n=0 for the most */
+/* significant declet; uses uInt dpd for work */
+#define dpdlenchk(n, form) {dpd=(form)&0x3ff;	  \
+  if (dpd) return (DECPMAX-1-3*(n))-(3-DPD2BCD8[dpd*4+3]);}
+/* next one is used when it is known that the declet must be */
+/* non-zero, or is the final zero declet */
+#define dpdlendun(n, form) {dpd=(form)&0x3ff;	  \
+  if (dpd==0) return 1;				  \
+  return (DECPMAX-1-3*(n))-(3-DPD2BCD8[dpd*4+3]);}
+
+uInt decFloatDigits(const decFloat *df) {
+  uInt dpd;			   /* work */
+  uInt sourhi=DFWORD(df, 0);	   /* top word from source decFloat */
+  #if QUAD
+  uInt sourmh, sourml;
+  #endif
+  uInt sourlo;
+
+  if (DFISINF(df)) return 1;
+  /* A NaN effectively has an MSD of 0; otherwise if non-zero MSD */
+  /* then the coefficient is full-length */
+  if (!DFISNAN(df) && DECCOMBMSD[sourhi>>26]) return DECPMAX;
+
+  #if DOUBLE
+    if (sourhi&0x0003ffff) {	 /* ends in first */
+      dpdlenchk(0, sourhi>>8);
+      sourlo=DFWORD(df, 1);
+      dpdlendun(1, (sourhi<<2) | (sourlo>>30));
+      } /* [cannot drop through] */
+    sourlo=DFWORD(df, 1);  /* sourhi not involved now */
+    if (sourlo&0xfff00000) {	 /* in one of first two */
+      dpdlenchk(1, sourlo>>30);	 /* very rare */
+      dpdlendun(2, sourlo>>20);
+      } /* [cannot drop through] */
+    dpdlenchk(3, sourlo>>10);
+    dpdlendun(4, sourlo);
+    /* [cannot drop through] */
+
+  #elif QUAD
+    if (sourhi&0x00003fff) {	 /* ends in first */
+      dpdlenchk(0, sourhi>>4);
+      sourmh=DFWORD(df, 1);
+      dpdlendun(1, ((sourhi)<<6) | (sourmh>>26));
+      } /* [cannot drop through] */
+    sourmh=DFWORD(df, 1);
+    if (sourmh) {
+      dpdlenchk(1, sourmh>>26);
+      dpdlenchk(2, sourmh>>16);
+      dpdlenchk(3, sourmh>>6);
+      sourml=DFWORD(df, 2);
+      dpdlendun(4, ((sourmh)<<4) | (sourml>>28));
+      } /* [cannot drop through] */
+    sourml=DFWORD(df, 2);
+    if (sourml) {
+      dpdlenchk(4, sourml>>28);
+      dpdlenchk(5, sourml>>18);
+      dpdlenchk(6, sourml>>8);
+      sourlo=DFWORD(df, 3);
+      dpdlendun(7, ((sourml)<<2) | (sourlo>>30));
+      } /* [cannot drop through] */
+    sourlo=DFWORD(df, 3);
+    if (sourlo&0xfff00000) {	 /* in one of first two */
+      dpdlenchk(7, sourlo>>30);	 /* very rare */
+      dpdlendun(8, sourlo>>20);
+      } /* [cannot drop through] */
+    dpdlenchk(9, sourlo>>10);
+    dpdlendun(10, sourlo);
+    /* [cannot drop through] */
+  #endif
+  } /* decFloatDigits */
+
+/* ------------------------------------------------------------------ */
+/* decFloatDivide -- divide a decFloat by another		      */
+/*								      */
+/*   result gets the result of dividing dfl by dfr:		      */
+/*   dfl    is the first decFloat (lhs)				      */
+/*   dfr    is the second decFloat (rhs)			      */
+/*   set    is the context					      */
+/*   returns result						      */
+/*								      */
+/* ------------------------------------------------------------------ */
+/* This is just a wrapper. */
+decFloat * decFloatDivide(decFloat *result,
+			  const decFloat *dfl, const decFloat *dfr,
+			  decContext *set) {
+  return decDivide(result, dfl, dfr, set, DIVIDE);
+  } /* decFloatDivide */
+
+/* ------------------------------------------------------------------ */
+/* decFloatDivideInteger -- integer divide a decFloat by another      */
+/*								      */
+/*   result gets the result of dividing dfl by dfr:		      */
+/*   dfl    is the first decFloat (lhs)				      */
+/*   dfr    is the second decFloat (rhs)			      */
+/*   set    is the context					      */
+/*   returns result						      */
+/*								      */
+/* ------------------------------------------------------------------ */
+decFloat * decFloatDivideInteger(decFloat *result,
+			     const decFloat *dfl, const decFloat *dfr,
+			     decContext *set) {
+  return decDivide(result, dfl, dfr, set, DIVIDEINT);
+  } /* decFloatDivideInteger */
+
+/* ------------------------------------------------------------------ */
+/* decFloatFMA -- multiply and add three decFloats, fused	      */
+/*								      */
+/*   result gets the result of (dfl*dfr)+dff with a single rounding   */
+/*   dfl    is the first decFloat (lhs)				      */
+/*   dfr    is the second decFloat (rhs)			      */
+/*   dff    is the final decFloat (fhs)				      */
+/*   set    is the context					      */
+/*   returns result						      */
+/*								      */
+/* ------------------------------------------------------------------ */
+decFloat * decFloatFMA(decFloat *result, const decFloat *dfl,
+		       const decFloat *dfr, const decFloat *dff,
+		       decContext *set) {
+  /* The accumulator has the bytes needed for FiniteMultiply, plus */
+  /* one byte to the left in case of carry, plus DECPMAX+2 to the */
+  /* right for the final addition (up to full fhs + round & sticky) */
+  #define FMALEN (1+ (DECPMAX9*18) +DECPMAX+2)
+  uByte	 acc[FMALEN];		   /* for multiplied coefficient in BCD */
+				   /* .. and for final result */
+  bcdnum mul;			   /* for multiplication result */
+  bcdnum fin;			   /* for final operand, expanded */
+  uByte	 coe[DECPMAX];		   /* dff coefficient in BCD */
+  bcdnum *hi, *lo;		   /* bcdnum with higher/lower exponent */
+  uInt	 diffsign;		   /* non-zero if signs differ */
+  uInt	 hipad;			   /* pad digit for hi if needed */
+  Int	 padding;		   /* excess exponent */
+  uInt	 carry;			   /* +1 for ten's complement and during add */
+  uByte	 *ub, *uh, *ul;		   /* work */
+
+  /* handle all the special values [any special operand leads to a */
+  /* special result] */
+  if (DFISSPECIAL(dfl) || DFISSPECIAL(dfr) || DFISSPECIAL(dff)) {
+    decFloat proxy;		   /* multiplication result proxy */
+    /* NaNs are handled as usual, giving priority to sNaNs */
+    if (DFISSNAN(dfl) || DFISSNAN(dfr)) return decNaNs(result, dfl, dfr, set);
+    if (DFISSNAN(dff)) return decNaNs(result, dff, NULL, set);
+    if (DFISNAN(dfl) || DFISNAN(dfr)) return decNaNs(result, dfl, dfr, set);
+    if (DFISNAN(dff)) return decNaNs(result, dff, NULL, set);
+    /* One or more of the three is infinite */
+    /* infinity times zero is bad */
+    decFloatZero(&proxy);
+    if (DFISINF(dfl)) {
+      if (DFISZERO(dfr)) return decInvalid(result, set);
+      decInfinity(&proxy, &proxy);
+      }
+     else if (DFISINF(dfr)) {
+      if (DFISZERO(dfl)) return decInvalid(result, set);
+      decInfinity(&proxy, &proxy);
+      }
+    /* compute sign of multiplication and place in proxy */
+    DFWORD(&proxy, 0)|=(DFWORD(dfl, 0)^DFWORD(dfr, 0))&DECFLOAT_Sign;
+    if (!DFISINF(dff)) return decFloatCopy(result, &proxy);
+    /* dff is Infinite */
+    if (!DFISINF(&proxy)) return decInfinity(result, dff);
+    /* both sides of addition are infinite; different sign is bad */
+    if ((DFWORD(dff, 0)&DECFLOAT_Sign)!=(DFWORD(&proxy, 0)&DECFLOAT_Sign))
+      return decInvalid(result, set);
+    return decFloatCopy(result, &proxy);
+    }
+
+  /* Here when all operands are finite */
+
+  /* First multiply dfl*dfr */
+  decFiniteMultiply(&mul, acc+1, dfl, dfr);
+  /* The multiply is complete, exact and unbounded, and described in */
+  /* mul with the coefficient held in acc[1...] */
+
+  /* now add in dff; the algorithm is essentially the same as */
+  /* decFloatAdd, but the code is different because the code there */
+  /* is highly optimized for adding two numbers of the same size */
+  fin.exponent=GETEXPUN(dff);		/* get dff exponent and sign */
+  fin.sign=DFWORD(dff, 0)&DECFLOAT_Sign;
+  diffsign=mul.sign^fin.sign;		/* note if signs differ */
+  fin.msd=coe;
+  fin.lsd=coe+DECPMAX-1;
+  GETCOEFF(dff, coe);			/* extract the coefficient */
+
+  /* now set hi and lo so that hi points to whichever of mul and fin */
+  /* has the higher exponent and lo point to the other [don't care if */
+  /* the same] */
+  if (mul.exponent>=fin.exponent) {
+    hi=&mul;
+    lo=&fin;
+    }
+   else {
+    hi=&fin;
+    lo=&mul;
+    }
+
+  /* remove leading zeros on both operands; this will save time later */
+  /* and make testing for zero trivial */
+  for (; UINTAT(hi->msd)==0 && hi->msd+3<hi->lsd;) hi->msd+=4;
+  for (; *hi->msd==0 && hi->msd<hi->lsd;) hi->msd++;
+  for (; UINTAT(lo->msd)==0 && lo->msd+3<lo->lsd;) lo->msd+=4;
+  for (; *lo->msd==0 && lo->msd<lo->lsd;) lo->msd++;
+
+  /* if hi is zero then result will be lo (which has the smaller */
+  /* exponent), which also may need to be tested for zero for the */
+  /* weird IEEE 754 sign rules */
+  if (*hi->msd==0 && hi->msd==hi->lsd) {     /* hi is zero */
+    /* "When the sum of two operands with opposite signs is */
+    /* exactly zero, the sign of that sum shall be '+' in all */
+    /* rounding modes except round toward -Infinity, in which */
+    /* mode that sign shall be '-'." */
+    if (diffsign) {
+      if (*lo->msd==0 && lo->msd==lo->lsd) { /* lo is zero */
+	lo->sign=0;
+	if (set->round==DEC_ROUND_FLOOR) lo->sign=DECFLOAT_Sign;
+	} /* diffsign && lo=0 */
+      } /* diffsign */
+    return decFinalize(result, lo, set);     /* may need clamping */
+    } /* numfl is zero */
+  /* [here, both are minimal length and hi is non-zero] */
+
+  /* if signs differ, take the ten's complement of hi (zeros to the */
+  /* right do not matter because the complement of zero is zero); */
+  /* the +1 is done later, as part of the addition, inserted at the */
+  /* correct digit */
+  hipad=0;
+  carry=0;
+  if (diffsign) {
+    hipad=9;
+    carry=1;
+    /* exactly the correct number of digits must be inverted */
+    for (uh=hi->msd; uh<hi->lsd-3; uh+=4) UINTAT(uh)=0x09090909-UINTAT(uh);
+    for (; uh<=hi->lsd; uh++) *uh=(uByte)(0x09-*uh);
+    }
+
+  /* ready to add; note that hi has no leading zeros so gap */
+  /* calculation does not have to be as pessimistic as in decFloatAdd */
+  /* (this is much more like the arbitrary-precision algorithm in */
+  /* Rexx and decNumber) */
+
+  /* padding is the number of zeros that would need to be added to hi */
+  /* for its lsd to be aligned with the lsd of lo */
+  padding=hi->exponent-lo->exponent;
+  /* printf("FMA pad %ld\n", (LI)padding); */
+
+  /* the result of the addition will be built into the accumulator, */
+  /* starting from the far right; this could be either hi or lo */
+  ub=acc+FMALEN-1;		   /* where lsd of result will go */
+  ul=lo->lsd;			   /* lsd of rhs */
+
+  if (padding!=0) {		   /* unaligned */
+    /* if the msd of lo is more than DECPMAX+2 digits to the right of */
+    /* the original msd of hi then it can be reduced to a single */
+    /* digit at the right place, as it stays clear of hi digits */
+    /* [it must be DECPMAX+2 because during a subtraction the msd */
+    /* could become 0 after a borrow from 1.000 to 0.9999...] */
+    Int hilen=(Int)(hi->lsd-hi->msd+1); /* lengths */
+    Int lolen=(Int)(lo->lsd-lo->msd+1); /* .. */
+    Int newexp=MINI(hi->exponent, hi->exponent+hilen-DECPMAX)-3;
+    Int reduce=newexp-lo->exponent;
+    if (reduce>0) {			/* [= case gives reduce=0 nop] */
+      /* printf("FMA reduce: %ld\n", (LI)reduce); */
+      if (reduce>=lolen) {		/* eating all */
+	lo->lsd=lo->msd;		/* reduce to single digit */
+	lo->exponent=newexp;		/* [known to be non-zero] */
+	}
+       else { /* < */
+	uByte *up=lo->lsd;
+	lo->lsd=lo->lsd-reduce;
+	if (*lo->lsd==0)		/* could need sticky bit */
+	 for (; up>lo->lsd; up--) {	/* search discarded digits */
+	  if (*up!=0) {			/* found one... */
+	    *lo->lsd=1;			/* set sticky bit */
+	    break;
+	    }
+	  }
+	lo->exponent+=reduce;
+	}
+      padding=hi->exponent-lo->exponent; /* recalculate */
+      ul=lo->lsd;			 /* .. */
+      } /* maybe reduce */
+    /* padding is now <= DECPMAX+2 but still > 0; tricky DOUBLE case */
+    /* is when hi is a 1 that will become a 0.9999... by subtraction: */
+    /*	 hi:   1				   E+16 */
+    /*	 lo:	.................1000000000000000  E-16 */
+    /* which for the addition pads and reduces to: */
+    /*	 hi:   1000000000000000000		   E-2 */
+    /*	 lo:	.................1		   E-2 */
+    #if DECCHECK
+      if (padding>DECPMAX+2) printf("FMA excess padding: %ld\n", (LI)padding);
+      if (padding<=0) printf("FMA low padding: %ld\n", (LI)padding);
+      /* printf("FMA padding: %ld\n", (LI)padding); */
+    #endif
+    /* padding digits can now be set in the result; one or more of */
+    /* these will come from lo; others will be zeros in the gap */
+    for (; ul>=lo->msd && padding>0; padding--, ul--, ub--) *ub=*ul;
+    for (;padding>0; padding--, ub--) *ub=0; /* mind the gap */
+    }
+
+  /* addition now complete to the right of the rightmost digit of hi */
+  uh=hi->lsd;
+
+  /* carry was set up depending on ten's complement above; do the add... */
+  for (;; ub--) {
+    uInt hid, lod;
+    if (uh<hi->msd) {
+      if (ul<lo->msd) break;
+      hid=hipad;
+      }
+     else hid=*uh--;
+    if (ul<lo->msd) lod=0;
+     else lod=*ul--;
+    *ub=(uByte)(carry+hid+lod);
+    if (*ub<10) carry=0;
+     else {
+      *ub-=10;
+      carry=1;
+      }
+    } /* addition loop */
+
+  /* addition complete -- now handle carry, borrow, etc. */
+  /* use lo to set up the num (its exponent is already correct, and */
+  /* sign usually is) */
+  lo->msd=ub+1;
+  lo->lsd=acc+FMALEN-1;
+  /* decShowNum(lo, "lo"); */
+  if (!diffsign) {		   /* same-sign addition */
+    if (carry) {		   /* carry out */
+      *ub=1;			   /* place the 1 .. */
+      lo->msd--;		   /* .. and update */
+      }
+    } /* same sign */
+   else {			   /* signs differed (subtraction) */
+    if (!carry) {		   /* no carry out means hi<lo */
+      /* borrowed -- take ten's complement of the right digits */
+      lo->sign=hi->sign;	   /* sign is lhs sign */
+      for (ul=lo->msd; ul<lo->lsd-3; ul+=4) UINTAT(ul)=0x09090909-UINTAT(ul);
+      for (; ul<=lo->lsd; ul++) *ul=(uByte)(0x09-*ul); /* [leaves ul at lsd+1] */
+      /* complete the ten's complement by adding 1 [cannot overrun] */
+      for (ul--; *ul==9; ul--) *ul=0;
+      *ul+=1;
+      } /* borrowed */
+     else {			   /* carry out means hi>=lo */
+      /* sign to use is lo->sign */
+      /* all done except for the special IEEE 754 exact-zero-result */
+      /* rule (see above); while testing for zero, strip leading */
+      /* zeros (which will save decFinalize doing it) */
+      for (; UINTAT(lo->msd)==0 && lo->msd+3<lo->lsd;) lo->msd+=4;
+      for (; *lo->msd==0 && lo->msd<lo->lsd;) lo->msd++;
+      if (*lo->msd==0) {	   /* must be true zero (and diffsign) */
+	lo->sign=0;		   /* assume + */
+	if (set->round==DEC_ROUND_FLOOR) lo->sign=DECFLOAT_Sign;
+	}
+      /* [else was not zero, might still have leading zeros] */
+      } /* subtraction gave positive result */
+    } /* diffsign */
+
+  return decFinalize(result, lo, set);	/* round, check, and lay out */
+  } /* decFloatFMA */
+
+/* ------------------------------------------------------------------ */
+/* decFloatFromInt -- initialise a decFloat from an Int		      */
+/*								      */
+/*   result gets the converted Int				      */
+/*   n	    is the Int to convert				      */
+/*   returns result						      */
+/*								      */
+/* The result is Exact; no errors or exceptions are possible.	      */
+/* ------------------------------------------------------------------ */
+decFloat * decFloatFromInt32(decFloat *result, Int n) {
+  uInt u=(uInt)n;			/* copy as bits */
+  uInt encode;				/* work */
+  DFWORD(result, 0)=ZEROWORD;		/* always */
+  #if QUAD
+    DFWORD(result, 1)=0;
+    DFWORD(result, 2)=0;
+  #endif
+  if (n<0) {				/* handle -n with care */
+    /* [This can be done without the test, but is then slightly slower] */
+    u=(~u)+1;
+    DFWORD(result, 0)|=DECFLOAT_Sign;
+    }
+  /* Since the maximum value of u now is 2**31, only the low word of */
+  /* result is affected */
+  encode=BIN2DPD[u%1000];
+  u/=1000;
+  encode|=BIN2DPD[u%1000]<<10;
+  u/=1000;
+  encode|=BIN2DPD[u%1000]<<20;
+  u/=1000;				/* now 0, 1, or 2 */
+  encode|=u<<30;
+  DFWORD(result, DECWORDS-1)=encode;
+  return result;
+  } /* decFloatFromInt32 */
+
+/* ------------------------------------------------------------------ */
+/* decFloatFromUInt -- initialise a decFloat from a uInt	      */
+/*								      */
+/*   result gets the converted uInt				      */
+/*   n	    is the uInt to convert				      */
+/*   returns result						      */
+/*								      */
+/* The result is Exact; no errors or exceptions are possible.	      */
+/* ------------------------------------------------------------------ */
+decFloat * decFloatFromUInt32(decFloat *result, uInt u) {
+  uInt encode;				/* work */
+  DFWORD(result, 0)=ZEROWORD;		/* always */
+  #if QUAD
+    DFWORD(result, 1)=0;
+    DFWORD(result, 2)=0;
+  #endif
+  encode=BIN2DPD[u%1000];
+  u/=1000;
+  encode|=BIN2DPD[u%1000]<<10;
+  u/=1000;
+  encode|=BIN2DPD[u%1000]<<20;
+  u/=1000;				/* now 0 -> 4 */
+  encode|=u<<30;
+  DFWORD(result, DECWORDS-1)=encode;
+  DFWORD(result, DECWORDS-2)|=u>>2;	/* rarely non-zero */
+  return result;
+  } /* decFloatFromUInt32 */
+
+/* ------------------------------------------------------------------ */
+/* decFloatInvert -- logical digitwise INVERT of a decFloat	      */
+/*								      */
+/*   result gets the result of INVERTing df			      */
+/*   df	    is the decFloat to invert				      */
+/*   set    is the context					      */
+/*   returns result, which will be canonical with sign=0	      */
+/*								      */
+/* The operand must be positive, finite with exponent q=0, and	      */
+/* comprise just zeros and ones; if not, Invalid operation results.   */
+/* ------------------------------------------------------------------ */
+decFloat * decFloatInvert(decFloat *result, const decFloat *df,
+			  decContext *set) {
+  uInt sourhi=DFWORD(df, 0);		/* top word of dfs */
+
+  if (!DFISUINT01(df) || !DFISCC01(df)) return decInvalid(result, set);
+  /* the operand is a finite integer (q=0) */
+  #if DOUBLE
+   DFWORD(result, 0)=ZEROWORD|((~sourhi)&0x04009124);
+   DFWORD(result, 1)=(~DFWORD(df, 1))	&0x49124491;
+  #elif QUAD
+   DFWORD(result, 0)=ZEROWORD|((~sourhi)&0x04000912);
+   DFWORD(result, 1)=(~DFWORD(df, 1))	&0x44912449;
+   DFWORD(result, 2)=(~DFWORD(df, 2))	&0x12449124;
+   DFWORD(result, 3)=(~DFWORD(df, 3))	&0x49124491;
+  #endif
+  return result;
+  } /* decFloatInvert */
+
+/* ------------------------------------------------------------------ */
+/* decFloatIs -- decFloat tests (IsSigned, etc.)		      */
+/*								      */
+/*   df is the decFloat to test					      */
+/*   returns 0 or 1 in an int32_t				      */
+/*								      */
+/* Many of these could be macros, but having them as real functions   */
+/* is a bit cleaner (and they can be referred to here by the generic  */
+/* names)							      */
+/* ------------------------------------------------------------------ */
+uInt decFloatIsCanonical(const decFloat *df) {
+  if (DFISSPECIAL(df)) {
+    if (DFISINF(df)) {
+      if (DFWORD(df, 0)&ECONMASK) return 0;  /* exponent continuation */
+      if (!DFISCCZERO(df)) return 0;	     /* coefficient continuation */
+      return 1;
+      }
+    /* is a NaN */
+    if (DFWORD(df, 0)&ECONNANMASK) return 0; /* exponent continuation */
+    if (DFISCCZERO(df)) return 1;	     /* coefficient continuation */
+    /* drop through to check payload */
+    }
+  { /* declare block */
+  #if DOUBLE
+    uInt sourhi=DFWORD(df, 0);
+    uInt sourlo=DFWORD(df, 1);
+    if (CANONDPDOFF(sourhi, 8)
+     && CANONDPDTWO(sourhi, sourlo, 30)
+     && CANONDPDOFF(sourlo, 20)
+     && CANONDPDOFF(sourlo, 10)
+     && CANONDPDOFF(sourlo, 0)) return 1;
+  #elif QUAD
+    uInt sourhi=DFWORD(df, 0);
+    uInt sourmh=DFWORD(df, 1);
+    uInt sourml=DFWORD(df, 2);
+    uInt sourlo=DFWORD(df, 3);
+    if (CANONDPDOFF(sourhi, 4)
+     && CANONDPDTWO(sourhi, sourmh, 26)
+     && CANONDPDOFF(sourmh, 16)
+     && CANONDPDOFF(sourmh, 6)
+     && CANONDPDTWO(sourmh, sourml, 28)
+     && CANONDPDOFF(sourml, 18)
+     && CANONDPDOFF(sourml, 8)
+     && CANONDPDTWO(sourml, sourlo, 30)
+     && CANONDPDOFF(sourlo, 20)
+     && CANONDPDOFF(sourlo, 10)
+     && CANONDPDOFF(sourlo, 0)) return 1;
+  #endif
+  } /* block */
+  return 0;    /* a declet is non-canonical */
+  }
+
+uInt decFloatIsFinite(const decFloat *df) {
+  return !DFISSPECIAL(df);
+  }
+uInt decFloatIsInfinite(const decFloat *df) {
+  return DFISINF(df);
+  }
+uInt decFloatIsInteger(const decFloat *df) {
+  return DFISINT(df);
+  }
+uInt decFloatIsNaN(const decFloat *df) {
+  return DFISNAN(df);
+  }
+uInt decFloatIsNormal(const decFloat *df) {
+  Int exp;			   /* exponent */
+  if (DFISSPECIAL(df)) return 0;
+  if (DFISZERO(df)) return 0;
+  /* is finite and non-zero */
+  exp=GETEXPUN(df)		   /* get unbiased exponent .. */
+     +decFloatDigits(df)-1;	   /* .. and make adjusted exponent */
+  return (exp>=DECEMIN);	   /* < DECEMIN is subnormal */
+  }
+uInt decFloatIsSignaling(const decFloat *df) {
+  return DFISSNAN(df);
+  }
+uInt decFloatIsSignalling(const decFloat *df) {
+  return DFISSNAN(df);
+  }
+uInt decFloatIsSigned(const decFloat *df) {
+  return DFISSIGNED(df);
+  }
+uInt decFloatIsSubnormal(const decFloat *df) {
+  if (DFISSPECIAL(df)) return 0;
+  /* is finite */
+  if (decFloatIsNormal(df)) return 0;
+  /* it is <Nmin, but could be zero */
+  if (DFISZERO(df)) return 0;
+  return 1;				     /* is subnormal */
+  }
+uInt decFloatIsZero(const decFloat *df) {
+  return DFISZERO(df);
+  } /* decFloatIs... */
+
+/* ------------------------------------------------------------------ */
+/* decFloatLogB -- return adjusted exponent, by 754r rules	      */
+/*								      */
+/*   result gets the adjusted exponent as an integer, or a NaN etc.   */
+/*   df	    is the decFloat to be examined			      */
+/*   set    is the context					      */
+/*   returns result						      */
+/*								      */
+/* Notable cases:						      */
+/*   A<0 -> Use |A|						      */
+/*   A=0 -> -Infinity (Division by zero)			      */
+/*   A=Infinite -> +Infinity (Exact)				      */
+/*   A=1 exactly -> 0 (Exact)					      */
+/*   NaNs are propagated as usual				      */
+/* ------------------------------------------------------------------ */
+decFloat * decFloatLogB(decFloat *result, const decFloat *df,
+			decContext *set) {
+  Int ae;				     /* adjusted exponent */
+  if (DFISNAN(df)) return decNaNs(result, df, NULL, set);
+  if (DFISINF(df)) {
+    DFWORD(result, 0)=0;		     /* need +ve */
+    return decInfinity(result, result);	     /* canonical +Infinity */
+    }
+  if (DFISZERO(df)) {
+    set->status|=DEC_Division_by_zero;	     /* as per 754r */
+    DFWORD(result, 0)=DECFLOAT_Sign;	     /* make negative */
+    return decInfinity(result, result);	     /* canonical -Infinity */
+    }
+  ae=GETEXPUN(df)			/* get unbiased exponent .. */
+    +decFloatDigits(df)-1;		/* .. and make adjusted exponent */
+  /* ae has limited range (3 digits for DOUBLE and 4 for QUAD), so */
+  /* it is worth using a special case of decFloatFromInt32 */
+  DFWORD(result, 0)=ZEROWORD;		/* always */
+  if (ae<0) {
+    DFWORD(result, 0)|=DECFLOAT_Sign;	/* -0 so far */
+    ae=-ae;
+    }
+  #if DOUBLE
+    DFWORD(result, 1)=BIN2DPD[ae];	/* a single declet */
+  #elif QUAD
+    DFWORD(result, 1)=0;
+    DFWORD(result, 2)=0;
+    DFWORD(result, 3)=(ae/1000)<<10;	/* is <10, so need no DPD encode */
+    DFWORD(result, 3)|=BIN2DPD[ae%1000];
+  #endif
+  return result;
+  } /* decFloatLogB */
+
+/* ------------------------------------------------------------------ */
+/* decFloatMax -- return maxnum of two operands			      */
+/*								      */
+/*   result gets the chosen decFloat				      */
+/*   dfl    is the first decFloat (lhs)				      */
+/*   dfr    is the second decFloat (rhs)			      */
+/*   set    is the context					      */
+/*   returns result						      */
+/*								      */
+/* If just one operand is a quiet NaN it is ignored.		      */
+/* ------------------------------------------------------------------ */
+decFloat * decFloatMax(decFloat *result,
+		       const decFloat *dfl, const decFloat *dfr,
+		       decContext *set) {
+  Int comp;
+  if (DFISNAN(dfl)) {
+    /* sNaN or both NaNs leads to normal NaN processing */
+    if (DFISNAN(dfr) || DFISSNAN(dfl)) return decNaNs(result, dfl, dfr, set);
+    return decCanonical(result, dfr);	     /* RHS is numeric */
+    }
+  if (DFISNAN(dfr)) {
+    /* sNaN leads to normal NaN processing (both NaN handled above) */
+    if (DFISSNAN(dfr)) return decNaNs(result, dfl, dfr, set);
+    return decCanonical(result, dfl);	     /* LHS is numeric */
+    }
+  /* Both operands are numeric; numeric comparison needed -- use */
+  /* total order for a well-defined choice (and +0 > -0) */
+  comp=decNumCompare(dfl, dfr, 1);
+  if (comp>=0) return decCanonical(result, dfl);
+  return decCanonical(result, dfr);
+  } /* decFloatMax */
+
+/* ------------------------------------------------------------------ */
+/* decFloatMaxMag -- return maxnummag of two operands		      */
+/*								      */
+/*   result gets the chosen decFloat				      */
+/*   dfl    is the first decFloat (lhs)				      */
+/*   dfr    is the second decFloat (rhs)			      */
+/*   set    is the context					      */
+/*   returns result						      */
+/*								      */
+/* Returns according to the magnitude comparisons if both numeric and */
+/* unequal, otherwise returns maxnum				      */
+/* ------------------------------------------------------------------ */
+decFloat * decFloatMaxMag(decFloat *result,
+		       const decFloat *dfl, const decFloat *dfr,
+		       decContext *set) {
+  Int comp;
+  decFloat absl, absr;
+  if (DFISNAN(dfl) || DFISNAN(dfr)) return decFloatMax(result, dfl, dfr, set);
+
+  decFloatCopyAbs(&absl, dfl);
+  decFloatCopyAbs(&absr, dfr);
+  comp=decNumCompare(&absl, &absr, 0);
+  if (comp>0) return decCanonical(result, dfl);
+  if (comp<0) return decCanonical(result, dfr);
+  return decFloatMax(result, dfl, dfr, set);
+  } /* decFloatMaxMag */
+
+/* ------------------------------------------------------------------ */
+/* decFloatMin -- return minnum of two operands			      */
+/*								      */
+/*   result gets the chosen decFloat				      */
+/*   dfl    is the first decFloat (lhs)				      */
+/*   dfr    is the second decFloat (rhs)			      */
+/*   set    is the context					      */
+/*   returns result						      */
+/*								      */
+/* If just one operand is a quiet NaN it is ignored.		      */
+/* ------------------------------------------------------------------ */
+decFloat * decFloatMin(decFloat *result,
+		       const decFloat *dfl, const decFloat *dfr,
+		       decContext *set) {
+  Int comp;
+  if (DFISNAN(dfl)) {
+    /* sNaN or both NaNs leads to normal NaN processing */
+    if (DFISNAN(dfr) || DFISSNAN(dfl)) return decNaNs(result, dfl, dfr, set);
+    return decCanonical(result, dfr);	     /* RHS is numeric */
+    }
+  if (DFISNAN(dfr)) {
+    /* sNaN leads to normal NaN processing (both NaN handled above) */
+    if (DFISSNAN(dfr)) return decNaNs(result, dfl, dfr, set);
+    return decCanonical(result, dfl);	     /* LHS is numeric */
+    }
+  /* Both operands are numeric; numeric comparison needed -- use */
+  /* total order for a well-defined choice (and +0 > -0) */
+  comp=decNumCompare(dfl, dfr, 1);
+  if (comp<=0) return decCanonical(result, dfl);
+  return decCanonical(result, dfr);
+  } /* decFloatMin */
+
+/* ------------------------------------------------------------------ */
+/* decFloatMinMag -- return minnummag of two operands		      */
+/*								      */
+/*   result gets the chosen decFloat				      */
+/*   dfl    is the first decFloat (lhs)				      */
+/*   dfr    is the second decFloat (rhs)			      */
+/*   set    is the context					      */
+/*   returns result						      */
+/*								      */
+/* Returns according to the magnitude comparisons if both numeric and */
+/* unequal, otherwise returns minnum				      */
+/* ------------------------------------------------------------------ */
+decFloat * decFloatMinMag(decFloat *result,
+		       const decFloat *dfl, const decFloat *dfr,
+		       decContext *set) {
+  Int comp;
+  decFloat absl, absr;
+  if (DFISNAN(dfl) || DFISNAN(dfr)) return decFloatMin(result, dfl, dfr, set);
+
+  decFloatCopyAbs(&absl, dfl);
+  decFloatCopyAbs(&absr, dfr);
+  comp=decNumCompare(&absl, &absr, 0);
+  if (comp<0) return decCanonical(result, dfl);
+  if (comp>0) return decCanonical(result, dfr);
+  return decFloatMin(result, dfl, dfr, set);
+  } /* decFloatMinMag */
+
+/* ------------------------------------------------------------------ */
+/* decFloatMinus -- negate value, heeding NaNs, etc.		      */
+/*								      */
+/*   result gets the canonicalized 0-df				      */
+/*   df	    is the decFloat to minus				      */
+/*   set    is the context					      */
+/*   returns result						      */
+/*								      */
+/* This has the same effect as 0-df where the exponent of the zero is */
+/* the same as that of df (if df is finite).			      */
+/* The effect is also the same as decFloatCopyNegate except that NaNs */
+/* are handled normally (the sign of a NaN is not affected, and an    */
+/* sNaN will signal), the result is canonical, and zero gets sign 0.  */
+/* ------------------------------------------------------------------ */
+decFloat * decFloatMinus(decFloat *result, const decFloat *df,
+			 decContext *set) {
+  if (DFISNAN(df)) return decNaNs(result, df, NULL, set);
+  decCanonical(result, df);			  /* copy and check */
+  if (DFISZERO(df)) DFBYTE(result, 0)&=~0x80;	  /* turn off sign bit */
+   else DFBYTE(result, 0)^=0x80;		  /* flip sign bit */
+  return result;
+  } /* decFloatMinus */
+
+/* ------------------------------------------------------------------ */
+/* decFloatMultiply -- multiply two decFloats			      */
+/*								      */
+/*   result gets the result of multiplying dfl and dfr:		      */
+/*   dfl    is the first decFloat (lhs)				      */
+/*   dfr    is the second decFloat (rhs)			      */
+/*   set    is the context					      */
+/*   returns result						      */
+/*								      */
+/* ------------------------------------------------------------------ */
+decFloat * decFloatMultiply(decFloat *result,
+			    const decFloat *dfl, const decFloat *dfr,
+			    decContext *set) {
+  bcdnum num;			   /* for final conversion */
+  uByte	 bcdacc[DECPMAX9*18+1];	   /* for coefficent in BCD */
+
+  if (DFISSPECIAL(dfl) || DFISSPECIAL(dfr)) { /* either is special? */
+    /* NaNs are handled as usual */
+    if (DFISNAN(dfl) || DFISNAN(dfr)) return decNaNs(result, dfl, dfr, set);
+    /* infinity times zero is bad */
+    if (DFISINF(dfl) && DFISZERO(dfr)) return decInvalid(result, set);
+    if (DFISINF(dfr) && DFISZERO(dfl)) return decInvalid(result, set);
+    /* both infinite; return canonical infinity with computed sign */
+    DFWORD(result, 0)=DFWORD(dfl, 0)^DFWORD(dfr, 0); /* compute sign */
+    return decInfinity(result, result);
+    }
+
+  /* Here when both operands are finite */
+  decFiniteMultiply(&num, bcdacc, dfl, dfr);
+  return decFinalize(result, &num, set); /* round, check, and lay out */
+  } /* decFloatMultiply */
+
+/* ------------------------------------------------------------------ */
+/* decFloatNextMinus -- next towards -Infinity			      */
+/*								      */
+/*   result gets the next lesser decFloat			      */
+/*   dfl    is the decFloat to start with			      */
+/*   set    is the context					      */
+/*   returns result						      */
+/*								      */
+/* This is 754r nextdown; Invalid is the only status possible (from   */
+/* an sNaN).							      */
+/* ------------------------------------------------------------------ */
+decFloat * decFloatNextMinus(decFloat *result, const decFloat *dfl,
+			     decContext *set) {
+  decFloat delta;			/* tiny increment */
+  uInt savestat;			/* saves status */
+  enum rounding saveround;		/* .. and mode */
+
+  /* +Infinity is the special case */
+  if (DFISINF(dfl) && !DFISSIGNED(dfl)) {
+    DFSETNMAX(result);
+    return result;			/* [no status to set] */
+    }
+  /* other cases are effected by sutracting a tiny delta -- this */
+  /* should be done in a wider format as the delta is unrepresentable */
+  /* here (but can be done with normal add if the sign of zero is */
+  /* treated carefully, because no Inexactitude is interesting); */
+  /* rounding to -Infinity then pushes the result to next below */
+  decFloatZero(&delta);			/* set up tiny delta */
+  DFWORD(&delta, DECWORDS-1)=1;		/* coefficient=1 */
+  DFWORD(&delta, 0)=DECFLOAT_Sign;	/* Sign=1 + biased exponent=0 */
+  /* set up for the directional round */
+  saveround=set->round;			/* save mode */
+  set->round=DEC_ROUND_FLOOR;		/* .. round towards -Infinity */
+  savestat=set->status;			/* save status */
+  decFloatAdd(result, dfl, &delta, set);
+  /* Add rules mess up the sign when going from +Ntiny to 0 */
+  if (DFISZERO(result)) DFWORD(result, 0)^=DECFLOAT_Sign; /* correct */
+  set->status&=DEC_Invalid_operation;	/* preserve only sNaN status */
+  set->status|=savestat;		/* restore pending flags */
+  set->round=saveround;			/* .. and mode */
+  return result;
+  } /* decFloatNextMinus */
+
+/* ------------------------------------------------------------------ */
+/* decFloatNextPlus -- next towards +Infinity			      */
+/*								      */
+/*   result gets the next larger decFloat			      */
+/*   dfl    is the decFloat to start with			      */
+/*   set    is the context					      */
+/*   returns result						      */
+/*								      */
+/* This is 754r nextup; Invalid is the only status possible (from     */
+/* an sNaN).							      */
+/* ------------------------------------------------------------------ */
+decFloat * decFloatNextPlus(decFloat *result, const decFloat *dfl,
+			    decContext *set) {
+  uInt savestat;			/* saves status */
+  enum rounding saveround;		/* .. and mode */
+  decFloat delta;			/* tiny increment */
+
+  /* -Infinity is the special case */
+  if (DFISINF(dfl) && DFISSIGNED(dfl)) {
+    DFSETNMAX(result);
+    DFWORD(result, 0)|=DECFLOAT_Sign;	/* make negative */
+    return result;			/* [no status to set] */
+    }
+  /* other cases are effected by sutracting a tiny delta -- this */
+  /* should be done in a wider format as the delta is unrepresentable */
+  /* here (but can be done with normal add if the sign of zero is */
+  /* treated carefully, because no Inexactitude is interesting); */
+  /* rounding to +Infinity then pushes the result to next above */
+  decFloatZero(&delta);			/* set up tiny delta */
+  DFWORD(&delta, DECWORDS-1)=1;		/* coefficient=1 */
+  DFWORD(&delta, 0)=0;			/* Sign=0 + biased exponent=0 */
+  /* set up for the directional round */
+  saveround=set->round;			/* save mode */
+  set->round=DEC_ROUND_CEILING;		/* .. round towards +Infinity */
+  savestat=set->status;			/* save status */
+  decFloatAdd(result, dfl, &delta, set);
+  /* Add rules mess up the sign when going from -Ntiny to -0 */
+  if (DFISZERO(result)) DFWORD(result, 0)^=DECFLOAT_Sign; /* correct */
+  set->status&=DEC_Invalid_operation;	/* preserve only sNaN status */
+  set->status|=savestat;		/* restore pending flags */
+  set->round=saveround;			/* .. and mode */
+  return result;
+  } /* decFloatNextPlus */
+
+/* ------------------------------------------------------------------ */
+/* decFloatNextToward -- next towards a decFloat		      */
+/*								      */
+/*   result gets the next decFloat				      */
+/*   dfl    is the decFloat to start with			      */
+/*   dfr    is the decFloat to move toward			      */
+/*   set    is the context					      */
+/*   returns result						      */
+/*								      */
+/* This is 754r nextafter; status may be set unless the result is a   */
+/* normal number.						      */
+/* ------------------------------------------------------------------ */
+decFloat * decFloatNextToward(decFloat *result,
+			      const decFloat *dfl, const decFloat *dfr,
+			      decContext *set) {
+  decFloat delta;			/* tiny increment or decrement */
+  decFloat pointone;			/* 1e-1 */
+  uInt	savestat;			/* saves status */
+  enum	rounding saveround;		/* .. and mode */
+  uInt	deltatop;			/* top word for delta */
+  Int	comp;				/* work */
+
+  if (DFISNAN(dfl) || DFISNAN(dfr)) return decNaNs(result, dfl, dfr, set);
+  /* Both are numeric, so Invalid no longer a possibility */
+  comp=decNumCompare(dfl, dfr, 0);
+  if (comp==0) return decFloatCopySign(result, dfl, dfr); /* equal */
+  /* unequal; do NextPlus or NextMinus but with different status rules */
+
+  if (comp<0) { /* lhs<rhs, do NextPlus, see above for commentary */
+    if (DFISINF(dfl) && DFISSIGNED(dfl)) {   /* -Infinity special case */
+      DFSETNMAX(result);
+      DFWORD(result, 0)|=DECFLOAT_Sign;
+      return result;
+      }
+    saveround=set->round;		     /* save mode */
+    set->round=DEC_ROUND_CEILING;	     /* .. round towards +Infinity */
+    deltatop=0;				     /* positive delta */
+    }
+   else { /* lhs>rhs, do NextMinus, see above for commentary */
+    if (DFISINF(dfl) && !DFISSIGNED(dfl)) {  /* +Infinity special case */
+      DFSETNMAX(result);
+      return result;
+      }
+    saveround=set->round;		     /* save mode */
+    set->round=DEC_ROUND_FLOOR;		     /* .. round towards -Infinity */
+    deltatop=DECFLOAT_Sign;		     /* negative delta */
+    }
+  savestat=set->status;			     /* save status */
+  /* Here, Inexact is needed where appropriate (and hence Underflow, */
+  /* etc.).  Therefore the tiny delta which is otherwise */
+  /* unrepresentable (see NextPlus and NextMinus) is constructed */
+  /* using the multiplication of FMA. */
+  decFloatZero(&delta);			/* set up tiny delta */
+  DFWORD(&delta, DECWORDS-1)=1;		/* coefficient=1 */
+  DFWORD(&delta, 0)=deltatop;		/* Sign + biased exponent=0 */
+  decFloatFromString(&pointone, "1E-1", set); /* set up multiplier */
+  decFloatFMA(result, &delta, &pointone, dfl, set);
+  /* [Delta is truly tiny, so no need to correct sign of zero] */
+  /* use new status unless the result is normal */
+  if (decFloatIsNormal(result)) set->status=savestat; /* else goes forward */
+  set->round=saveround;			/* restore mode */
+  return result;
+  } /* decFloatNextToward */
+
+/* ------------------------------------------------------------------ */
+/* decFloatOr -- logical digitwise OR of two decFloats		      */
+/*								      */
+/*   result gets the result of ORing dfl and dfr		      */
+/*   dfl    is the first decFloat (lhs)				      */
+/*   dfr    is the second decFloat (rhs)			      */
+/*   set    is the context					      */
+/*   returns result, which will be canonical with sign=0	      */
+/*								      */
+/* The operands must be positive, finite with exponent q=0, and	      */
+/* comprise just zeros and ones; if not, Invalid operation results.   */
+/* ------------------------------------------------------------------ */
+decFloat * decFloatOr(decFloat *result,
+		       const decFloat *dfl, const decFloat *dfr,
+		       decContext *set) {
+  if (!DFISUINT01(dfl) || !DFISUINT01(dfr)
+   || !DFISCC01(dfl)   || !DFISCC01(dfr)) return decInvalid(result, set);
+  /* the operands are positive finite integers (q=0) with just 0s and 1s */
+  #if DOUBLE
+   DFWORD(result, 0)=ZEROWORD
+		   |((DFWORD(dfl, 0) | DFWORD(dfr, 0))&0x04009124);
+   DFWORD(result, 1)=(DFWORD(dfl, 1) | DFWORD(dfr, 1))&0x49124491;
+  #elif QUAD
+   DFWORD(result, 0)=ZEROWORD
+		   |((DFWORD(dfl, 0) | DFWORD(dfr, 0))&0x04000912);
+   DFWORD(result, 1)=(DFWORD(dfl, 1) | DFWORD(dfr, 1))&0x44912449;
+   DFWORD(result, 2)=(DFWORD(dfl, 2) | DFWORD(dfr, 2))&0x12449124;
+   DFWORD(result, 3)=(DFWORD(dfl, 3) | DFWORD(dfr, 3))&0x49124491;
+  #endif
+  return result;
+  } /* decFloatOr */
+
+/* ------------------------------------------------------------------ */
+/* decFloatPlus -- add value to 0, heeding NaNs, etc.		      */
+/*								      */
+/*   result gets the canonicalized 0+df				      */
+/*   df	    is the decFloat to plus				      */
+/*   set    is the context					      */
+/*   returns result						      */
+/*								      */
+/* This has the same effect as 0+df where the exponent of the zero is */
+/* the same as that of df (if df is finite).			      */
+/* The effect is also the same as decFloatCopy except that NaNs	      */
+/* are handled normally (the sign of a NaN is not affected, and an    */
+/* sNaN will signal), the result is canonical, and zero gets sign 0.  */
+/* ------------------------------------------------------------------ */
+decFloat * decFloatPlus(decFloat *result, const decFloat *df,
+			decContext *set) {
+  if (DFISNAN(df)) return decNaNs(result, df, NULL, set);
+  decCanonical(result, df);			  /* copy and check */
+  if (DFISZERO(df)) DFBYTE(result, 0)&=~0x80;	  /* turn off sign bit */
+  return result;
+  } /* decFloatPlus */
+
+/* ------------------------------------------------------------------ */
+/* decFloatQuantize -- quantize a decFloat			      */
+/*								      */
+/*   result gets the result of quantizing dfl to match dfr	      */
+/*   dfl    is the first decFloat (lhs)				      */
+/*   dfr    is the second decFloat (rhs), which sets the exponent     */
+/*   set    is the context					      */
+/*   returns result						      */
+/*								      */
+/* Unless there is an error or the result is infinite, the exponent   */
+/* of result is guaranteed to be the same as that of dfr.	      */
+/* ------------------------------------------------------------------ */
+decFloat * decFloatQuantize(decFloat *result,
+			    const decFloat *dfl, const decFloat *dfr,
+			    decContext *set) {
+  Int	explb, exprb;	      /* left and right biased exponents */
+  uByte *ulsd;		      /* local LSD pointer */
+  uInt	*ui;		      /* work */
+  uByte *ub;		      /* .. */
+  Int	drop;		      /* .. */
+  uInt	dpd;		      /* .. */
+  uInt	encode;		      /* encoding accumulator */
+  uInt	sourhil, sourhir;     /* top words from source decFloats */
+  /* the following buffer holds the coefficient for manipulation */
+  uByte buf[4+DECPMAX*3];     /* + space for zeros to left or right */
+  #if DECTRACE
+  bcdnum num;		      /* for trace displays */
+  #endif
+
+  /* Start decoding the arguments */
+  sourhil=DFWORD(dfl, 0);	   /* LHS top word */
+  explb=DECCOMBEXP[sourhil>>26];   /* get exponent high bits (in place) */
+  sourhir=DFWORD(dfr, 0);	   /* RHS top word */
+  exprb=DECCOMBEXP[sourhir>>26];
+
+  if (EXPISSPECIAL(explb | exprb)) { /* either is special? */
+    /* NaNs are handled as usual */
+    if (DFISNAN(dfl) || DFISNAN(dfr)) return decNaNs(result, dfl, dfr, set);
+    /* one infinity but not both is bad */
+    if (DFISINF(dfl)!=DFISINF(dfr)) return decInvalid(result, set);
+    /* both infinite; return canonical infinity with sign of LHS */
+    return decInfinity(result, dfl);
+    }
+
+  /* Here when both arguments are finite */
+  /* complete extraction of the exponents [no need to unbias] */
+  explb+=GETECON(dfl);		   /* + continuation */
+  exprb+=GETECON(dfr);		   /* .. */
+
+  /* calculate the number of digits to drop from the coefficient */
+  drop=exprb-explb;		   /* 0 if nothing to do */
+  if (drop==0) return decCanonical(result, dfl); /* return canonical */
+
+  /* the coefficient is needed; lay it out into buf, offset so zeros */
+  /* can be added before or after as needed -- an extra heading is */
+  /* added so can safely pad Quad DECPMAX-1 zeros to the left by */
+  /* fours */
+  #define BUFOFF (buf+4+DECPMAX)
+  GETCOEFF(dfl, BUFOFF);	   /* decode from decFloat */
+  /* [now the msd is at BUFOFF and the lsd is at BUFOFF+DECPMAX-1] */
+
+  #if DECTRACE
+  num.msd=BUFOFF;
+  num.lsd=BUFOFF+DECPMAX-1;
+  num.exponent=explb-DECBIAS;
+  num.sign=sourhil & DECFLOAT_Sign;
+  decShowNum(&num, "dfl");
+  #endif
+
+  if (drop>0) {				/* [most common case] */
+    /* (this code is very similar to that in decFloatFinalize, but */
+    /* has many differences so is duplicated here -- so any changes */
+    /* may need to be made there, too) */
+    uByte *roundat;			     /* -> re-round digit */
+    uByte reround;			     /* reround value */
+    /* printf("Rounding; drop=%ld\n", (LI)drop); */
+
+    /* there is at least one zero needed to the left, in all but one */
+    /* exceptional (all-nines) case, so place four zeros now; this is */
+    /* needed almost always and makes rounding all-nines by fours safe */
+    UINTAT(BUFOFF-4)=0;
+
+    /* Three cases here: */
+    /*	 1. new LSD is in coefficient (almost always) */
+    /*	 2. new LSD is digit to left of coefficient (so MSD is */
+    /*	    round-for-reround digit) */
+    /*	 3. new LSD is to left of case 2 (whole coefficient is sticky) */
+    /* Note that leading zeros can safely be treated as useful digits */
+
+    /* [duplicate check-stickies code to save a test] */
+    /* [by-digit check for stickies as runs of zeros are rare] */
+    if (drop<DECPMAX) {			     /* NB lengths not addresses */
+      roundat=BUFOFF+DECPMAX-drop;
+      reround=*roundat;
+      for (ub=roundat+1; ub<BUFOFF+DECPMAX; ub++) {
+	if (*ub!=0) {			     /* non-zero to be discarded */
+	  reround=DECSTICKYTAB[reround];     /* apply sticky bit */
+	  break;			     /* [remainder don't-care] */
+	  }
+	} /* check stickies */
+      ulsd=roundat-1;			     /* set LSD */
+      }
+     else {				     /* edge case */
+      if (drop==DECPMAX) {
+	roundat=BUFOFF;
+	reround=*roundat;
+	}
+       else {
+	roundat=BUFOFF-1;
+	reround=0;
+	}
+      for (ub=roundat+1; ub<BUFOFF+DECPMAX; ub++) {
+	if (*ub!=0) {			     /* non-zero to be discarded */
+	  reround=DECSTICKYTAB[reround];     /* apply sticky bit */
+	  break;			     /* [remainder don't-care] */
+	  }
+	} /* check stickies */
+      *BUFOFF=0;			     /* make a coefficient of 0 */
+      ulsd=BUFOFF;			     /* .. at the MSD place */
+      }
+
+    if (reround!=0) {			     /* discarding non-zero */
+      uInt bump=0;
+      set->status|=DEC_Inexact;
+
+      /* next decide whether to increment the coefficient */
+      if (set->round==DEC_ROUND_HALF_EVEN) { /* fastpath slowest case */
+	if (reround>5) bump=1;		     /* >0.5 goes up */
+	 else if (reround==5)		     /* exactly 0.5000 .. */
+	  bump=*ulsd & 0x01;		     /* .. up iff [new] lsd is odd */
+	} /* r-h-e */
+       else switch (set->round) {
+	case DEC_ROUND_DOWN: {
+	  /* no change */
+	  break;} /* r-d */
+	case DEC_ROUND_HALF_DOWN: {
+	  if (reround>5) bump=1;
+	  break;} /* r-h-d */
+	case DEC_ROUND_HALF_UP: {
+	  if (reround>=5) bump=1;
+	  break;} /* r-h-u */
+	case DEC_ROUND_UP: {
+	  if (reround>0) bump=1;
+	  break;} /* r-u */
+	case DEC_ROUND_CEILING: {
+	  /* same as _UP for positive numbers, and as _DOWN for negatives */
+	  if (!(sourhil&DECFLOAT_Sign) && reround>0) bump=1;
+	  break;} /* r-c */
+	case DEC_ROUND_FLOOR: {
+	  /* same as _UP for negative numbers, and as _DOWN for positive */
+	  /* [negative reround cannot occur on 0] */
+	  if (sourhil&DECFLOAT_Sign && reround>0) bump=1;
+	  break;} /* r-f */
+	case DEC_ROUND_05UP: {
+	  if (reround>0) { /* anything out there is 'sticky' */
+	    /* bump iff lsd=0 or 5; this cannot carry so it could be */
+	    /* effected immediately with no bump -- but the code */
+	    /* is clearer if this is done the same way as the others */
+	    if (*ulsd==0 || *ulsd==5) bump=1;
+	    }
+	  break;} /* r-r */
+	default: {	/* e.g., DEC_ROUND_MAX */
+	  set->status|=DEC_Invalid_context;
+	  #if DECCHECK
+	  printf("Unknown rounding mode: %ld\n", (LI)set->round);
+	  #endif
+	  break;}
+	} /* switch (not r-h-e) */
+      /* printf("ReRound: %ld  bump: %ld\n", (LI)reround, (LI)bump); */
+
+      if (bump!=0) {			     /* need increment */
+	/* increment the coefficient; this could give 1000... (after */
+	/* the all nines case) */
+	ub=ulsd;
+	for (; UINTAT(ub-3)==0x09090909; ub-=4) UINTAT(ub-3)=0;
+	/* now at most 3 digits left to non-9 (usually just the one) */
+	for (; *ub==9; ub--) *ub=0;
+	*ub+=1;
+	/* [the all-nines case will have carried one digit to the */
+	/* left of the original MSD -- just where it is needed] */
+	} /* bump needed */
+      } /* inexact rounding */
+
+    /* now clear zeros to the left so exactly DECPMAX digits will be */
+    /* available in the coefficent -- the first word to the left was */
+    /* cleared earlier for safe carry; now add any more needed */
+    if (drop>4) {
+      UINTAT(BUFOFF-8)=0;		     /* must be at least 5 */
+      for (ui=&UINTAT(BUFOFF-12); ui>&UINTAT(ulsd-DECPMAX-3); ui--) *ui=0;
+      }
+    } /* need round (drop>0) */
+
+   else { /* drop<0; padding with -drop digits is needed */
+    /* This is the case where an error can occur if the padded */
+    /* coefficient will not fit; checking for this can be done in the */
+    /* same loop as padding for zeros if the no-hope and zero cases */
+    /* are checked first */
+    if (-drop>DECPMAX-1) {		     /* cannot fit unless 0 */
+      if (!ISCOEFFZERO(BUFOFF)) return decInvalid(result, set);
+      /* a zero can have any exponent; just drop through and use it */
+      ulsd=BUFOFF+DECPMAX-1;
+      }
+     else { /* padding will fit (but may still be too long) */
+      /* final-word mask depends on endianess */
+      #if DECLITEND
+      static const uInt dmask[]={0, 0x000000ff, 0x0000ffff, 0x00ffffff};
+      #else
+      static const uInt dmask[]={0, 0xff000000, 0xffff0000, 0xffffff00};
+      #endif
+      for (ui=&UINTAT(BUFOFF+DECPMAX);; ui++) {
+	*ui=0;
+	if (UINTAT(&UBYTEAT(ui)-DECPMAX)!=0) { /* could be bad */
+	  /* if all four digits should be zero, definitely bad */
+	  if (ui<=&UINTAT(BUFOFF+DECPMAX+(-drop)-4))
+	    return decInvalid(result, set);
+	  /* must be a 1- to 3-digit sequence; check more carefully */
+	  if ((UINTAT(&UBYTEAT(ui)-DECPMAX)&dmask[(-drop)%4])!=0)
+	    return decInvalid(result, set);
+	  break;    /* no need for loop end test */
+	  }
+	if (ui>=&UINTAT(BUFOFF+DECPMAX+(-drop)-4)) break; /* done */
+	}
+      ulsd=BUFOFF+DECPMAX+(-drop)-1;
+      } /* pad and check leading zeros */
+    } /* drop<0 */
+
+  #if DECTRACE
+  num.msd=ulsd-DECPMAX+1;
+  num.lsd=ulsd;
+  num.exponent=explb-DECBIAS;
+  num.sign=sourhil & DECFLOAT_Sign;
+  decShowNum(&num, "res");
+  #endif
+
+  /*------------------------------------------------------------------*/
+  /* At this point the result is DECPMAX digits, ending at ulsd, so   */
+  /* fits the encoding exactly; there is no possibility of error      */
+  /*------------------------------------------------------------------*/
+  encode=((exprb>>DECECONL)<<4) + *(ulsd-DECPMAX+1); /* make index */
+  encode=DECCOMBFROM[encode];		     /* indexed by (0-2)*16+msd */
+  /* the exponent continuation can be extracted from the original RHS */
+  encode|=sourhir & ECONMASK;
+  encode|=sourhil&DECFLOAT_Sign;	     /* add the sign from LHS */
+
+  /* finally encode the coefficient */
+  /* private macro to encode a declet; this version can be used */
+  /* because all coefficient digits exist */
+  #define getDPD3q(dpd, n) ub=ulsd-(3*(n))-2;			\
+    dpd=BCD2DPD[(*ub*256)+(*(ub+1)*16)+*(ub+2)];
+
+  #if DOUBLE
+    getDPD3q(dpd, 4); encode|=dpd<<8;
+    getDPD3q(dpd, 3); encode|=dpd>>2;
+    DFWORD(result, 0)=encode;
+    encode=dpd<<30;
+    getDPD3q(dpd, 2); encode|=dpd<<20;
+    getDPD3q(dpd, 1); encode|=dpd<<10;
+    getDPD3q(dpd, 0); encode|=dpd;
+    DFWORD(result, 1)=encode;
+
+  #elif QUAD
+    getDPD3q(dpd,10); encode|=dpd<<4;
+    getDPD3q(dpd, 9); encode|=dpd>>6;
+    DFWORD(result, 0)=encode;
+    encode=dpd<<26;
+    getDPD3q(dpd, 8); encode|=dpd<<16;
+    getDPD3q(dpd, 7); encode|=dpd<<6;
+    getDPD3q(dpd, 6); encode|=dpd>>4;
+    DFWORD(result, 1)=encode;
+    encode=dpd<<28;
+    getDPD3q(dpd, 5); encode|=dpd<<18;
+    getDPD3q(dpd, 4); encode|=dpd<<8;
+    getDPD3q(dpd, 3); encode|=dpd>>2;
+    DFWORD(result, 2)=encode;
+    encode=dpd<<30;
+    getDPD3q(dpd, 2); encode|=dpd<<20;
+    getDPD3q(dpd, 1); encode|=dpd<<10;
+    getDPD3q(dpd, 0); encode|=dpd;
+    DFWORD(result, 3)=encode;
+  #endif
+  return result;
+  } /* decFloatQuantize */
+
+/* ------------------------------------------------------------------ */
+/* decFloatReduce -- reduce finite coefficient to minimum length      */
+/*								      */
+/*   result gets the reduced decFloat				      */
+/*   df	    is the source decFloat				      */
+/*   set    is the context					      */
+/*   returns result, which will be canonical			      */
+/*								      */
+/* This removes all possible trailing zeros from the coefficient;     */
+/* some may remain when the number is very close to Nmax.	      */
+/* Special values are unchanged and no status is set unless df=sNaN.  */
+/* Reduced zero has an exponent q=0.				      */
+/* ------------------------------------------------------------------ */
+decFloat * decFloatReduce(decFloat *result, const decFloat *df,
+			  decContext *set) {
+  bcdnum num;				/* work */
+  uByte buf[DECPMAX], *ub;		/* coefficient and pointer */
+  if (df!=result) *result=*df;		/* copy, if needed */
+  if (DFISNAN(df)) return decNaNs(result, df, NULL, set);   /* sNaN */
+  /* zeros and infinites propagate too */
+  if (DFISINF(df)) return decInfinity(result, df);     /* canonical */
+  if (DFISZERO(df)) {
+    uInt sign=DFWORD(df, 0)&DECFLOAT_Sign;
+    decFloatZero(result);
+    DFWORD(result, 0)|=sign;
+    return result;			/* exponent dropped, sign OK */
+    }
+  /* non-zero finite */
+  GETCOEFF(df, buf);
+  ub=buf+DECPMAX-1;			/* -> lsd */
+  if (*ub) return result;		/* no trailing zeros */
+  for (ub--; *ub==0;) ub--;		/* terminates because non-zero */
+  /* *ub is the first non-zero from the right */
+  num.sign=DFWORD(df, 0)&DECFLOAT_Sign; /* set up number... */
+  num.exponent=GETEXPUN(df)+(Int)(buf+DECPMAX-1-ub); /* adjusted exponent */
+  num.msd=buf;
+  num.lsd=ub;
+  return decFinalize(result, &num, set);
+  } /* decFloatReduce */
+
+/* ------------------------------------------------------------------ */
+/* decFloatRemainder -- integer divide and return remainder	      */
+/*								      */
+/*   result gets the remainder of dividing dfl by dfr:		      */
+/*   dfl    is the first decFloat (lhs)				      */
+/*   dfr    is the second decFloat (rhs)			      */
+/*   set    is the context					      */
+/*   returns result						      */
+/*								      */
+/* ------------------------------------------------------------------ */
+decFloat * decFloatRemainder(decFloat *result,
+			     const decFloat *dfl, const decFloat *dfr,
+			     decContext *set) {
+  return decDivide(result, dfl, dfr, set, REMAINDER);
+  } /* decFloatRemainder */
+
+/* ------------------------------------------------------------------ */
+/* decFloatRemainderNear -- integer divide to nearest and remainder   */
+/*								      */
+/*   result gets the remainder of dividing dfl by dfr:		      */
+/*   dfl    is the first decFloat (lhs)				      */
+/*   dfr    is the second decFloat (rhs)			      */
+/*   set    is the context					      */
+/*   returns result						      */
+/*								      */
+/* This is the IEEE remainder, where the nearest integer is used.     */
+/* ------------------------------------------------------------------ */
+decFloat * decFloatRemainderNear(decFloat *result,
+			     const decFloat *dfl, const decFloat *dfr,
+			     decContext *set) {
+  return decDivide(result, dfl, dfr, set, REMNEAR);
+  } /* decFloatRemainderNear */
+
+/* ------------------------------------------------------------------ */
+/* decFloatRotate -- rotate the coefficient of a decFloat left/right  */
+/*								      */
+/*   result gets the result of rotating dfl			      */
+/*   dfl    is the source decFloat to rotate			      */
+/*   dfr    is the count of digits to rotate, an integer (with q=0)   */
+/*   set    is the context					      */
+/*   returns result						      */
+/*								      */
+/* The digits of the coefficient of dfl are rotated to the left (if   */
+/* dfr is positive) or to the right (if dfr is negative) without      */
+/* adjusting the exponent or the sign of dfl.			      */
+/*								      */
+/* dfr must be in the range -DECPMAX through +DECPMAX.		      */
+/* NaNs are propagated as usual.  An infinite dfl is unaffected (but  */
+/* dfr must be valid).	No status is set unless dfr is invalid or an  */
+/* operand is an sNaN.	The result is canonical.		      */
+/* ------------------------------------------------------------------ */
+#define PHALF (ROUNDUP(DECPMAX/2, 4))	/* half length, rounded up */
+decFloat * decFloatRotate(decFloat *result,
+			 const decFloat *dfl, const decFloat *dfr,
+			 decContext *set) {
+  Int rotate;				/* dfr as an Int */
+  uByte buf[DECPMAX+PHALF];		/* coefficient + half */
+  uInt digits, savestat;		/* work */
+  bcdnum num;				/* .. */
+  uByte *ub;				/* .. */
+
+  if (DFISNAN(dfl)||DFISNAN(dfr)) return decNaNs(result, dfl, dfr, set);
+  if (!DFISINT(dfr)) return decInvalid(result, set);
+  digits=decFloatDigits(dfr);			 /* calculate digits */
+  if (digits>2) return decInvalid(result, set);	 /* definitely out of range */
+  rotate=DPD2BIN[DFWORD(dfr, DECWORDS-1)&0x3ff]; /* is in bottom declet */
+  if (rotate>DECPMAX) return decInvalid(result, set); /* too big */
+  /* [from here on no error or status change is possible] */
+  if (DFISINF(dfl)) return decInfinity(result, dfl);  /* canonical */
+  /* handle no-rotate cases */
+  if (rotate==0 || rotate==DECPMAX) return decCanonical(result, dfl);
+  /* a real rotate is needed: 0 < rotate < DECPMAX */
+  /* reduce the rotation to no more than half to reduce copying later */
+  /* (for QUAD in fact half + 2 digits) */
+  if (DFISSIGNED(dfr)) rotate=-rotate;
+  if (abs(rotate)>PHALF) {
+    if (rotate<0) rotate=DECPMAX+rotate;
+     else rotate=rotate-DECPMAX;
+    }
+  /* now lay out the coefficient, leaving room to the right or the */
+  /* left depending on the direction of rotation */
+  ub=buf;
+  if (rotate<0) ub+=PHALF;    /* rotate right, so space to left */
+  GETCOEFF(dfl, ub);
+  /* copy half the digits to left or right, and set num.msd */
+  if (rotate<0) {
+    memcpy(buf, buf+DECPMAX, PHALF);
+    num.msd=buf+PHALF+rotate;
+    }
+   else {
+    memcpy(buf+DECPMAX, buf, PHALF);
+    num.msd=buf+rotate;
+    }
+  /* fill in rest of num */
+  num.lsd=num.msd+DECPMAX-1;
+  num.sign=DFWORD(dfl, 0)&DECFLOAT_Sign;
+  num.exponent=GETEXPUN(dfl);
+  savestat=set->status;			/* record */
+  decFinalize(result, &num, set);
+  set->status=savestat;			/* restore */
+  return result;
+  } /* decFloatRotate */
+
+/* ------------------------------------------------------------------ */
+/* decFloatSameQuantum -- test decFloats for same quantum	      */
+/*								      */
+/*   dfl    is the first decFloat (lhs)				      */
+/*   dfr    is the second decFloat (rhs)			      */
+/*   returns 1 if the operands have the same quantum, 0 otherwise     */
+/*								      */
+/* No error is possible and no status results.			      */
+/* ------------------------------------------------------------------ */
+uInt decFloatSameQuantum(const decFloat *dfl, const decFloat *dfr) {
+  if (DFISSPECIAL(dfl) || DFISSPECIAL(dfr)) {
+    if (DFISNAN(dfl) && DFISNAN(dfr)) return 1;
+    if (DFISINF(dfl) && DFISINF(dfr)) return 1;
+    return 0;  /* any other special mixture gives false */
+    }
+  if (GETEXP(dfl)==GETEXP(dfr)) return 1; /* biased exponents match */
+  return 0;
+  } /* decFloatSameQuantum */
+
+/* ------------------------------------------------------------------ */
+/* decFloatScaleB -- multiply by a power of 10, as per 754r	      */
+/*								      */
+/*   result gets the result of the operation			      */
+/*   dfl    is the first decFloat (lhs)				      */
+/*   dfr    is the second decFloat (rhs), am integer (with q=0)	      */
+/*   set    is the context					      */
+/*   returns result						      */
+/*								      */
+/* This computes result=dfl x 10**dfr where dfr is an integer in the  */
+/* range +/-2*(emax+pmax), typically resulting from LogB.	      */
+/* Underflow and Overflow (with Inexact) may occur.  NaNs propagate   */
+/* as usual.							      */
+/* ------------------------------------------------------------------ */
+#define SCALEBMAX 2*(DECEMAX+DECPMAX)	/* D=800, Q=12356 */
+decFloat * decFloatScaleB(decFloat *result,
+			  const decFloat *dfl, const decFloat *dfr,
+			  decContext *set) {
+  uInt digits;				/* work */
+  Int  expr;				/* dfr as an Int */
+
+  if (DFISNAN(dfl)||DFISNAN(dfr)) return decNaNs(result, dfl, dfr, set);
+  if (!DFISINT(dfr)) return decInvalid(result, set);
+  digits=decFloatDigits(dfr);		     /* calculate digits */
+
+  #if DOUBLE
+  if (digits>3) return decInvalid(result, set);	  /* definitely out of range */
+  expr=DPD2BIN[DFWORD(dfr, 1)&0x3ff];		  /* must be in bottom declet */
+  #elif QUAD
+  if (digits>5) return decInvalid(result, set);	  /* definitely out of range */
+  expr=DPD2BIN[DFWORD(dfr, 3)&0x3ff]		  /* in bottom 2 declets .. */
+      +DPD2BIN[(DFWORD(dfr, 3)>>10)&0x3ff]*1000;  /* .. */
+  #endif
+  if (expr>SCALEBMAX) return decInvalid(result, set);  /* oops */
+  /* [from now on no error possible] */
+  if (DFISINF(dfl)) return decInfinity(result, dfl);   /* canonical */
+  if (DFISSIGNED(dfr)) expr=-expr;
+  /* dfl is finite and expr is valid */
+  *result=*dfl;				     /* copy to target */
+  return decFloatSetExponent(result, set, GETEXPUN(result)+expr);
+  } /* decFloatScaleB */
+
+/* ------------------------------------------------------------------ */
+/* decFloatShift -- shift the coefficient of a decFloat left or right */
+/*								      */
+/*   result gets the result of shifting dfl			      */
+/*   dfl    is the source decFloat to shift			      */
+/*   dfr    is the count of digits to shift, an integer (with q=0)    */
+/*   set    is the context					      */
+/*   returns result						      */
+/*								      */
+/* The digits of the coefficient of dfl are shifted to the left (if   */
+/* dfr is positive) or to the right (if dfr is negative) without      */
+/* adjusting the exponent or the sign of dfl.			      */
+/*								      */
+/* dfr must be in the range -DECPMAX through +DECPMAX.		      */
+/* NaNs are propagated as usual.  An infinite dfl is unaffected (but  */
+/* dfr must be valid).	No status is set unless dfr is invalid or an  */
+/* operand is an sNaN.	The result is canonical.		      */
+/* ------------------------------------------------------------------ */
+decFloat * decFloatShift(decFloat *result,
+			 const decFloat *dfl, const decFloat *dfr,
+			 decContext *set) {
+  Int shift;				/* dfr as an Int */
+  uByte buf[DECPMAX*2];			/* coefficient + padding */
+  uInt digits, savestat;		/* work */
+  bcdnum num;				/* .. */
+
+  if (DFISNAN(dfl)||DFISNAN(dfr)) return decNaNs(result, dfl, dfr, set);
+  if (!DFISINT(dfr)) return decInvalid(result, set);
+  digits=decFloatDigits(dfr);			  /* calculate digits */
+  if (digits>2) return decInvalid(result, set);	  /* definitely out of range */
+  shift=DPD2BIN[DFWORD(dfr, DECWORDS-1)&0x3ff];	  /* is in bottom declet */
+  if (shift>DECPMAX) return decInvalid(result, set);   /* too big */
+  /* [from here on no error or status change is possible] */
+
+  if (DFISINF(dfl)) return decInfinity(result, dfl); /* canonical */
+  /* handle no-shift and all-shift (clear to zero) cases */
+  if (shift==0) return decCanonical(result, dfl);
+  if (shift==DECPMAX) {			     /* zero with sign */
+    uByte sign=(uByte)(DFBYTE(dfl, 0)&0x80); /* save sign bit */
+    decFloatZero(result);		     /* make +0 */
+    DFBYTE(result, 0)=(uByte)(DFBYTE(result, 0)|sign); /* and set sign */
+    /* [cannot safely use CopySign] */
+    return result;
+    }
+  /* a real shift is needed: 0 < shift < DECPMAX */
+  num.sign=DFWORD(dfl, 0)&DECFLOAT_Sign;
+  num.exponent=GETEXPUN(dfl);
+  num.msd=buf;
+  GETCOEFF(dfl, buf);
+  if (DFISSIGNED(dfr)) { /* shift right */
+    /* edge cases are taken care of, so this is easy */
+    num.lsd=buf+DECPMAX-shift-1;
+    }
+   else { /* shift left -- zero padding needed to right */
+    UINTAT(buf+DECPMAX)=0;		/* 8 will handle most cases */
+    UINTAT(buf+DECPMAX+4)=0;		/* .. */
+    if (shift>8) memset(buf+DECPMAX+8, 0, 8+QUAD*18); /* all other cases */
+    num.msd+=shift;
+    num.lsd=num.msd+DECPMAX-1;
+    }
+  savestat=set->status;			/* record */
+  decFinalize(result, &num, set);
+  set->status=savestat;			/* restore */
+  return result;
+  } /* decFloatShift */
+
+/* ------------------------------------------------------------------ */
+/* decFloatSubtract -- subtract a decFloat from another		      */
+/*								      */
+/*   result gets the result of subtracting dfr from dfl:	      */
+/*   dfl    is the first decFloat (lhs)				      */
+/*   dfr    is the second decFloat (rhs)			      */
+/*   set    is the context					      */
+/*   returns result						      */
+/*								      */
+/* ------------------------------------------------------------------ */
+decFloat * decFloatSubtract(decFloat *result,
+			    const decFloat *dfl, const decFloat *dfr,
+			    decContext *set) {
+  decFloat temp;
+  /* NaNs must propagate without sign change */
+  if (DFISNAN(dfr)) return decFloatAdd(result, dfl, dfr, set);
+  temp=*dfr;				       /* make a copy */
+  DFBYTE(&temp, 0)^=0x80;		       /* flip sign */
+  return decFloatAdd(result, dfl, &temp, set); /* and add to the lhs */
+  } /* decFloatSubtract */
+
+/* ------------------------------------------------------------------ */
+/* decFloatToInt -- round to 32-bit binary integer (4 flavours)	      */
+/*								      */
+/*   df	   is the decFloat to round				      */
+/*   set   is the context					      */
+/*   round is the rounding mode to use				      */
+/*   returns a uInt or an Int, rounded according to the name	      */
+/*								      */
+/* Invalid will always be signaled if df is a NaN, is Infinite, or is */
+/* outside the range of the target; Inexact will not be signaled for  */
+/* simple rounding unless 'Exact' appears in the name.		      */
+/* ------------------------------------------------------------------ */
+uInt decFloatToUInt32(const decFloat *df, decContext *set,
+		      enum rounding round) {
+  return decToInt32(df, set, round, 0, 1);}
+
+uInt decFloatToUInt32Exact(const decFloat *df, decContext *set,
+			   enum rounding round) {
+  return decToInt32(df, set, round, 1, 1);}
+
+Int decFloatToInt32(const decFloat *df, decContext *set,
+		    enum rounding round) {
+  return (Int)decToInt32(df, set, round, 0, 0);}
+
+Int decFloatToInt32Exact(const decFloat *df, decContext *set,
+			 enum rounding round) {
+  return (Int)decToInt32(df, set, round, 1, 0);}
+
+/* ------------------------------------------------------------------ */
+/* decFloatToIntegral -- round to integral value (two flavours)	      */
+/*								      */
+/*   result gets the result					      */
+/*   df	    is the decFloat to round				      */
+/*   set    is the context					      */
+/*   round  is the rounding mode to use				      */
+/*   returns result						      */
+/*								      */
+/* No exceptions, even Inexact, are raised except for sNaN input, or  */
+/* if 'Exact' appears in the name.				      */
+/* ------------------------------------------------------------------ */
+decFloat * decFloatToIntegralValue(decFloat *result, const decFloat *df,
+				   decContext *set, enum rounding round) {
+  return decToIntegral(result, df, set, round, 0);}
+
+decFloat * decFloatToIntegralExact(decFloat *result, const decFloat *df,
+				   decContext *set) {
+  return decToIntegral(result, df, set, set->round, 1);}
+
+/* ------------------------------------------------------------------ */
+/* decFloatXor -- logical digitwise XOR of two decFloats	      */
+/*								      */
+/*   result gets the result of XORing dfl and dfr		      */
+/*   dfl    is the first decFloat (lhs)				      */
+/*   dfr    is the second decFloat (rhs)			      */
+/*   set    is the context					      */
+/*   returns result, which will be canonical with sign=0	      */
+/*								      */
+/* The operands must be positive, finite with exponent q=0, and	      */
+/* comprise just zeros and ones; if not, Invalid operation results.   */
+/* ------------------------------------------------------------------ */
+decFloat * decFloatXor(decFloat *result,
+		       const decFloat *dfl, const decFloat *dfr,
+		       decContext *set) {
+  if (!DFISUINT01(dfl) || !DFISUINT01(dfr)
+   || !DFISCC01(dfl)   || !DFISCC01(dfr)) return decInvalid(result, set);
+  /* the operands are positive finite integers (q=0) with just 0s and 1s */
+  #if DOUBLE
+   DFWORD(result, 0)=ZEROWORD
+		   |((DFWORD(dfl, 0) ^ DFWORD(dfr, 0))&0x04009124);
+   DFWORD(result, 1)=(DFWORD(dfl, 1) ^ DFWORD(dfr, 1))&0x49124491;
+  #elif QUAD
+   DFWORD(result, 0)=ZEROWORD
+		   |((DFWORD(dfl, 0) ^ DFWORD(dfr, 0))&0x04000912);
+   DFWORD(result, 1)=(DFWORD(dfl, 1) ^ DFWORD(dfr, 1))&0x44912449;
+   DFWORD(result, 2)=(DFWORD(dfl, 2) ^ DFWORD(dfr, 2))&0x12449124;
+   DFWORD(result, 3)=(DFWORD(dfl, 3) ^ DFWORD(dfr, 3))&0x49124491;
+  #endif
+  return result;
+  } /* decFloatXor */
+
+/* ------------------------------------------------------------------ */
+/* decInvalid -- set Invalid_operation result			      */
+/*								      */
+/*   result gets a canonical NaN				      */
+/*   set    is the context					      */
+/*   returns result						      */
+/*								      */
+/* status has Invalid_operation added				      */
+/* ------------------------------------------------------------------ */
+static decFloat *decInvalid(decFloat *result, decContext *set) {
+  decFloatZero(result);
+  DFWORD(result, 0)=DECFLOAT_qNaN;
+  set->status|=DEC_Invalid_operation;
+  return result;
+  } /* decInvalid */
+
+/* ------------------------------------------------------------------ */
+/* decInfinity -- set canonical Infinity with sign from a decFloat    */
+/*								      */
+/*   result gets a canonical Infinity				      */
+/*   df	    is source decFloat (only the sign is used)		      */
+/*   returns result						      */
+/*								      */
+/* df may be the same as result					      */
+/* ------------------------------------------------------------------ */
+static decFloat *decInfinity(decFloat *result, const decFloat *df) {
+  uInt sign=DFWORD(df, 0);	   /* save source signword */
+  decFloatZero(result);		   /* clear everything */
+  DFWORD(result, 0)=DECFLOAT_Inf | (sign & DECFLOAT_Sign);
+  return result;
+  } /* decInfinity */
+
+/* ------------------------------------------------------------------ */
+/* decNaNs -- handle NaN argument(s)				      */
+/*								      */
+/*   result gets the result of handling dfl and dfr, one or both of   */
+/*	    which is a NaN					      */
+/*   dfl    is the first decFloat (lhs)				      */
+/*   dfr    is the second decFloat (rhs) -- may be NULL for a single- */
+/*	    operand operation					      */
+/*   set    is the context					      */
+/*   returns result						      */
+/*								      */
+/* Called when one or both operands is a NaN, and propagates the      */
+/* appropriate result to res.  When an sNaN is found, it is changed   */
+/* to a qNaN and Invalid operation is set.			      */
+/* ------------------------------------------------------------------ */
+static decFloat *decNaNs(decFloat *result,
+			 const decFloat *dfl, const decFloat *dfr,
+			 decContext *set) {
+  /* handle sNaNs first */
+  if (dfr!=NULL && DFISSNAN(dfr) && !DFISSNAN(dfl)) dfl=dfr; /* use RHS */
+  if (DFISSNAN(dfl)) {
+    decCanonical(result, dfl);		/* propagate canonical sNaN */
+    DFWORD(result, 0)&=~(DECFLOAT_qNaN ^ DECFLOAT_sNaN); /* quiet */
+    set->status|=DEC_Invalid_operation;
+    return result;
+    }
+  /* one or both is a quiet NaN */
+  if (!DFISNAN(dfl)) dfl=dfr;		/* RHS must be NaN, use it */
+  return decCanonical(result, dfl);	/* propagate canonical qNaN */
+  } /* decNaNs */
+
+/* ------------------------------------------------------------------ */
+/* decNumCompare -- numeric comparison of two decFloats		      */
+/*								      */
+/*   dfl    is the left-hand decFloat, which is not a NaN	      */
+/*   dfr    is the right-hand decFloat, which is not a NaN	      */
+/*   tot    is 1 for total order compare, 0 for simple numeric	      */
+/*   returns -1, 0, or +1 for dfl<dfr, dfl=dfr, dfl>dfr		      */
+/*								      */
+/* No error is possible; status and mode are unchanged.		      */
+/* ------------------------------------------------------------------ */
+static Int decNumCompare(const decFloat *dfl, const decFloat *dfr, Flag tot) {
+  Int	sigl, sigr;			/* LHS and RHS non-0 signums */
+  Int	shift;				/* shift needed to align operands */
+  uByte *ub, *uc;			/* work */
+  /* buffers +2 if Quad (36 digits), need double plus 4 for safe padding */
+  uByte bufl[DECPMAX*2+QUAD*2+4];	/* for LHS coefficient + padding */
+  uByte bufr[DECPMAX*2+QUAD*2+4];	/* for RHS coefficient + padding */
+
+  sigl=1;
+  if (DFISSIGNED(dfl)) {
+    if (!DFISSIGNED(dfr)) {		/* -LHS +RHS */
+      if (DFISZERO(dfl) && DFISZERO(dfr) && !tot) return 0;
+      return -1;			/* RHS wins */
+      }
+    sigl=-1;
+    }
+  if (DFISSIGNED(dfr)) {
+    if (!DFISSIGNED(dfl)) {		/* +LHS -RHS */
+      if (DFISZERO(dfl) && DFISZERO(dfr) && !tot) return 0;
+      return +1;			/* LHS wins */
+      }
+    }
+
+  /* signs are the same; operand(s) could be zero */
+  sigr=-sigl;				/* sign to return if abs(RHS) wins */
+
+  if (DFISINF(dfl)) {
+    if (DFISINF(dfr)) return 0;		/* both infinite & same sign */
+    return sigl;			/* inf > n */
+    }
+  if (DFISINF(dfr)) return sigr;	/* n < inf [dfl is finite] */
+
+  /* here, both are same sign and finite; calculate their offset */
+  shift=GETEXP(dfl)-GETEXP(dfr);	/* [0 means aligned] */
+  /* [bias can be ignored -- the absolute exponent is not relevant] */
+
+  if (DFISZERO(dfl)) {
+    if (!DFISZERO(dfr)) return sigr;	/* LHS=0, RHS!=0 */
+    /* both are zero, return 0 if both same exponent or numeric compare */
+    if (shift==0 || !tot) return 0;
+    if (shift>0) return sigl;
+    return sigr;			/* [shift<0] */
+    }
+   else {				/* LHS!=0 */
+    if (DFISZERO(dfr)) return sigl;	/* LHS!=0, RHS=0 */
+    }
+  /* both are known to be non-zero at this point */
+
+  /* if the exponents are so different that the coefficients do not */
+  /* overlap (by even one digit) then a full comparison is not needed */
+  if (abs(shift)>=DECPMAX) {		/* no overlap */
+    /* coefficients are known to be non-zero */
+    if (shift>0) return sigl;
+    return sigr;			/* [shift<0] */
+    }
+
+  /* decode the coefficients */
+  /* (shift both right two if Quad to make a multiple of four) */
+  #if QUAD
+    UINTAT(bufl)=0;
+    UINTAT(bufr)=0;
+  #endif
+  GETCOEFF(dfl, bufl+QUAD*2);		/* decode from decFloat */
+  GETCOEFF(dfr, bufr+QUAD*2);		/* .. */
+  if (shift==0) {			/* aligned; common and easy */
+    /* all multiples of four, here */
+    for (ub=bufl, uc=bufr; ub<bufl+DECPMAX+QUAD*2; ub+=4, uc+=4) {
+      if (UINTAT(ub)==UINTAT(uc)) continue; /* so far so same */
+      /* about to find a winner; go by bytes in case little-endian */
+      for (;; ub++, uc++) {
+	if (*ub>*uc) return sigl;	/* difference found */
+	if (*ub<*uc) return sigr;	/* .. */
+	}
+      }
+    } /* aligned */
+   else if (shift>0) {			/* lhs to left */
+    ub=bufl;				/* RHS pointer */
+    /* pad bufl so right-aligned; most shifts will fit in 8 */
+    UINTAT(bufl+DECPMAX+QUAD*2)=0;	/* add eight zeros */
+    UINTAT(bufl+DECPMAX+QUAD*2+4)=0;	/* .. */
+    if (shift>8) {
+      /* more than eight; fill the rest, and also worth doing the */
+      /* lead-in by fours */
+      uByte *up;			 /* work */
+      uByte *upend=bufl+DECPMAX+QUAD*2+shift;
+      for (up=bufl+DECPMAX+QUAD*2+8; up<upend; up+=4) UINTAT(up)=0;
+      /* [pads up to 36 in all for Quad] */
+      for (;; ub+=4) {
+	if (UINTAT(ub)!=0) return sigl;
+	if (ub+4>bufl+shift-4) break;
+	}
+      }
+    /* check remaining leading digits */
+    for (; ub<bufl+shift; ub++) if (*ub!=0) return sigl;
+    /* now start the overlapped part; bufl has been padded, so the */
+    /* comparison can go for the full length of bufr, which is a */
+    /* multiple of 4 bytes */
+    for (uc=bufr; ; uc+=4, ub+=4) {
+      if (UINTAT(uc)!=UINTAT(ub)) {	/* mismatch found */
+	for (;; uc++, ub++) {		/* check from left [little-endian?] */
+	  if (*ub>*uc) return sigl;	/* difference found */
+	  if (*ub<*uc) return sigr;	/* .. */
+	  }
+	} /* mismatch */
+      if (uc==bufr+QUAD*2+DECPMAX-4) break; /* all checked */
+      }
+    } /* shift>0 */
+
+   else { /* shift<0) .. RHS is to left of LHS; mirror shift>0 */
+    uc=bufr;				/* RHS pointer */
+    /* pad bufr so right-aligned; most shifts will fit in 8 */
+    UINTAT(bufr+DECPMAX+QUAD*2)=0;	/* add eight zeros */
+    UINTAT(bufr+DECPMAX+QUAD*2+4)=0;	/* .. */
+    if (shift<-8) {
+      /* more than eight; fill the rest, and also worth doing the */
+      /* lead-in by fours */
+      uByte *up;			 /* work */
+      uByte *upend=bufr+DECPMAX+QUAD*2-shift;
+      for (up=bufr+DECPMAX+QUAD*2+8; up<upend; up+=4) UINTAT(up)=0;
+      /* [pads up to 36 in all for Quad] */
+      for (;; uc+=4) {
+	if (UINTAT(uc)!=0) return sigr;
+	if (uc+4>bufr-shift-4) break;
+	}
+      }
+    /* check remaining leading digits */
+    for (; uc<bufr-shift; uc++) if (*uc!=0) return sigr;
+    /* now start the overlapped part; bufr has been padded, so the */
+    /* comparison can go for the full length of bufl, which is a */
+    /* multiple of 4 bytes */
+    for (ub=bufl; ; ub+=4, uc+=4) {
+      if (UINTAT(ub)!=UINTAT(uc)) {	/* mismatch found */
+	for (;; ub++, uc++) {		/* check from left [little-endian?] */
+	  if (*ub>*uc) return sigl;	/* difference found */
+	  if (*ub<*uc) return sigr;	/* .. */
+	  }
+	} /* mismatch */
+      if (ub==bufl+QUAD*2+DECPMAX-4) break; /* all checked */
+      }
+    } /* shift<0 */
+
+  /* Here when compare equal */
+  if (!tot) return 0;			/* numerically equal */
+  /* total ordering .. exponent matters */
+  if (shift>0) return sigl;		/* total order by exponent */
+  if (shift<0) return sigr;		/* .. */
+  return 0;
+  } /* decNumCompare */
+
+/* ------------------------------------------------------------------ */
+/* decToInt32 -- local routine to effect ToInteger conversions	      */
+/*								      */
+/*   df	    is the decFloat to convert				      */
+/*   set    is the context					      */
+/*   rmode  is the rounding mode to use				      */
+/*   exact  is 1 if Inexact should be signalled			      */
+/*   unsign is 1 if the result a uInt, 0 if an Int (cast to uInt)     */
+/*   returns 32-bit result as a uInt				      */
+/*								      */
+/* Invalid is set is df is a NaN, is infinite, or is out-of-range; in */
+/* these cases 0 is returned.					      */
+/* ------------------------------------------------------------------ */
+static uInt decToInt32(const decFloat *df, decContext *set,
+		       enum rounding rmode, Flag exact, Flag unsign) {
+  Int  exp;			   /* exponent */
+  uInt sourhi, sourpen, sourlo;	   /* top word from source decFloat .. */
+  uInt hi, lo;			   /* .. penultimate, least, etc. */
+  decFloat zero, result;	   /* work */
+  Int  i;			   /* .. */
+
+  /* Start decoding the argument */
+  sourhi=DFWORD(df, 0);			/* top word */
+  exp=DECCOMBEXP[sourhi>>26];		/* get exponent high bits (in place) */
+  if (EXPISSPECIAL(exp)) {		/* is special? */
+    set->status|=DEC_Invalid_operation; /* signal */
+    return 0;
+    }
+
+  /* Here when the argument is finite */
+  if (GETEXPUN(df)==0) result=*df;	/* already a true integer */
+   else {				/* need to round to integer */
+    enum rounding saveround;		/* saver */
+    uInt savestatus;			/* .. */
+    saveround=set->round;		/* save rounding mode .. */
+    savestatus=set->status;		/* .. and status */
+    set->round=rmode;			/* set mode */
+    decFloatZero(&zero);		/* make 0E+0 */
+    set->status=0;			/* clear */
+    decFloatQuantize(&result, df, &zero, set); /* [this may fail] */
+    set->round=saveround;		/* restore rounding mode .. */
+    if (exact) set->status|=savestatus; /* include Inexact */
+     else set->status=savestatus;	/* .. or just original status */
+    }
+
+  /* only the last four declets of the coefficient can contain */
+  /* non-zero; check for others (and also NaN or Infinity from the */
+  /* Quantize) first (see DFISZERO for explanation): */
+  /* decFloatShow(&result, "sofar"); */
+  #if DOUBLE
+  if ((DFWORD(&result, 0)&0x1c03ff00)!=0
+   || (DFWORD(&result, 0)&0x60000000)==0x60000000) {
+  #elif QUAD
+  if ((DFWORD(&result, 2)&0xffffff00)!=0
+   ||  DFWORD(&result, 1)!=0
+   || (DFWORD(&result, 0)&0x1c003fff)!=0
+   || (DFWORD(&result, 0)&0x60000000)==0x60000000) {
+  #endif
+    set->status|=DEC_Invalid_operation; /* Invalid or out of range */
+    return 0;
+    }
+  /* get last twelve digits of the coefficent into hi & ho, base */
+  /* 10**9 (see GETCOEFFBILL): */
+  sourlo=DFWORD(&result, DECWORDS-1);
+  lo=DPD2BIN0[sourlo&0x3ff]
+    +DPD2BINK[(sourlo>>10)&0x3ff]
+    +DPD2BINM[(sourlo>>20)&0x3ff];
+  sourpen=DFWORD(&result, DECWORDS-2);
+  hi=DPD2BIN0[((sourpen<<2) | (sourlo>>30))&0x3ff];
+
+  /* according to request, check range carefully */
+  if (unsign) {
+    if (hi>4 || (hi==4 && lo>294967295) || (hi+lo!=0 && DFISSIGNED(&result))) {
+      set->status|=DEC_Invalid_operation; /* out of range */
+      return 0;
+      }
+    return hi*BILLION+lo;
+    }
+  /* signed */
+  if (hi>2 || (hi==2 && lo>147483647)) {
+    /* handle the usual edge case */
+    if (lo==147483648 && hi==2 && DFISSIGNED(&result)) return 0x80000000;
+    set->status|=DEC_Invalid_operation; /* truly out of range */
+    return 0;
+    }
+  i=hi*BILLION+lo;
+  if (DFISSIGNED(&result)) i=-i;
+  return (uInt)i;
+  } /* decToInt32 */
+
+/* ------------------------------------------------------------------ */
+/* decToIntegral -- local routine to effect ToIntegral value	      */
+/*								      */
+/*   result gets the result					      */
+/*   df	    is the decFloat to round				      */
+/*   set    is the context					      */
+/*   rmode  is the rounding mode to use				      */
+/*   exact  is 1 if Inexact should be signalled			      */
+/*   returns result						      */
+/* ------------------------------------------------------------------ */
+static decFloat * decToIntegral(decFloat *result, const decFloat *df,
+				decContext *set, enum rounding rmode,
+				Flag exact) {
+  Int  exp;			   /* exponent */
+  uInt sourhi;			   /* top word from source decFloat */
+  enum rounding saveround;	   /* saver */
+  uInt savestatus;		   /* .. */
+  decFloat zero;		   /* work */
+
+  /* Start decoding the argument */
+  sourhi=DFWORD(df, 0);		   /* top word */
+  exp=DECCOMBEXP[sourhi>>26];	   /* get exponent high bits (in place) */
+
+  if (EXPISSPECIAL(exp)) {	   /* is special? */
+    /* NaNs are handled as usual */
+    if (DFISNAN(df)) return decNaNs(result, df, NULL, set);
+    /* must be infinite; return canonical infinity with sign of df */
+    return decInfinity(result, df);
+    }
+
+  /* Here when the argument is finite */
+  /* complete extraction of the exponent */
+  exp+=GETECON(df)-DECBIAS;		/* .. + continuation and unbias */
+
+  if (exp>=0) return decCanonical(result, df); /* already integral */
+
+  saveround=set->round;			/* save rounding mode .. */
+  savestatus=set->status;		/* .. and status */
+  set->round=rmode;			/* set mode */
+  decFloatZero(&zero);			/* make 0E+0 */
+  decFloatQuantize(result, df, &zero, set); /* 'integrate'; cannot fail */
+  set->round=saveround;			/* restore rounding mode .. */
+  if (!exact) set->status=savestatus;	/* .. and status, unless exact */
+  return result;
+  } /* decToIntegral */
diff --git a/libdecnumber/decCommon.c b/libdecnumber/decCommon.c
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000..fa16e792e66
--- /dev/null
+++ b/libdecnumber/decCommon.c
@@ -0,0 +1,1773 @@
+/* Common code for fixed-size types in the decNumber C Library.
+   Copyright (C) 2007 Free Software Foundation, Inc.
+   Contributed by IBM Corporation.  Author Mike Cowlishaw.
+
+   This file is part of GCC.
+
+   GCC is free software; you can redistribute it and/or modify it under
+   the terms of the GNU General Public License as published by the Free
+   Software Foundation; either version 2, or (at your option) any later
+   version.
+
+   In addition to the permissions in the GNU General Public License,
+   the Free Software Foundation gives you unlimited permission to link
+   the compiled version of this file into combinations with other
+   programs, and to distribute those combinations without any
+   restriction coming from the use of this file.  (The General Public
+   License restrictions do apply in other respects; for example, they
+   cover modification of the file, and distribution when not linked
+   into a combine executable.)
+
+   GCC is distributed in the hope that it will be useful, but WITHOUT ANY
+   WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of MERCHANTABILITY or
+   FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE.  See the GNU General Public License
+   for more details.
+
+   You should have received a copy of the GNU General Public License
+   along with GCC; see the file COPYING.  If not, write to the Free
+   Software Foundation, 51 Franklin Street, Fifth Floor, Boston, MA
+   02110-1301, USA.  */
+
+/* ------------------------------------------------------------------ */
+/* decCommon.c -- common code for all three fixed-size types	      */
+/* ------------------------------------------------------------------ */
+/* This module comprises code that is shared between all the formats  */
+/* (decSingle, decDouble, and decQuad); it includes set and extract   */
+/* of format components, widening, narrowing, and string conversions. */
+/*								      */
+/* Unlike decNumber, parameterization takes place at compile time     */
+/* rather than at runtime.  The parameters are set in the decDouble.c */
+/* (etc.) files, which then include this one to produce the compiled  */
+/* code.  The functions here, therefore, are code shared between      */
+/* multiple formats.						      */
+/* ------------------------------------------------------------------ */
+/* Names here refer to decFloat rather than to decDouble, etc., and */
+/* the functions are in strict alphabetical order. */
+/* Constants, tables, and debug function(s) are included only for QUAD */
+/* (which will always be compiled if DOUBLE or SINGLE are used). */
+/* */
+/* Whenever a decContext is used, only the status may be set (using */
+/* OR) or the rounding mode read; all other fields are ignored and */
+/* untouched. */
+
+#include "decCommonSymbols.h"
+
+/* names for simpler testing and default context */
+#if DECPMAX==7
+  #define SINGLE     1
+  #define DOUBLE     0
+  #define QUAD	     0
+  #define DEFCONTEXT DEC_INIT_DECIMAL32
+#elif DECPMAX==16
+  #define SINGLE     0
+  #define DOUBLE     1
+  #define QUAD	     0
+  #define DEFCONTEXT DEC_INIT_DECIMAL64
+#elif DECPMAX==34
+  #define SINGLE     0
+  #define DOUBLE     0
+  #define QUAD	     1
+  #define DEFCONTEXT DEC_INIT_DECIMAL128
+#else
+  #error Unexpected DECPMAX value
+#endif
+
+/* Assertions */
+
+#if DECPMAX!=7 && DECPMAX!=16 && DECPMAX!=34
+  #error Unexpected Pmax (DECPMAX) value for this module
+#endif
+
+/* Assert facts about digit characters, etc. */
+#if ('9'&0x0f)!=9
+  #error This module assumes characters are of the form 0b....nnnn
+  /* where .... are don't care 4 bits and nnnn is 0000 through 1001 */
+#endif
+#if ('9'&0xf0)==('.'&0xf0)
+  #error This module assumes '.' has a different mask than a digit
+#endif
+
+/* Assert ToString lay-out conditions */
+#if DECSTRING<DECPMAX+9
+  #error ToString needs at least 8 characters for lead-in and dot
+#endif
+#if DECPMAX+DECEMAXD+5 > DECSTRING
+  #error Exponent form can be too long for ToString to lay out safely
+#endif
+#if DECEMAXD > 4
+  #error Exponent form is too long for ToString to lay out
+  /* Note: code for up to 9 digits exists in archives [decOct] */
+#endif
+
+/* Private functions used here and possibly in decBasic.c, etc. */
+static decFloat * decFinalize(decFloat *, bcdnum *, decContext *);
+static Flag decBiStr(const char *, const char *, const char *);
+
+/* Macros and private tables; those which are not format-dependent    */
+/* are only included if decQuad is being built.			      */
+
+/* ------------------------------------------------------------------ */
+/* Combination field lookup tables (uInts to save measurable work)    */
+/*								      */
+/*   DECCOMBEXP	 - 2 most-significant-bits of exponent (00, 01, or    */
+/*		   10), shifted left for format, or DECFLOAT_Inf/NaN  */
+/*   DECCOMBWEXP - The same, for the next-wider format (unless QUAD)  */
+/*   DECCOMBMSD	 - 4-bit most-significant-digit			      */
+/*		   [0 if the index is a special (Infinity or NaN)]    */
+/*   DECCOMBFROM - 5-bit combination field from EXP top bits and MSD  */
+/*		   (placed in uInt so no shift is needed)	      */
+/*								      */
+/* DECCOMBEXP, DECCOMBWEXP, and DECCOMBMSD are indexed by the sign    */
+/*   and 5-bit combination field (0-63, the second half of the table  */
+/*   identical to the first half)				      */
+/* DECCOMBFROM is indexed by expTopTwoBits*16 + msd		      */
+/*								      */
+/* DECCOMBMSD and DECCOMBFROM are not format-dependent and so are     */
+/* only included once, when QUAD is being built			      */
+/* ------------------------------------------------------------------ */
+static const uInt DECCOMBEXP[64]={
+  0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0,
+  1<<DECECONL, 1<<DECECONL, 1<<DECECONL, 1<<DECECONL,
+  1<<DECECONL, 1<<DECECONL, 1<<DECECONL, 1<<DECECONL,
+  2<<DECECONL, 2<<DECECONL, 2<<DECECONL, 2<<DECECONL,
+  2<<DECECONL, 2<<DECECONL, 2<<DECECONL, 2<<DECECONL,
+  0,	       0,	    1<<DECECONL, 1<<DECECONL,
+  2<<DECECONL, 2<<DECECONL, DECFLOAT_Inf, DECFLOAT_NaN,
+  0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0,
+  1<<DECECONL, 1<<DECECONL, 1<<DECECONL, 1<<DECECONL,
+  1<<DECECONL, 1<<DECECONL, 1<<DECECONL, 1<<DECECONL,
+  2<<DECECONL, 2<<DECECONL, 2<<DECECONL, 2<<DECECONL,
+  2<<DECECONL, 2<<DECECONL, 2<<DECECONL, 2<<DECECONL,
+  0,	       0,	    1<<DECECONL, 1<<DECECONL,
+  2<<DECECONL, 2<<DECECONL, DECFLOAT_Inf, DECFLOAT_NaN};
+#if !QUAD
+static const uInt DECCOMBWEXP[64]={
+  0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0,
+  1<<DECWECONL, 1<<DECWECONL, 1<<DECWECONL, 1<<DECWECONL,
+  1<<DECWECONL, 1<<DECWECONL, 1<<DECWECONL, 1<<DECWECONL,
+  2<<DECWECONL, 2<<DECWECONL, 2<<DECWECONL, 2<<DECWECONL,
+  2<<DECWECONL, 2<<DECWECONL, 2<<DECWECONL, 2<<DECWECONL,
+  0,		0,	      1<<DECWECONL, 1<<DECWECONL,
+  2<<DECWECONL, 2<<DECWECONL, DECFLOAT_Inf, DECFLOAT_NaN,
+  0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0,
+  1<<DECWECONL, 1<<DECWECONL, 1<<DECWECONL, 1<<DECWECONL,
+  1<<DECWECONL, 1<<DECWECONL, 1<<DECWECONL, 1<<DECWECONL,
+  2<<DECWECONL, 2<<DECWECONL, 2<<DECWECONL, 2<<DECWECONL,
+  2<<DECWECONL, 2<<DECWECONL, 2<<DECWECONL, 2<<DECWECONL,
+  0,		0,	      1<<DECWECONL, 1<<DECWECONL,
+  2<<DECWECONL, 2<<DECWECONL, DECFLOAT_Inf, DECFLOAT_NaN};
+#endif
+
+#if QUAD
+const uInt DECCOMBMSD[64]={
+  0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7,
+  0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 8, 9, 8, 9, 0, 1,
+  0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7,
+  0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 8, 9, 8, 9, 0, 0};
+
+const uInt DECCOMBFROM[48]={
+  0x00000000, 0x04000000, 0x08000000, 0x0C000000, 0x10000000, 0x14000000,
+  0x18000000, 0x1C000000, 0x60000000, 0x64000000, 0x00000000, 0x00000000,
+  0x00000000, 0x00000000, 0x00000000, 0x00000000, 0x20000000, 0x24000000,
+  0x28000000, 0x2C000000, 0x30000000, 0x34000000, 0x38000000, 0x3C000000,
+  0x68000000, 0x6C000000, 0x00000000, 0x00000000, 0x00000000, 0x00000000,
+  0x00000000, 0x00000000, 0x40000000, 0x44000000, 0x48000000, 0x4C000000,
+  0x50000000, 0x54000000, 0x58000000, 0x5C000000, 0x70000000, 0x74000000,
+  0x00000000, 0x00000000, 0x00000000, 0x00000000, 0x00000000, 0x00000000};
+
+/* ------------------------------------------------------------------ */
+/* Request and include the tables to use for conversions	      */
+/* ------------------------------------------------------------------ */
+#define DEC_BCD2DPD  1	      /* 0-0x999 -> DPD */
+#define DEC_BIN2DPD  1	      /* 0-999 -> DPD */
+#define DEC_BIN2BCD8 1	      /* 0-999 -> ddd, len */
+#define DEC_DPD2BCD8 1	      /* DPD -> ddd, len */
+#define DEC_DPD2BIN  1	      /* DPD -> 0-999 */
+#define DEC_DPD2BINK 1	      /* DPD -> 0-999000 */
+#define DEC_DPD2BINM 1	      /* DPD -> 0-999000000 */
+#include "decDPD.h"	      /* source of the lookup tables */
+
+#endif
+
+/* ----------------------------------------------------------------- */
+/* decBiStr -- compare string with pairwise options		     */
+/*								     */
+/*   targ is the string to compare				     */
+/*   str1 is one of the strings to compare against (length may be 0) */
+/*   str2 is the other; it must be the same length as str1	     */
+/*								     */
+/*   returns 1 if strings compare equal, (that is, targ is the same  */
+/*   length as str1 and str2, and each character of targ is in one   */
+/*   of str1 or str2 in the corresponding position), or 0 otherwise  */
+/*								     */
+/* This is used for generic caseless compare, including the awkward  */
+/* case of the Turkish dotted and dotless Is.  Use as (for example): */
+/*   if (decBiStr(test, "mike", "MIKE")) ...			     */
+/* ----------------------------------------------------------------- */
+static Flag decBiStr(const char *targ, const char *str1, const char *str2) {
+  for (;;targ++, str1++, str2++) {
+    if (*targ!=*str1 && *targ!=*str2) return 0;
+    /* *targ has a match in one (or both, if terminator) */
+    if (*targ=='\0') break;
+    } /* forever */
+  return 1;
+  } /* decBiStr */
+
+/* ------------------------------------------------------------------ */
+/* decFinalize -- adjust and store a final result		      */
+/*								      */
+/*  df	is the decFloat format number which gets the final result     */
+/*  num is the descriptor of the number to be checked and encoded     */
+/*	   [its values, including the coefficient, may be modified]   */
+/*  set is the context to use					      */
+/*  returns df							      */
+/*								      */
+/* The num descriptor may point to a bcd8 string of any length; this  */
+/* string may have leading insignificant zeros.	 If it has more than  */
+/* DECPMAX digits then the final digit can be a round-for-reround     */
+/* digit (i.e., it may include a sticky bit residue).		      */
+/*								      */
+/* The exponent (q) may be one of the codes for a special value and   */
+/* can be up to 999999999 for conversion from string.		      */
+/*								      */
+/* No error is possible, but Inexact, Underflow, and/or Overflow may  */
+/* be set.							      */
+/* ------------------------------------------------------------------ */
+/* Constant whose size varies with format; also the check for surprises */
+static uByte allnines[DECPMAX]=
+#if SINGLE
+  {9, 9, 9, 9, 9, 9, 9};
+#elif DOUBLE
+  {9, 9, 9, 9, 9, 9, 9, 9, 9, 9, 9, 9, 9, 9, 9, 9};
+#elif QUAD
+  {9, 9, 9, 9, 9, 9, 9, 9, 9, 9, 9, 9, 9, 9, 9, 9,
+   9, 9, 9, 9, 9, 9, 9, 9, 9, 9, 9, 9, 9, 9, 9, 9, 9, 9};
+#endif
+
+static decFloat * decFinalize(decFloat *df, bcdnum *num,
+			      decContext *set) {
+  uByte *ub;		      /* work */
+  uInt	 dpd;		      /* .. */
+  uByte *umsd=num->msd;	      /* local copy */
+  uByte *ulsd=num->lsd;	      /* .. */
+  uInt	 encode;	      /* encoding accumulator */
+  Int	 length;	      /* coefficient length */
+
+  #if DECCHECK
+  Int clen=ulsd-umsd+1;
+  #if QUAD
+    #define COEXTRA 2			     /* extra-long coefficent */
+  #else
+    #define COEXTRA 0
+  #endif
+  if (clen<1 || clen>DECPMAX*3+2+COEXTRA)
+    printf("decFinalize: suspect coefficient [length=%ld]\n", (LI)clen);
+  if (num->sign!=0 && num->sign!=DECFLOAT_Sign)
+    printf("decFinalize: bad sign [%08lx]\n", (LI)num->sign);
+  if (!EXPISSPECIAL(num->exponent)
+      && (num->exponent>1999999999 || num->exponent<-1999999999))
+    printf("decFinalize: improbable exponent [%ld]\n", (LI)num->exponent);
+  /* decShowNum(num, "final"); */
+  #endif
+
+  /* A special will have an 'exponent' which is very positive and a */
+  /* coefficient < DECPMAX */
+  length=(uInt)(ulsd-umsd+1);		     /* coefficient length */
+
+  if (!NUMISSPECIAL(num)) {
+    Int	  drop;				     /* digits to be dropped */
+    /* skip leading insignificant zeros to calculate an exact length */
+    /* [this is quite expensive] */
+    if (*umsd==0) {
+      for (; UINTAT(umsd)==0 && umsd+3<ulsd;) umsd+=4;
+      for (; *umsd==0 && umsd<ulsd;) umsd++;
+      length=ulsd-umsd+1;		     /* recalculate */
+      }
+    drop=MAXI(length-DECPMAX, DECQTINY-num->exponent);
+    /* drop can now be > digits for bottom-clamp (subnormal) cases */
+    if (drop>0) {			     /* rounding needed */
+      /* (decFloatQuantize has very similar code to this, so any */
+      /* changes may need to be made there, too) */
+      uByte *roundat;			     /* -> re-round digit */
+      uByte reround;			     /* reround value */
+      /* printf("Rounding; drop=%ld\n", (LI)drop); */
+
+      num->exponent+=drop;		     /* always update exponent */
+
+      /* Three cases here: */
+      /*   1. new LSD is in coefficient (almost always) */
+      /*   2. new LSD is digit to left of coefficient (so MSD is */
+      /*      round-for-reround digit) */
+      /*   3. new LSD is to left of case 2 (whole coefficient is sticky) */
+      /* [duplicate check-stickies code to save a test] */
+      /* [by-digit check for stickies as runs of zeros are rare] */
+      if (drop<length) {		     /* NB lengths not addresses */
+	roundat=umsd+length-drop;
+	reround=*roundat;
+	for (ub=roundat+1; ub<=ulsd; ub++) {
+	  if (*ub!=0) {			     /* non-zero to be discarded */
+	    reround=DECSTICKYTAB[reround];   /* apply sticky bit */
+	    break;			     /* [remainder don't-care] */
+	    }
+	  } /* check stickies */
+	ulsd=roundat-1;			     /* new LSD */
+	}
+       else {				     /* edge case */
+	if (drop==length) {
+	  roundat=umsd;
+	  reround=*roundat;
+	  }
+	 else {
+	  roundat=umsd-1;
+	  reround=0;
+	  }
+	for (ub=roundat+1; ub<=ulsd; ub++) {
+	  if (*ub!=0) {			     /* non-zero to be discarded */
+	    reround=DECSTICKYTAB[reround];   /* apply sticky bit */
+	    break;			     /* [remainder don't-care] */
+	    }
+	  } /* check stickies */
+	*umsd=0;			     /* coefficient is a 0 */
+	ulsd=umsd;			     /* .. */
+	}
+
+      if (reround!=0) {			     /* discarding non-zero */
+	uInt bump=0;
+	set->status|=DEC_Inexact;
+	/* if adjusted exponent [exp+digits-1] is < EMIN then num is */
+	/* subnormal -- so raise Underflow */
+	if (num->exponent<DECEMIN && (num->exponent+(ulsd-umsd+1)-1)<DECEMIN)
+	  set->status|=DEC_Underflow;
+
+	/* next decide whether increment of the coefficient is needed */
+	if (set->round==DEC_ROUND_HALF_EVEN) {	  /* fastpath slowest case */
+	  if (reround>5) bump=1;		  /* >0.5 goes up */
+	   else if (reround==5)			  /* exactly 0.5000 .. */
+	    bump=*ulsd & 0x01;			  /* .. up iff [new] lsd is odd */
+	  } /* r-h-e */
+	 else switch (set->round) {
+	  case DEC_ROUND_DOWN: {
+	    /* no change */
+	    break;} /* r-d */
+	  case DEC_ROUND_HALF_DOWN: {
+	    if (reround>5) bump=1;
+	    break;} /* r-h-d */
+	  case DEC_ROUND_HALF_UP: {
+	    if (reround>=5) bump=1;
+	    break;} /* r-h-u */
+	  case DEC_ROUND_UP: {
+	    if (reround>0) bump=1;
+	    break;} /* r-u */
+	  case DEC_ROUND_CEILING: {
+	    /* same as _UP for positive numbers, and as _DOWN for negatives */
+	    if (!num->sign && reround>0) bump=1;
+	    break;} /* r-c */
+	  case DEC_ROUND_FLOOR: {
+	    /* same as _UP for negative numbers, and as _DOWN for positive */
+	    /* [negative reround cannot occur on 0] */
+	    if (num->sign && reround>0) bump=1;
+	    break;} /* r-f */
+	  case DEC_ROUND_05UP: {
+	    if (reround>0) { /* anything out there is 'sticky' */
+	      /* bump iff lsd=0 or 5; this cannot carry so it could be */
+	      /* effected immediately with no bump -- but the code */
+	      /* is clearer if this is done the same way as the others */
+	      if (*ulsd==0 || *ulsd==5) bump=1;
+	      }
+	    break;} /* r-r */
+	  default: {	  /* e.g., DEC_ROUND_MAX */
+	    set->status|=DEC_Invalid_context;
+	    #if DECCHECK
+	    printf("Unknown rounding mode: %ld\n", (LI)set->round);
+	    #endif
+	    break;}
+	  } /* switch (not r-h-e) */
+	/* printf("ReRound: %ld	 bump: %ld\n", (LI)reround, (LI)bump); */
+
+	if (bump!=0) {			     /* need increment */
+	  /* increment the coefficient; this might end up with 1000... */
+	  /* (after the all nines case) */
+	  ub=ulsd;
+	  for(; ub-3>=umsd && UINTAT(ub-3)==0x09090909; ub-=4) UINTAT(ub-3)=0;
+	  /* [note ub could now be to left of msd, and it is not safe */
+	  /* to write to the the left of the msd] */
+	  /* now at most 3 digits left to non-9 (usually just the one) */
+	  for (; ub>=umsd; *ub=0, ub--) {
+	    if (*ub==9) continue;	     /* carry */
+	    *ub+=1;
+	    break;
+	    }
+	  if (ub<umsd) {		     /* had all-nines */
+	    *umsd=1;			     /* coefficient to 1000... */
+	    /* usually the 1000... coefficient can be used as-is */
+	    if ((ulsd-umsd+1)==DECPMAX) {
+	      num->exponent++;
+	      }
+	     else {
+	      /* if coefficient is shorter than Pmax then num is */
+	      /* subnormal, so extend it; this is safe as drop>0 */
+	      /* (or, if the coefficient was supplied above, it could */
+	      /* not be 9); this may make the result normal. */
+	      ulsd++;
+	      *ulsd=0;
+	      /* [exponent unchanged] */
+	      #if DECCHECK
+	      if (num->exponent!=DECQTINY) /* sanity check */
+		printf("decFinalize: bad all-nines extend [^%ld, %ld]\n",
+		       (LI)num->exponent, (LI)(ulsd-umsd+1));
+	      #endif
+	      } /* subnormal extend */
+	    } /* had all-nines */
+	  } /* bump needed */
+	} /* inexact rounding */
+
+      length=ulsd-umsd+1;		/* recalculate (may be <DECPMAX) */
+      } /* need round (drop>0) */
+
+    /* The coefficient will now fit and has final length unless overflow */
+    /* decShowNum(num, "rounded"); */
+
+    /* if exponent is >=emax may have to clamp, overflow, or fold-down */
+    if (num->exponent>DECEMAX-(DECPMAX-1)) { /* is edge case */
+      /* printf("overflow checks...\n"); */
+      if (*ulsd==0 && ulsd==umsd) {	/* have zero */
+	num->exponent=DECEMAX-(DECPMAX-1); /* clamp to max */
+	}
+       else if ((num->exponent+length-1)>DECEMAX) { /* > Nmax */
+	/* Overflow -- these could go straight to encoding, here, but */
+	/* instead num is adjusted to keep the code cleaner */
+	Flag needmax=0;			/* 1 for finite result */
+	set->status|=(DEC_Overflow | DEC_Inexact);
+	switch (set->round) {
+	  case DEC_ROUND_DOWN: {
+	    needmax=1;			/* never Infinity */
+	    break;} /* r-d */
+	  case DEC_ROUND_05UP: {
+	    needmax=1;			/* never Infinity */
+	    break;} /* r-05 */
+	  case DEC_ROUND_CEILING: {
+	    if (num->sign) needmax=1;	/* Infinity iff non-negative */
+	    break;} /* r-c */
+	  case DEC_ROUND_FLOOR: {
+	    if (!num->sign) needmax=1;	/* Infinity iff negative */
+	    break;} /* r-f */
+	  default: break;		/* Infinity in all other cases */
+	  }
+	if (!needmax) {			/* easy .. set Infinity */
+	  num->exponent=DECFLOAT_Inf;
+	  *umsd=0;			/* be clean: coefficient to 0 */
+	  ulsd=umsd;			/* .. */
+	  }
+	 else {				/* return Nmax */
+	  umsd=allnines;		/* use constant array */
+	  ulsd=allnines+DECPMAX-1;
+	  num->exponent=DECEMAX-(DECPMAX-1);
+	  }
+	}
+       else { /* no overflow but non-zero and may have to fold-down */
+	Int shift=num->exponent-(DECEMAX-(DECPMAX-1));
+	if (shift>0) {			/* fold-down needed */
+	  /* fold down needed; must copy to buffer in order to pad */
+	  /* with zeros safely; fortunately this is not the worst case */
+	  /* path because cannot have had a round */
+	  uByte buffer[ROUNDUP(DECPMAX+3, 4)]; /* [+3 allows uInt padding] */
+	  uByte *s=umsd;		/* source */
+	  uByte *t=buffer;		/* safe target */
+	  uByte *tlsd=buffer+(ulsd-umsd)+shift; /* target LSD */
+	  /* printf("folddown shift=%ld\n", (LI)shift); */
+	  for (; s<=ulsd; s+=4, t+=4) UINTAT(t)=UINTAT(s);
+	  for (t=tlsd-shift+1; t<=tlsd; t+=4) UINTAT(t)=0;  /* pad */
+	  num->exponent-=shift;
+	  umsd=buffer;
+	  ulsd=tlsd;
+	  }
+	} /* fold-down? */
+      length=ulsd-umsd+1;		/* recalculate length */
+      } /* high-end edge case */
+    } /* finite number */
+
+  /*------------------------------------------------------------------*/
+  /* At this point the result will properly fit the decFloat	      */
+  /* encoding, and it can be encoded with no possibility of error     */
+  /*------------------------------------------------------------------*/
+  /* Following code does not alter coefficient (could be allnines array) */
+
+  if (length==DECPMAX) {
+    return decFloatFromBCD(df, num->exponent, umsd, num->sign);
+    }
+
+  /* Here when length is short */
+  if (!NUMISSPECIAL(num)) {		/* is still finite */
+    /* encode the combination field and exponent continuation */
+    uInt uexp=(uInt)(num->exponent+DECBIAS); /* biased exponent */
+    uInt code=(uexp>>DECECONL)<<4;	/* top two bits of exp */
+    /* [msd=0] */
+    /* look up the combination field and make high word */
+    encode=DECCOMBFROM[code];		/* indexed by (0-2)*16+msd */
+    encode|=(uexp<<(32-6-DECECONL)) & 0x03ffffff; /* exponent continuation */
+    }
+   else encode=num->exponent;		/* special [already in word] */
+  /* [coefficient length here will be < DECPMAX] */
+
+  encode|=num->sign;			/* add sign */
+
+  /* private macro to extract a declet, n (where 0<=n<DECLETS and 0 */
+  /* refers to the declet from the least significant three digits) */
+  /* and put the corresponding DPD code into dpd.  Access to umsd and */
+  /* ulsd (pointers to the most and least significant digit of the */
+  /* variable-length coefficient) is assumed, along with use of a */
+  /* working pointer, uInt *ub. */
+  /* As not full-length then chances are there are many leading zeros */
+  /* [and there may be a partial triad] */
+  #define getDPD(dpd, n) ub=ulsd-(3*(n))-2;			      \
+    if (ub<umsd-2) dpd=0;					      \
+     else if (ub>=umsd) dpd=BCD2DPD[(*ub*256)+(*(ub+1)*16)+*(ub+2)];  \
+     else {dpd=*(ub+2); if (ub+1==umsd) dpd+=*(ub+1)*16; dpd=BCD2DPD[dpd];}
+
+  /* place the declets in the encoding words and copy to result (df), */
+  /* according to endianness; in all cases complete the sign word */
+  /* first */
+  #if DECPMAX==7
+    getDPD(dpd, 1);
+    encode|=dpd<<10;
+    getDPD(dpd, 0);
+    encode|=dpd;
+    DFWORD(df, 0)=encode;     /* just the one word */
+
+  #elif DECPMAX==16
+    getDPD(dpd, 4); encode|=dpd<<8;
+    getDPD(dpd, 3); encode|=dpd>>2;
+    DFWORD(df, 0)=encode;
+    encode=dpd<<30;
+    getDPD(dpd, 2); encode|=dpd<<20;
+    getDPD(dpd, 1); encode|=dpd<<10;
+    getDPD(dpd, 0); encode|=dpd;
+    DFWORD(df, 1)=encode;
+
+  #elif DECPMAX==34
+    getDPD(dpd,10); encode|=dpd<<4;
+    getDPD(dpd, 9); encode|=dpd>>6;
+    DFWORD(df, 0)=encode;
+
+    encode=dpd<<26;
+    getDPD(dpd, 8); encode|=dpd<<16;
+    getDPD(dpd, 7); encode|=dpd<<6;
+    getDPD(dpd, 6); encode|=dpd>>4;
+    DFWORD(df, 1)=encode;
+
+    encode=dpd<<28;
+    getDPD(dpd, 5); encode|=dpd<<18;
+    getDPD(dpd, 4); encode|=dpd<<8;
+    getDPD(dpd, 3); encode|=dpd>>2;
+    DFWORD(df, 2)=encode;
+
+    encode=dpd<<30;
+    getDPD(dpd, 2); encode|=dpd<<20;
+    getDPD(dpd, 1); encode|=dpd<<10;
+    getDPD(dpd, 0); encode|=dpd;
+    DFWORD(df, 3)=encode;
+  #endif
+
+  /* printf("Status: %08lx\n", (LI)set->status); */
+  /* decFloatShow(df, "final"); */
+  return df;
+  } /* decFinalize */
+
+/* ------------------------------------------------------------------ */
+/* decFloatFromBCD -- set decFloat from exponent, BCD8, and sign      */
+/*								      */
+/*  df is the target decFloat					      */
+/*  exp is the in-range unbiased exponent, q, or a special value in   */
+/*    the form returned by decFloatGetExponent			      */
+/*  bcdar holds DECPMAX digits to set the coefficient from, one	      */
+/*    digit in each byte (BCD8 encoding); the first (MSD) is ignored  */
+/*    if df is a NaN; all are ignored if df is infinite.	      */
+/*    All bytes must be in 0-9; results undefined otherwise.	      */
+/*  sig is DECFLOAT_Sign to set the sign bit, 0 otherwise	      */
+/*  returns df, which will be canonical				      */
+/*								      */
+/* No error is possible, and no status will be set.		      */
+/* ------------------------------------------------------------------ */
+decFloat * decFloatFromBCD(decFloat *df, Int exp, const uByte *bcdar,
+			   Int sig) {
+  uInt encode, dpd;			/* work */
+  const uByte *ub;			/* .. */
+
+  if (EXPISSPECIAL(exp)) encode=exp|sig;/* specials already encoded */
+   else {				/* is finite */
+    /* encode the combination field and exponent continuation */
+    uInt uexp=(uInt)(exp+DECBIAS);	/* biased exponent */
+    uInt code=(uexp>>DECECONL)<<4;	/* top two bits of exp */
+    code+=bcdar[0];			/* add msd */
+    /* look up the combination field and make high word */
+    encode=DECCOMBFROM[code]|sig;	/* indexed by (0-2)*16+msd */
+    encode|=(uexp<<(32-6-DECECONL)) & 0x03ffffff; /* exponent continuation */
+    }
+
+  /* private macro to extract a declet, n (where 0<=n<DECLETS and 0 */
+  /* refers to the declet from the least significant three digits) */
+  /* and put the corresponding DPD code into dpd. */
+  /* Use of a working pointer, uInt *ub, is assumed. */
+
+  #define getDPDf(dpd, n) ub=bcdar+DECPMAX-1-(3*(n))-2;	    \
+    dpd=BCD2DPD[(*ub*256)+(*(ub+1)*16)+*(ub+2)];
+
+  /* place the declets in the encoding words and copy to result (df), */
+  /* according to endianness; in all cases complete the sign word */
+  /* first */
+  #if DECPMAX==7
+    getDPDf(dpd, 1);
+    encode|=dpd<<10;
+    getDPDf(dpd, 0);
+    encode|=dpd;
+    DFWORD(df, 0)=encode;     /* just the one word */
+
+  #elif DECPMAX==16
+    getDPDf(dpd, 4); encode|=dpd<<8;
+    getDPDf(dpd, 3); encode|=dpd>>2;
+    DFWORD(df, 0)=encode;
+    encode=dpd<<30;
+    getDPDf(dpd, 2); encode|=dpd<<20;
+    getDPDf(dpd, 1); encode|=dpd<<10;
+    getDPDf(dpd, 0); encode|=dpd;
+    DFWORD(df, 1)=encode;
+
+  #elif DECPMAX==34
+    getDPDf(dpd,10); encode|=dpd<<4;
+    getDPDf(dpd, 9); encode|=dpd>>6;
+    DFWORD(df, 0)=encode;
+
+    encode=dpd<<26;
+    getDPDf(dpd, 8); encode|=dpd<<16;
+    getDPDf(dpd, 7); encode|=dpd<<6;
+    getDPDf(dpd, 6); encode|=dpd>>4;
+    DFWORD(df, 1)=encode;
+
+    encode=dpd<<28;
+    getDPDf(dpd, 5); encode|=dpd<<18;
+    getDPDf(dpd, 4); encode|=dpd<<8;
+    getDPDf(dpd, 3); encode|=dpd>>2;
+    DFWORD(df, 2)=encode;
+
+    encode=dpd<<30;
+    getDPDf(dpd, 2); encode|=dpd<<20;
+    getDPDf(dpd, 1); encode|=dpd<<10;
+    getDPDf(dpd, 0); encode|=dpd;
+    DFWORD(df, 3)=encode;
+  #endif
+  /* decFloatShow(df, "final"); */
+  return df;
+  } /* decFloatFromBCD */
+
+/* ------------------------------------------------------------------ */
+/* decFloatFromPacked -- set decFloat from exponent and packed BCD    */
+/*								      */
+/*  df is the target decFloat					      */
+/*  exp is the in-range unbiased exponent, q, or a special value in   */
+/*    the form returned by decFloatGetExponent			      */
+/*  packed holds DECPMAX packed decimal digits plus a sign nibble     */
+/*    (all 6 codes are OK); the first (MSD) is ignored if df is a NaN */
+/*    and all except sign are ignored if df is infinite.  For DOUBLE  */
+/*    and QUAD the first (pad) nibble is also ignored in all cases.   */
+/*    All coefficient nibbles must be in 0-9 and sign in A-F; results */
+/*    are undefined otherwise.					      */
+/*  returns df, which will be canonical				      */
+/*								      */
+/* No error is possible, and no status will be set.		      */
+/* ------------------------------------------------------------------ */
+decFloat * decFloatFromPacked(decFloat *df, Int exp, const uByte *packed) {
+  uByte bcdar[DECPMAX+2];		/* work [+1 for pad, +1 for sign] */
+  const uByte *ip;			/* .. */
+  uByte *op;				/* .. */
+  Int	sig=0;				/* sign */
+
+  /* expand coefficient and sign to BCDAR */
+  #if SINGLE
+  op=bcdar+1;				/* no pad digit */
+  #else
+  op=bcdar;				/* first (pad) digit ignored */
+  #endif
+  for (ip=packed; ip<packed+((DECPMAX+2)/2); ip++) {
+    *op++=*ip>>4;
+    *op++=(uByte)(*ip&0x0f);		/* [final nibble is sign] */
+    }
+  op--;					/* -> sign byte */
+  if (*op==DECPMINUS || *op==DECPMINUSALT) sig=DECFLOAT_Sign;
+
+  if (EXPISSPECIAL(exp)) {		/* Infinity or NaN */
+    if (!EXPISINF(exp)) bcdar[1]=0;	/* a NaN: ignore MSD */
+     else memset(bcdar+1, 0, DECPMAX);	/* Infinite: coefficient to 0 */
+    }
+  return decFloatFromBCD(df, exp, bcdar+1, sig);
+  } /* decFloatFromPacked */
+
+/* ------------------------------------------------------------------ */
+/* decFloatFromString -- conversion from numeric string		      */
+/*								      */
+/*  result  is the decFloat format number which gets the result of    */
+/*	    the conversion					      */
+/*  *string is the character string which should contain a valid      */
+/*	    number (which may be a special value), \0-terminated      */
+/*	    If there are too many significant digits in the	      */
+/*	    coefficient it will be rounded.			      */
+/*  set	    is the context					      */
+/*  returns result						      */
+/*								      */
+/* The length of the coefficient and the size of the exponent are     */
+/* checked by this routine, so the correct error (Underflow or	      */
+/* Overflow) can be reported or rounding applied, as necessary.	      */
+/*								      */
+/* There is no limit to the coefficient length for finite inputs;     */
+/* NaN payloads must be integers with no more than DECPMAX-1 digits.  */
+/* Exponents may have up to nine significant digits.		      */
+/*								      */
+/* If bad syntax is detected, the result will be a quiet NaN.	      */
+/* ------------------------------------------------------------------ */
+decFloat * decFloatFromString(decFloat *result, const char *string,
+			      decContext *set) {
+  Int	 digits;		   /* count of digits in coefficient */
+  const	 char *dotchar=NULL;	   /* where dot was found [NULL if none] */
+  const	 char *cfirst=string;	   /* -> first character of decimal part */
+  const	 char *c;		   /* work */
+  uByte *ub;			   /* .. */
+  bcdnum num;			   /* collects data for finishing */
+  uInt	 error=DEC_Conversion_syntax;	/* assume the worst */
+  uByte	 buffer[ROUNDUP(DECSTRING+11, 8)]; /* room for most coefficents, */
+				   /* some common rounding, +3, & pad */
+  #if DECTRACE
+  /* printf("FromString %s ...\n", string); */
+  #endif
+
+  for(;;) {				/* once-only 'loop' */
+    num.sign=0;				/* assume non-negative */
+    num.msd=buffer;			/* MSD is here always */
+
+    /* detect and validate the coefficient, including any leading, */
+    /* trailing, or embedded '.' */
+    /* [could test four-at-a-time here (saving 10% for decQuads), */
+    /* but that risks storage violation because the position of the */
+    /* terminator is unknown] */
+    for (c=string;; c++) {		/* -> input character */
+      if (((unsigned)(*c-'0'))<=9) continue; /* '0' through '9' is good */
+      if (*c=='\0') break;		/* most common non-digit */
+      if (*c=='.') {
+	if (dotchar!=NULL) break;	/* not first '.' */
+	dotchar=c;			/* record offset into decimal part */
+	continue;}
+      if (c==string) {			/* first in string... */
+	if (*c=='-') {			/* valid - sign */
+	  cfirst++;
+	  num.sign=DECFLOAT_Sign;
+	  continue;}
+	if (*c=='+') {			/* valid + sign */
+	  cfirst++;
+	  continue;}
+	}
+      /* *c is not a digit, terminator, or a valid +, -, or '.' */
+      break;
+      } /* c loop */
+
+    digits=(uInt)(c-cfirst);		/* digits (+1 if a dot) */
+
+    if (digits>0) {			/* had digits and/or dot */
+      const char *clast=c-1;		/* note last coefficient char position */
+      Int exp=0;			/* exponent accumulator */
+      if (*c!='\0') {			/* something follows the coefficient */
+	uInt edig;			/* unsigned work */
+	/* had some digits and more to come; expect E[+|-]nnn now */
+	const char *firstexp;		/* exponent first non-zero */
+	if (*c!='E' && *c!='e') break;
+	c++;				/* to (optional) sign */
+	if (*c=='-' || *c=='+') c++;	/* step over sign (c=clast+2) */
+	if (*c=='\0') break;		/* no digits!  (e.g., '1.2E') */
+	for (; *c=='0';) c++;		/* skip leading zeros [even last] */
+	firstexp=c;			/* remember start [maybe '\0'] */
+	/* gather exponent digits */
+	edig=(uInt)*c-(uInt)'0';
+	if (edig<=9) {			/* [check not bad or terminator] */
+	  exp+=edig;			/* avoid initial X10 */
+	  c++;
+	  for (;; c++) {
+	    edig=(uInt)*c-(uInt)'0';
+	    if (edig>9) break;
+	    exp=exp*10+edig;
+	    }
+	  }
+	/* if not now on the '\0', *c must not be a digit */
+	if (*c!='\0') break;
+
+	/* (this next test must be after the syntax checks) */
+	/* if definitely more than the possible digits for format then */
+	/* the exponent may have wrapped, so simply set it to a certain */
+	/* over/underflow value */
+	if (c>firstexp+DECEMAXD) exp=DECEMAX*2;
+	if (*(clast+2)=='-') exp=-exp;	/* was negative */
+	} /* digits>0 */
+
+      if (dotchar!=NULL) {		/* had a '.' */
+	digits--;			/* remove from digits count */
+	if (digits==0) break;		/* was dot alone: bad syntax */
+	exp-=(Int)(clast-dotchar);	/* adjust exponent */
+	/* [the '.' can now be ignored] */
+	}
+      num.exponent=exp;			/* exponent is good; store it */
+
+      /* Here when whole string has been inspected and syntax is good */
+      /* cfirst->first digit or dot, clast->last digit or dot */
+      error=0;				/* no error possible now */
+
+      /* if the number of digits in the coefficient will fit in buffer */
+      /* then it can simply be converted to bcd8 and copied -- decFinalize */
+      /* will take care of leading zeros and rounding; the buffer is big */
+      /* enough for all canonical coefficients, including 0.00000nn... */
+      ub=buffer;
+      if (digits<=(Int)(sizeof(buffer)-3)) { /* [-3 allows by-4s copy] */
+	c=cfirst;
+	if (dotchar!=NULL) {		     /* a dot to worry about */
+	  if (*(c+1)=='.') {		     /* common canonical case */
+	    *ub++=(uByte)(*c-'0');	     /* copy leading digit */
+	    c+=2;			     /* prepare to handle rest */
+	    }
+	   else for (; c<=clast;) {	     /* '.' could be anywhere */
+	    /* as usual, go by fours when safe; NB it has been asserted */
+	    /* that a '.' does not have the same mask as a digit */
+	    if (c<=clast-3			       /* safe for four */
+	     && (UINTAT(c)&0xf0f0f0f0)==CHARMASK) {    /* test four */
+	      UINTAT(ub)=UINTAT(c)&0x0f0f0f0f;	       /* to BCD8 */
+	      ub+=4;
+	      c+=4;
+	      continue;
+	      }
+	    if (*c=='.') {		     /* found the dot */
+	      c++;			     /* step over it .. */
+	      break;			     /* .. and handle the rest */
+	      }
+	    *ub++=(uByte)(*c++-'0');
+	    }
+	  } /* had dot */
+	/* Now no dot; do this by fours (where safe) */
+	for (; c<=clast-3; c+=4, ub+=4) UINTAT(ub)=UINTAT(c)&0x0f0f0f0f;
+	for (; c<=clast; c++, ub++) *ub=(uByte)(*c-'0');
+	num.lsd=buffer+digits-1;	     /* record new LSD */
+	} /* fits */
+
+       else {				     /* too long for buffer */
+	/* [This is a rare and unusual case; arbitrary-length input] */
+	/* strip leading zeros [but leave final 0 if all 0's] */
+	if (*cfirst=='.') cfirst++;	     /* step past dot at start */
+	if (*cfirst=='0') {		     /* [cfirst always -> digit] */
+	  for (; cfirst<clast; cfirst++) {
+	    if (*cfirst!='0') {		     /* non-zero found */
+	      if (*cfirst=='.') continue;    /* [ignore] */
+	      break;			     /* done */
+	      }
+	    digits--;			     /* 0 stripped */
+	    } /* cfirst */
+	  } /* at least one leading 0 */
+
+	/* the coefficient is now as short as possible, but may still */
+	/* be too long; copy up to Pmax+1 digits to the buffer, then */
+	/* just record any non-zeros (set round-for-reround digit) */
+	for (c=cfirst; c<=clast && ub<=buffer+DECPMAX; c++) {
+	  /* (see commentary just above) */
+	  if (c<=clast-3			  /* safe for four */
+	   && (UINTAT(c)&0xf0f0f0f0)==CHARMASK) { /* four digits */
+	    UINTAT(ub)=UINTAT(c)&0x0f0f0f0f;	  /* to BCD8 */
+	    ub+=4;
+	    c+=3;			     /* [will become 4] */
+	    continue;
+	    }
+	  if (*c=='.') continue;	     /* [ignore] */
+	  *ub++=(uByte)(*c-'0');
+	  }
+	ub--;				     /* -> LSD */
+	for (; c<=clast; c++) {		     /* inspect remaining chars */
+	  if (*c!='0') {		     /* sticky bit needed */
+	    if (*c=='.') continue;	     /* [ignore] */
+	    *ub=DECSTICKYTAB[*ub];	     /* update round-for-reround */
+	    break;			     /* no need to look at more */
+	    }
+	  }
+	num.lsd=ub;			     /* record LSD */
+	/* adjust exponent for dropped digits */
+	num.exponent+=digits-(Int)(ub-buffer+1);
+	} /* too long for buffer */
+      } /* digits or dot */
+
+     else {				/* no digits or dot were found */
+      if (*c=='\0') break;		/* nothing to come is bad */
+      /* only Infinities and NaNs are allowed, here */
+      buffer[0]=0;			/* default a coefficient of 0 */
+      num.lsd=buffer;			/* .. */
+      if (decBiStr(c, "infinity", "INFINITY")
+       || decBiStr(c, "inf", "INF")) num.exponent=DECFLOAT_Inf;
+       else {				/* should be a NaN */
+	num.exponent=DECFLOAT_qNaN;	/* assume quiet NaN */
+	if (*c=='s' || *c=='S') {	/* probably an sNaN */
+	  c++;
+	  num.exponent=DECFLOAT_sNaN;	/* assume is in fact sNaN */
+	  }
+	if (*c!='N' && *c!='n') break;	/* check caseless "NaN" */
+	c++;
+	if (*c!='a' && *c!='A') break;	/* .. */
+	c++;
+	if (*c!='N' && *c!='n') break;	/* .. */
+	c++;
+	/* now either nothing, or nnnn payload (no dots), expected */
+	/* -> start of integer, and skip leading 0s [including plain 0] */
+	for (cfirst=c; *cfirst=='0';) cfirst++;
+	if (*cfirst!='\0') {		/* not empty or all-0, payload */
+	  /* payload found; check all valid digits and copy to buffer as bcd8 */
+	  ub=buffer;
+	  for (c=cfirst;; c++, ub++) {
+	    if ((unsigned)(*c-'0')>9) break; /* quit if not 0-9 */
+	    if (c-cfirst==DECPMAX-1) break;  /* too many digits */
+	    *ub=(uByte)(*c-'0');	/* good bcd8 */
+	    }
+	  if (*c!='\0') break;		/* not all digits, or too many */
+	  num.lsd=ub-1;			/* record new LSD */
+	  }
+	} /* NaN or sNaN */
+      error=0;				/* syntax is OK */
+      break;				/* done with specials */
+      } /* digits=0 (special expected) */
+    break;
+    }					/* [for(;;) break] */
+
+  /* decShowNum(&num, "fromStr"); */
+
+  if (error!=0) {
+    set->status|=error;
+    num.exponent=DECFLOAT_qNaN;		/* set up quiet NaN */
+    num.sign=0;				/* .. with 0 sign */
+    buffer[0]=0;			/* .. and coefficient */
+    num.lsd=buffer;			/* .. */
+    /* decShowNum(&num, "oops"); */
+    }
+
+  /* decShowNum(&num, "dffs"); */
+  decFinalize(result, &num, set);	/* round, check, and lay out */
+  /* decFloatShow(result, "fromString"); */
+  return result;
+  } /* decFloatFromString */
+
+/* ------------------------------------------------------------------ */
+/* decFloatFromWider -- conversion from next-wider format	      */
+/*								      */
+/*  result  is the decFloat format number which gets the result of    */
+/*	    the conversion					      */
+/*  wider   is the decFloatWider format number which will be narrowed */
+/*  set	    is the context					      */
+/*  returns result						      */
+/*								      */
+/* Narrowing can cause rounding, overflow, etc., but not Invalid      */
+/* operation (sNaNs are copied and do not signal).		      */
+/* ------------------------------------------------------------------ */
+/* narrow-to is not possible for decQuad format numbers; simply omit */
+#if !QUAD
+decFloat * decFloatFromWider(decFloat *result, const decFloatWider *wider,
+			     decContext *set) {
+  bcdnum num;				/* collects data for finishing */
+  uByte	 bcdar[DECWPMAX];		/* room for wider coefficient */
+  uInt	 widerhi=DFWWORD(wider, 0);	/* top word */
+  Int	 exp;
+
+  GETWCOEFF(wider, bcdar);
+
+  num.msd=bcdar;			/* MSD is here always */
+  num.lsd=bcdar+DECWPMAX-1;		/* LSD is here always */
+  num.sign=widerhi&0x80000000;		/* extract sign [DECFLOAT_Sign=Neg] */
+
+  /* decode the wider combination field to exponent */
+  exp=DECCOMBWEXP[widerhi>>26];		/* decode from wider combination field */
+  /* if it is a special there's nothing to do unless sNaN; if it's */
+  /* finite then add the (wider) exponent continuation and unbias */
+  if (EXPISSPECIAL(exp)) exp=widerhi&0x7e000000; /* include sNaN selector */
+   else exp+=GETWECON(wider)-DECWBIAS;
+  num.exponent=exp;
+
+  /* decShowNum(&num, "dffw"); */
+  return decFinalize(result, &num, set);/* round, check, and lay out */
+  } /* decFloatFromWider */
+#endif
+
+/* ------------------------------------------------------------------ */
+/* decFloatGetCoefficient -- get coefficient as BCD8		      */
+/*								      */
+/*  df is the decFloat from which to extract the coefficient	      */
+/*  bcdar is where DECPMAX bytes will be written, one BCD digit in    */
+/*    each byte (BCD8 encoding); if df is a NaN the first byte will   */
+/*    be zero, and if it is infinite they will all be zero	      */
+/*  returns the sign of the coefficient (DECFLOAT_Sign if negative,   */
+/*    0 otherwise)						      */
+/*								      */
+/* No error is possible, and no status will be set.  If df is a	      */
+/* special value the array is set to zeros (for Infinity) or to the   */
+/* payload of a qNaN or sNaN.					      */
+/* ------------------------------------------------------------------ */
+Int decFloatGetCoefficient(const decFloat *df, uByte *bcdar) {
+  if (DFISINF(df)) memset(bcdar, 0, DECPMAX);
+   else {
+    GETCOEFF(df, bcdar);	   /* use macro */
+    if (DFISNAN(df)) bcdar[0]=0;   /* MSD needs correcting */
+    }
+  return DFISSIGNED(df);
+  } /* decFloatGetCoefficient */
+
+/* ------------------------------------------------------------------ */
+/* decFloatGetExponent -- get unbiased exponent			      */
+/*								      */
+/*  df is the decFloat from which to extract the exponent	      */
+/*  returns the exponent, q.					      */
+/*								      */
+/* No error is possible, and no status will be set.  If df is a	      */
+/* special value the first seven bits of the decFloat are returned,   */
+/* left adjusted and with the first (sign) bit set to 0 (followed by  */
+/* 25 0 bits).	e.g., -sNaN would return 0x7e000000 (DECFLOAT_sNaN).  */
+/* ------------------------------------------------------------------ */
+Int decFloatGetExponent(const decFloat *df) {
+  if (DFISSPECIAL(df)) return DFWORD(df, 0)&0x7e000000;
+  return GETEXPUN(df);
+  } /* decFloatGetExponent */
+
+/* ------------------------------------------------------------------ */
+/* decFloatSetCoefficient -- set coefficient from BCD8		      */
+/*								      */
+/*  df is the target decFloat (and source of exponent/special value)  */
+/*  bcdar holds DECPMAX digits to set the coefficient from, one	      */
+/*    digit in each byte (BCD8 encoding); the first (MSD) is ignored  */
+/*    if df is a NaN; all are ignored if df is infinite.	      */
+/*  sig is DECFLOAT_Sign to set the sign bit, 0 otherwise	      */
+/*  returns df, which will be canonical				      */
+/*								      */
+/* No error is possible, and no status will be set.		      */
+/* ------------------------------------------------------------------ */
+decFloat * decFloatSetCoefficient(decFloat *df, const uByte *bcdar,
+				  Int sig) {
+  uInt exp;			   /* for exponent */
+  uByte bcdzero[DECPMAX];	   /* for infinities */
+
+  /* Exponent/special code is extracted from df */
+  if (DFISSPECIAL(df)) {
+    exp=DFWORD(df, 0)&0x7e000000;
+    if (DFISINF(df)) {
+      memset(bcdzero, 0, DECPMAX);
+      return decFloatFromBCD(df, exp, bcdzero, sig);
+      }
+    }
+   else exp=GETEXPUN(df);
+  return decFloatFromBCD(df, exp, bcdar, sig);
+  } /* decFloatSetCoefficient */
+
+/* ------------------------------------------------------------------ */
+/* decFloatSetExponent -- set exponent or special value		      */
+/*								      */
+/*  df	is the target decFloat (and source of coefficient/payload)    */
+/*  set is the context for reporting status			      */
+/*  exp is the unbiased exponent, q, or a special value in the form   */
+/*    returned by decFloatGetExponent				      */
+/*  returns df, which will be canonical				      */
+/*								      */
+/* No error is possible, but Overflow or Underflow might occur.	      */
+/* ------------------------------------------------------------------ */
+decFloat * decFloatSetExponent(decFloat *df, decContext *set, Int exp) {
+  uByte	 bcdcopy[DECPMAX];	   /* for coefficient */
+  bcdnum num;			   /* work */
+  num.exponent=exp;
+  num.sign=decFloatGetCoefficient(df, bcdcopy); /* extract coefficient */
+  if (DFISSPECIAL(df)) {	   /* MSD or more needs correcting */
+    if (DFISINF(df)) memset(bcdcopy, 0, DECPMAX);
+    bcdcopy[0]=0;
+    }
+  num.msd=bcdcopy;
+  num.lsd=bcdcopy+DECPMAX-1;
+  return decFinalize(df, &num, set);
+  } /* decFloatSetExponent */
+
+/* ------------------------------------------------------------------ */
+/* decFloatRadix -- returns the base (10)			      */
+/*								      */
+/*   df is any decFloat of this format				      */
+/* ------------------------------------------------------------------ */
+uInt decFloatRadix(const decFloat *df) {
+  if (df) return 10;			     /* to placate compiler */
+  return 10;
+  } /* decFloatRadix */
+
+/* ------------------------------------------------------------------ */
+/* decFloatShow -- printf a decFloat in hexadecimal and decimal	      */
+/*   df	 is the decFloat to show				      */
+/*   tag is a tag string displayed with the number		      */
+/*								      */
+/* This is a debug aid; the precise format of the string may change.  */
+/* ------------------------------------------------------------------ */
+void decFloatShow(const decFloat *df, const char *tag) {
+  char hexbuf[DECBYTES*2+DECBYTES/4+1]; /* NB blank after every fourth */
+  char buff[DECSTRING];			/* for value in decimal */
+  Int i, j=0;
+
+  for (i=0; i<DECBYTES; i++) {
+    #if DECLITEND
+      sprintf(&hexbuf[j], "%02x", df->bytes[DECBYTES-1-i]);
+    #else
+      sprintf(&hexbuf[j], "%02x", df->bytes[i]);
+    #endif
+    j+=2;
+    /* the next line adds blank (and terminator) after final pair, too */
+    if ((i+1)%4==0) {strcpy(&hexbuf[j], " "); j++;}
+    }
+  decFloatToString(df, buff);
+  printf(">%s> %s [big-endian]	%s\n", tag, hexbuf, buff);
+  return;
+  } /* decFloatShow */
+
+/* ------------------------------------------------------------------ */
+/* decFloatToBCD -- get sign, exponent, and BCD8 from a decFloat      */
+/*								      */
+/*  df is the source decFloat					      */
+/*  exp will be set to the unbiased exponent, q, or to a special      */
+/*    value in the form returned by decFloatGetExponent		      */
+/*  bcdar is where DECPMAX bytes will be written, one BCD digit in    */
+/*    each byte (BCD8 encoding); if df is a NaN the first byte will   */
+/*    be zero, and if it is infinite they will all be zero	      */
+/*  returns the sign of the coefficient (DECFLOAT_Sign if negative,   */
+/*    0 otherwise)						      */
+/*								      */
+/* No error is possible, and no status will be set.		      */
+/* ------------------------------------------------------------------ */
+Int decFloatToBCD(const decFloat *df, Int *exp, uByte *bcdar) {
+  if (DFISINF(df)) {
+    memset(bcdar, 0, DECPMAX);
+    *exp=DFWORD(df, 0)&0x7e000000;
+    }
+   else {
+    GETCOEFF(df, bcdar);	   /* use macro */
+    if (DFISNAN(df)) {
+      bcdar[0]=0;		   /* MSD needs correcting */
+      *exp=DFWORD(df, 0)&0x7e000000;
+      }
+     else {			   /* finite */
+      *exp=GETEXPUN(df);
+      }
+    }
+  return DFISSIGNED(df);
+  } /* decFloatToBCD */
+
+/* ------------------------------------------------------------------ */
+/* decFloatToEngString -- conversion to numeric string, engineering   */
+/*								      */
+/*  df is the decFloat format number to convert			      */
+/*  string is the string where the result will be laid out	      */
+/*								      */
+/* string must be at least DECPMAX+9 characters (the worst case is    */
+/* "-0.00000nnn...nnn\0", which is as long as the exponent form when  */
+/* DECEMAXD<=4); this condition is asserted above		      */
+/*								      */
+/* No error is possible, and no status will be set		      */
+/* ------------------------------------------------------------------ */
+char * decFloatToEngString(const decFloat *df, char *string){
+  uInt msd;			   /* coefficient MSD */
+  Int  exp;			   /* exponent top two bits or full */
+  uInt comb;			   /* combination field */
+  char *cstart;			   /* coefficient start */
+  char *c;			   /* output pointer in string */
+  char *s, *t;			   /* .. (source, target) */
+  Int  pre, e;			   /* work */
+  const uByte *u;		   /* .. */
+
+  /* Source words; macro handles endianness */
+  uInt sourhi=DFWORD(df, 0);	   /* word with sign */
+  #if DECPMAX==16
+  uInt sourlo=DFWORD(df, 1);
+  #elif DECPMAX==34
+  uInt sourmh=DFWORD(df, 1);
+  uInt sourml=DFWORD(df, 2);
+  uInt sourlo=DFWORD(df, 3);
+  #endif
+
+  c=string;			   /* where result will go */
+  if (((Int)sourhi)<0) *c++='-';   /* handle sign */
+  comb=sourhi>>26;		   /* sign+combination field */
+  msd=DECCOMBMSD[comb];		   /* decode the combination field */
+  exp=DECCOMBEXP[comb];		   /* .. */
+
+  if (EXPISSPECIAL(exp)) {	   /* special */
+    if (exp==DECFLOAT_Inf) {	   /* infinity */
+      strcpy(c,	  "Inf");
+      strcpy(c+3, "inity");
+      return string;		   /* easy */
+      }
+    if (sourhi&0x02000000) *c++='s'; /* sNaN */
+    strcpy(c, "NaN");		   /* complete word */
+    c+=3;			   /* step past */
+    /* quick exit if the payload is zero */
+    #if DECPMAX==7
+    if ((sourhi&0x000fffff)==0) return string;
+    #elif DECPMAX==16
+    if (sourlo==0 && (sourhi&0x0003ffff)==0) return string;
+    #elif DECPMAX==34
+    if (sourlo==0 && sourml==0 && sourmh==0
+     && (sourhi&0x00003fff)==0) return string;
+    #endif
+    /* otherwise drop through to add integer; set correct exp etc. */
+    exp=0; msd=0;		   /* setup for following code */
+    }
+   else { /* complete exponent; top two bits are in place */
+    exp+=GETECON(df)-DECBIAS;	   /* .. + continuation and unbias */
+    }
+
+  /* convert the digits of the significand to characters */
+  cstart=c;			   /* save start of coefficient */
+  if (msd) *c++=(char)('0'+(char)msd);	/* non-zero most significant digit */
+
+  /* Decode the declets.  After extracting each declet, it is */
+  /* decoded to a 4-uByte sequence by table lookup; the four uBytes */
+  /* are the three encoded BCD8 digits followed by a 1-byte length */
+  /* (significant digits, except that 000 has length 0).  This allows */
+  /* us to left-align the first declet with non-zero content, then */
+  /* the remaining ones are full 3-char length.	 Fixed-length copies */
+  /* are used because variable-length memcpy causes a subroutine call */
+  /* in at least two compilers.	 (The copies are length 4 for speed */
+  /* and are safe because the last item in the array is of length */
+  /* three and has the length byte following.) */
+  #define dpd2char(dpdin) u=&DPD2BCD8[((dpdin)&0x3ff)*4];	 \
+	 if (c!=cstart) {UINTAT(c)=UINTAT(u)|CHARMASK; c+=3;}	 \
+	  else if (*(u+3)) {					 \
+	   UINTAT(c)=UINTAT(u+3-*(u+3))|CHARMASK; c+=*(u+3);}
+
+  #if DECPMAX==7
+  dpd2char(sourhi>>10);			/* declet 1 */
+  dpd2char(sourhi);			/* declet 2 */
+
+  #elif DECPMAX==16
+  dpd2char(sourhi>>8);			/* declet 1 */
+  dpd2char((sourhi<<2) | (sourlo>>30)); /* declet 2 */
+  dpd2char(sourlo>>20);			/* declet 3 */
+  dpd2char(sourlo>>10);			/* declet 4 */
+  dpd2char(sourlo);			/* declet 5 */
+
+  #elif DECPMAX==34
+  dpd2char(sourhi>>4);			/* declet 1 */
+  dpd2char((sourhi<<6) | (sourmh>>26)); /* declet 2 */
+  dpd2char(sourmh>>16);			/* declet 3 */
+  dpd2char(sourmh>>6);			/* declet 4 */
+  dpd2char((sourmh<<4) | (sourml>>28)); /* declet 5 */
+  dpd2char(sourml>>18);			/* declet 6 */
+  dpd2char(sourml>>8);			/* declet 7 */
+  dpd2char((sourml<<2) | (sourlo>>30)); /* declet 8 */
+  dpd2char(sourlo>>20);			/* declet 9 */
+  dpd2char(sourlo>>10);			/* declet 10 */
+  dpd2char(sourlo);			/* declet 11 */
+  #endif
+
+  if (c==cstart) *c++='0';	   /* all zeros, empty -- make "0" */
+
+  if (exp==0) {			   /* integer or NaN case -- easy */
+    *c='\0';			   /* terminate */
+    return string;
+    }
+  /* non-0 exponent */
+
+  e=0;				   /* assume no E */
+  pre=(Int)(c-cstart)+exp;	   /* length+exp  [c->LSD+1] */
+  /* [here, pre-exp is the digits count (==1 for zero)] */
+
+  if (exp>0 || pre<-5) {	   /* need exponential form */
+    e=pre-1;			   /* calculate E value */
+    pre=1;			   /* assume one digit before '.' */
+    if (e!=0) {			   /* engineering: may need to adjust */
+      Int adj;			   /* adjustment */
+      /* The C remainder operator is undefined for negative numbers, so */
+      /* a positive remainder calculation must be used here */
+      if (e<0) {
+	adj=(-e)%3;
+	if (adj!=0) adj=3-adj;
+	}
+       else { /* e>0 */
+	adj=e%3;
+	}
+      e=e-adj;
+      /* if dealing with zero still produce an exponent which is a */
+      /* multiple of three, as expected, but there will only be the */
+      /* one zero before the E, still.	Otherwise note the padding. */
+      if (!DFISZERO(df)) pre+=adj;
+       else {  /* is zero */
+	if (adj!=0) {		   /* 0.00Esnn needed */
+	  e=e+3;
+	  pre=-(2-adj);
+	  }
+	} /* zero */
+      } /* engineering adjustment */
+    } /* exponential form */
+  /* printf("e=%ld pre=%ld exp=%ld\n", (LI)e, (LI)pre, (LI)exp); */
+
+  /* modify the coefficient, adding 0s, '.', and E+nn as needed */
+  if (pre>0) {			   /* ddd.ddd (plain), perhaps with E */
+				   /* or dd00 padding for engineering */
+    char *dotat=cstart+pre;
+    if (dotat<c) {			/* if embedded dot needed... */
+      /* move by fours; there must be space for junk at the end */
+      /* because there is still space for exponent */
+      s=dotat+ROUNDDOWN4(c-dotat);	/* source */
+      t=s+1;				/* target */
+      /* open the gap */
+      for (; s>=dotat; s-=4, t-=4) UINTAT(t)=UINTAT(s);
+      *dotat='.';
+      c++;				/* length increased by one */
+      } /* need dot? */
+     else for (; c<dotat; c++) *c='0';	/* pad for engineering */
+    } /* pre>0 */
+   else {
+    /* -5<=pre<=0: here for plain 0.ddd or 0.000ddd forms (may have
+       E, but only for 0.00E+3 kind of case -- with plenty of spare
+       space in this case */
+    pre=-pre+2;				/* gap width, including "0." */
+    t=cstart+ROUNDDOWN4(c-cstart)+pre;	/* preferred first target point */
+    /* backoff if too far to the right */
+    if (t>string+DECSTRING-5) t=string+DECSTRING-5; /* adjust to fit */
+    /* now shift the entire coefficient to the right, being careful not */
+    /* to access to the left of string */
+    for (s=t-pre; s>=string; s-=4, t-=4) UINTAT(t)=UINTAT(s);
+    /* for Quads and Singles there may be a character or two left... */
+    s+=3;				/* where next would come from */
+    for(; s>=cstart; s--, t--) *(t+3)=*(s);
+    /* now have fill 0. through 0.00000; use overlaps to avoid tests */
+    if (pre>=4) {
+      UINTAT(cstart+pre-4)=UINTAT("0000");
+      UINTAT(cstart)=UINTAT("0.00");
+      }
+     else { /* 2 or 3 */
+      *(cstart+pre-1)='0';
+      USHORTAT(cstart)=USHORTAT("0.");
+      }
+    c+=pre;				/* to end */
+    }
+
+  /* finally add the E-part, if needed; it will never be 0, and has */
+  /* a maximum length of 3 or 4 digits (asserted above) */
+  if (e!=0) {
+    USHORTAT(c)=USHORTAT("E+");		/* starts with E, assume + */
+    c++;
+    if (e<0) {
+      *c='-';				/* oops, need '-' */
+      e=-e;				/* uInt, please */
+      }
+    c++;
+    /* Three-character exponents are easy; 4-character a little trickier */
+    #if DECEMAXD<=3
+      u=&BIN2BCD8[e*4];			/* -> 3 digits + length byte */
+      /* copy fixed 4 characters [is safe], starting at non-zero */
+      /* and with character mask to convert BCD to char */
+      UINTAT(c)=UINTAT(u+3-*(u+3))|CHARMASK;
+      c+=*(u+3);			/* bump pointer appropriately */
+    #elif DECEMAXD==4
+      if (e<1000) {			/* 3 (or fewer) digits case */
+	u=&BIN2BCD8[e*4];		/* -> 3 digits + length byte */
+	UINTAT(c)=UINTAT(u+3-*(u+3))|CHARMASK; /* [as above] */
+	c+=*(u+3);			/* bump pointer appropriately */
+	}
+       else {				/* 4-digits */
+	Int thou=((e>>3)*1049)>>17;	/* e/1000 */
+	Int rem=e-(1000*thou);		/* e%1000 */
+	*c++=(char)('0'+(char)thou);	/* the thousands digit */
+	u=&BIN2BCD8[rem*4];		/* -> 3 digits + length byte */
+	UINTAT(c)=UINTAT(u)|CHARMASK;	/* copy fixed 3+1 characters [is safe] */
+	c+=3;				/* bump pointer, always 3 digits */
+	}
+    #endif
+    }
+  *c='\0';				/* terminate */
+  /*printf("res %s\n", string); */
+  return string;
+  } /* decFloatToEngString */
+
+/* ------------------------------------------------------------------ */
+/* decFloatToPacked -- convert decFloat to Packed decimal + exponent  */
+/*								      */
+/*  df is the source decFloat					      */
+/*  exp will be set to the unbiased exponent, q, or to a special      */
+/*    value in the form returned by decFloatGetExponent		      */
+/*  packed is where DECPMAX nibbles will be written with the sign as  */
+/*    final nibble (0x0c for +, 0x0d for -); a NaN has a first nibble */
+/*    of zero, and an infinity is all zeros. decDouble and decQuad    */
+/*    have a additional leading zero nibble, leading to result	      */
+/*    lengths of 4, 9, and 18 bytes.				      */
+/*  returns the sign of the coefficient (DECFLOAT_Sign if negative,   */
+/*    0 otherwise)						      */
+/*								      */
+/* No error is possible, and no status will be set.		      */
+/* ------------------------------------------------------------------ */
+Int decFloatToPacked(const decFloat *df, Int *exp, uByte *packed) {
+  uByte bcdar[DECPMAX+2];	   /* work buffer */
+  uByte *ip=bcdar, *op=packed;	   /* work pointers */
+  if (DFISINF(df)) {
+    memset(bcdar, 0, DECPMAX+2);
+    *exp=DECFLOAT_Inf;
+    }
+   else {
+    GETCOEFF(df, bcdar+1);	   /* use macro */
+    if (DFISNAN(df)) {
+      bcdar[1]=0;		   /* MSD needs clearing */
+      *exp=DFWORD(df, 0)&0x7e000000;
+      }
+     else {			   /* finite */
+      *exp=GETEXPUN(df);
+      }
+    }
+  /* now pack; coefficient currently at bcdar+1 */
+  #if SINGLE
+    ip++;			   /* ignore first byte */
+  #else
+    *ip=0;			   /* need leading zero */
+  #endif
+  /* set final byte to Packed BCD sign value */
+  bcdar[DECPMAX+1]=(DFISSIGNED(df) ? DECPMINUS : DECPPLUS);
+  /* pack an even number of bytes... */
+  for (; op<packed+((DECPMAX+2)/2); op++, ip+=2) {
+    *op=(uByte)((*ip<<4)+*(ip+1));
+    }
+  return (bcdar[DECPMAX+1]==DECPMINUS ? DECFLOAT_Sign : 0);
+  } /* decFloatToPacked */
+
+/* ------------------------------------------------------------------ */
+/* decFloatToString -- conversion to numeric string		      */
+/*								      */
+/*  df is the decFloat format number to convert			      */
+/*  string is the string where the result will be laid out	      */
+/*								      */
+/* string must be at least DECPMAX+9 characters (the worst case is    */
+/* "-0.00000nnn...nnn\0", which is as long as the exponent form when  */
+/* DECEMAXD<=4); this condition is asserted above		      */
+/*								      */
+/* No error is possible, and no status will be set		      */
+/* ------------------------------------------------------------------ */
+char * decFloatToString(const decFloat *df, char *string){
+  uInt msd;			   /* coefficient MSD */
+  Int  exp;			   /* exponent top two bits or full */
+  uInt comb;			   /* combination field */
+  char *cstart;			   /* coefficient start */
+  char *c;			   /* output pointer in string */
+  char *s, *t;			   /* .. (source, target) */
+  Int  pre, e;			   /* work */
+  const uByte *u;		   /* .. */
+
+  /* Source words; macro handles endianness */
+  uInt sourhi=DFWORD(df, 0);	   /* word with sign */
+  #if DECPMAX==16
+  uInt sourlo=DFWORD(df, 1);
+  #elif DECPMAX==34
+  uInt sourmh=DFWORD(df, 1);
+  uInt sourml=DFWORD(df, 2);
+  uInt sourlo=DFWORD(df, 3);
+  #endif
+
+  c=string;			   /* where result will go */
+  if (((Int)sourhi)<0) *c++='-';   /* handle sign */
+  comb=sourhi>>26;		   /* sign+combination field */
+  msd=DECCOMBMSD[comb];		   /* decode the combination field */
+  exp=DECCOMBEXP[comb];		   /* .. */
+
+  if (EXPISSPECIAL(exp)) {	   /* special */
+    if (exp==DECFLOAT_Inf) {	   /* infinity */
+      strcpy(c, "Infinity");
+      return string;		   /* easy */
+      }
+    if (sourhi&0x02000000) *c++='s'; /* sNaN */
+    strcpy(c, "NaN");		   /* complete word */
+    c+=3;			   /* step past */
+    /* quick exit if the payload is zero */
+    #if DECPMAX==7
+    if ((sourhi&0x000fffff)==0) return string;
+    #elif DECPMAX==16
+    if (sourlo==0 && (sourhi&0x0003ffff)==0) return string;
+    #elif DECPMAX==34
+    if (sourlo==0 && sourml==0 && sourmh==0
+     && (sourhi&0x00003fff)==0) return string;
+    #endif
+    /* otherwise drop through to add integer; set correct exp etc. */
+    exp=0; msd=0;		   /* setup for following code */
+    }
+   else { /* complete exponent; top two bits are in place */
+    exp+=GETECON(df)-DECBIAS;	   /* .. + continuation and unbias */
+    }
+
+  /* convert the digits of the significand to characters */
+  cstart=c;			   /* save start of coefficient */
+  if (msd) *c++=(char)('0'+(char)msd);	/* non-zero most significant digit */
+
+  /* Decode the declets.  After extracting each declet, it is */
+  /* decoded to a 4-uByte sequence by table lookup; the four uBytes */
+  /* are the three encoded BCD8 digits followed by a 1-byte length */
+  /* (significant digits, except that 000 has length 0).  This allows */
+  /* us to left-align the first declet with non-zero content, then */
+  /* the remaining ones are full 3-char length.	 Fixed-length copies */
+  /* are used because variable-length memcpy causes a subroutine call */
+  /* in at least two compilers.	 (The copies are length 4 for speed */
+  /* and are safe because the last item in the array is of length */
+  /* three and has the length byte following.) */
+  #define dpd2char(dpdin) u=&DPD2BCD8[((dpdin)&0x3ff)*4];	 \
+	 if (c!=cstart) {UINTAT(c)=UINTAT(u)|CHARMASK; c+=3;}	 \
+	  else if (*(u+3)) {					 \
+	   UINTAT(c)=UINTAT(u+3-*(u+3))|CHARMASK; c+=*(u+3);}
+
+  #if DECPMAX==7
+  dpd2char(sourhi>>10);			/* declet 1 */
+  dpd2char(sourhi);			/* declet 2 */
+
+  #elif DECPMAX==16
+  dpd2char(sourhi>>8);			/* declet 1 */
+  dpd2char((sourhi<<2) | (sourlo>>30)); /* declet 2 */
+  dpd2char(sourlo>>20);			/* declet 3 */
+  dpd2char(sourlo>>10);			/* declet 4 */
+  dpd2char(sourlo);			/* declet 5 */
+
+  #elif DECPMAX==34
+  dpd2char(sourhi>>4);			/* declet 1 */
+  dpd2char((sourhi<<6) | (sourmh>>26)); /* declet 2 */
+  dpd2char(sourmh>>16);			/* declet 3 */
+  dpd2char(sourmh>>6);			/* declet 4 */
+  dpd2char((sourmh<<4) | (sourml>>28)); /* declet 5 */
+  dpd2char(sourml>>18);			/* declet 6 */
+  dpd2char(sourml>>8);			/* declet 7 */
+  dpd2char((sourml<<2) | (sourlo>>30)); /* declet 8 */
+  dpd2char(sourlo>>20);			/* declet 9 */
+  dpd2char(sourlo>>10);			/* declet 10 */
+  dpd2char(sourlo);			/* declet 11 */
+  #endif
+
+  if (c==cstart) *c++='0';	   /* all zeros, empty -- make "0" */
+
+  /*[This fast path is valid but adds 3-5 cycles to worst case length] */
+  /*if (exp==0) {		   // integer or NaN case -- easy */
+  /*  *c='\0';			   // terminate */
+  /*  return string; */
+  /*  } */
+
+  e=0;				   /* assume no E */
+  pre=(Int)(c-cstart)+exp;	   /* length+exp  [c->LSD+1] */
+  /* [here, pre-exp is the digits count (==1 for zero)] */
+
+  if (exp>0 || pre<-5) {	   /* need exponential form */
+    e=pre-1;			   /* calculate E value */
+    pre=1;			   /* assume one digit before '.' */
+    } /* exponential form */
+
+  /* modify the coefficient, adding 0s, '.', and E+nn as needed */
+  if (pre>0) {			   /* ddd.ddd (plain), perhaps with E */
+    char *dotat=cstart+pre;
+    if (dotat<c) {			/* if embedded dot needed... */
+      /* move by fours; there must be space for junk at the end */
+      /* because there is still space for exponent */
+      s=dotat+ROUNDDOWN4(c-dotat);	/* source */
+      t=s+1;				/* target */
+      /* open the gap */
+      for (; s>=dotat; s-=4, t-=4) UINTAT(t)=UINTAT(s);
+      *dotat='.';
+      c++;				/* length increased by one */
+      } /* need dot? */
+
+    /* finally add the E-part, if needed; it will never be 0, and has */
+    /* a maximum length of 3 or 4 digits (asserted above) */
+    if (e!=0) {
+      USHORTAT(c)=USHORTAT("E+");	/* starts with E, assume + */
+      c++;
+      if (e<0) {
+	*c='-';				/* oops, need '-' */
+	e=-e;				/* uInt, please */
+	}
+      c++;
+      /* Three-character exponents are easy; 4-character a little trickier */
+      #if DECEMAXD<=3
+	u=&BIN2BCD8[e*4];		/* -> 3 digits + length byte */
+	/* copy fixed 4 characters [is safe], starting at non-zero */
+	/* and with character mask to convert BCD to char */
+	UINTAT(c)=UINTAT(u+3-*(u+3))|CHARMASK;
+	c+=*(u+3);			/* bump pointer appropriately */
+      #elif DECEMAXD==4
+	if (e<1000) {			/* 3 (or fewer) digits case */
+	  u=&BIN2BCD8[e*4];		/* -> 3 digits + length byte */
+	  UINTAT(c)=UINTAT(u+3-*(u+3))|CHARMASK; /* [as above] */
+	  c+=*(u+3);			/* bump pointer appropriately */
+	  }
+	 else {				/* 4-digits */
+	  Int thou=((e>>3)*1049)>>17;	/* e/1000 */
+	  Int rem=e-(1000*thou);	/* e%1000 */
+	  *c++=(char)('0'+(char)thou);	/* the thousands digit */
+	  u=&BIN2BCD8[rem*4];		/* -> 3 digits + length byte */
+	  UINTAT(c)=UINTAT(u)|CHARMASK; /* copy fixed 3+1 characters [is safe] */
+	  c+=3;				/* bump pointer, always 3 digits */
+	  }
+      #endif
+      }
+    *c='\0';				/* add terminator */
+    /*printf("res %s\n", string); */
+    return string;
+    } /* pre>0 */
+
+  /* -5<=pre<=0: here for plain 0.ddd or 0.000ddd forms (can never have E) */
+  /* Surprisingly, this is close to being the worst-case path, so the */
+  /* shift is done by fours; this is a little tricky because the */
+  /* rightmost character to be written must not be beyond where the */
+  /* rightmost terminator could be -- so backoff to not touch */
+  /* terminator position if need be (this can make exact alignments */
+  /* for full Doubles, but in some cases needs care not to access too */
+  /* far to the left) */
+
+  pre=-pre+2;				/* gap width, including "0." */
+  t=cstart+ROUNDDOWN4(c-cstart)+pre;	/* preferred first target point */
+  /* backoff if too far to the right */
+  if (t>string+DECSTRING-5) t=string+DECSTRING-5; /* adjust to fit */
+  /* now shift the entire coefficient to the right, being careful not */
+  /* to access to the left of string */
+  for (s=t-pre; s>=string; s-=4, t-=4) UINTAT(t)=UINTAT(s);
+  /* for Quads and Singles there may be a character or two left... */
+  s+=3;					/* where next would come from */
+  for(; s>=cstart; s--, t--) *(t+3)=*(s);
+  /* now have fill 0. through 0.00000; use overlaps to avoid tests */
+  if (pre>=4) {
+    UINTAT(cstart+pre-4)=UINTAT("0000");
+    UINTAT(cstart)=UINTAT("0.00");
+    }
+   else { /* 2 or 3 */
+    *(cstart+pre-1)='0';
+    USHORTAT(cstart)=USHORTAT("0.");
+    }
+  *(c+pre)='\0';			/* terminate */
+  return string;
+  } /* decFloatToString */
+
+/* ------------------------------------------------------------------ */
+/* decFloatToWider -- conversion to next-wider format		      */
+/*								      */
+/*  source  is the decFloat format number which gets the result of    */
+/*	    the conversion					      */
+/*  wider   is the decFloatWider format number which will be narrowed */
+/*  returns wider						      */
+/*								      */
+/* Widening is always exact; no status is set (sNaNs are copied and   */
+/* do not signal).  The result will be canonical if the source is,    */
+/* and may or may not be if the source is not.			      */
+/* ------------------------------------------------------------------ */
+/* widening is not possible for decQuad format numbers; simply omit */
+#if !QUAD
+decFloatWider * decFloatToWider(const decFloat *source, decFloatWider *wider) {
+  uInt msd;
+
+  /* Construct and copy the sign word */
+  if (DFISSPECIAL(source)) {
+    /* copy sign, combination, and first bit of exponent (sNaN selector) */
+    DFWWORD(wider, 0)=DFWORD(source, 0)&0xfe000000;
+    msd=0;
+    }
+   else { /* is finite number */
+    uInt exp=GETEXPUN(source)+DECWBIAS; /* get unbiased exponent and rebias */
+    uInt code=(exp>>DECWECONL)<<29;	/* set two bits of exp [msd=0] */
+    code|=(exp<<(32-6-DECWECONL)) & 0x03ffffff; /* add exponent continuation */
+    code|=DFWORD(source, 0)&0x80000000; /* add sign */
+    DFWWORD(wider, 0)=code;		/* .. and place top word in wider */
+    msd=GETMSD(source);			/* get source coefficient MSD [0-9] */
+    }
+  /* Copy the coefficient and clear any 'unused' words to left */
+  #if SINGLE
+    DFWWORD(wider, 1)=(DFWORD(source, 0)&0x000fffff)|(msd<<20);
+  #elif DOUBLE
+    DFWWORD(wider, 2)=(DFWORD(source, 0)&0x0003ffff)|(msd<<18);
+    DFWWORD(wider, 3)=DFWORD(source, 1);
+    DFWWORD(wider, 1)=0;
+  #endif
+  return wider;
+  } /* decFloatToWider */
+#endif
+
+/* ------------------------------------------------------------------ */
+/* decFloatVersion -- return package version string		      */
+/*								      */
+/*  returns a constant string describing this package		      */
+/* ------------------------------------------------------------------ */
+const char *decFloatVersion(void) {
+  return DECVERSION;
+  } /* decFloatVersion */
+
+/* ------------------------------------------------------------------ */
+/* decFloatZero -- set to canonical (integer) zero		      */
+/*								      */
+/*  df is the decFloat format number to integer +0 (q=0, c=+0)	      */
+/*  returns df							      */
+/*								      */
+/* No error is possible, and no status can be set.		      */
+/* ------------------------------------------------------------------ */
+decFloat * decFloatZero(decFloat *df){
+  DFWORD(df, 0)=ZEROWORD;     /* set appropriate top word */
+  #if DOUBLE || QUAD
+    DFWORD(df, 1)=0;
+    #if QUAD
+      DFWORD(df, 2)=0;
+      DFWORD(df, 3)=0;
+    #endif
+  #endif
+  /* decFloatShow(df, "zero"); */
+  return df;
+  } /* decFloatZero */
+
+/* ------------------------------------------------------------------ */
+/* Private generic function (not format-specific) for development use */
+/* ------------------------------------------------------------------ */
+/* This is included once only, for all to use */
+#if QUAD && (DECCHECK || DECTRACE)
+  /* ---------------------------------------------------------------- */
+  /* decShowNum -- display bcd8 number in debug form		      */
+  /*								      */
+  /*   num is the bcdnum to display				      */
+  /*   tag is a string to label the display			      */
+  /* ---------------------------------------------------------------- */
+  void decShowNum(const bcdnum *num, const char *tag) {
+    const char *csign="+";		/* sign character */
+    uByte *ub;				/* work */
+    if (num->sign==DECFLOAT_Sign) csign="-";
+
+    printf(">%s> ", tag);
+    if (num->exponent==DECFLOAT_Inf) printf("%sInfinity", csign);
+    else if (num->exponent==DECFLOAT_qNaN) printf("%sqNaN", csign);
+    else if (num->exponent==DECFLOAT_sNaN) printf("%ssNaN", csign);
+    else {				/* finite */
+     char qbuf[10];			/* for right-aligned q */
+     char *c;				/* work */
+     const uByte *u;			/* .. */
+     Int e=num->exponent;		/* .. exponent */
+     strcpy(qbuf, "q=");
+     c=&qbuf[2];			/* where exponent will go */
+     /* lay out the exponent */
+     if (e<0) {
+       *c++='-';			/* add '-' */
+       e=-e;				/* uInt, please */
+       }
+     #if DECEMAXD>4
+       #error Exponent form is too long for ShowNum to lay out
+     #endif
+     if (e==0) *c++='0';		/* 0-length case */
+      else if (e<1000) {		/* 3 (or fewer) digits case */
+       u=&BIN2BCD8[e*4];		/* -> 3 digits + length byte */
+       UINTAT(c)=UINTAT(u+3-*(u+3))|CHARMASK; /* [as above] */
+       c+=*(u+3);			/* bump pointer appropriately */
+       }
+      else {				/* 4-digits */
+       Int thou=((e>>3)*1049)>>17;	/* e/1000 */
+       Int rem=e-(1000*thou);		/* e%1000 */
+       *c++=(char)('0'+(char)thou);	/* the thousands digit */
+       u=&BIN2BCD8[rem*4];		/* -> 3 digits + length byte */
+       UINTAT(c)=UINTAT(u)|CHARMASK;	/* copy fixed 3+1 characters [is safe] */
+       c+=3;				/* bump pointer, always 3 digits */
+       }
+     *c='\0';				/* add terminator */
+     printf("%7s c=%s", qbuf, csign);
+     }
+
+    if (!EXPISSPECIAL(num->exponent) || num->msd!=num->lsd || *num->lsd!=0) {
+      for (ub=num->msd; ub<=num->lsd; ub++) { /* coefficient... */
+	printf("%1x", *ub);
+	if ((num->lsd-ub)%3==0 && ub!=num->lsd) printf(" "); /* 4-space */
+	}
+      }
+    printf("\n");
+    } /* decShowNum */
+#endif
diff --git a/libdecnumber/decCommonSymbols.h b/libdecnumber/decCommonSymbols.h
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000..ee01652f26f
--- /dev/null
+++ b/libdecnumber/decCommonSymbols.h
@@ -0,0 +1,9 @@
+#if !defined(DECCOMMONSYMBOLS)
+#define DECCOMMONSYMBOLS
+
+#ifdef IN_LIBGCC2
+#define DECCOMBFROM __decCOMBFROM
+#define DECCOMBMSD __decCOMBMSD
+#endif
+
+#endif
diff --git a/libdecnumber/decContext.c b/libdecnumber/decContext.c
index 66da2ae7956..07741931819 100644
--- a/libdecnumber/decContext.c
+++ b/libdecnumber/decContext.c
@@ -1,5 +1,5 @@
 /* Decimal context module for the decNumber C Library.
-   Copyright (C) 2005 Free Software Foundation, Inc.
+   Copyright (C) 2005, 2007 Free Software Foundation, Inc.
    Contributed by IBM Corporation.  Author Mike Cowlishaw.
 
    This file is part of GCC.
@@ -28,201 +28,405 @@
    Software Foundation, 51 Franklin Street, Fifth Floor, Boston, MA
    02110-1301, USA.  */
 
-/*  This module compirises the routines for handling the arithmetic
-    context structures. */
-
-#include <string.h>		/* for strcmp */
-#include "config.h"
-#include "decContext.h"		/* context and base types */
-#include "decNumberLocal.h"	/* decNumber local types, etc. */
-
-/* ------------------------------------------------------------------ */
-/* decContextDefault -- initialize a context structure                */
-/*                                                                    */
-/*  context is the structure to be initialized                        */
-/*  kind selects the required set of default values, one of:          */
-/*      DEC_INIT_BASE       -- select ANSI X3-274 defaults            */
-/*      DEC_INIT_DECIMAL32  -- select IEEE 754r defaults, 32-bit      */
-/*      DEC_INIT_DECIMAL64  -- select IEEE 754r defaults, 64-bit      */
-/*      DEC_INIT_DECIMAL128 -- select IEEE 754r defaults, 128-bit     */
-/*      For any other value a valid context is returned, but with     */
-/*      Invalid_operation set in the status field.                    */
+/* ------------------------------------------------------------------ */
+/* Decimal Context module					      */
+/* ------------------------------------------------------------------ */
+/* This module comprises the routines for handling arithmetic	      */
+/* context structures.						      */
+/* ------------------------------------------------------------------ */
+
+#include <string.h>	      /* for strcmp */
+#include <stdio.h>	      /* for printf if DECCHECK */
+#include "config.h"	      /* for GCC definitions */
+#include "decContext.h"	      /* context and base types */
+#include "decNumberLocal.h"   /* decNumber local types, etc. */
+
+#if DECCHECK
+/* compile-time endian tester [assumes sizeof(Int)>1] */
+static	const  Int mfcone=1;		     /* constant 1 */
+static	const  Flag *mfctop=(Flag *)&mfcone; /* -> top byte */
+#define LITEND *mfctop		   /* named flag; 1=little-endian */
+#endif
+
+/* ------------------------------------------------------------------ */
+/* round-for-reround digits					      */
+/* ------------------------------------------------------------------ */
+const uByte DECSTICKYTAB[10]={1,1,2,3,4,6,6,7,8,9}; /* used if sticky */
+
+/* ------------------------------------------------------------------ */
+/* Powers of ten (powers[n]==10**n, 0<=n<=9)			      */
+/* ------------------------------------------------------------------ */
+const uInt DECPOWERS[10]={1, 10, 100, 1000, 10000, 100000, 1000000,
+			  10000000, 100000000, 1000000000};
+
+/* ------------------------------------------------------------------ */
+/* decContextClearStatus -- clear bits in current status	      */
+/*								      */
+/*  context is the context structure to be queried		      */
+/*  mask indicates the bits to be cleared (the status bit that	      */
+/*    corresponds to each 1 bit in the mask is cleared)		      */
+/*  returns context						      */
+/*								      */
+/* No error is possible.					      */
+/* ------------------------------------------------------------------ */
+decContext *decContextClearStatus(decContext *context, uInt mask) {
+  context->status&=~mask;
+  return context;
+  } /* decContextClearStatus */
+
+/* ------------------------------------------------------------------ */
+/* decContextDefault -- initialize a context structure		      */
+/*								      */
+/*  context is the structure to be initialized			      */
+/*  kind selects the required set of default values, one of:	      */
+/*	DEC_INIT_BASE	    -- select ANSI X3-274 defaults	      */
+/*	DEC_INIT_DECIMAL32  -- select IEEE 754r defaults, 32-bit      */
+/*	DEC_INIT_DECIMAL64  -- select IEEE 754r defaults, 64-bit      */
+/*	DEC_INIT_DECIMAL128 -- select IEEE 754r defaults, 128-bit     */
+/*	For any other value a valid context is returned, but with     */
+/*	Invalid_operation set in the status field.		      */
 /*  returns a context structure with the appropriate initial values.  */
 /* ------------------------------------------------------------------ */
-decContext *
-decContextDefault (decContext * context, Int kind)
-{
+decContext * decContextDefault(decContext *context, Int kind) {
   /* set defaults... */
-  context->digits = 9;		/* 9 digits */
-  context->emax = DEC_MAX_EMAX;	/* 9-digit exponents */
-  context->emin = DEC_MIN_EMIN;	/* .. balanced */
-  context->round = DEC_ROUND_HALF_UP;	/* 0.5 rises */
-  context->traps = DEC_Errors;	/* all but informational */
-  context->status = 0;		/* cleared */
-  context->clamp = 0;		/* no clamping */
-#if DECSUBSET
-  context->extended = 0;	/* cleared */
-#endif
-  switch (kind)
-    {
+  context->digits=9;			     /* 9 digits */
+  context->emax=DEC_MAX_EMAX;		     /* 9-digit exponents */
+  context->emin=DEC_MIN_EMIN;		     /* .. balanced */
+  context->round=DEC_ROUND_HALF_UP;	     /* 0.5 rises */
+  context->traps=DEC_Errors;		     /* all but informational */
+  context->status=0;			     /* cleared */
+  context->clamp=0;			     /* no clamping */
+  #if DECSUBSET
+  context->extended=0;			     /* cleared */
+  #endif
+  switch (kind) {
     case DEC_INIT_BASE:
       /* [use defaults] */
       break;
     case DEC_INIT_DECIMAL32:
-      context->digits = 7;	/* digits */
-      context->emax = 96;	/* Emax */
-      context->emin = -95;	/* Emin */
-      context->round = DEC_ROUND_HALF_EVEN;	/* 0.5 to nearest even */
-      context->traps = 0;	/* no traps set */
-      context->clamp = 1;	/* clamp exponents */
-#if DECSUBSET
-      context->extended = 1;	/* set */
-#endif
+      context->digits=7;		     /* digits */
+      context->emax=96;			     /* Emax */
+      context->emin=-95;		     /* Emin */
+      context->round=DEC_ROUND_HALF_EVEN;    /* 0.5 to nearest even */
+      context->traps=0;			     /* no traps set */
+      context->clamp=1;			     /* clamp exponents */
+      #if DECSUBSET
+      context->extended=1;		     /* set */
+      #endif
       break;
     case DEC_INIT_DECIMAL64:
-      context->digits = 16;	/* digits */
-      context->emax = 384;	/* Emax */
-      context->emin = -383;	/* Emin */
-      context->round = DEC_ROUND_HALF_EVEN;	/* 0.5 to nearest even */
-      context->traps = 0;	/* no traps set */
-      context->clamp = 1;	/* clamp exponents */
-#if DECSUBSET
-      context->extended = 1;	/* set */
-#endif
+      context->digits=16;		     /* digits */
+      context->emax=384;		     /* Emax */
+      context->emin=-383;		     /* Emin */
+      context->round=DEC_ROUND_HALF_EVEN;    /* 0.5 to nearest even */
+      context->traps=0;			     /* no traps set */
+      context->clamp=1;			     /* clamp exponents */
+      #if DECSUBSET
+      context->extended=1;		     /* set */
+      #endif
       break;
     case DEC_INIT_DECIMAL128:
-      context->digits = 34;	/* digits */
-      context->emax = 6144;	/* Emax */
-      context->emin = -6143;	/* Emin */
-      context->round = DEC_ROUND_HALF_EVEN;	/* 0.5 to nearest even */
-      context->traps = 0;	/* no traps set */
-      context->clamp = 1;	/* clamp exponents */
-#if DECSUBSET
-      context->extended = 1;	/* set */
-#endif
+      context->digits=34;		     /* digits */
+      context->emax=6144;		     /* Emax */
+      context->emin=-6143;		     /* Emin */
+      context->round=DEC_ROUND_HALF_EVEN;    /* 0.5 to nearest even */
+      context->traps=0;			     /* no traps set */
+      context->clamp=1;			     /* clamp exponents */
+      #if DECSUBSET
+      context->extended=1;		     /* set */
+      #endif
       break;
 
-    default:			/* invalid Kind */
+    default:				     /* invalid Kind */
       /* use defaults, and .. */
-      decContextSetStatus (context, DEC_Invalid_operation);	/* trap */
+      decContextSetStatus(context, DEC_Invalid_operation); /* trap */
+    }
+
+  #if DECCHECK
+  if (LITEND!=DECLITEND) {
+    const char *adj;
+    if (LITEND) adj="little";
+	   else adj="big";
+    printf("Warning: DECLITEND is set to %d, but this computer appears to be %s-endian\n",
+	   DECLITEND, adj);
     }
+  #endif
+  return context;} /* decContextDefault */
+
+/* ------------------------------------------------------------------ */
+/* decContextGetRounding -- return current rounding mode	      */
+/*								      */
+/*  context is the context structure to be queried		      */
+/*  returns the rounding mode					      */
+/*								      */
+/* No error is possible.					      */
+/* ------------------------------------------------------------------ */
+enum rounding decContextGetRounding(decContext *context) {
+  return context->round;
+  } /* decContextGetRounding */
+
+/* ------------------------------------------------------------------ */
+/* decContextGetStatus -- return current status			      */
+/*								      */
+/*  context is the context structure to be queried		      */
+/*  returns status						      */
+/*								      */
+/* No error is possible.					      */
+/* ------------------------------------------------------------------ */
+uInt decContextGetStatus(decContext *context) {
+  return context->status;
+  } /* decContextGetStatus */
+
+/* ------------------------------------------------------------------ */
+/* decContextRestoreStatus -- restore bits in current status	      */
+/*								      */
+/*  context is the context structure to be updated		      */
+/*  newstatus is the source for the bits to be restored		      */
+/*  mask indicates the bits to be restored (the status bit that	      */
+/*    corresponds to each 1 bit in the mask is set to the value of    */
+/*    the correspnding bit in newstatus)			      */
+/*  returns context						      */
+/*								      */
+/* No error is possible.					      */
+/* ------------------------------------------------------------------ */
+decContext *decContextRestoreStatus(decContext *context,
+				    uInt newstatus, uInt mask) {
+  context->status&=~mask;		/* clear the selected bits */
+  context->status|=(mask&newstatus);	/* or in the new bits */
   return context;
-}				/* decContextDefault */
+  } /* decContextRestoreStatus */
 
 /* ------------------------------------------------------------------ */
-/* decContextStatusToString -- convert status flags to a string       */
-/*                                                                    */
-/*  context is a context with valid status field                      */
-/*                                                                    */
-/*  returns a constant string describing the condition.  If multiple  */
-/*    (or no) flags are set, a generic constant message is returned.  */
+/* decContextSaveStatus -- save bits in current status		      */
+/*								      */
+/*  context is the context structure to be queried		      */
+/*  mask indicates the bits to be saved (the status bits that	      */
+/*    correspond to each 1 bit in the mask are saved)		      */
+/*  returns the AND of the mask and the current status		      */
+/*								      */
+/* No error is possible.					      */
 /* ------------------------------------------------------------------ */
-const char *
-decContextStatusToString (const decContext * context)
-{
-  Int status = context->status;
-  if (status == DEC_Conversion_syntax)
-    return DEC_Condition_CS;
-  if (status == DEC_Division_by_zero)
-    return DEC_Condition_DZ;
-  if (status == DEC_Division_impossible)
-    return DEC_Condition_DI;
-  if (status == DEC_Division_undefined)
-    return DEC_Condition_DU;
-  if (status == DEC_Inexact)
-    return DEC_Condition_IE;
-  if (status == DEC_Insufficient_storage)
-    return DEC_Condition_IS;
-  if (status == DEC_Invalid_context)
-    return DEC_Condition_IC;
-  if (status == DEC_Invalid_operation)
-    return DEC_Condition_IO;
-#if DECSUBSET
-  if (status == DEC_Lost_digits)
-    return DEC_Condition_LD;
-#endif
-  if (status == DEC_Overflow)
-    return DEC_Condition_OV;
-  if (status == DEC_Clamped)
-    return DEC_Condition_PA;
-  if (status == DEC_Rounded)
-    return DEC_Condition_RO;
-  if (status == DEC_Subnormal)
-    return DEC_Condition_SU;
-  if (status == DEC_Underflow)
-    return DEC_Condition_UN;
-  if (status == 0)
-    return DEC_Condition_ZE;
-  return DEC_Condition_MU;	/* Multiple errors */
-}				/* decContextStatusToString */
-
-/* ------------------------------------------------------------------ */
-/* decContextSetStatusFromString -- set status from a string          */
-/*                                                                    */
-/*  context is the controlling context                                */
+uInt decContextSaveStatus(decContext *context, uInt mask) {
+  return context->status&mask;
+  } /* decContextSaveStatus */
+
+/* ------------------------------------------------------------------ */
+/* decContextSetRounding -- set current rounding mode		      */
+/*								      */
+/*  context is the context structure to be updated		      */
+/*  newround is the value which will replace the current mode	      */
+/*  returns context						      */
+/*								      */
+/* No error is possible.					      */
+/* ------------------------------------------------------------------ */
+decContext *decContextSetRounding(decContext *context,
+				  enum rounding newround) {
+  context->round=newround;
+  return context;
+  } /* decContextSetRounding */
+
+/* ------------------------------------------------------------------ */
+/* decContextSetStatus -- set status and raise trap if appropriate    */
+/*								      */
+/*  context is the context structure to be updated		      */
+/*  status  is the DEC_ exception code				      */
+/*  returns the context structure				      */
+/*								      */
+/* Control may never return from this routine, if there is a signal   */
+/* handler and it takes a long jump.				      */
+/* ------------------------------------------------------------------ */
+decContext * decContextSetStatus(decContext *context, uInt status) {
+  context->status|=status;
+  if (status & context->traps) raise(SIGFPE);
+  return context;} /* decContextSetStatus */
+
+/* ------------------------------------------------------------------ */
+/* decContextSetStatusFromString -- set status from a string + trap   */
+/*								      */
+/*  context is the context structure to be updated		      */
 /*  string is a string exactly equal to one that might be returned    */
-/*            by decContextStatusToString                             */
-/*                                                                    */
+/*	      by decContextStatusToString			      */
+/*								      */
 /*  The status bit corresponding to the string is set, and a trap     */
-/*  is raised if appropriate.                                         */
-/*                                                                    */
+/*  is raised if appropriate.					      */
+/*								      */
 /*  returns the context structure, unless the string is equal to      */
 /*    DEC_Condition_MU or is not recognized.  In these cases NULL is  */
-/*    returned.                                                       */
-/* ------------------------------------------------------------------ */
-decContext *
-decContextSetStatusFromString (decContext * context, const char *string)
-{
-  if (strcmp (string, DEC_Condition_CS) == 0)
-    return decContextSetStatus (context, DEC_Conversion_syntax);
-  if (strcmp (string, DEC_Condition_DZ) == 0)
-    return decContextSetStatus (context, DEC_Division_by_zero);
-  if (strcmp (string, DEC_Condition_DI) == 0)
-    return decContextSetStatus (context, DEC_Division_impossible);
-  if (strcmp (string, DEC_Condition_DU) == 0)
-    return decContextSetStatus (context, DEC_Division_undefined);
-  if (strcmp (string, DEC_Condition_IE) == 0)
-    return decContextSetStatus (context, DEC_Inexact);
-  if (strcmp (string, DEC_Condition_IS) == 0)
-    return decContextSetStatus (context, DEC_Insufficient_storage);
-  if (strcmp (string, DEC_Condition_IC) == 0)
-    return decContextSetStatus (context, DEC_Invalid_context);
-  if (strcmp (string, DEC_Condition_IO) == 0)
-    return decContextSetStatus (context, DEC_Invalid_operation);
-#if DECSUBSET
-  if (strcmp (string, DEC_Condition_LD) == 0)
-    return decContextSetStatus (context, DEC_Lost_digits);
-#endif
-  if (strcmp (string, DEC_Condition_OV) == 0)
-    return decContextSetStatus (context, DEC_Overflow);
-  if (strcmp (string, DEC_Condition_PA) == 0)
-    return decContextSetStatus (context, DEC_Clamped);
-  if (strcmp (string, DEC_Condition_RO) == 0)
-    return decContextSetStatus (context, DEC_Rounded);
-  if (strcmp (string, DEC_Condition_SU) == 0)
-    return decContextSetStatus (context, DEC_Subnormal);
-  if (strcmp (string, DEC_Condition_UN) == 0)
-    return decContextSetStatus (context, DEC_Underflow);
-  if (strcmp (string, DEC_Condition_ZE) == 0)
+/*    returned.							      */
+/* ------------------------------------------------------------------ */
+decContext * decContextSetStatusFromString(decContext *context,
+					   const char *string) {
+  if (strcmp(string, DEC_Condition_CS)==0)
+    return decContextSetStatus(context, DEC_Conversion_syntax);
+  if (strcmp(string, DEC_Condition_DZ)==0)
+    return decContextSetStatus(context, DEC_Division_by_zero);
+  if (strcmp(string, DEC_Condition_DI)==0)
+    return decContextSetStatus(context, DEC_Division_impossible);
+  if (strcmp(string, DEC_Condition_DU)==0)
+    return decContextSetStatus(context, DEC_Division_undefined);
+  if (strcmp(string, DEC_Condition_IE)==0)
+    return decContextSetStatus(context, DEC_Inexact);
+  if (strcmp(string, DEC_Condition_IS)==0)
+    return decContextSetStatus(context, DEC_Insufficient_storage);
+  if (strcmp(string, DEC_Condition_IC)==0)
+    return decContextSetStatus(context, DEC_Invalid_context);
+  if (strcmp(string, DEC_Condition_IO)==0)
+    return decContextSetStatus(context, DEC_Invalid_operation);
+  #if DECSUBSET
+  if (strcmp(string, DEC_Condition_LD)==0)
+    return decContextSetStatus(context, DEC_Lost_digits);
+  #endif
+  if (strcmp(string, DEC_Condition_OV)==0)
+    return decContextSetStatus(context, DEC_Overflow);
+  if (strcmp(string, DEC_Condition_PA)==0)
+    return decContextSetStatus(context, DEC_Clamped);
+  if (strcmp(string, DEC_Condition_RO)==0)
+    return decContextSetStatus(context, DEC_Rounded);
+  if (strcmp(string, DEC_Condition_SU)==0)
+    return decContextSetStatus(context, DEC_Subnormal);
+  if (strcmp(string, DEC_Condition_UN)==0)
+    return decContextSetStatus(context, DEC_Underflow);
+  if (strcmp(string, DEC_Condition_ZE)==0)
     return context;
-  return NULL;			/* Multiple status, or unknown */
-}				/* decContextSetStatusFromString */
+  return NULL;	/* Multiple status, or unknown */
+  } /* decContextSetStatusFromString */
 
 /* ------------------------------------------------------------------ */
-/* decContextSetStatus -- set status and raise trap if appropriate    */
-/*                                                                    */
-/*  context is the controlling context                                */
-/*  status  is the DEC_ exception code                                */
-/*  returns the context structure                                     */
-/*                                                                    */
-/* Control may never return from this routine, if there is a signal   */
-/* handler and it takes a long jump.                                  */
-/* ------------------------------------------------------------------ */
-decContext *
-decContextSetStatus (decContext * context, uInt status)
-{
-  context->status |= status;
-  if (status & context->traps)
-    raise (SIGFPE);
+/* decContextSetStatusFromStringQuiet -- set status from a string     */
+/*								      */
+/*  context is the context structure to be updated		      */
+/*  string is a string exactly equal to one that might be returned    */
+/*	      by decContextStatusToString			      */
+/*								      */
+/*  The status bit corresponding to the string is set; no trap is     */
+/*  raised.							      */
+/*								      */
+/*  returns the context structure, unless the string is equal to      */
+/*    DEC_Condition_MU or is not recognized.  In these cases NULL is  */
+/*    returned.							      */
+/* ------------------------------------------------------------------ */
+decContext * decContextSetStatusFromStringQuiet(decContext *context,
+						const char *string) {
+  if (strcmp(string, DEC_Condition_CS)==0)
+    return decContextSetStatusQuiet(context, DEC_Conversion_syntax);
+  if (strcmp(string, DEC_Condition_DZ)==0)
+    return decContextSetStatusQuiet(context, DEC_Division_by_zero);
+  if (strcmp(string, DEC_Condition_DI)==0)
+    return decContextSetStatusQuiet(context, DEC_Division_impossible);
+  if (strcmp(string, DEC_Condition_DU)==0)
+    return decContextSetStatusQuiet(context, DEC_Division_undefined);
+  if (strcmp(string, DEC_Condition_IE)==0)
+    return decContextSetStatusQuiet(context, DEC_Inexact);
+  if (strcmp(string, DEC_Condition_IS)==0)
+    return decContextSetStatusQuiet(context, DEC_Insufficient_storage);
+  if (strcmp(string, DEC_Condition_IC)==0)
+    return decContextSetStatusQuiet(context, DEC_Invalid_context);
+  if (strcmp(string, DEC_Condition_IO)==0)
+    return decContextSetStatusQuiet(context, DEC_Invalid_operation);
+  #if DECSUBSET
+  if (strcmp(string, DEC_Condition_LD)==0)
+    return decContextSetStatusQuiet(context, DEC_Lost_digits);
+  #endif
+  if (strcmp(string, DEC_Condition_OV)==0)
+    return decContextSetStatusQuiet(context, DEC_Overflow);
+  if (strcmp(string, DEC_Condition_PA)==0)
+    return decContextSetStatusQuiet(context, DEC_Clamped);
+  if (strcmp(string, DEC_Condition_RO)==0)
+    return decContextSetStatusQuiet(context, DEC_Rounded);
+  if (strcmp(string, DEC_Condition_SU)==0)
+    return decContextSetStatusQuiet(context, DEC_Subnormal);
+  if (strcmp(string, DEC_Condition_UN)==0)
+    return decContextSetStatusQuiet(context, DEC_Underflow);
+  if (strcmp(string, DEC_Condition_ZE)==0)
+    return context;
+  return NULL;	/* Multiple status, or unknown */
+  } /* decContextSetStatusFromStringQuiet */
+
+/* ------------------------------------------------------------------ */
+/* decContextSetStatusQuiet -- set status without trap		      */
+/*								      */
+/*  context is the context structure to be updated		      */
+/*  status  is the DEC_ exception code				      */
+/*  returns the context structure				      */
+/*								      */
+/* No error is possible.					      */
+/* ------------------------------------------------------------------ */
+decContext * decContextSetStatusQuiet(decContext *context, uInt status) {
+  context->status|=status;
+  return context;} /* decContextSetStatusQuiet */
+
+/* ------------------------------------------------------------------ */
+/* decContextStatusToString -- convert status flags to a string	      */
+/*								      */
+/*  context is a context with valid status field		      */
+/*								      */
+/*  returns a constant string describing the condition.	 If multiple  */
+/*    (or no) flags are set, a generic constant message is returned.  */
+/* ------------------------------------------------------------------ */
+const char *decContextStatusToString(const decContext *context) {
+  Int status=context->status;
+
+  /* test the five IEEE first, as some of the others are ambiguous when */
+  /* DECEXTFLAG=0 */
+  if (status==DEC_Invalid_operation    ) return DEC_Condition_IO;
+  if (status==DEC_Division_by_zero     ) return DEC_Condition_DZ;
+  if (status==DEC_Overflow	       ) return DEC_Condition_OV;
+  if (status==DEC_Underflow	       ) return DEC_Condition_UN;
+  if (status==DEC_Inexact	       ) return DEC_Condition_IE;
+
+  if (status==DEC_Division_impossible  ) return DEC_Condition_DI;
+  if (status==DEC_Division_undefined   ) return DEC_Condition_DU;
+  if (status==DEC_Rounded	       ) return DEC_Condition_RO;
+  if (status==DEC_Clamped	       ) return DEC_Condition_PA;
+  if (status==DEC_Subnormal	       ) return DEC_Condition_SU;
+  if (status==DEC_Conversion_syntax    ) return DEC_Condition_CS;
+  if (status==DEC_Insufficient_storage ) return DEC_Condition_IS;
+  if (status==DEC_Invalid_context      ) return DEC_Condition_IC;
+  #if DECSUBSET
+  if (status==DEC_Lost_digits	       ) return DEC_Condition_LD;
+  #endif
+  if (status==0			       ) return DEC_Condition_ZE;
+  return DEC_Condition_MU;  /* Multiple errors */
+  } /* decContextStatusToString */
+
+/* ------------------------------------------------------------------ */
+/* decContextTestSavedStatus -- test bits in saved status	      */
+/*								      */
+/*  oldstatus is the status word to be tested			      */
+/*  mask indicates the bits to be tested (the oldstatus bits that     */
+/*    correspond to each 1 bit in the mask are tested)		      */
+/*  returns 1 if any of the tested bits are 1, or 0 otherwise	      */
+/*								      */
+/* No error is possible.					      */
+/* ------------------------------------------------------------------ */
+uInt decContextTestSavedStatus(uInt oldstatus, uInt mask) {
+  return (oldstatus&mask)!=0;
+  } /* decContextTestSavedStatus */
+
+/* ------------------------------------------------------------------ */
+/* decContextTestStatus -- test bits in current status		      */
+/*								      */
+/*  context is the context structure to be updated		      */
+/*  mask indicates the bits to be tested (the status bits that	      */
+/*    correspond to each 1 bit in the mask are tested)		      */
+/*  returns 1 if any of the tested bits are 1, or 0 otherwise	      */
+/*								      */
+/* No error is possible.					      */
+/* ------------------------------------------------------------------ */
+uInt decContextTestStatus(decContext *context, uInt mask) {
+  return (context->status&mask)!=0;
+  } /* decContextTestStatus */
+
+/* ------------------------------------------------------------------ */
+/* decContextZeroStatus -- clear all status bits		      */
+/*								      */
+/*  context is the context structure to be updated		      */
+/*  returns context						      */
+/*								      */
+/* No error is possible.					      */
+/* ------------------------------------------------------------------ */
+decContext *decContextZeroStatus(decContext *context) {
+  context->status=0;
   return context;
-}				/* decContextSetStatus */
+  } /* decContextZeroStatus */
+
diff --git a/libdecnumber/decContext.h b/libdecnumber/decContext.h
index 5252b33d529..f80d03c50cf 100644
--- a/libdecnumber/decContext.h
+++ b/libdecnumber/decContext.h
@@ -1,5 +1,5 @@
-/* Decimal Context module header for the decNumber C Library
-   Copyright (C) 2005, 2006 Free Software Foundation, Inc.
+/* Decimal context header module for the decNumber C Library.
+   Copyright (C) 2005, 2007 Free Software Foundation, Inc.
    Contributed by IBM Corporation.  Author Mike Cowlishaw.
 
    This file is part of GCC.
@@ -29,159 +29,230 @@
    02110-1301, USA.  */
 
 /* ------------------------------------------------------------------ */
-/*                                                                    */
-/* Context must always be set correctly:                              */
-/*                                                                    */
-/*  digits   -- must be in the range 1 through 999999999              */
-/*  emax     -- must be in the range 0 through 999999999              */
-/*  emin     -- must be in the range 0 through -999999999             */
-/*  round    -- must be one of the enumerated rounding modes          */
-/*  traps    -- only defined bits may be set                          */
-/*  status   -- [any bits may be cleared, but not set, by user]       */
-/*  clamp    -- must be either 0 or 1                                 */
+/* Decimal Context module header				      */
+/* ------------------------------------------------------------------ */
+/*								      */
+/* Context variables must always have valid values:		      */
+/*								      */
+/*  status   -- [any bits may be cleared, but not set, by user]	      */
+/*  round    -- must be one of the enumerated rounding modes	      */
+/*								      */
+/* The following variables are implied for fixed size formats (i.e.,  */
+/* they are ignored) but should still be set correctly in case used   */
+/* with decNumber functions:					      */
+/*								      */
+/*  clamp    -- must be either 0 or 1				      */
+/*  digits   -- must be in the range 1 through 999999999	      */
+/*  emax     -- must be in the range 0 through 999999999	      */
+/*  emin     -- must be in the range 0 through -999999999	      */
 /*  extended -- must be either 0 or 1 [present only if DECSUBSET]     */
-/*                                                                    */
+/*  traps    -- only defined bits may be set			      */
+/*								      */
 /* ------------------------------------------------------------------ */
 
 #if !defined(DECCONTEXT)
-#define DECCONTEXT
-#define DECCNAME     "decContext"	/* Short name */
-#define DECCFULLNAME "Decimal Context Descriptor"	/* Verbose name */
-#define DECCAUTHOR   "Mike Cowlishaw"	/* Who to blame */
-
-#include "gstdint.h"		/* C99 standard integers */
-#include <signal.h>		/* for traps */
-
-
-  /* Conditional code flag -- set this to 0 for best performance */
-#define DECSUBSET 0		/* 1 to enable subset arithmetic */
-
-  /* Context for operations, with associated constants */
-enum rounding
-{
-  DEC_ROUND_CEILING,		/* round towards +infinity */
-  DEC_ROUND_UP,			/* round away from 0 */
-  DEC_ROUND_HALF_UP,		/* 0.5 rounds up */
-  DEC_ROUND_HALF_EVEN,		/* 0.5 rounds to nearest even */
-  DEC_ROUND_HALF_DOWN,		/* 0.5 rounds down */
-  DEC_ROUND_DOWN,		/* round towards 0 (truncate) */
-  DEC_ROUND_FLOOR,		/* round towards -infinity */
-  DEC_ROUND_MAX			/* enum must be less than this */
-};
-
-typedef struct
-{
-  int32_t digits;		/* working precision */
-  int32_t emax;			/* maximum positive exponent */
-  int32_t emin;			/* minimum negative exponent */
-  enum rounding round;		/* rounding mode */
-  uint32_t traps;		/* trap-enabler flags */
-  uint32_t status;		/* status flags */
-  uint8_t clamp;		/* flag: apply IEEE exponent clamp */
-#if DECSUBSET
-  uint8_t extended;		/* flag: special-values allowed */
-#endif
-} decContext;
-
-  /* Maxima and Minima */
-#define DEC_MAX_DIGITS 999999999
-#define DEC_MIN_DIGITS         1
-#define DEC_MAX_EMAX   999999999
-#define DEC_MIN_EMAX           0
-#define DEC_MAX_EMIN           0
-#define DEC_MIN_EMIN  -999999999
-
-  /* Trap-enabler and Status flags (exceptional conditions), and their names */
-  /* Top byte is reserved for internal use */
-#define DEC_Conversion_syntax    0x00000001
-#define DEC_Division_by_zero     0x00000002
-#define DEC_Division_impossible  0x00000004
-#define DEC_Division_undefined   0x00000008
-#define DEC_Insufficient_storage 0x00000010	/* [used if malloc fails] */
-#define DEC_Inexact              0x00000020
-#define DEC_Invalid_context      0x00000040
-#define DEC_Invalid_operation    0x00000080
-#if DECSUBSET
-#define DEC_Lost_digits          0x00000100
-#endif
-#define DEC_Overflow             0x00000200
-#define DEC_Clamped              0x00000400
-#define DEC_Rounded              0x00000800
-#define DEC_Subnormal            0x00001000
-#define DEC_Underflow            0x00002000
-
-  /* IEEE 854 groupings for the flags */
-  /* [DEC_Clamped, DEC_Lost_digits, DEC_Rounded, and DEC_Subnormal are */
-  /* not in IEEE 854] */
-#define DEC_IEEE_854_Division_by_zero  (DEC_Division_by_zero)
-#if DECSUBSET
-#define DEC_IEEE_854_Inexact           (DEC_Inexact | DEC_Lost_digits)
-#else
-#define DEC_IEEE_854_Inexact           (DEC_Inexact)
-#endif
-#define DEC_IEEE_854_Invalid_operation (DEC_Conversion_syntax |     \
-                                          DEC_Division_impossible |   \
-                                          DEC_Division_undefined |    \
-                                          DEC_Insufficient_storage |  \
-                                          DEC_Invalid_context |       \
-                                          DEC_Invalid_operation)
-#define DEC_IEEE_854_Overflow          (DEC_Overflow)
-#define DEC_IEEE_854_Underflow         (DEC_Underflow)
-
-  /* flags which are normally errors (results are qNaN, infinite, or 0) */
-#define DEC_Errors (DEC_IEEE_854_Division_by_zero |                 \
-                      DEC_IEEE_854_Invalid_operation |                \
-                      DEC_IEEE_854_Overflow | DEC_IEEE_854_Underflow)
-  /* flags which cause a result to become qNaN */
-#define DEC_NaNs    DEC_IEEE_854_Invalid_operation
-
-  /* flags which are normally for information only (have finite results) */
-#if DECSUBSET
-#define DEC_Information (DEC_Clamped | DEC_Rounded | DEC_Inexact     \
-                          | DEC_Lost_digits)
-#else
-#define DEC_Information (DEC_Clamped | DEC_Rounded | DEC_Inexact)
-#endif
+  #define DECCONTEXT
+  #define DECCNAME     "decContext"			/* Short name */
+  #define DECCFULLNAME "Decimal Context Descriptor"   /* Verbose name */
+  #define DECCAUTHOR   "Mike Cowlishaw"		      /* Who to blame */
 
-  /* name strings for the exceptional conditions */
-
-#define DEC_Condition_CS "Conversion syntax"
-#define DEC_Condition_DZ "Division by zero"
-#define DEC_Condition_DI "Division impossible"
-#define DEC_Condition_DU "Division undefined"
-#define DEC_Condition_IE "Inexact"
-#define DEC_Condition_IS "Insufficient storage"
-#define DEC_Condition_IC "Invalid context"
-#define DEC_Condition_IO "Invalid operation"
-#if DECSUBSET
-#define DEC_Condition_LD "Lost digits"
-#endif
-#define DEC_Condition_OV "Overflow"
-#define DEC_Condition_PA "Clamped"
-#define DEC_Condition_RO "Rounded"
-#define DEC_Condition_SU "Subnormal"
-#define DEC_Condition_UN "Underflow"
-#define DEC_Condition_ZE "No status"
-#define DEC_Condition_MU "Multiple status"
-#define DEC_Condition_Length 21	/* length of the longest string, */
-				   /* including terminator */
-
-  /* Initialization descriptors, used by decContextDefault */
-#define DEC_INIT_BASE         0
-#define DEC_INIT_DECIMAL32   32
-#define DEC_INIT_DECIMAL64   64
-#define DEC_INIT_DECIMAL128 128
-
-  /* decContext routines */
-#ifdef IN_LIBGCC2
-#define decContextDefault __decContextDefault
-#define decContextSetStatus __decContextSetStatus
-#define decContextStatusToString __decContextStatusToString
-#define decContextSetStatusFromString __decContextSetStatusFromString
-#endif
-decContext *decContextDefault (decContext *, int32_t);
-decContext *decContextSetStatus (decContext *, uint32_t);
-const char *decContextStatusToString (const decContext *);
-decContext *decContextSetStatusFromString (decContext *, const char *);
+  #include "gstdint.h"		   /* C99 standard integers	      */
+  #include <stdio.h>		   /* for printf, etc.		      */
+  #include <signal.h>		   /* for traps			      */
+
+  /* Extended flags setting -- set this to 0 to use only IEEE flags   */
+  #define DECEXTFLAG 1		   /* 1=enable extended flags	      */
+
+  /* Conditional code flag -- set this to 0 for best performance      */
+  #define DECSUBSET  0		   /* 1=enable subset arithmetic      */
+
+  /* Context for operations, with associated constants		      */
+  enum rounding {
+    DEC_ROUND_CEILING,		   /* round towards +infinity	      */
+    DEC_ROUND_UP,		   /* round away from 0		      */
+    DEC_ROUND_HALF_UP,		   /* 0.5 rounds up		      */
+    DEC_ROUND_HALF_EVEN,	   /* 0.5 rounds to nearest even      */
+    DEC_ROUND_HALF_DOWN,	   /* 0.5 rounds down		      */
+    DEC_ROUND_DOWN,		   /* round towards 0 (truncate)      */
+    DEC_ROUND_FLOOR,		   /* round towards -infinity	      */
+    DEC_ROUND_05UP,		   /* round for reround		      */
+    DEC_ROUND_MAX		   /* enum must be less than this     */
+    };
+  #define DEC_ROUND_DEFAULT DEC_ROUND_HALF_EVEN;
+
+  typedef struct {
+    int32_t  digits;		   /* working precision		      */
+    int32_t  emax;		   /* maximum positive exponent	      */
+    int32_t  emin;		   /* minimum negative exponent	      */
+    enum     rounding round;	   /* rounding mode		      */
+    uint32_t traps;		   /* trap-enabler flags	      */
+    uint32_t status;		   /* status flags		      */
+    uint8_t  clamp;		   /* flag: apply IEEE exponent clamp */
+    #if DECSUBSET
+    uint8_t  extended;		   /* flag: special-values allowed    */
+    #endif
+    } decContext;
+
+  /* Maxima and Minima for context settings			      */
+  #define DEC_MAX_DIGITS 999999999
+  #define DEC_MIN_DIGITS	 1
+  #define DEC_MAX_EMAX	 999999999
+  #define DEC_MIN_EMAX		 0
+  #define DEC_MAX_EMIN		 0
+  #define DEC_MIN_EMIN	-999999999
+  #define DEC_MAX_MATH	    999999 /* max emax, etc., for math funcs. */
+
+  /* Classifications for decimal numbers, aligned with 754r (note     */
+  /* that 'normal' and 'subnormal' are meaningful only with a	      */
+  /* decContext or a fixed size format).			      */
+  enum decClass {
+    DEC_CLASS_SNAN,
+    DEC_CLASS_QNAN,
+    DEC_CLASS_NEG_INF,
+    DEC_CLASS_NEG_NORMAL,
+    DEC_CLASS_NEG_SUBNORMAL,
+    DEC_CLASS_NEG_ZERO,
+    DEC_CLASS_POS_ZERO,
+    DEC_CLASS_POS_SUBNORMAL,
+    DEC_CLASS_POS_NORMAL,
+    DEC_CLASS_POS_INF
+    };
+  /* Strings for the decClasses */
+  #define DEC_ClassString_SN  "sNaN"
+  #define DEC_ClassString_QN  "NaN"
+  #define DEC_ClassString_NI  "-Infinity"
+  #define DEC_ClassString_NN  "-Normal"
+  #define DEC_ClassString_NS  "-Subnormal"
+  #define DEC_ClassString_NZ  "-Zero"
+  #define DEC_ClassString_PZ  "+Zero"
+  #define DEC_ClassString_PS  "+Subnormal"
+  #define DEC_ClassString_PN  "+Normal"
+  #define DEC_ClassString_PI  "+Infinity"
+  #define DEC_ClassString_UN  "Invalid"
+
+  /* Trap-enabler and Status flags (exceptional conditions), and      */
+  /* their names.  The top byte is reserved for internal use	      */
+  #if DECEXTFLAG
+    /* Extended flags */
+    #define DEC_Conversion_syntax    0x00000001
+    #define DEC_Division_by_zero     0x00000002
+    #define DEC_Division_impossible  0x00000004
+    #define DEC_Division_undefined   0x00000008
+    #define DEC_Insufficient_storage 0x00000010 /* [when malloc fails]	*/
+    #define DEC_Inexact		     0x00000020
+    #define DEC_Invalid_context	     0x00000040
+    #define DEC_Invalid_operation    0x00000080
+    #if DECSUBSET
+    #define DEC_Lost_digits	     0x00000100
+    #endif
+    #define DEC_Overflow	     0x00000200
+    #define DEC_Clamped		     0x00000400
+    #define DEC_Rounded		     0x00000800
+    #define DEC_Subnormal	     0x00001000
+    #define DEC_Underflow	     0x00002000
+  #else
+    /* IEEE flags only */
+    #define DEC_Conversion_syntax    0x00000010
+    #define DEC_Division_by_zero     0x00000002
+    #define DEC_Division_impossible  0x00000010
+    #define DEC_Division_undefined   0x00000010
+    #define DEC_Insufficient_storage 0x00000010 /* [when malloc fails]	*/
+    #define DEC_Inexact		     0x00000001
+    #define DEC_Invalid_context	     0x00000010
+    #define DEC_Invalid_operation    0x00000010
+    #if DECSUBSET
+    #define DEC_Lost_digits	     0x00000000
+    #endif
+    #define DEC_Overflow	     0x00000008
+    #define DEC_Clamped		     0x00000000
+    #define DEC_Rounded		     0x00000000
+    #define DEC_Subnormal	     0x00000000
+    #define DEC_Underflow	     0x00000004
+  #endif
+
+  /* IEEE 854 groupings for the flags				      */
+  /* [DEC_Clamped, DEC_Lost_digits, DEC_Rounded, and DEC_Subnormal    */
+  /* are not in IEEE 854]					      */
+  #define DEC_IEEE_854_Division_by_zero	 (DEC_Division_by_zero)
+  #if DECSUBSET
+  #define DEC_IEEE_854_Inexact		 (DEC_Inexact | DEC_Lost_digits)
+  #else
+  #define DEC_IEEE_854_Inexact		 (DEC_Inexact)
+  #endif
+  #define DEC_IEEE_854_Invalid_operation (DEC_Conversion_syntax |     \
+					  DEC_Division_impossible |   \
+					  DEC_Division_undefined |    \
+					  DEC_Insufficient_storage |  \
+					  DEC_Invalid_context |	      \
+					  DEC_Invalid_operation)
+  #define DEC_IEEE_854_Overflow		 (DEC_Overflow)
+  #define DEC_IEEE_854_Underflow	 (DEC_Underflow)
+
+  /* flags which are normally errors (result is qNaN, infinite, or 0) */
+  #define DEC_Errors (DEC_IEEE_854_Division_by_zero |		      \
+		      DEC_IEEE_854_Invalid_operation |		      \
+		      DEC_IEEE_854_Overflow | DEC_IEEE_854_Underflow)
+  /* flags which cause a result to become qNaN			      */
+  #define DEC_NaNs    DEC_IEEE_854_Invalid_operation
+
+  /* flags which are normally for information only (finite results)   */
+  #if DECSUBSET
+  #define DEC_Information (DEC_Clamped | DEC_Rounded | DEC_Inexact    \
+			  | DEC_Lost_digits)
+  #else
+  #define DEC_Information (DEC_Clamped | DEC_Rounded | DEC_Inexact)
+  #endif
+
+  /* Name strings for the exceptional conditions		      */
+  #define DEC_Condition_CS "Conversion syntax"
+  #define DEC_Condition_DZ "Division by zero"
+  #define DEC_Condition_DI "Division impossible"
+  #define DEC_Condition_DU "Division undefined"
+  #define DEC_Condition_IE "Inexact"
+  #define DEC_Condition_IS "Insufficient storage"
+  #define DEC_Condition_IC "Invalid context"
+  #define DEC_Condition_IO "Invalid operation"
+  #if DECSUBSET
+  #define DEC_Condition_LD "Lost digits"
+  #endif
+  #define DEC_Condition_OV "Overflow"
+  #define DEC_Condition_PA "Clamped"
+  #define DEC_Condition_RO "Rounded"
+  #define DEC_Condition_SU "Subnormal"
+  #define DEC_Condition_UN "Underflow"
+  #define DEC_Condition_ZE "No status"
+  #define DEC_Condition_MU "Multiple status"
+  #define DEC_Condition_Length 21  /* length of the longest string,   */
+				   /* including terminator	      */
+
+  /* Initialization descriptors, used by decContextDefault	      */
+  #define DEC_INIT_BASE		0
+  #define DEC_INIT_DECIMAL32   32
+  #define DEC_INIT_DECIMAL64   64
+  #define DEC_INIT_DECIMAL128 128
+  /* Synonyms */
+  #define DEC_INIT_DECSINGLE  DEC_INIT_DECIMAL32
+  #define DEC_INIT_DECDOUBLE  DEC_INIT_DECIMAL64
+  #define DEC_INIT_DECQUAD    DEC_INIT_DECIMAL128
+
+  /* decContext routines					      */
+
+  #include "decContextSymbols.h"
+
+  extern decContext  * decContextClearStatus(decContext *, uint32_t);
+  extern decContext  * decContextDefault(decContext *, int32_t);
+  extern enum rounding decContextGetRounding(decContext *);
+  extern uint32_t      decContextGetStatus(decContext *);
+  extern decContext  * decContextRestoreStatus(decContext *, uint32_t, uint32_t);
+  extern uint32_t      decContextSaveStatus(decContext *, uint32_t);
+  extern decContext  * decContextSetRounding(decContext *, enum rounding);
+  extern decContext  * decContextSetStatus(decContext *, uint32_t);
+  extern decContext  * decContextSetStatusFromString(decContext *, const char *);
+  extern decContext  * decContextSetStatusFromStringQuiet(decContext *, const char *);
+  extern decContext  * decContextSetStatusQuiet(decContext *, uint32_t);
+  extern const char  * decContextStatusToString(const decContext *);
+  extern uint32_t      decContextTestSavedStatus(uint32_t, uint32_t);
+  extern uint32_t      decContextTestStatus(decContext *, uint32_t);
+  extern decContext  * decContextZeroStatus(decContext *);
 
 #endif
diff --git a/libdecnumber/decContextSymbols.h b/libdecnumber/decContextSymbols.h
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000..46460536597
--- /dev/null
+++ b/libdecnumber/decContextSymbols.h
@@ -0,0 +1,24 @@
+#if !defined(DECCONTEXTSYMBOLS)
+#define DECCONTEXTSYMBOLS
+
+#ifdef IN_LIBGCC2
+#define decContextClearStatus __decContextClearStatus
+#define decContextDefault __decContextDefault
+#define decContextGetRounding __decContextGetRounding
+#define decContextGetStatus __decContextGetStatus
+#define decContextRestoreStatus __decContextRestoreStatus
+#define decContextSaveStatus __decContextSaveStatus
+#define decContextSetRounding __decContextSetRounding
+#define decContextSetStatus __decContextSetStatus
+#define decContextSetStatusFromString __decContextSetStatusFromString
+#define decContextSetStatusFromStringQuiet __decContextSetStatusFromStringQuiet
+#define decContextSetStatusQuiet __decContextSetStatusQuiet
+#define decContextStatusToString __decContextStatusToString
+#define decContextTestSavedStatus __decContextTestSavedStatus
+#define decContextTestStatus __decContextTestStatus
+#define decContextZeroStatus __decContextZeroStatus
+#define DECPOWERS __decPOWERS
+#define DECSTICKYTAB __decSTICKYTAB
+#endif
+
+#endif
diff --git a/libdecnumber/decDPD.h b/libdecnumber/decDPD.h
index 159683bb960..a4710d64391 100644
--- a/libdecnumber/decDPD.h
+++ b/libdecnumber/decDPD.h
@@ -1,5 +1,5 @@
-/* Binary Coded Decimal <--> Densely Packed Decimal lookup tables.
-   Copyright (C) 2005 Free Software Foundation, Inc.
+/* Conversion lookup tables for the decNumber C Library.
+   Copyright (C) 2007 Free Software Foundation, Inc.
    Contributed by IBM Corporation.  Author Mike Cowlishaw.
 
    This file is part of GCC.
@@ -29,506 +29,1188 @@
    02110-1301, USA.  */
 
 /* ------------------------------------------------------------------------ */
-/* For details, see: http://www2.hursley.ibm.com/decimal/DPDecimal.html     */
-/*                                                                          */
-/* This include file defines conversion tables for DPD, as follows.         */
-/*                                                                          */
-/*   uint16_t BCD2DPD[2458];     // BCD -> DPD (0x999 => 2457)              */
-/*   uint16_t DPD2BCD[1024];     // DPD -> BCD (0x3FF => 0x999)             */
-/*   uint16_t BIN2DPD[1000];     // BIN -> DPD (999 => 2457)                */
-/*   uint16_t DPD2BIN[1024];     // DPD -> BIN (0x3FF => 999)               */
-/*                                                                          */
+/* Binary Coded Decimal and Densely Packed Decimal conversion lookup tables */
+/* [Automatically generated -- do not edit.  2007.05.05]		    */
+/* ------------------------------------------------------------------------ */
+/* ------------------------------------------------------------------------ */
+/* For details, see: http://www2.hursley.ibm.com/decimal/DPDecimal.html	    */
+
+#include "decDPDSymbols.h"
+
+/* This include file defines several DPD and BCD conversion tables:	    */
+/*									    */
+/*   uint16_t BCD2DPD[2458];	 -- BCD -> DPD (0x999 => 2457)		    */
+/*   uint16_t BIN2DPD[1000];	 -- Bin -> DPD (999 => 2457)		    */
+/*   uint8_t  BIN2CHAR[4001];	 -- Bin -> CHAR (999 => '\3' '9' '9' '9')   */
+/*   uint8_t  BIN2BCD8[4000];	 -- Bin -> bytes (999 => 9 9 9 3)	    */
+/*   uint16_t DPD2BCD[1024];	 -- DPD -> BCD (0x3FF => 0x999)		    */
+/*   uint16_t DPD2BIN[1024];	 -- DPD -> BIN (0x3FF => 999)		    */
+/*   uint32_t DPD2BINK[1024];	 -- DPD -> BIN * 1000 (0x3FF => 999000)	    */
+/*   uint32_t DPD2BINM[1024];	 -- DPD -> BIN * 1E+6 (0x3FF => 999000000)  */
+/*   uint8_t  DPD2BCD8[4096];	 -- DPD -> bytes (x3FF => 9 9 9 3)	    */
+/*									    */
 /* In all cases the result (10 bits or 12 bits, or binary) is right-aligned */
-/* in the table entry.                                                      */
-/*                                                                          */
-/* To use a table, its name, prefixed with DEC_, must be defined with a     */
-/* value of 1 before this header file is included.  For example:            */
-/*    #define DEC_BCD2DPD 1                                                 */
+/* in the table entry.	BIN2CHAR entries are a single byte length (0 for    */
+/* value 0) followed by three digit characters; a trailing terminator is    */
+/* included to allow 4-char moves always.  BIN2BCD8 and DPD2BCD8 entries    */
+/* are similar with the three BCD8 digits followed by a one-byte length	    */
+/* (again, length=0 for value 0).					    */
+/*									    */
+/* To use a table, its name, prefixed with DEC_, must be defined with a	    */
+/* value of 1 before this header file is included.  For example:	    */
+/*    #define DEC_BCD2DPD 1						    */
+/* This mechanism allows software to only include tables that are needed.   */
 /* ------------------------------------------------------------------------ */
 
-#if DEC_BCD2DPD==1
+#if defined(DEC_BCD2DPD) && DEC_BCD2DPD==1 && !defined(DECBCD2DPD)
+#define DECBCD2DPD
+
+const uint16_t BCD2DPD[2458]={	  0,	1,    2,    3,	  4,	5,    6,    7,
+    8,	  9,	0,    0,    0,	  0,	0,    0,   16,	 17,   18,   19,   20,
+   21,	 22,   23,   24,   25,	  0,	0,    0,    0,	  0,	0,   32,   33,
+   34,	 35,   36,   37,   38,	 39,   40,   41,    0,	  0,	0,    0,    0,
+    0,	 48,   49,   50,   51,	 52,   53,   54,   55,	 56,   57,    0,    0,
+    0,	  0,	0,    0,   64,	 65,   66,   67,   68,	 69,   70,   71,   72,
+   73,	  0,	0,    0,    0,	  0,	0,   80,   81,	 82,   83,   84,   85,
+   86,	 87,   88,   89,    0,	  0,	0,    0,    0,	  0,   96,   97,   98,
+   99,	100,  101,  102,  103,	104,  105,    0,    0,	  0,	0,    0,    0,
+  112,	113,  114,  115,  116,	117,  118,  119,  120,	121,	0,    0,    0,
+    0,	  0,	0,   10,   11,	 42,   43,   74,   75,	106,  107,   78,   79,
+    0,	  0,	0,    0,    0,	  0,   26,   27,   58,	 59,   90,   91,  122,
+  123,	 94,   95,    0,    0,	  0,	0,    0,    0,	  0,	0,    0,    0,
+    0,	  0,	0,    0,    0,	  0,	0,    0,    0,	  0,	0,    0,    0,
+    0,	  0,	0,    0,    0,	  0,	0,    0,    0,	  0,	0,    0,    0,
+    0,	  0,	0,    0,    0,	  0,	0,    0,    0,	  0,	0,    0,    0,
+    0,	  0,	0,    0,    0,	  0,	0,    0,    0,	  0,	0,    0,    0,
+    0,	  0,	0,    0,    0,	  0,	0,    0,    0,	  0,	0,    0,    0,
+    0,	  0,	0,    0,    0,	  0,	0,    0,    0,	  0,	0,    0,    0,
+    0,	  0,	0,    0,    0,	  0,	0,    0,    0,	  0,	0,    0,    0,
+    0,	128,  129,  130,  131,	132,  133,  134,  135,	136,  137,    0,    0,
+    0,	  0,	0,    0,  144,	145,  146,  147,  148,	149,  150,  151,  152,
+  153,	  0,	0,    0,    0,	  0,	0,  160,  161,	162,  163,  164,  165,
+  166,	167,  168,  169,    0,	  0,	0,    0,    0,	  0,  176,  177,  178,
+  179,	180,  181,  182,  183,	184,  185,    0,    0,	  0,	0,    0,    0,
+  192,	193,  194,  195,  196,	197,  198,  199,  200,	201,	0,    0,    0,
+    0,	  0,	0,  208,  209,	210,  211,  212,  213,	214,  215,  216,  217,
+    0,	  0,	0,    0,    0,	  0,  224,  225,  226,	227,  228,  229,  230,
+  231,	232,  233,    0,    0,	  0,	0,    0,    0,	240,  241,  242,  243,
+  244,	245,  246,  247,  248,	249,	0,    0,    0,	  0,	0,    0,  138,
+  139,	170,  171,  202,  203,	234,  235,  206,  207,	  0,	0,    0,    0,
+    0,	  0,  154,  155,  186,	187,  218,  219,  250,	251,  222,  223,    0,
+    0,	  0,	0,    0,    0,	  0,	0,    0,    0,	  0,	0,    0,    0,
+    0,	  0,	0,    0,    0,	  0,	0,    0,    0,	  0,	0,    0,    0,
+    0,	  0,	0,    0,    0,	  0,	0,    0,    0,	  0,	0,    0,    0,
+    0,	  0,	0,    0,    0,	  0,	0,    0,    0,	  0,	0,    0,    0,
+    0,	  0,	0,    0,    0,	  0,	0,    0,    0,	  0,	0,    0,    0,
+    0,	  0,	0,    0,    0,	  0,	0,    0,    0,	  0,	0,    0,    0,
+    0,	  0,	0,    0,    0,	  0,	0,    0,    0,	  0,	0,    0,    0,
+    0,	  0,	0,    0,    0,	  0,	0,    0,    0,	  0,  256,  257,  258,
+  259,	260,  261,  262,  263,	264,  265,    0,    0,	  0,	0,    0,    0,
+  272,	273,  274,  275,  276,	277,  278,  279,  280,	281,	0,    0,    0,
+    0,	  0,	0,  288,  289,	290,  291,  292,  293,	294,  295,  296,  297,
+    0,	  0,	0,    0,    0,	  0,  304,  305,  306,	307,  308,  309,  310,
+  311,	312,  313,    0,    0,	  0,	0,    0,    0,	320,  321,  322,  323,
+  324,	325,  326,  327,  328,	329,	0,    0,    0,	  0,	0,    0,  336,
+  337,	338,  339,  340,  341,	342,  343,  344,  345,	  0,	0,    0,    0,
+    0,	  0,  352,  353,  354,	355,  356,  357,  358,	359,  360,  361,    0,
+    0,	  0,	0,    0,    0,	368,  369,  370,  371,	372,  373,  374,  375,
+  376,	377,	0,    0,    0,	  0,	0,    0,  266,	267,  298,  299,  330,
+  331,	362,  363,  334,  335,	  0,	0,    0,    0,	  0,	0,  282,  283,
+  314,	315,  346,  347,  378,	379,  350,  351,    0,	  0,	0,    0,    0,
+    0,	  0,	0,    0,    0,	  0,	0,    0,    0,	  0,	0,    0,    0,
+    0,	  0,	0,    0,    0,	  0,	0,    0,    0,	  0,	0,    0,    0,
+    0,	  0,	0,    0,    0,	  0,	0,    0,    0,	  0,	0,    0,    0,
+    0,	  0,	0,    0,    0,	  0,	0,    0,    0,	  0,	0,    0,    0,
+    0,	  0,	0,    0,    0,	  0,	0,    0,    0,	  0,	0,    0,    0,
+    0,	  0,	0,    0,    0,	  0,	0,    0,    0,	  0,	0,    0,    0,
+    0,	  0,	0,    0,    0,	  0,	0,    0,    0,	  0,	0,    0,    0,
+    0,	  0,	0,    0,    0,	  0,  384,  385,  386,	387,  388,  389,  390,
+  391,	392,  393,    0,    0,	  0,	0,    0,    0,	400,  401,  402,  403,
+  404,	405,  406,  407,  408,	409,	0,    0,    0,	  0,	0,    0,  416,
+  417,	418,  419,  420,  421,	422,  423,  424,  425,	  0,	0,    0,    0,
+    0,	  0,  432,  433,  434,	435,  436,  437,  438,	439,  440,  441,    0,
+    0,	  0,	0,    0,    0,	448,  449,  450,  451,	452,  453,  454,  455,
+  456,	457,	0,    0,    0,	  0,	0,    0,  464,	465,  466,  467,  468,
+  469,	470,  471,  472,  473,	  0,	0,    0,    0,	  0,	0,  480,  481,
+  482,	483,  484,  485,  486,	487,  488,  489,    0,	  0,	0,    0,    0,
+    0,	496,  497,  498,  499,	500,  501,  502,  503,	504,  505,    0,    0,
+    0,	  0,	0,    0,  394,	395,  426,  427,  458,	459,  490,  491,  462,
+  463,	  0,	0,    0,    0,	  0,	0,  410,  411,	442,  443,  474,  475,
+  506,	507,  478,  479,    0,	  0,	0,    0,    0,	  0,	0,    0,    0,
+    0,	  0,	0,    0,    0,	  0,	0,    0,    0,	  0,	0,    0,    0,
+    0,	  0,	0,    0,    0,	  0,	0,    0,    0,	  0,	0,    0,    0,
+    0,	  0,	0,    0,    0,	  0,	0,    0,    0,	  0,	0,    0,    0,
+    0,	  0,	0,    0,    0,	  0,	0,    0,    0,	  0,	0,    0,    0,
+    0,	  0,	0,    0,    0,	  0,	0,    0,    0,	  0,	0,    0,    0,
+    0,	  0,	0,    0,    0,	  0,	0,    0,    0,	  0,	0,    0,    0,
+    0,	  0,	0,    0,    0,	  0,	0,    0,    0,	  0,	0,    0,    0,
+    0,	  0,  512,  513,  514,	515,  516,  517,  518,	519,  520,  521,    0,
+    0,	  0,	0,    0,    0,	528,  529,  530,  531,	532,  533,  534,  535,
+  536,	537,	0,    0,    0,	  0,	0,    0,  544,	545,  546,  547,  548,
+  549,	550,  551,  552,  553,	  0,	0,    0,    0,	  0,	0,  560,  561,
+  562,	563,  564,  565,  566,	567,  568,  569,    0,	  0,	0,    0,    0,
+    0,	576,  577,  578,  579,	580,  581,  582,  583,	584,  585,    0,    0,
+    0,	  0,	0,    0,  592,	593,  594,  595,  596,	597,  598,  599,  600,
+  601,	  0,	0,    0,    0,	  0,	0,  608,  609,	610,  611,  612,  613,
+  614,	615,  616,  617,    0,	  0,	0,    0,    0,	  0,  624,  625,  626,
+  627,	628,  629,  630,  631,	632,  633,    0,    0,	  0,	0,    0,    0,
+  522,	523,  554,  555,  586,	587,  618,  619,  590,	591,	0,    0,    0,
+    0,	  0,	0,  538,  539,	570,  571,  602,  603,	634,  635,  606,  607,
+    0,	  0,	0,    0,    0,	  0,	0,    0,    0,	  0,	0,    0,    0,
+    0,	  0,	0,    0,    0,	  0,	0,    0,    0,	  0,	0,    0,    0,
+    0,	  0,	0,    0,    0,	  0,	0,    0,    0,	  0,	0,    0,    0,
+    0,	  0,	0,    0,    0,	  0,	0,    0,    0,	  0,	0,    0,    0,
+    0,	  0,	0,    0,    0,	  0,	0,    0,    0,	  0,	0,    0,    0,
+    0,	  0,	0,    0,    0,	  0,	0,    0,    0,	  0,	0,    0,    0,
+    0,	  0,	0,    0,    0,	  0,	0,    0,    0,	  0,	0,    0,    0,
+    0,	  0,	0,    0,    0,	  0,	0,    0,    0,	  0,	0,  640,  641,
+  642,	643,  644,  645,  646,	647,  648,  649,    0,	  0,	0,    0,    0,
+    0,	656,  657,  658,  659,	660,  661,  662,  663,	664,  665,    0,    0,
+    0,	  0,	0,    0,  672,	673,  674,  675,  676,	677,  678,  679,  680,
+  681,	  0,	0,    0,    0,	  0,	0,  688,  689,	690,  691,  692,  693,
+  694,	695,  696,  697,    0,	  0,	0,    0,    0,	  0,  704,  705,  706,
+  707,	708,  709,  710,  711,	712,  713,    0,    0,	  0,	0,    0,    0,
+  720,	721,  722,  723,  724,	725,  726,  727,  728,	729,	0,    0,    0,
+    0,	  0,	0,  736,  737,	738,  739,  740,  741,	742,  743,  744,  745,
+    0,	  0,	0,    0,    0,	  0,  752,  753,  754,	755,  756,  757,  758,
+  759,	760,  761,    0,    0,	  0,	0,    0,    0,	650,  651,  682,  683,
+  714,	715,  746,  747,  718,	719,	0,    0,    0,	  0,	0,    0,  666,
+  667,	698,  699,  730,  731,	762,  763,  734,  735,	  0,	0,    0,    0,
+    0,	  0,	0,    0,    0,	  0,	0,    0,    0,	  0,	0,    0,    0,
+    0,	  0,	0,    0,    0,	  0,	0,    0,    0,	  0,	0,    0,    0,
+    0,	  0,	0,    0,    0,	  0,	0,    0,    0,	  0,	0,    0,    0,
+    0,	  0,	0,    0,    0,	  0,	0,    0,    0,	  0,	0,    0,    0,
+    0,	  0,	0,    0,    0,	  0,	0,    0,    0,	  0,	0,    0,    0,
+    0,	  0,	0,    0,    0,	  0,	0,    0,    0,	  0,	0,    0,    0,
+    0,	  0,	0,    0,    0,	  0,	0,    0,    0,	  0,	0,    0,    0,
+    0,	  0,	0,    0,    0,	  0,	0,  768,  769,	770,  771,  772,  773,
+  774,	775,  776,  777,    0,	  0,	0,    0,    0,	  0,  784,  785,  786,
+  787,	788,  789,  790,  791,	792,  793,    0,    0,	  0,	0,    0,    0,
+  800,	801,  802,  803,  804,	805,  806,  807,  808,	809,	0,    0,    0,
+    0,	  0,	0,  816,  817,	818,  819,  820,  821,	822,  823,  824,  825,
+    0,	  0,	0,    0,    0,	  0,  832,  833,  834,	835,  836,  837,  838,
+  839,	840,  841,    0,    0,	  0,	0,    0,    0,	848,  849,  850,  851,
+  852,	853,  854,  855,  856,	857,	0,    0,    0,	  0,	0,    0,  864,
+  865,	866,  867,  868,  869,	870,  871,  872,  873,	  0,	0,    0,    0,
+    0,	  0,  880,  881,  882,	883,  884,  885,  886,	887,  888,  889,    0,
+    0,	  0,	0,    0,    0,	778,  779,  810,  811,	842,  843,  874,  875,
+  846,	847,	0,    0,    0,	  0,	0,    0,  794,	795,  826,  827,  858,
+  859,	890,  891,  862,  863,	  0,	0,    0,    0,	  0,	0,    0,    0,
+    0,	  0,	0,    0,    0,	  0,	0,    0,    0,	  0,	0,    0,    0,
+    0,	  0,	0,    0,    0,	  0,	0,    0,    0,	  0,	0,    0,    0,
+    0,	  0,	0,    0,    0,	  0,	0,    0,    0,	  0,	0,    0,    0,
+    0,	  0,	0,    0,    0,	  0,	0,    0,    0,	  0,	0,    0,    0,
+    0,	  0,	0,    0,    0,	  0,	0,    0,    0,	  0,	0,    0,    0,
+    0,	  0,	0,    0,    0,	  0,	0,    0,    0,	  0,	0,    0,    0,
+    0,	  0,	0,    0,    0,	  0,	0,    0,    0,	  0,	0,    0,    0,
+    0,	  0,	0,  896,  897,	898,  899,  900,  901,	902,  903,  904,  905,
+    0,	  0,	0,    0,    0,	  0,  912,  913,  914,	915,  916,  917,  918,
+  919,	920,  921,    0,    0,	  0,	0,    0,    0,	928,  929,  930,  931,
+  932,	933,  934,  935,  936,	937,	0,    0,    0,	  0,	0,    0,  944,
+  945,	946,  947,  948,  949,	950,  951,  952,  953,	  0,	0,    0,    0,
+    0,	  0,  960,  961,  962,	963,  964,  965,  966,	967,  968,  969,    0,
+    0,	  0,	0,    0,    0,	976,  977,  978,  979,	980,  981,  982,  983,
+  984,	985,	0,    0,    0,	  0,	0,    0,  992,	993,  994,  995,  996,
+  997,	998,  999, 1000, 1001,	  0,	0,    0,    0,	  0,	0, 1008, 1009,
+ 1010, 1011, 1012, 1013, 1014, 1015, 1016, 1017,    0,	  0,	0,    0,    0,
+    0,	906,  907,  938,  939,	970,  971, 1002, 1003,	974,  975,    0,    0,
+    0,	  0,	0,    0,  922,	923,  954,  955,  986,	987, 1018, 1019,  990,
+  991,	  0,	0,    0,    0,	  0,	0,    0,    0,	  0,	0,    0,    0,
+    0,	  0,	0,    0,    0,	  0,	0,    0,    0,	  0,	0,    0,    0,
+    0,	  0,	0,    0,    0,	  0,	0,    0,    0,	  0,	0,    0,    0,
+    0,	  0,	0,    0,    0,	  0,	0,    0,    0,	  0,	0,    0,    0,
+    0,	  0,	0,    0,    0,	  0,	0,    0,    0,	  0,	0,    0,    0,
+    0,	  0,	0,    0,    0,	  0,	0,    0,    0,	  0,	0,    0,    0,
+    0,	  0,	0,    0,    0,	  0,	0,    0,    0,	  0,	0,    0,    0,
+    0,	  0,	0,    0,    0,	  0,	0,    0,    0,	  0,	0,    0,   12,
+   13,	268,  269,  524,  525,	780,  781,   46,   47,	  0,	0,    0,    0,
+    0,	  0,   28,   29,  284,	285,  540,  541,  796,	797,   62,   63,    0,
+    0,	  0,	0,    0,    0,	 44,   45,  300,  301,	556,  557,  812,  813,
+  302,	303,	0,    0,    0,	  0,	0,    0,   60,	 61,  316,  317,  572,
+  573,	828,  829,  318,  319,	  0,	0,    0,    0,	  0,	0,   76,   77,
+  332,	333,  588,  589,  844,	845,  558,  559,    0,	  0,	0,    0,    0,
+    0,	 92,   93,  348,  349,	604,  605,  860,  861,	574,  575,    0,    0,
+    0,	  0,	0,    0,  108,	109,  364,  365,  620,	621,  876,  877,  814,
+  815,	  0,	0,    0,    0,	  0,	0,  124,  125,	380,  381,  636,  637,
+  892,	893,  830,  831,    0,	  0,	0,    0,    0,	  0,   14,   15,  270,
+  271,	526,  527,  782,  783,	110,  111,    0,    0,	  0,	0,    0,    0,
+   30,	 31,  286,  287,  542,	543,  798,  799,  126,	127,	0,    0,    0,
+    0,	  0,	0,    0,    0,	  0,	0,    0,    0,	  0,	0,    0,    0,
+    0,	  0,	0,    0,    0,	  0,	0,    0,    0,	  0,	0,    0,    0,
+    0,	  0,	0,    0,    0,	  0,	0,    0,    0,	  0,	0,    0,    0,
+    0,	  0,	0,    0,    0,	  0,	0,    0,    0,	  0,	0,    0,    0,
+    0,	  0,	0,    0,    0,	  0,	0,    0,    0,	  0,	0,    0,    0,
+    0,	  0,	0,    0,    0,	  0,	0,    0,    0,	  0,	0,    0,    0,
+    0,	  0,	0,    0,    0,	  0,	0,    0,    0,	  0,	0,    0,    0,
+    0,	  0,	0,    0,    0,	  0,	0,    0,  140,	141,  396,  397,  652,
+  653,	908,  909,  174,  175,	  0,	0,    0,    0,	  0,	0,  156,  157,
+  412,	413,  668,  669,  924,	925,  190,  191,    0,	  0,	0,    0,    0,
+    0,	172,  173,  428,  429,	684,  685,  940,  941,	430,  431,    0,    0,
+    0,	  0,	0,    0,  188,	189,  444,  445,  700,	701,  956,  957,  446,
+  447,	  0,	0,    0,    0,	  0,	0,  204,  205,	460,  461,  716,  717,
+  972,	973,  686,  687,    0,	  0,	0,    0,    0,	  0,  220,  221,  476,
+  477,	732,  733,  988,  989,	702,  703,    0,    0,	  0,	0,    0,    0,
+  236,	237,  492,  493,  748,	749, 1004, 1005,  942,	943,	0,    0,    0,
+    0,	  0,	0,  252,  253,	508,  509,  764,  765, 1020, 1021,  958,  959,
+    0,	  0,	0,    0,    0,	  0,  142,  143,  398,	399,  654,  655,  910,
+  911,	238,  239,    0,    0,	  0,	0,    0,    0,	158,  159,  414,  415,
+  670,	671,  926,  927,  254,	255};
+#endif
+
+#if defined(DEC_DPD2BCD) && DEC_DPD2BCD==1 && !defined(DECDPD2BCD)
+#define DECDPD2BCD
+
+const uint16_t DPD2BCD[1024]={	  0,	1,    2,    3,	  4,	5,    6,    7,
+    8,	  9,  128,  129, 2048, 2049, 2176, 2177,   16,	 17,   18,   19,   20,
+   21,	 22,   23,   24,   25,	144,  145, 2064, 2065, 2192, 2193,   32,   33,
+   34,	 35,   36,   37,   38,	 39,   40,   41,  130,	131, 2080, 2081, 2056,
+ 2057,	 48,   49,   50,   51,	 52,   53,   54,   55,	 56,   57,  146,  147,
+ 2096, 2097, 2072, 2073,   64,	 65,   66,   67,   68,	 69,   70,   71,   72,
+   73,	132,  133, 2112, 2113,	136,  137,   80,   81,	 82,   83,   84,   85,
+   86,	 87,   88,   89,  148,	149, 2128, 2129,  152,	153,   96,   97,   98,
+   99,	100,  101,  102,  103,	104,  105,  134,  135, 2144, 2145, 2184, 2185,
+  112,	113,  114,  115,  116,	117,  118,  119,  120,	121,  150,  151, 2160,
+ 2161, 2200, 2201,  256,  257,	258,  259,  260,  261,	262,  263,  264,  265,
+  384,	385, 2304, 2305, 2432, 2433,  272,  273,  274,	275,  276,  277,  278,
+  279,	280,  281,  400,  401, 2320, 2321, 2448, 2449,	288,  289,  290,  291,
+  292,	293,  294,  295,  296,	297,  386,  387, 2336, 2337, 2312, 2313,  304,
+  305,	306,  307,  308,  309,	310,  311,  312,  313,	402,  403, 2352, 2353,
+ 2328, 2329,  320,  321,  322,	323,  324,  325,  326,	327,  328,  329,  388,
+  389, 2368, 2369,  392,  393,	336,  337,  338,  339,	340,  341,  342,  343,
+  344,	345,  404,  405, 2384, 2385,  408,  409,  352,	353,  354,  355,  356,
+  357,	358,  359,  360,  361,	390,  391, 2400, 2401, 2440, 2441,  368,  369,
+  370,	371,  372,  373,  374,	375,  376,  377,  406,	407, 2416, 2417, 2456,
+ 2457,	512,  513,  514,  515,	516,  517,  518,  519,	520,  521,  640,  641,
+ 2050, 2051, 2178, 2179,  528,	529,  530,  531,  532,	533,  534,  535,  536,
+  537,	656,  657, 2066, 2067, 2194, 2195,  544,  545,	546,  547,  548,  549,
+  550,	551,  552,  553,  642,	643, 2082, 2083, 2088, 2089,  560,  561,  562,
+  563,	564,  565,  566,  567,	568,  569,  658,  659, 2098, 2099, 2104, 2105,
+  576,	577,  578,  579,  580,	581,  582,  583,  584,	585,  644,  645, 2114,
+ 2115,	648,  649,  592,  593,	594,  595,  596,  597,	598,  599,  600,  601,
+  660,	661, 2130, 2131,  664,	665,  608,  609,  610,	611,  612,  613,  614,
+  615,	616,  617,  646,  647, 2146, 2147, 2184, 2185,	624,  625,  626,  627,
+  628,	629,  630,  631,  632,	633,  662,  663, 2162, 2163, 2200, 2201,  768,
+  769,	770,  771,  772,  773,	774,  775,  776,  777,	896,  897, 2306, 2307,
+ 2434, 2435,  784,  785,  786,	787,  788,  789,  790,	791,  792,  793,  912,
+  913, 2322, 2323, 2450, 2451,	800,  801,  802,  803,	804,  805,  806,  807,
+  808,	809,  898,  899, 2338, 2339, 2344, 2345,  816,	817,  818,  819,  820,
+  821,	822,  823,  824,  825,	914,  915, 2354, 2355, 2360, 2361,  832,  833,
+  834,	835,  836,  837,  838,	839,  840,  841,  900,	901, 2370, 2371,  904,
+  905,	848,  849,  850,  851,	852,  853,  854,  855,	856,  857,  916,  917,
+ 2386, 2387,  920,  921,  864,	865,  866,  867,  868,	869,  870,  871,  872,
+  873,	902,  903, 2402, 2403, 2440, 2441,  880,  881,	882,  883,  884,  885,
+  886,	887,  888,  889,  918,	919, 2418, 2419, 2456, 2457, 1024, 1025, 1026,
+ 1027, 1028, 1029, 1030, 1031, 1032, 1033, 1152, 1153, 2052, 2053, 2180, 2181,
+ 1040, 1041, 1042, 1043, 1044, 1045, 1046, 1047, 1048, 1049, 1168, 1169, 2068,
+ 2069, 2196, 2197, 1056, 1057, 1058, 1059, 1060, 1061, 1062, 1063, 1064, 1065,
+ 1154, 1155, 2084, 2085, 2120, 2121, 1072, 1073, 1074, 1075, 1076, 1077, 1078,
+ 1079, 1080, 1081, 1170, 1171, 2100, 2101, 2136, 2137, 1088, 1089, 1090, 1091,
+ 1092, 1093, 1094, 1095, 1096, 1097, 1156, 1157, 2116, 2117, 1160, 1161, 1104,
+ 1105, 1106, 1107, 1108, 1109, 1110, 1111, 1112, 1113, 1172, 1173, 2132, 2133,
+ 1176, 1177, 1120, 1121, 1122, 1123, 1124, 1125, 1126, 1127, 1128, 1129, 1158,
+ 1159, 2148, 2149, 2184, 2185, 1136, 1137, 1138, 1139, 1140, 1141, 1142, 1143,
+ 1144, 1145, 1174, 1175, 2164, 2165, 2200, 2201, 1280, 1281, 1282, 1283, 1284,
+ 1285, 1286, 1287, 1288, 1289, 1408, 1409, 2308, 2309, 2436, 2437, 1296, 1297,
+ 1298, 1299, 1300, 1301, 1302, 1303, 1304, 1305, 1424, 1425, 2324, 2325, 2452,
+ 2453, 1312, 1313, 1314, 1315, 1316, 1317, 1318, 1319, 1320, 1321, 1410, 1411,
+ 2340, 2341, 2376, 2377, 1328, 1329, 1330, 1331, 1332, 1333, 1334, 1335, 1336,
+ 1337, 1426, 1427, 2356, 2357, 2392, 2393, 1344, 1345, 1346, 1347, 1348, 1349,
+ 1350, 1351, 1352, 1353, 1412, 1413, 2372, 2373, 1416, 1417, 1360, 1361, 1362,
+ 1363, 1364, 1365, 1366, 1367, 1368, 1369, 1428, 1429, 2388, 2389, 1432, 1433,
+ 1376, 1377, 1378, 1379, 1380, 1381, 1382, 1383, 1384, 1385, 1414, 1415, 2404,
+ 2405, 2440, 2441, 1392, 1393, 1394, 1395, 1396, 1397, 1398, 1399, 1400, 1401,
+ 1430, 1431, 2420, 2421, 2456, 2457, 1536, 1537, 1538, 1539, 1540, 1541, 1542,
+ 1543, 1544, 1545, 1664, 1665, 2054, 2055, 2182, 2183, 1552, 1553, 1554, 1555,
+ 1556, 1557, 1558, 1559, 1560, 1561, 1680, 1681, 2070, 2071, 2198, 2199, 1568,
+ 1569, 1570, 1571, 1572, 1573, 1574, 1575, 1576, 1577, 1666, 1667, 2086, 2087,
+ 2152, 2153, 1584, 1585, 1586, 1587, 1588, 1589, 1590, 1591, 1592, 1593, 1682,
+ 1683, 2102, 2103, 2168, 2169, 1600, 1601, 1602, 1603, 1604, 1605, 1606, 1607,
+ 1608, 1609, 1668, 1669, 2118, 2119, 1672, 1673, 1616, 1617, 1618, 1619, 1620,
+ 1621, 1622, 1623, 1624, 1625, 1684, 1685, 2134, 2135, 1688, 1689, 1632, 1633,
+ 1634, 1635, 1636, 1637, 1638, 1639, 1640, 1641, 1670, 1671, 2150, 2151, 2184,
+ 2185, 1648, 1649, 1650, 1651, 1652, 1653, 1654, 1655, 1656, 1657, 1686, 1687,
+ 2166, 2167, 2200, 2201, 1792, 1793, 1794, 1795, 1796, 1797, 1798, 1799, 1800,
+ 1801, 1920, 1921, 2310, 2311, 2438, 2439, 1808, 1809, 1810, 1811, 1812, 1813,
+ 1814, 1815, 1816, 1817, 1936, 1937, 2326, 2327, 2454, 2455, 1824, 1825, 1826,
+ 1827, 1828, 1829, 1830, 1831, 1832, 1833, 1922, 1923, 2342, 2343, 2408, 2409,
+ 1840, 1841, 1842, 1843, 1844, 1845, 1846, 1847, 1848, 1849, 1938, 1939, 2358,
+ 2359, 2424, 2425, 1856, 1857, 1858, 1859, 1860, 1861, 1862, 1863, 1864, 1865,
+ 1924, 1925, 2374, 2375, 1928, 1929, 1872, 1873, 1874, 1875, 1876, 1877, 1878,
+ 1879, 1880, 1881, 1940, 1941, 2390, 2391, 1944, 1945, 1888, 1889, 1890, 1891,
+ 1892, 1893, 1894, 1895, 1896, 1897, 1926, 1927, 2406, 2407, 2440, 2441, 1904,
+ 1905, 1906, 1907, 1908, 1909, 1910, 1911, 1912, 1913, 1942, 1943, 2422, 2423,
+ 2456, 2457};
+#endif
+
+#if defined(DEC_BIN2DPD) && DEC_BIN2DPD==1 && !defined(DECBIN2DPD)
+#define DECBIN2DPD
 
-const uint16_t BCD2DPD[2458] = { 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7,
-  8, 9, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20,
-  21, 22, 23, 24, 25, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 32, 33,
-  34, 35, 36, 37, 38, 39, 40, 41, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0,
-  0, 48, 49, 50, 51, 52, 53, 54, 55, 56, 57, 0, 0,
-  0, 0, 0, 0, 64, 65, 66, 67, 68, 69, 70, 71, 72,
-  73, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 80, 81, 82, 83, 84, 85,
-  86, 87, 88, 89, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 96, 97, 98,
-  99, 100, 101, 102, 103, 104, 105, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0,
-  112, 113, 114, 115, 116, 117, 118, 119, 120, 121, 0, 0, 0,
-  0, 0, 0, 10, 11, 42, 43, 74, 75, 106, 107, 78, 79,
-  0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 26, 27, 58, 59, 90, 91, 122,
-  123, 94, 95, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0,
-  0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0,
-  0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0,
-  0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0,
-  0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0,
-  0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 10, 11, 42, 43, 74,
-  75, 106, 107, 78, 79, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0,
-  0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0,
-  0, 128, 129, 130, 131, 132, 133, 134, 135, 136, 137, 0, 0,
-  0, 0, 0, 0, 144, 145, 146, 147, 148, 149, 150, 151, 152,
-  153, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 160, 161, 162, 163, 164, 165,
-  166, 167, 168, 169, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 176, 177, 178,
-  179, 180, 181, 182, 183, 184, 185, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0,
-  192, 193, 194, 195, 196, 197, 198, 199, 200, 201, 0, 0, 0,
-  0, 0, 0, 208, 209, 210, 211, 212, 213, 214, 215, 216, 217,
-  0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 224, 225, 226, 227, 228, 229, 230,
-  231, 232, 233, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 240, 241, 242, 243,
-  244, 245, 246, 247, 248, 249, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 138,
-  139, 170, 171, 202, 203, 234, 235, 206, 207, 0, 0, 0, 0,
-  0, 0, 154, 155, 186, 187, 218, 219, 250, 251, 222, 223, 0,
-  0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0,
-  0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0,
-  0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0,
-  0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0,
-  0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0,
-  0, 0, 0, 0, 138, 139, 170, 171, 202, 203, 234, 235, 206,
-  207, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0,
-  0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 256, 257, 258,
-  259, 260, 261, 262, 263, 264, 265, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0,
-  272, 273, 274, 275, 276, 277, 278, 279, 280, 281, 0, 0, 0,
-  0, 0, 0, 288, 289, 290, 291, 292, 293, 294, 295, 296, 297,
-  0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 304, 305, 306, 307, 308, 309, 310,
-  311, 312, 313, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 320, 321, 322, 323,
-  324, 325, 326, 327, 328, 329, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 336,
-  337, 338, 339, 340, 341, 342, 343, 344, 345, 0, 0, 0, 0,
-  0, 0, 352, 353, 354, 355, 356, 357, 358, 359, 360, 361, 0,
-  0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 368, 369, 370, 371, 372, 373, 374, 375,
-  376, 377, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 266, 267, 298, 299, 330,
-  331, 362, 363, 334, 335, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 282, 283,
-  314, 315, 346, 347, 378, 379, 350, 351, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0,
-  0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0,
-  0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0,
-  0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0,
-  0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0,
-  0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0,
-  266, 267, 298, 299, 330, 331, 362, 363, 334, 335, 0, 0, 0,
-  0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0,
-  0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 384, 385, 386, 387, 388, 389, 390,
-  391, 392, 393, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 400, 401, 402, 403,
-  404, 405, 406, 407, 408, 409, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 416,
-  417, 418, 419, 420, 421, 422, 423, 424, 425, 0, 0, 0, 0,
-  0, 0, 432, 433, 434, 435, 436, 437, 438, 439, 440, 441, 0,
-  0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 448, 449, 450, 451, 452, 453, 454, 455,
-  456, 457, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 464, 465, 466, 467, 468,
-  469, 470, 471, 472, 473, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 480, 481,
-  482, 483, 484, 485, 486, 487, 488, 489, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0,
-  0, 496, 497, 498, 499, 500, 501, 502, 503, 504, 505, 0, 0,
-  0, 0, 0, 0, 394, 395, 426, 427, 458, 459, 490, 491, 462,
-  463, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 410, 411, 442, 443, 474, 475,
-  506, 507, 478, 479, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0,
-  0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0,
-  0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0,
-  0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0,
-  0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0,
-  0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 394, 395, 426, 427,
-  458, 459, 490, 491, 462, 463, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0,
-  0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0,
-  0, 0, 512, 513, 514, 515, 516, 517, 518, 519, 520, 521, 0,
-  0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 528, 529, 530, 531, 532, 533, 534, 535,
-  536, 537, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 544, 545, 546, 547, 548,
-  549, 550, 551, 552, 553, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 560, 561,
-  562, 563, 564, 565, 566, 567, 568, 569, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0,
-  0, 576, 577, 578, 579, 580, 581, 582, 583, 584, 585, 0, 0,
-  0, 0, 0, 0, 592, 593, 594, 595, 596, 597, 598, 599, 600,
-  601, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 608, 609, 610, 611, 612, 613,
-  614, 615, 616, 617, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 624, 625, 626,
-  627, 628, 629, 630, 631, 632, 633, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0,
-  522, 523, 554, 555, 586, 587, 618, 619, 590, 591, 0, 0, 0,
-  0, 0, 0, 538, 539, 570, 571, 602, 603, 634, 635, 606, 607,
-  0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0,
-  0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0,
-  0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0,
-  0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0,
-  0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0,
-  0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 522, 523, 554, 555, 586, 587, 618, 619,
-  590, 591, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0,
-  0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 640, 641,
-  642, 643, 644, 645, 646, 647, 648, 649, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0,
-  0, 656, 657, 658, 659, 660, 661, 662, 663, 664, 665, 0, 0,
-  0, 0, 0, 0, 672, 673, 674, 675, 676, 677, 678, 679, 680,
-  681, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 688, 689, 690, 691, 692, 693,
-  694, 695, 696, 697, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 704, 705, 706,
-  707, 708, 709, 710, 711, 712, 713, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0,
-  720, 721, 722, 723, 724, 725, 726, 727, 728, 729, 0, 0, 0,
-  0, 0, 0, 736, 737, 738, 739, 740, 741, 742, 743, 744, 745,
-  0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 752, 753, 754, 755, 756, 757, 758,
-  759, 760, 761, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 650, 651, 682, 683,
-  714, 715, 746, 747, 718, 719, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 666,
-  667, 698, 699, 730, 731, 762, 763, 734, 735, 0, 0, 0, 0,
-  0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0,
-  0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0,
-  0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0,
-  0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0,
-  0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0,
-  0, 650, 651, 682, 683, 714, 715, 746, 747, 718, 719, 0, 0,
-  0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0,
-  0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 768, 769, 770, 771, 772, 773,
-  774, 775, 776, 777, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 784, 785, 786,
-  787, 788, 789, 790, 791, 792, 793, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0,
-  800, 801, 802, 803, 804, 805, 806, 807, 808, 809, 0, 0, 0,
-  0, 0, 0, 816, 817, 818, 819, 820, 821, 822, 823, 824, 825,
-  0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 832, 833, 834, 835, 836, 837, 838,
-  839, 840, 841, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 848, 849, 850, 851,
-  852, 853, 854, 855, 856, 857, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 864,
-  865, 866, 867, 868, 869, 870, 871, 872, 873, 0, 0, 0, 0,
-  0, 0, 880, 881, 882, 883, 884, 885, 886, 887, 888, 889, 0,
-  0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 778, 779, 810, 811, 842, 843, 874, 875,
-  846, 847, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 794, 795, 826, 827, 858,
-  859, 890, 891, 862, 863, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0,
-  0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0,
-  0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0,
-  0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0,
-  0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0,
-  0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 778, 779, 810,
-  811, 842, 843, 874, 875, 846, 847, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0,
-  0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0,
-  0, 0, 0, 896, 897, 898, 899, 900, 901, 902, 903, 904, 905,
-  0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 912, 913, 914, 915, 916, 917, 918,
-  919, 920, 921, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 928, 929, 930, 931,
-  932, 933, 934, 935, 936, 937, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 944,
-  945, 946, 947, 948, 949, 950, 951, 952, 953, 0, 0, 0, 0,
-  0, 0, 960, 961, 962, 963, 964, 965, 966, 967, 968, 969, 0,
-  0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 976, 977, 978, 979, 980, 981, 982, 983,
-  984, 985, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 992, 993, 994, 995, 996,
-  997, 998, 999, 1000, 1001, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 1008, 1009,
-  1010, 1011, 1012, 1013, 1014, 1015, 1016, 1017, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0,
-  0, 906, 907, 938, 939, 970, 971, 1002, 1003, 974, 975, 0, 0,
-  0, 0, 0, 0, 922, 923, 954, 955, 986, 987, 1018, 1019, 990,
-  991, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0,
-  0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0,
-  0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0,
-  0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0,
-  0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0,
-  0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 906, 907, 938, 939, 970, 971, 1002,
-  1003, 974, 975, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0,
-  0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 12,
-  13, 268, 269, 524, 525, 780, 781, 46, 47, 0, 0, 0, 0,
-  0, 0, 28, 29, 284, 285, 540, 541, 796, 797, 62, 63, 0,
-  0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 44, 45, 300, 301, 556, 557, 812, 813,
-  302, 303, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 60, 61, 316, 317, 572,
-  573, 828, 829, 318, 319, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 76, 77,
-  332, 333, 588, 589, 844, 845, 558, 559, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0,
-  0, 92, 93, 348, 349, 604, 605, 860, 861, 574, 575, 0, 0,
-  0, 0, 0, 0, 108, 109, 364, 365, 620, 621, 876, 877, 814,
-  815, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 124, 125, 380, 381, 636, 637,
-  892, 893, 830, 831, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 14, 15, 270,
-  271, 526, 527, 782, 783, 110, 111, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0,
-  30, 31, 286, 287, 542, 543, 798, 799, 126, 127, 0, 0, 0,
-  0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0,
-  0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0,
-  0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0,
-  0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0,
-  0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0,
-  0, 0, 14, 15, 270, 271, 526, 527, 782, 783, 110, 111, 0,
-  0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0,
-  0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 140, 141, 396, 397, 652,
-  653, 908, 909, 174, 175, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 156, 157,
-  412, 413, 668, 669, 924, 925, 190, 191, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0,
-  0, 172, 173, 428, 429, 684, 685, 940, 941, 430, 431, 0, 0,
-  0, 0, 0, 0, 188, 189, 444, 445, 700, 701, 956, 957, 446,
-  447, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 204, 205, 460, 461, 716, 717,
-  972, 973, 686, 687, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 220, 221, 476,
-  477, 732, 733, 988, 989, 702, 703, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0,
-  236, 237, 492, 493, 748, 749, 1004, 1005, 942, 943, 0, 0, 0,
-  0, 0, 0, 252, 253, 508, 509, 764, 765, 1020, 1021, 958, 959,
-  0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 142, 143, 398, 399, 654, 655, 910,
-  911, 238, 239, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 158, 159, 414, 415,
-  670, 671, 926, 927, 254, 255
-};
+const uint16_t BIN2DPD[1000]={	  0,	1,    2,    3,	  4,	5,    6,    7,
+    8,	  9,   16,   17,   18,	 19,   20,   21,   22,	 23,   24,   25,   32,
+   33,	 34,   35,   36,   37,	 38,   39,   40,   41,	 48,   49,   50,   51,
+   52,	 53,   54,   55,   56,	 57,   64,   65,   66,	 67,   68,   69,   70,
+   71,	 72,   73,   80,   81,	 82,   83,   84,   85,	 86,   87,   88,   89,
+   96,	 97,   98,   99,  100,	101,  102,  103,  104,	105,  112,  113,  114,
+  115,	116,  117,  118,  119,	120,  121,   10,   11,	 42,   43,   74,   75,
+  106,	107,   78,   79,   26,	 27,   58,   59,   90,	 91,  122,  123,   94,
+   95,	128,  129,  130,  131,	132,  133,  134,  135,	136,  137,  144,  145,
+  146,	147,  148,  149,  150,	151,  152,  153,  160,	161,  162,  163,  164,
+  165,	166,  167,  168,  169,	176,  177,  178,  179,	180,  181,  182,  183,
+  184,	185,  192,  193,  194,	195,  196,  197,  198,	199,  200,  201,  208,
+  209,	210,  211,  212,  213,	214,  215,  216,  217,	224,  225,  226,  227,
+  228,	229,  230,  231,  232,	233,  240,  241,  242,	243,  244,  245,  246,
+  247,	248,  249,  138,  139,	170,  171,  202,  203,	234,  235,  206,  207,
+  154,	155,  186,  187,  218,	219,  250,  251,  222,	223,  256,  257,  258,
+  259,	260,  261,  262,  263,	264,  265,  272,  273,	274,  275,  276,  277,
+  278,	279,  280,  281,  288,	289,  290,  291,  292,	293,  294,  295,  296,
+  297,	304,  305,  306,  307,	308,  309,  310,  311,	312,  313,  320,  321,
+  322,	323,  324,  325,  326,	327,  328,  329,  336,	337,  338,  339,  340,
+  341,	342,  343,  344,  345,	352,  353,  354,  355,	356,  357,  358,  359,
+  360,	361,  368,  369,  370,	371,  372,  373,  374,	375,  376,  377,  266,
+  267,	298,  299,  330,  331,	362,  363,  334,  335,	282,  283,  314,  315,
+  346,	347,  378,  379,  350,	351,  384,  385,  386,	387,  388,  389,  390,
+  391,	392,  393,  400,  401,	402,  403,  404,  405,	406,  407,  408,  409,
+  416,	417,  418,  419,  420,	421,  422,  423,  424,	425,  432,  433,  434,
+  435,	436,  437,  438,  439,	440,  441,  448,  449,	450,  451,  452,  453,
+  454,	455,  456,  457,  464,	465,  466,  467,  468,	469,  470,  471,  472,
+  473,	480,  481,  482,  483,	484,  485,  486,  487,	488,  489,  496,  497,
+  498,	499,  500,  501,  502,	503,  504,  505,  394,	395,  426,  427,  458,
+  459,	490,  491,  462,  463,	410,  411,  442,  443,	474,  475,  506,  507,
+  478,	479,  512,  513,  514,	515,  516,  517,  518,	519,  520,  521,  528,
+  529,	530,  531,  532,  533,	534,  535,  536,  537,	544,  545,  546,  547,
+  548,	549,  550,  551,  552,	553,  560,  561,  562,	563,  564,  565,  566,
+  567,	568,  569,  576,  577,	578,  579,  580,  581,	582,  583,  584,  585,
+  592,	593,  594,  595,  596,	597,  598,  599,  600,	601,  608,  609,  610,
+  611,	612,  613,  614,  615,	616,  617,  624,  625,	626,  627,  628,  629,
+  630,	631,  632,  633,  522,	523,  554,  555,  586,	587,  618,  619,  590,
+  591,	538,  539,  570,  571,	602,  603,  634,  635,	606,  607,  640,  641,
+  642,	643,  644,  645,  646,	647,  648,  649,  656,	657,  658,  659,  660,
+  661,	662,  663,  664,  665,	672,  673,  674,  675,	676,  677,  678,  679,
+  680,	681,  688,  689,  690,	691,  692,  693,  694,	695,  696,  697,  704,
+  705,	706,  707,  708,  709,	710,  711,  712,  713,	720,  721,  722,  723,
+  724,	725,  726,  727,  728,	729,  736,  737,  738,	739,  740,  741,  742,
+  743,	744,  745,  752,  753,	754,  755,  756,  757,	758,  759,  760,  761,
+  650,	651,  682,  683,  714,	715,  746,  747,  718,	719,  666,  667,  698,
+  699,	730,  731,  762,  763,	734,  735,  768,  769,	770,  771,  772,  773,
+  774,	775,  776,  777,  784,	785,  786,  787,  788,	789,  790,  791,  792,
+  793,	800,  801,  802,  803,	804,  805,  806,  807,	808,  809,  816,  817,
+  818,	819,  820,  821,  822,	823,  824,  825,  832,	833,  834,  835,  836,
+  837,	838,  839,  840,  841,	848,  849,  850,  851,	852,  853,  854,  855,
+  856,	857,  864,  865,  866,	867,  868,  869,  870,	871,  872,  873,  880,
+  881,	882,  883,  884,  885,	886,  887,  888,  889,	778,  779,  810,  811,
+  842,	843,  874,  875,  846,	847,  794,  795,  826,	827,  858,  859,  890,
+  891,	862,  863,  896,  897,	898,  899,  900,  901,	902,  903,  904,  905,
+  912,	913,  914,  915,  916,	917,  918,  919,  920,	921,  928,  929,  930,
+  931,	932,  933,  934,  935,	936,  937,  944,  945,	946,  947,  948,  949,
+  950,	951,  952,  953,  960,	961,  962,  963,  964,	965,  966,  967,  968,
+  969,	976,  977,  978,  979,	980,  981,  982,  983,	984,  985,  992,  993,
+  994,	995,  996,  997,  998,	999, 1000, 1001, 1008, 1009, 1010, 1011, 1012,
+ 1013, 1014, 1015, 1016, 1017,	906,  907,  938,  939,	970,  971, 1002, 1003,
+  974,	975,  922,  923,  954,	955,  986,  987, 1018, 1019,  990,  991,   12,
+   13,	268,  269,  524,  525,	780,  781,   46,   47,	 28,   29,  284,  285,
+  540,	541,  796,  797,   62,	 63,   44,   45,  300,	301,  556,  557,  812,
+  813,	302,  303,   60,   61,	316,  317,  572,  573,	828,  829,  318,  319,
+   76,	 77,  332,  333,  588,	589,  844,  845,  558,	559,   92,   93,  348,
+  349,	604,  605,  860,  861,	574,  575,  108,  109,	364,  365,  620,  621,
+  876,	877,  814,  815,  124,	125,  380,  381,  636,	637,  892,  893,  830,
+  831,	 14,   15,  270,  271,	526,  527,  782,  783,	110,  111,   30,   31,
+  286,	287,  542,  543,  798,	799,  126,  127,  140,	141,  396,  397,  652,
+  653,	908,  909,  174,  175,	156,  157,  412,  413,	668,  669,  924,  925,
+  190,	191,  172,  173,  428,	429,  684,  685,  940,	941,  430,  431,  188,
+  189,	444,  445,  700,  701,	956,  957,  446,  447,	204,  205,  460,  461,
+  716,	717,  972,  973,  686,	687,  220,  221,  476,	477,  732,  733,  988,
+  989,	702,  703,  236,  237,	492,  493,  748,  749, 1004, 1005,  942,  943,
+  252,	253,  508,  509,  764,	765, 1020, 1021,  958,	959,  142,  143,  398,
+  399,	654,  655,  910,  911,	238,  239,  158,  159,	414,  415,  670,  671,
+  926,	927,  254,  255};
 #endif
 
-#if DEC_DPD2BCD==1
+#if defined(DEC_DPD2BIN) && DEC_DPD2BIN==1 && !defined(DECDPD2BIN)
+#define DECDPD2BIN
 
-const uint16_t DPD2BCD[1024] = { 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7,
-  8, 9, 128, 129, 2048, 2049, 2176, 2177, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20,
-  21, 22, 23, 24, 25, 144, 145, 2064, 2065, 2192, 2193, 32, 33,
-  34, 35, 36, 37, 38, 39, 40, 41, 130, 131, 2080, 2081, 2056,
-  2057, 48, 49, 50, 51, 52, 53, 54, 55, 56, 57, 146, 147,
-  2096, 2097, 2072, 2073, 64, 65, 66, 67, 68, 69, 70, 71, 72,
-  73, 132, 133, 2112, 2113, 136, 137, 80, 81, 82, 83, 84, 85,
-  86, 87, 88, 89, 148, 149, 2128, 2129, 152, 153, 96, 97, 98,
-  99, 100, 101, 102, 103, 104, 105, 134, 135, 2144, 2145, 2184, 2185,
-  112, 113, 114, 115, 116, 117, 118, 119, 120, 121, 150, 151, 2160,
-  2161, 2200, 2201, 256, 257, 258, 259, 260, 261, 262, 263, 264, 265,
-  384, 385, 2304, 2305, 2432, 2433, 272, 273, 274, 275, 276, 277, 278,
-  279, 280, 281, 400, 401, 2320, 2321, 2448, 2449, 288, 289, 290, 291,
-  292, 293, 294, 295, 296, 297, 386, 387, 2336, 2337, 2312, 2313, 304,
-  305, 306, 307, 308, 309, 310, 311, 312, 313, 402, 403, 2352, 2353,
-  2328, 2329, 320, 321, 322, 323, 324, 325, 326, 327, 328, 329, 388,
-  389, 2368, 2369, 392, 393, 336, 337, 338, 339, 340, 341, 342, 343,
-  344, 345, 404, 405, 2384, 2385, 408, 409, 352, 353, 354, 355, 356,
-  357, 358, 359, 360, 361, 390, 391, 2400, 2401, 2440, 2441, 368, 369,
-  370, 371, 372, 373, 374, 375, 376, 377, 406, 407, 2416, 2417, 2456,
-  2457, 512, 513, 514, 515, 516, 517, 518, 519, 520, 521, 640, 641,
-  2050, 2051, 2178, 2179, 528, 529, 530, 531, 532, 533, 534, 535, 536,
-  537, 656, 657, 2066, 2067, 2194, 2195, 544, 545, 546, 547, 548, 549,
-  550, 551, 552, 553, 642, 643, 2082, 2083, 2088, 2089, 560, 561, 562,
-  563, 564, 565, 566, 567, 568, 569, 658, 659, 2098, 2099, 2104, 2105,
-  576, 577, 578, 579, 580, 581, 582, 583, 584, 585, 644, 645, 2114,
-  2115, 648, 649, 592, 593, 594, 595, 596, 597, 598, 599, 600, 601,
-  660, 661, 2130, 2131, 664, 665, 608, 609, 610, 611, 612, 613, 614,
-  615, 616, 617, 646, 647, 2146, 2147, 2184, 2185, 624, 625, 626, 627,
-  628, 629, 630, 631, 632, 633, 662, 663, 2162, 2163, 2200, 2201, 768,
-  769, 770, 771, 772, 773, 774, 775, 776, 777, 896, 897, 2306, 2307,
-  2434, 2435, 784, 785, 786, 787, 788, 789, 790, 791, 792, 793, 912,
-  913, 2322, 2323, 2450, 2451, 800, 801, 802, 803, 804, 805, 806, 807,
-  808, 809, 898, 899, 2338, 2339, 2344, 2345, 816, 817, 818, 819, 820,
-  821, 822, 823, 824, 825, 914, 915, 2354, 2355, 2360, 2361, 832, 833,
-  834, 835, 836, 837, 838, 839, 840, 841, 900, 901, 2370, 2371, 904,
-  905, 848, 849, 850, 851, 852, 853, 854, 855, 856, 857, 916, 917,
-  2386, 2387, 920, 921, 864, 865, 866, 867, 868, 869, 870, 871, 872,
-  873, 902, 903, 2402, 2403, 2440, 2441, 880, 881, 882, 883, 884, 885,
-  886, 887, 888, 889, 918, 919, 2418, 2419, 2456, 2457, 1024, 1025, 1026,
-  1027, 1028, 1029, 1030, 1031, 1032, 1033, 1152, 1153, 2052, 2053, 2180,
-    2181,
-  1040, 1041, 1042, 1043, 1044, 1045, 1046, 1047, 1048, 1049, 1168, 1169,
-    2068,
-  2069, 2196, 2197, 1056, 1057, 1058, 1059, 1060, 1061, 1062, 1063, 1064,
-    1065,
-  1154, 1155, 2084, 2085, 2120, 2121, 1072, 1073, 1074, 1075, 1076, 1077,
-    1078,
-  1079, 1080, 1081, 1170, 1171, 2100, 2101, 2136, 2137, 1088, 1089, 1090,
-    1091,
-  1092, 1093, 1094, 1095, 1096, 1097, 1156, 1157, 2116, 2117, 1160, 1161,
-    1104,
-  1105, 1106, 1107, 1108, 1109, 1110, 1111, 1112, 1113, 1172, 1173, 2132,
-    2133,
-  1176, 1177, 1120, 1121, 1122, 1123, 1124, 1125, 1126, 1127, 1128, 1129,
-    1158,
-  1159, 2148, 2149, 2184, 2185, 1136, 1137, 1138, 1139, 1140, 1141, 1142,
-    1143,
-  1144, 1145, 1174, 1175, 2164, 2165, 2200, 2201, 1280, 1281, 1282, 1283,
-    1284,
-  1285, 1286, 1287, 1288, 1289, 1408, 1409, 2308, 2309, 2436, 2437, 1296,
-    1297,
-  1298, 1299, 1300, 1301, 1302, 1303, 1304, 1305, 1424, 1425, 2324, 2325,
-    2452,
-  2453, 1312, 1313, 1314, 1315, 1316, 1317, 1318, 1319, 1320, 1321, 1410,
-    1411,
-  2340, 2341, 2376, 2377, 1328, 1329, 1330, 1331, 1332, 1333, 1334, 1335,
-    1336,
-  1337, 1426, 1427, 2356, 2357, 2392, 2393, 1344, 1345, 1346, 1347, 1348,
-    1349,
-  1350, 1351, 1352, 1353, 1412, 1413, 2372, 2373, 1416, 1417, 1360, 1361,
-    1362,
-  1363, 1364, 1365, 1366, 1367, 1368, 1369, 1428, 1429, 2388, 2389, 1432,
-    1433,
-  1376, 1377, 1378, 1379, 1380, 1381, 1382, 1383, 1384, 1385, 1414, 1415,
-    2404,
-  2405, 2440, 2441, 1392, 1393, 1394, 1395, 1396, 1397, 1398, 1399, 1400,
-    1401,
-  1430, 1431, 2420, 2421, 2456, 2457, 1536, 1537, 1538, 1539, 1540, 1541,
-    1542,
-  1543, 1544, 1545, 1664, 1665, 2054, 2055, 2182, 2183, 1552, 1553, 1554,
-    1555,
-  1556, 1557, 1558, 1559, 1560, 1561, 1680, 1681, 2070, 2071, 2198, 2199,
-    1568,
-  1569, 1570, 1571, 1572, 1573, 1574, 1575, 1576, 1577, 1666, 1667, 2086,
-    2087,
-  2152, 2153, 1584, 1585, 1586, 1587, 1588, 1589, 1590, 1591, 1592, 1593,
-    1682,
-  1683, 2102, 2103, 2168, 2169, 1600, 1601, 1602, 1603, 1604, 1605, 1606,
-    1607,
-  1608, 1609, 1668, 1669, 2118, 2119, 1672, 1673, 1616, 1617, 1618, 1619,
-    1620,
-  1621, 1622, 1623, 1624, 1625, 1684, 1685, 2134, 2135, 1688, 1689, 1632,
-    1633,
-  1634, 1635, 1636, 1637, 1638, 1639, 1640, 1641, 1670, 1671, 2150, 2151,
-    2184,
-  2185, 1648, 1649, 1650, 1651, 1652, 1653, 1654, 1655, 1656, 1657, 1686,
-    1687,
-  2166, 2167, 2200, 2201, 1792, 1793, 1794, 1795, 1796, 1797, 1798, 1799,
-    1800,
-  1801, 1920, 1921, 2310, 2311, 2438, 2439, 1808, 1809, 1810, 1811, 1812,
-    1813,
-  1814, 1815, 1816, 1817, 1936, 1937, 2326, 2327, 2454, 2455, 1824, 1825,
-    1826,
-  1827, 1828, 1829, 1830, 1831, 1832, 1833, 1922, 1923, 2342, 2343, 2408,
-    2409,
-  1840, 1841, 1842, 1843, 1844, 1845, 1846, 1847, 1848, 1849, 1938, 1939,
-    2358,
-  2359, 2424, 2425, 1856, 1857, 1858, 1859, 1860, 1861, 1862, 1863, 1864,
-    1865,
-  1924, 1925, 2374, 2375, 1928, 1929, 1872, 1873, 1874, 1875, 1876, 1877,
-    1878,
-  1879, 1880, 1881, 1940, 1941, 2390, 2391, 1944, 1945, 1888, 1889, 1890,
-    1891,
-  1892, 1893, 1894, 1895, 1896, 1897, 1926, 1927, 2406, 2407, 2440, 2441,
-    1904,
-  1905, 1906, 1907, 1908, 1909, 1910, 1911, 1912, 1913, 1942, 1943, 2422,
-    2423,
-  2456, 2457
-};
+const uint16_t DPD2BIN[1024]={	  0,	1,    2,    3,	  4,	5,    6,    7,
+    8,	  9,   80,   81,  800,	801,  880,  881,   10,	 11,   12,   13,   14,
+   15,	 16,   17,   18,   19,	 90,   91,  810,  811,	890,  891,   20,   21,
+   22,	 23,   24,   25,   26,	 27,   28,   29,   82,	 83,  820,  821,  808,
+  809,	 30,   31,   32,   33,	 34,   35,   36,   37,	 38,   39,   92,   93,
+  830,	831,  818,  819,   40,	 41,   42,   43,   44,	 45,   46,   47,   48,
+   49,	 84,   85,  840,  841,	 88,   89,   50,   51,	 52,   53,   54,   55,
+   56,	 57,   58,   59,   94,	 95,  850,  851,   98,	 99,   60,   61,   62,
+   63,	 64,   65,   66,   67,	 68,   69,   86,   87,	860,  861,  888,  889,
+   70,	 71,   72,   73,   74,	 75,   76,   77,   78,	 79,   96,   97,  870,
+  871,	898,  899,  100,  101,	102,  103,  104,  105,	106,  107,  108,  109,
+  180,	181,  900,  901,  980,	981,  110,  111,  112,	113,  114,  115,  116,
+  117,	118,  119,  190,  191,	910,  911,  990,  991,	120,  121,  122,  123,
+  124,	125,  126,  127,  128,	129,  182,  183,  920,	921,  908,  909,  130,
+  131,	132,  133,  134,  135,	136,  137,  138,  139,	192,  193,  930,  931,
+  918,	919,  140,  141,  142,	143,  144,  145,  146,	147,  148,  149,  184,
+  185,	940,  941,  188,  189,	150,  151,  152,  153,	154,  155,  156,  157,
+  158,	159,  194,  195,  950,	951,  198,  199,  160,	161,  162,  163,  164,
+  165,	166,  167,  168,  169,	186,  187,  960,  961,	988,  989,  170,  171,
+  172,	173,  174,  175,  176,	177,  178,  179,  196,	197,  970,  971,  998,
+  999,	200,  201,  202,  203,	204,  205,  206,  207,	208,  209,  280,  281,
+  802,	803,  882,  883,  210,	211,  212,  213,  214,	215,  216,  217,  218,
+  219,	290,  291,  812,  813,	892,  893,  220,  221,	222,  223,  224,  225,
+  226,	227,  228,  229,  282,	283,  822,  823,  828,	829,  230,  231,  232,
+  233,	234,  235,  236,  237,	238,  239,  292,  293,	832,  833,  838,  839,
+  240,	241,  242,  243,  244,	245,  246,  247,  248,	249,  284,  285,  842,
+  843,	288,  289,  250,  251,	252,  253,  254,  255,	256,  257,  258,  259,
+  294,	295,  852,  853,  298,	299,  260,  261,  262,	263,  264,  265,  266,
+  267,	268,  269,  286,  287,	862,  863,  888,  889,	270,  271,  272,  273,
+  274,	275,  276,  277,  278,	279,  296,  297,  872,	873,  898,  899,  300,
+  301,	302,  303,  304,  305,	306,  307,  308,  309,	380,  381,  902,  903,
+  982,	983,  310,  311,  312,	313,  314,  315,  316,	317,  318,  319,  390,
+  391,	912,  913,  992,  993,	320,  321,  322,  323,	324,  325,  326,  327,
+  328,	329,  382,  383,  922,	923,  928,  929,  330,	331,  332,  333,  334,
+  335,	336,  337,  338,  339,	392,  393,  932,  933,	938,  939,  340,  341,
+  342,	343,  344,  345,  346,	347,  348,  349,  384,	385,  942,  943,  388,
+  389,	350,  351,  352,  353,	354,  355,  356,  357,	358,  359,  394,  395,
+  952,	953,  398,  399,  360,	361,  362,  363,  364,	365,  366,  367,  368,
+  369,	386,  387,  962,  963,	988,  989,  370,  371,	372,  373,  374,  375,
+  376,	377,  378,  379,  396,	397,  972,  973,  998,	999,  400,  401,  402,
+  403,	404,  405,  406,  407,	408,  409,  480,  481,	804,  805,  884,  885,
+  410,	411,  412,  413,  414,	415,  416,  417,  418,	419,  490,  491,  814,
+  815,	894,  895,  420,  421,	422,  423,  424,  425,	426,  427,  428,  429,
+  482,	483,  824,  825,  848,	849,  430,  431,  432,	433,  434,  435,  436,
+  437,	438,  439,  492,  493,	834,  835,  858,  859,	440,  441,  442,  443,
+  444,	445,  446,  447,  448,	449,  484,  485,  844,	845,  488,  489,  450,
+  451,	452,  453,  454,  455,	456,  457,  458,  459,	494,  495,  854,  855,
+  498,	499,  460,  461,  462,	463,  464,  465,  466,	467,  468,  469,  486,
+  487,	864,  865,  888,  889,	470,  471,  472,  473,	474,  475,  476,  477,
+  478,	479,  496,  497,  874,	875,  898,  899,  500,	501,  502,  503,  504,
+  505,	506,  507,  508,  509,	580,  581,  904,  905,	984,  985,  510,  511,
+  512,	513,  514,  515,  516,	517,  518,  519,  590,	591,  914,  915,  994,
+  995,	520,  521,  522,  523,	524,  525,  526,  527,	528,  529,  582,  583,
+  924,	925,  948,  949,  530,	531,  532,  533,  534,	535,  536,  537,  538,
+  539,	592,  593,  934,  935,	958,  959,  540,  541,	542,  543,  544,  545,
+  546,	547,  548,  549,  584,	585,  944,  945,  588,	589,  550,  551,  552,
+  553,	554,  555,  556,  557,	558,  559,  594,  595,	954,  955,  598,  599,
+  560,	561,  562,  563,  564,	565,  566,  567,  568,	569,  586,  587,  964,
+  965,	988,  989,  570,  571,	572,  573,  574,  575,	576,  577,  578,  579,
+  596,	597,  974,  975,  998,	999,  600,  601,  602,	603,  604,  605,  606,
+  607,	608,  609,  680,  681,	806,  807,  886,  887,	610,  611,  612,  613,
+  614,	615,  616,  617,  618,	619,  690,  691,  816,	817,  896,  897,  620,
+  621,	622,  623,  624,  625,	626,  627,  628,  629,	682,  683,  826,  827,
+  868,	869,  630,  631,  632,	633,  634,  635,  636,	637,  638,  639,  692,
+  693,	836,  837,  878,  879,	640,  641,  642,  643,	644,  645,  646,  647,
+  648,	649,  684,  685,  846,	847,  688,  689,  650,	651,  652,  653,  654,
+  655,	656,  657,  658,  659,	694,  695,  856,  857,	698,  699,  660,  661,
+  662,	663,  664,  665,  666,	667,  668,  669,  686,	687,  866,  867,  888,
+  889,	670,  671,  672,  673,	674,  675,  676,  677,	678,  679,  696,  697,
+  876,	877,  898,  899,  700,	701,  702,  703,  704,	705,  706,  707,  708,
+  709,	780,  781,  906,  907,	986,  987,  710,  711,	712,  713,  714,  715,
+  716,	717,  718,  719,  790,	791,  916,  917,  996,	997,  720,  721,  722,
+  723,	724,  725,  726,  727,	728,  729,  782,  783,	926,  927,  968,  969,
+  730,	731,  732,  733,  734,	735,  736,  737,  738,	739,  792,  793,  936,
+  937,	978,  979,  740,  741,	742,  743,  744,  745,	746,  747,  748,  749,
+  784,	785,  946,  947,  788,	789,  750,  751,  752,	753,  754,  755,  756,
+  757,	758,  759,  794,  795,	956,  957,  798,  799,	760,  761,  762,  763,
+  764,	765,  766,  767,  768,	769,  786,  787,  966,	967,  988,  989,  770,
+  771,	772,  773,  774,  775,	776,  777,  778,  779,	796,  797,  976,  977,
+  998,	999};
 #endif
 
-#if DEC_BIN2DPD==1
+#if defined(DEC_DPD2BINK) && DEC_DPD2BINK==1 && !defined(DECDPD2BINK)
+#define DECDPD2BINK
 
-const uint16_t BIN2DPD[1000] = { 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7,
-  8, 9, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20, 21, 22, 23, 24, 25, 32,
-  33, 34, 35, 36, 37, 38, 39, 40, 41, 48, 49, 50, 51,
-  52, 53, 54, 55, 56, 57, 64, 65, 66, 67, 68, 69, 70,
-  71, 72, 73, 80, 81, 82, 83, 84, 85, 86, 87, 88, 89,
-  96, 97, 98, 99, 100, 101, 102, 103, 104, 105, 112, 113, 114,
-  115, 116, 117, 118, 119, 120, 121, 10, 11, 42, 43, 74, 75,
-  106, 107, 78, 79, 26, 27, 58, 59, 90, 91, 122, 123, 94,
-  95, 128, 129, 130, 131, 132, 133, 134, 135, 136, 137, 144, 145,
-  146, 147, 148, 149, 150, 151, 152, 153, 160, 161, 162, 163, 164,
-  165, 166, 167, 168, 169, 176, 177, 178, 179, 180, 181, 182, 183,
-  184, 185, 192, 193, 194, 195, 196, 197, 198, 199, 200, 201, 208,
-  209, 210, 211, 212, 213, 214, 215, 216, 217, 224, 225, 226, 227,
-  228, 229, 230, 231, 232, 233, 240, 241, 242, 243, 244, 245, 246,
-  247, 248, 249, 138, 139, 170, 171, 202, 203, 234, 235, 206, 207,
-  154, 155, 186, 187, 218, 219, 250, 251, 222, 223, 256, 257, 258,
-  259, 260, 261, 262, 263, 264, 265, 272, 273, 274, 275, 276, 277,
-  278, 279, 280, 281, 288, 289, 290, 291, 292, 293, 294, 295, 296,
-  297, 304, 305, 306, 307, 308, 309, 310, 311, 312, 313, 320, 321,
-  322, 323, 324, 325, 326, 327, 328, 329, 336, 337, 338, 339, 340,
-  341, 342, 343, 344, 345, 352, 353, 354, 355, 356, 357, 358, 359,
-  360, 361, 368, 369, 370, 371, 372, 373, 374, 375, 376, 377, 266,
-  267, 298, 299, 330, 331, 362, 363, 334, 335, 282, 283, 314, 315,
-  346, 347, 378, 379, 350, 351, 384, 385, 386, 387, 388, 389, 390,
-  391, 392, 393, 400, 401, 402, 403, 404, 405, 406, 407, 408, 409,
-  416, 417, 418, 419, 420, 421, 422, 423, 424, 425, 432, 433, 434,
-  435, 436, 437, 438, 439, 440, 441, 448, 449, 450, 451, 452, 453,
-  454, 455, 456, 457, 464, 465, 466, 467, 468, 469, 470, 471, 472,
-  473, 480, 481, 482, 483, 484, 485, 486, 487, 488, 489, 496, 497,
-  498, 499, 500, 501, 502, 503, 504, 505, 394, 395, 426, 427, 458,
-  459, 490, 491, 462, 463, 410, 411, 442, 443, 474, 475, 506, 507,
-  478, 479, 512, 513, 514, 515, 516, 517, 518, 519, 520, 521, 528,
-  529, 530, 531, 532, 533, 534, 535, 536, 537, 544, 545, 546, 547,
-  548, 549, 550, 551, 552, 553, 560, 561, 562, 563, 564, 565, 566,
-  567, 568, 569, 576, 577, 578, 579, 580, 581, 582, 583, 584, 585,
-  592, 593, 594, 595, 596, 597, 598, 599, 600, 601, 608, 609, 610,
-  611, 612, 613, 614, 615, 616, 617, 624, 625, 626, 627, 628, 629,
-  630, 631, 632, 633, 522, 523, 554, 555, 586, 587, 618, 619, 590,
-  591, 538, 539, 570, 571, 602, 603, 634, 635, 606, 607, 640, 641,
-  642, 643, 644, 645, 646, 647, 648, 649, 656, 657, 658, 659, 660,
-  661, 662, 663, 664, 665, 672, 673, 674, 675, 676, 677, 678, 679,
-  680, 681, 688, 689, 690, 691, 692, 693, 694, 695, 696, 697, 704,
-  705, 706, 707, 708, 709, 710, 711, 712, 713, 720, 721, 722, 723,
-  724, 725, 726, 727, 728, 729, 736, 737, 738, 739, 740, 741, 742,
-  743, 744, 745, 752, 753, 754, 755, 756, 757, 758, 759, 760, 761,
-  650, 651, 682, 683, 714, 715, 746, 747, 718, 719, 666, 667, 698,
-  699, 730, 731, 762, 763, 734, 735, 768, 769, 770, 771, 772, 773,
-  774, 775, 776, 777, 784, 785, 786, 787, 788, 789, 790, 791, 792,
-  793, 800, 801, 802, 803, 804, 805, 806, 807, 808, 809, 816, 817,
-  818, 819, 820, 821, 822, 823, 824, 825, 832, 833, 834, 835, 836,
-  837, 838, 839, 840, 841, 848, 849, 850, 851, 852, 853, 854, 855,
-  856, 857, 864, 865, 866, 867, 868, 869, 870, 871, 872, 873, 880,
-  881, 882, 883, 884, 885, 886, 887, 888, 889, 778, 779, 810, 811,
-  842, 843, 874, 875, 846, 847, 794, 795, 826, 827, 858, 859, 890,
-  891, 862, 863, 896, 897, 898, 899, 900, 901, 902, 903, 904, 905,
-  912, 913, 914, 915, 916, 917, 918, 919, 920, 921, 928, 929, 930,
-  931, 932, 933, 934, 935, 936, 937, 944, 945, 946, 947, 948, 949,
-  950, 951, 952, 953, 960, 961, 962, 963, 964, 965, 966, 967, 968,
-  969, 976, 977, 978, 979, 980, 981, 982, 983, 984, 985, 992, 993,
-  994, 995, 996, 997, 998, 999, 1000, 1001, 1008, 1009, 1010, 1011, 1012,
-  1013, 1014, 1015, 1016, 1017, 906, 907, 938, 939, 970, 971, 1002, 1003,
-  974, 975, 922, 923, 954, 955, 986, 987, 1018, 1019, 990, 991, 12,
-  13, 268, 269, 524, 525, 780, 781, 46, 47, 28, 29, 284, 285,
-  540, 541, 796, 797, 62, 63, 44, 45, 300, 301, 556, 557, 812,
-  813, 302, 303, 60, 61, 316, 317, 572, 573, 828, 829, 318, 319,
-  76, 77, 332, 333, 588, 589, 844, 845, 558, 559, 92, 93, 348,
-  349, 604, 605, 860, 861, 574, 575, 108, 109, 364, 365, 620, 621,
-  876, 877, 814, 815, 124, 125, 380, 381, 636, 637, 892, 893, 830,
-  831, 14, 15, 270, 271, 526, 527, 782, 783, 110, 111, 30, 31,
-  286, 287, 542, 543, 798, 799, 126, 127, 140, 141, 396, 397, 652,
-  653, 908, 909, 174, 175, 156, 157, 412, 413, 668, 669, 924, 925,
-  190, 191, 172, 173, 428, 429, 684, 685, 940, 941, 430, 431, 188,
-  189, 444, 445, 700, 701, 956, 957, 446, 447, 204, 205, 460, 461,
-  716, 717, 972, 973, 686, 687, 220, 221, 476, 477, 732, 733, 988,
-  989, 702, 703, 236, 237, 492, 493, 748, 749, 1004, 1005, 942, 943,
-  252, 253, 508, 509, 764, 765, 1020, 1021, 958, 959, 142, 143, 398,
-  399, 654, 655, 910, 911, 238, 239, 158, 159, 414, 415, 670, 671,
-  926, 927, 254, 255
-};
+const uint32_t DPD2BINK[1024]={	      0,   1000,   2000,   3000,   4000,   5000,
+   6000,   7000,   8000,   9000,  80000,  81000, 800000, 801000, 880000, 881000,
+  10000,  11000,  12000,  13000,  14000,  15000,  16000,  17000,  18000,  19000,
+  90000,  91000, 810000, 811000, 890000, 891000,  20000,  21000,  22000,  23000,
+  24000,  25000,  26000,  27000,  28000,  29000,  82000,  83000, 820000, 821000,
+ 808000, 809000,  30000,  31000,  32000,  33000,  34000,  35000,  36000,  37000,
+  38000,  39000,  92000,  93000, 830000, 831000, 818000, 819000,  40000,  41000,
+  42000,  43000,  44000,  45000,  46000,  47000,  48000,  49000,  84000,  85000,
+ 840000, 841000,  88000,  89000,  50000,  51000,  52000,  53000,  54000,  55000,
+  56000,  57000,  58000,  59000,  94000,  95000, 850000, 851000,  98000,  99000,
+  60000,  61000,  62000,  63000,  64000,  65000,  66000,  67000,  68000,  69000,
+  86000,  87000, 860000, 861000, 888000, 889000,  70000,  71000,  72000,  73000,
+  74000,  75000,  76000,  77000,  78000,  79000,  96000,  97000, 870000, 871000,
+ 898000, 899000, 100000, 101000, 102000, 103000, 104000, 105000, 106000, 107000,
+ 108000, 109000, 180000, 181000, 900000, 901000, 980000, 981000, 110000, 111000,
+ 112000, 113000, 114000, 115000, 116000, 117000, 118000, 119000, 190000, 191000,
+ 910000, 911000, 990000, 991000, 120000, 121000, 122000, 123000, 124000, 125000,
+ 126000, 127000, 128000, 129000, 182000, 183000, 920000, 921000, 908000, 909000,
+ 130000, 131000, 132000, 133000, 134000, 135000, 136000, 137000, 138000, 139000,
+ 192000, 193000, 930000, 931000, 918000, 919000, 140000, 141000, 142000, 143000,
+ 144000, 145000, 146000, 147000, 148000, 149000, 184000, 185000, 940000, 941000,
+ 188000, 189000, 150000, 151000, 152000, 153000, 154000, 155000, 156000, 157000,
+ 158000, 159000, 194000, 195000, 950000, 951000, 198000, 199000, 160000, 161000,
+ 162000, 163000, 164000, 165000, 166000, 167000, 168000, 169000, 186000, 187000,
+ 960000, 961000, 988000, 989000, 170000, 171000, 172000, 173000, 174000, 175000,
+ 176000, 177000, 178000, 179000, 196000, 197000, 970000, 971000, 998000, 999000,
+ 200000, 201000, 202000, 203000, 204000, 205000, 206000, 207000, 208000, 209000,
+ 280000, 281000, 802000, 803000, 882000, 883000, 210000, 211000, 212000, 213000,
+ 214000, 215000, 216000, 217000, 218000, 219000, 290000, 291000, 812000, 813000,
+ 892000, 893000, 220000, 221000, 222000, 223000, 224000, 225000, 226000, 227000,
+ 228000, 229000, 282000, 283000, 822000, 823000, 828000, 829000, 230000, 231000,
+ 232000, 233000, 234000, 235000, 236000, 237000, 238000, 239000, 292000, 293000,
+ 832000, 833000, 838000, 839000, 240000, 241000, 242000, 243000, 244000, 245000,
+ 246000, 247000, 248000, 249000, 284000, 285000, 842000, 843000, 288000, 289000,
+ 250000, 251000, 252000, 253000, 254000, 255000, 256000, 257000, 258000, 259000,
+ 294000, 295000, 852000, 853000, 298000, 299000, 260000, 261000, 262000, 263000,
+ 264000, 265000, 266000, 267000, 268000, 269000, 286000, 287000, 862000, 863000,
+ 888000, 889000, 270000, 271000, 272000, 273000, 274000, 275000, 276000, 277000,
+ 278000, 279000, 296000, 297000, 872000, 873000, 898000, 899000, 300000, 301000,
+ 302000, 303000, 304000, 305000, 306000, 307000, 308000, 309000, 380000, 381000,
+ 902000, 903000, 982000, 983000, 310000, 311000, 312000, 313000, 314000, 315000,
+ 316000, 317000, 318000, 319000, 390000, 391000, 912000, 913000, 992000, 993000,
+ 320000, 321000, 322000, 323000, 324000, 325000, 326000, 327000, 328000, 329000,
+ 382000, 383000, 922000, 923000, 928000, 929000, 330000, 331000, 332000, 333000,
+ 334000, 335000, 336000, 337000, 338000, 339000, 392000, 393000, 932000, 933000,
+ 938000, 939000, 340000, 341000, 342000, 343000, 344000, 345000, 346000, 347000,
+ 348000, 349000, 384000, 385000, 942000, 943000, 388000, 389000, 350000, 351000,
+ 352000, 353000, 354000, 355000, 356000, 357000, 358000, 359000, 394000, 395000,
+ 952000, 953000, 398000, 399000, 360000, 361000, 362000, 363000, 364000, 365000,
+ 366000, 367000, 368000, 369000, 386000, 387000, 962000, 963000, 988000, 989000,
+ 370000, 371000, 372000, 373000, 374000, 375000, 376000, 377000, 378000, 379000,
+ 396000, 397000, 972000, 973000, 998000, 999000, 400000, 401000, 402000, 403000,
+ 404000, 405000, 406000, 407000, 408000, 409000, 480000, 481000, 804000, 805000,
+ 884000, 885000, 410000, 411000, 412000, 413000, 414000, 415000, 416000, 417000,
+ 418000, 419000, 490000, 491000, 814000, 815000, 894000, 895000, 420000, 421000,
+ 422000, 423000, 424000, 425000, 426000, 427000, 428000, 429000, 482000, 483000,
+ 824000, 825000, 848000, 849000, 430000, 431000, 432000, 433000, 434000, 435000,
+ 436000, 437000, 438000, 439000, 492000, 493000, 834000, 835000, 858000, 859000,
+ 440000, 441000, 442000, 443000, 444000, 445000, 446000, 447000, 448000, 449000,
+ 484000, 485000, 844000, 845000, 488000, 489000, 450000, 451000, 452000, 453000,
+ 454000, 455000, 456000, 457000, 458000, 459000, 494000, 495000, 854000, 855000,
+ 498000, 499000, 460000, 461000, 462000, 463000, 464000, 465000, 466000, 467000,
+ 468000, 469000, 486000, 487000, 864000, 865000, 888000, 889000, 470000, 471000,
+ 472000, 473000, 474000, 475000, 476000, 477000, 478000, 479000, 496000, 497000,
+ 874000, 875000, 898000, 899000, 500000, 501000, 502000, 503000, 504000, 505000,
+ 506000, 507000, 508000, 509000, 580000, 581000, 904000, 905000, 984000, 985000,
+ 510000, 511000, 512000, 513000, 514000, 515000, 516000, 517000, 518000, 519000,
+ 590000, 591000, 914000, 915000, 994000, 995000, 520000, 521000, 522000, 523000,
+ 524000, 525000, 526000, 527000, 528000, 529000, 582000, 583000, 924000, 925000,
+ 948000, 949000, 530000, 531000, 532000, 533000, 534000, 535000, 536000, 537000,
+ 538000, 539000, 592000, 593000, 934000, 935000, 958000, 959000, 540000, 541000,
+ 542000, 543000, 544000, 545000, 546000, 547000, 548000, 549000, 584000, 585000,
+ 944000, 945000, 588000, 589000, 550000, 551000, 552000, 553000, 554000, 555000,
+ 556000, 557000, 558000, 559000, 594000, 595000, 954000, 955000, 598000, 599000,
+ 560000, 561000, 562000, 563000, 564000, 565000, 566000, 567000, 568000, 569000,
+ 586000, 587000, 964000, 965000, 988000, 989000, 570000, 571000, 572000, 573000,
+ 574000, 575000, 576000, 577000, 578000, 579000, 596000, 597000, 974000, 975000,
+ 998000, 999000, 600000, 601000, 602000, 603000, 604000, 605000, 606000, 607000,
+ 608000, 609000, 680000, 681000, 806000, 807000, 886000, 887000, 610000, 611000,
+ 612000, 613000, 614000, 615000, 616000, 617000, 618000, 619000, 690000, 691000,
+ 816000, 817000, 896000, 897000, 620000, 621000, 622000, 623000, 624000, 625000,
+ 626000, 627000, 628000, 629000, 682000, 683000, 826000, 827000, 868000, 869000,
+ 630000, 631000, 632000, 633000, 634000, 635000, 636000, 637000, 638000, 639000,
+ 692000, 693000, 836000, 837000, 878000, 879000, 640000, 641000, 642000, 643000,
+ 644000, 645000, 646000, 647000, 648000, 649000, 684000, 685000, 846000, 847000,
+ 688000, 689000, 650000, 651000, 652000, 653000, 654000, 655000, 656000, 657000,
+ 658000, 659000, 694000, 695000, 856000, 857000, 698000, 699000, 660000, 661000,
+ 662000, 663000, 664000, 665000, 666000, 667000, 668000, 669000, 686000, 687000,
+ 866000, 867000, 888000, 889000, 670000, 671000, 672000, 673000, 674000, 675000,
+ 676000, 677000, 678000, 679000, 696000, 697000, 876000, 877000, 898000, 899000,
+ 700000, 701000, 702000, 703000, 704000, 705000, 706000, 707000, 708000, 709000,
+ 780000, 781000, 906000, 907000, 986000, 987000, 710000, 711000, 712000, 713000,
+ 714000, 715000, 716000, 717000, 718000, 719000, 790000, 791000, 916000, 917000,
+ 996000, 997000, 720000, 721000, 722000, 723000, 724000, 725000, 726000, 727000,
+ 728000, 729000, 782000, 783000, 926000, 927000, 968000, 969000, 730000, 731000,
+ 732000, 733000, 734000, 735000, 736000, 737000, 738000, 739000, 792000, 793000,
+ 936000, 937000, 978000, 979000, 740000, 741000, 742000, 743000, 744000, 745000,
+ 746000, 747000, 748000, 749000, 784000, 785000, 946000, 947000, 788000, 789000,
+ 750000, 751000, 752000, 753000, 754000, 755000, 756000, 757000, 758000, 759000,
+ 794000, 795000, 956000, 957000, 798000, 799000, 760000, 761000, 762000, 763000,
+ 764000, 765000, 766000, 767000, 768000, 769000, 786000, 787000, 966000, 967000,
+ 988000, 989000, 770000, 771000, 772000, 773000, 774000, 775000, 776000, 777000,
+ 778000, 779000, 796000, 797000, 976000, 977000, 998000, 999000};
 #endif
 
-#if DEC_DPD2BIN==1
+#if defined(DEC_DPD2BINM) && DEC_DPD2BINM==1 && !defined(DECDPD2BINM)
+#define DECDPD2BINM
 
-const uint16_t DPD2BIN[1024] = { 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7,
-  8, 9, 80, 81, 800, 801, 880, 881, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14,
-  15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 90, 91, 810, 811, 890, 891, 20, 21,
-  22, 23, 24, 25, 26, 27, 28, 29, 82, 83, 820, 821, 808,
-  809, 30, 31, 32, 33, 34, 35, 36, 37, 38, 39, 92, 93,
-  830, 831, 818, 819, 40, 41, 42, 43, 44, 45, 46, 47, 48,
-  49, 84, 85, 840, 841, 88, 89, 50, 51, 52, 53, 54, 55,
-  56, 57, 58, 59, 94, 95, 850, 851, 98, 99, 60, 61, 62,
-  63, 64, 65, 66, 67, 68, 69, 86, 87, 860, 861, 888, 889,
-  70, 71, 72, 73, 74, 75, 76, 77, 78, 79, 96, 97, 870,
-  871, 898, 899, 100, 101, 102, 103, 104, 105, 106, 107, 108, 109,
-  180, 181, 900, 901, 980, 981, 110, 111, 112, 113, 114, 115, 116,
-  117, 118, 119, 190, 191, 910, 911, 990, 991, 120, 121, 122, 123,
-  124, 125, 126, 127, 128, 129, 182, 183, 920, 921, 908, 909, 130,
-  131, 132, 133, 134, 135, 136, 137, 138, 139, 192, 193, 930, 931,
-  918, 919, 140, 141, 142, 143, 144, 145, 146, 147, 148, 149, 184,
-  185, 940, 941, 188, 189, 150, 151, 152, 153, 154, 155, 156, 157,
-  158, 159, 194, 195, 950, 951, 198, 199, 160, 161, 162, 163, 164,
-  165, 166, 167, 168, 169, 186, 187, 960, 961, 988, 989, 170, 171,
-  172, 173, 174, 175, 176, 177, 178, 179, 196, 197, 970, 971, 998,
-  999, 200, 201, 202, 203, 204, 205, 206, 207, 208, 209, 280, 281,
-  802, 803, 882, 883, 210, 211, 212, 213, 214, 215, 216, 217, 218,
-  219, 290, 291, 812, 813, 892, 893, 220, 221, 222, 223, 224, 225,
-  226, 227, 228, 229, 282, 283, 822, 823, 828, 829, 230, 231, 232,
-  233, 234, 235, 236, 237, 238, 239, 292, 293, 832, 833, 838, 839,
-  240, 241, 242, 243, 244, 245, 246, 247, 248, 249, 284, 285, 842,
-  843, 288, 289, 250, 251, 252, 253, 254, 255, 256, 257, 258, 259,
-  294, 295, 852, 853, 298, 299, 260, 261, 262, 263, 264, 265, 266,
-  267, 268, 269, 286, 287, 862, 863, 888, 889, 270, 271, 272, 273,
-  274, 275, 276, 277, 278, 279, 296, 297, 872, 873, 898, 899, 300,
-  301, 302, 303, 304, 305, 306, 307, 308, 309, 380, 381, 902, 903,
-  982, 983, 310, 311, 312, 313, 314, 315, 316, 317, 318, 319, 390,
-  391, 912, 913, 992, 993, 320, 321, 322, 323, 324, 325, 326, 327,
-  328, 329, 382, 383, 922, 923, 928, 929, 330, 331, 332, 333, 334,
-  335, 336, 337, 338, 339, 392, 393, 932, 933, 938, 939, 340, 341,
-  342, 343, 344, 345, 346, 347, 348, 349, 384, 385, 942, 943, 388,
-  389, 350, 351, 352, 353, 354, 355, 356, 357, 358, 359, 394, 395,
-  952, 953, 398, 399, 360, 361, 362, 363, 364, 365, 366, 367, 368,
-  369, 386, 387, 962, 963, 988, 989, 370, 371, 372, 373, 374, 375,
-  376, 377, 378, 379, 396, 397, 972, 973, 998, 999, 400, 401, 402,
-  403, 404, 405, 406, 407, 408, 409, 480, 481, 804, 805, 884, 885,
-  410, 411, 412, 413, 414, 415, 416, 417, 418, 419, 490, 491, 814,
-  815, 894, 895, 420, 421, 422, 423, 424, 425, 426, 427, 428, 429,
-  482, 483, 824, 825, 848, 849, 430, 431, 432, 433, 434, 435, 436,
-  437, 438, 439, 492, 493, 834, 835, 858, 859, 440, 441, 442, 443,
-  444, 445, 446, 447, 448, 449, 484, 485, 844, 845, 488, 489, 450,
-  451, 452, 453, 454, 455, 456, 457, 458, 459, 494, 495, 854, 855,
-  498, 499, 460, 461, 462, 463, 464, 465, 466, 467, 468, 469, 486,
-  487, 864, 865, 888, 889, 470, 471, 472, 473, 474, 475, 476, 477,
-  478, 479, 496, 497, 874, 875, 898, 899, 500, 501, 502, 503, 504,
-  505, 506, 507, 508, 509, 580, 581, 904, 905, 984, 985, 510, 511,
-  512, 513, 514, 515, 516, 517, 518, 519, 590, 591, 914, 915, 994,
-  995, 520, 521, 522, 523, 524, 525, 526, 527, 528, 529, 582, 583,
-  924, 925, 948, 949, 530, 531, 532, 533, 534, 535, 536, 537, 538,
-  539, 592, 593, 934, 935, 958, 959, 540, 541, 542, 543, 544, 545,
-  546, 547, 548, 549, 584, 585, 944, 945, 588, 589, 550, 551, 552,
-  553, 554, 555, 556, 557, 558, 559, 594, 595, 954, 955, 598, 599,
-  560, 561, 562, 563, 564, 565, 566, 567, 568, 569, 586, 587, 964,
-  965, 988, 989, 570, 571, 572, 573, 574, 575, 576, 577, 578, 579,
-  596, 597, 974, 975, 998, 999, 600, 601, 602, 603, 604, 605, 606,
-  607, 608, 609, 680, 681, 806, 807, 886, 887, 610, 611, 612, 613,
-  614, 615, 616, 617, 618, 619, 690, 691, 816, 817, 896, 897, 620,
-  621, 622, 623, 624, 625, 626, 627, 628, 629, 682, 683, 826, 827,
-  868, 869, 630, 631, 632, 633, 634, 635, 636, 637, 638, 639, 692,
-  693, 836, 837, 878, 879, 640, 641, 642, 643, 644, 645, 646, 647,
-  648, 649, 684, 685, 846, 847, 688, 689, 650, 651, 652, 653, 654,
-  655, 656, 657, 658, 659, 694, 695, 856, 857, 698, 699, 660, 661,
-  662, 663, 664, 665, 666, 667, 668, 669, 686, 687, 866, 867, 888,
-  889, 670, 671, 672, 673, 674, 675, 676, 677, 678, 679, 696, 697,
-  876, 877, 898, 899, 700, 701, 702, 703, 704, 705, 706, 707, 708,
-  709, 780, 781, 906, 907, 986, 987, 710, 711, 712, 713, 714, 715,
-  716, 717, 718, 719, 790, 791, 916, 917, 996, 997, 720, 721, 722,
-  723, 724, 725, 726, 727, 728, 729, 782, 783, 926, 927, 968, 969,
-  730, 731, 732, 733, 734, 735, 736, 737, 738, 739, 792, 793, 936,
-  937, 978, 979, 740, 741, 742, 743, 744, 745, 746, 747, 748, 749,
-  784, 785, 946, 947, 788, 789, 750, 751, 752, 753, 754, 755, 756,
-  757, 758, 759, 794, 795, 956, 957, 798, 799, 760, 761, 762, 763,
-  764, 765, 766, 767, 768, 769, 786, 787, 966, 967, 988, 989, 770,
-  771, 772, 773, 774, 775, 776, 777, 778, 779, 796, 797, 976, 977,
-  998, 999
-};
+const uint32_t DPD2BINM[1024]={0,   1000000,   2000000,	  3000000,   4000000,
+   5000000,   6000000,	 7000000,   8000000,   9000000,	 80000000,  81000000,
+ 800000000, 801000000, 880000000, 881000000,  10000000,	 11000000,  12000000,
+  13000000,  14000000,	15000000,  16000000,  17000000,	 18000000,  19000000,
+  90000000,  91000000, 810000000, 811000000, 890000000, 891000000,  20000000,
+  21000000,  22000000,	23000000,  24000000,  25000000,	 26000000,  27000000,
+  28000000,  29000000,	82000000,  83000000, 820000000, 821000000, 808000000,
+ 809000000,  30000000,	31000000,  32000000,  33000000,	 34000000,  35000000,
+  36000000,  37000000,	38000000,  39000000,  92000000,	 93000000, 830000000,
+ 831000000, 818000000, 819000000,  40000000,  41000000,	 42000000,  43000000,
+  44000000,  45000000,	46000000,  47000000,  48000000,	 49000000,  84000000,
+  85000000, 840000000, 841000000,  88000000,  89000000,	 50000000,  51000000,
+  52000000,  53000000,	54000000,  55000000,  56000000,	 57000000,  58000000,
+  59000000,  94000000,	95000000, 850000000, 851000000,	 98000000,  99000000,
+  60000000,  61000000,	62000000,  63000000,  64000000,	 65000000,  66000000,
+  67000000,  68000000,	69000000,  86000000,  87000000, 860000000, 861000000,
+ 888000000, 889000000,	70000000,  71000000,  72000000,	 73000000,  74000000,
+  75000000,  76000000,	77000000,  78000000,  79000000,	 96000000,  97000000,
+ 870000000, 871000000, 898000000, 899000000, 100000000, 101000000, 102000000,
+ 103000000, 104000000, 105000000, 106000000, 107000000, 108000000, 109000000,
+ 180000000, 181000000, 900000000, 901000000, 980000000, 981000000, 110000000,
+ 111000000, 112000000, 113000000, 114000000, 115000000, 116000000, 117000000,
+ 118000000, 119000000, 190000000, 191000000, 910000000, 911000000, 990000000,
+ 991000000, 120000000, 121000000, 122000000, 123000000, 124000000, 125000000,
+ 126000000, 127000000, 128000000, 129000000, 182000000, 183000000, 920000000,
+ 921000000, 908000000, 909000000, 130000000, 131000000, 132000000, 133000000,
+ 134000000, 135000000, 136000000, 137000000, 138000000, 139000000, 192000000,
+ 193000000, 930000000, 931000000, 918000000, 919000000, 140000000, 141000000,
+ 142000000, 143000000, 144000000, 145000000, 146000000, 147000000, 148000000,
+ 149000000, 184000000, 185000000, 940000000, 941000000, 188000000, 189000000,
+ 150000000, 151000000, 152000000, 153000000, 154000000, 155000000, 156000000,
+ 157000000, 158000000, 159000000, 194000000, 195000000, 950000000, 951000000,
+ 198000000, 199000000, 160000000, 161000000, 162000000, 163000000, 164000000,
+ 165000000, 166000000, 167000000, 168000000, 169000000, 186000000, 187000000,
+ 960000000, 961000000, 988000000, 989000000, 170000000, 171000000, 172000000,
+ 173000000, 174000000, 175000000, 176000000, 177000000, 178000000, 179000000,
+ 196000000, 197000000, 970000000, 971000000, 998000000, 999000000, 200000000,
+ 201000000, 202000000, 203000000, 204000000, 205000000, 206000000, 207000000,
+ 208000000, 209000000, 280000000, 281000000, 802000000, 803000000, 882000000,
+ 883000000, 210000000, 211000000, 212000000, 213000000, 214000000, 215000000,
+ 216000000, 217000000, 218000000, 219000000, 290000000, 291000000, 812000000,
+ 813000000, 892000000, 893000000, 220000000, 221000000, 222000000, 223000000,
+ 224000000, 225000000, 226000000, 227000000, 228000000, 229000000, 282000000,
+ 283000000, 822000000, 823000000, 828000000, 829000000, 230000000, 231000000,
+ 232000000, 233000000, 234000000, 235000000, 236000000, 237000000, 238000000,
+ 239000000, 292000000, 293000000, 832000000, 833000000, 838000000, 839000000,
+ 240000000, 241000000, 242000000, 243000000, 244000000, 245000000, 246000000,
+ 247000000, 248000000, 249000000, 284000000, 285000000, 842000000, 843000000,
+ 288000000, 289000000, 250000000, 251000000, 252000000, 253000000, 254000000,
+ 255000000, 256000000, 257000000, 258000000, 259000000, 294000000, 295000000,
+ 852000000, 853000000, 298000000, 299000000, 260000000, 261000000, 262000000,
+ 263000000, 264000000, 265000000, 266000000, 267000000, 268000000, 269000000,
+ 286000000, 287000000, 862000000, 863000000, 888000000, 889000000, 270000000,
+ 271000000, 272000000, 273000000, 274000000, 275000000, 276000000, 277000000,
+ 278000000, 279000000, 296000000, 297000000, 872000000, 873000000, 898000000,
+ 899000000, 300000000, 301000000, 302000000, 303000000, 304000000, 305000000,
+ 306000000, 307000000, 308000000, 309000000, 380000000, 381000000, 902000000,
+ 903000000, 982000000, 983000000, 310000000, 311000000, 312000000, 313000000,
+ 314000000, 315000000, 316000000, 317000000, 318000000, 319000000, 390000000,
+ 391000000, 912000000, 913000000, 992000000, 993000000, 320000000, 321000000,
+ 322000000, 323000000, 324000000, 325000000, 326000000, 327000000, 328000000,
+ 329000000, 382000000, 383000000, 922000000, 923000000, 928000000, 929000000,
+ 330000000, 331000000, 332000000, 333000000, 334000000, 335000000, 336000000,
+ 337000000, 338000000, 339000000, 392000000, 393000000, 932000000, 933000000,
+ 938000000, 939000000, 340000000, 341000000, 342000000, 343000000, 344000000,
+ 345000000, 346000000, 347000000, 348000000, 349000000, 384000000, 385000000,
+ 942000000, 943000000, 388000000, 389000000, 350000000, 351000000, 352000000,
+ 353000000, 354000000, 355000000, 356000000, 357000000, 358000000, 359000000,
+ 394000000, 395000000, 952000000, 953000000, 398000000, 399000000, 360000000,
+ 361000000, 362000000, 363000000, 364000000, 365000000, 366000000, 367000000,
+ 368000000, 369000000, 386000000, 387000000, 962000000, 963000000, 988000000,
+ 989000000, 370000000, 371000000, 372000000, 373000000, 374000000, 375000000,
+ 376000000, 377000000, 378000000, 379000000, 396000000, 397000000, 972000000,
+ 973000000, 998000000, 999000000, 400000000, 401000000, 402000000, 403000000,
+ 404000000, 405000000, 406000000, 407000000, 408000000, 409000000, 480000000,
+ 481000000, 804000000, 805000000, 884000000, 885000000, 410000000, 411000000,
+ 412000000, 413000000, 414000000, 415000000, 416000000, 417000000, 418000000,
+ 419000000, 490000000, 491000000, 814000000, 815000000, 894000000, 895000000,
+ 420000000, 421000000, 422000000, 423000000, 424000000, 425000000, 426000000,
+ 427000000, 428000000, 429000000, 482000000, 483000000, 824000000, 825000000,
+ 848000000, 849000000, 430000000, 431000000, 432000000, 433000000, 434000000,
+ 435000000, 436000000, 437000000, 438000000, 439000000, 492000000, 493000000,
+ 834000000, 835000000, 858000000, 859000000, 440000000, 441000000, 442000000,
+ 443000000, 444000000, 445000000, 446000000, 447000000, 448000000, 449000000,
+ 484000000, 485000000, 844000000, 845000000, 488000000, 489000000, 450000000,
+ 451000000, 452000000, 453000000, 454000000, 455000000, 456000000, 457000000,
+ 458000000, 459000000, 494000000, 495000000, 854000000, 855000000, 498000000,
+ 499000000, 460000000, 461000000, 462000000, 463000000, 464000000, 465000000,
+ 466000000, 467000000, 468000000, 469000000, 486000000, 487000000, 864000000,
+ 865000000, 888000000, 889000000, 470000000, 471000000, 472000000, 473000000,
+ 474000000, 475000000, 476000000, 477000000, 478000000, 479000000, 496000000,
+ 497000000, 874000000, 875000000, 898000000, 899000000, 500000000, 501000000,
+ 502000000, 503000000, 504000000, 505000000, 506000000, 507000000, 508000000,
+ 509000000, 580000000, 581000000, 904000000, 905000000, 984000000, 985000000,
+ 510000000, 511000000, 512000000, 513000000, 514000000, 515000000, 516000000,
+ 517000000, 518000000, 519000000, 590000000, 591000000, 914000000, 915000000,
+ 994000000, 995000000, 520000000, 521000000, 522000000, 523000000, 524000000,
+ 525000000, 526000000, 527000000, 528000000, 529000000, 582000000, 583000000,
+ 924000000, 925000000, 948000000, 949000000, 530000000, 531000000, 532000000,
+ 533000000, 534000000, 535000000, 536000000, 537000000, 538000000, 539000000,
+ 592000000, 593000000, 934000000, 935000000, 958000000, 959000000, 540000000,
+ 541000000, 542000000, 543000000, 544000000, 545000000, 546000000, 547000000,
+ 548000000, 549000000, 584000000, 585000000, 944000000, 945000000, 588000000,
+ 589000000, 550000000, 551000000, 552000000, 553000000, 554000000, 555000000,
+ 556000000, 557000000, 558000000, 559000000, 594000000, 595000000, 954000000,
+ 955000000, 598000000, 599000000, 560000000, 561000000, 562000000, 563000000,
+ 564000000, 565000000, 566000000, 567000000, 568000000, 569000000, 586000000,
+ 587000000, 964000000, 965000000, 988000000, 989000000, 570000000, 571000000,
+ 572000000, 573000000, 574000000, 575000000, 576000000, 577000000, 578000000,
+ 579000000, 596000000, 597000000, 974000000, 975000000, 998000000, 999000000,
+ 600000000, 601000000, 602000000, 603000000, 604000000, 605000000, 606000000,
+ 607000000, 608000000, 609000000, 680000000, 681000000, 806000000, 807000000,
+ 886000000, 887000000, 610000000, 611000000, 612000000, 613000000, 614000000,
+ 615000000, 616000000, 617000000, 618000000, 619000000, 690000000, 691000000,
+ 816000000, 817000000, 896000000, 897000000, 620000000, 621000000, 622000000,
+ 623000000, 624000000, 625000000, 626000000, 627000000, 628000000, 629000000,
+ 682000000, 683000000, 826000000, 827000000, 868000000, 869000000, 630000000,
+ 631000000, 632000000, 633000000, 634000000, 635000000, 636000000, 637000000,
+ 638000000, 639000000, 692000000, 693000000, 836000000, 837000000, 878000000,
+ 879000000, 640000000, 641000000, 642000000, 643000000, 644000000, 645000000,
+ 646000000, 647000000, 648000000, 649000000, 684000000, 685000000, 846000000,
+ 847000000, 688000000, 689000000, 650000000, 651000000, 652000000, 653000000,
+ 654000000, 655000000, 656000000, 657000000, 658000000, 659000000, 694000000,
+ 695000000, 856000000, 857000000, 698000000, 699000000, 660000000, 661000000,
+ 662000000, 663000000, 664000000, 665000000, 666000000, 667000000, 668000000,
+ 669000000, 686000000, 687000000, 866000000, 867000000, 888000000, 889000000,
+ 670000000, 671000000, 672000000, 673000000, 674000000, 675000000, 676000000,
+ 677000000, 678000000, 679000000, 696000000, 697000000, 876000000, 877000000,
+ 898000000, 899000000, 700000000, 701000000, 702000000, 703000000, 704000000,
+ 705000000, 706000000, 707000000, 708000000, 709000000, 780000000, 781000000,
+ 906000000, 907000000, 986000000, 987000000, 710000000, 711000000, 712000000,
+ 713000000, 714000000, 715000000, 716000000, 717000000, 718000000, 719000000,
+ 790000000, 791000000, 916000000, 917000000, 996000000, 997000000, 720000000,
+ 721000000, 722000000, 723000000, 724000000, 725000000, 726000000, 727000000,
+ 728000000, 729000000, 782000000, 783000000, 926000000, 927000000, 968000000,
+ 969000000, 730000000, 731000000, 732000000, 733000000, 734000000, 735000000,
+ 736000000, 737000000, 738000000, 739000000, 792000000, 793000000, 936000000,
+ 937000000, 978000000, 979000000, 740000000, 741000000, 742000000, 743000000,
+ 744000000, 745000000, 746000000, 747000000, 748000000, 749000000, 784000000,
+ 785000000, 946000000, 947000000, 788000000, 789000000, 750000000, 751000000,
+ 752000000, 753000000, 754000000, 755000000, 756000000, 757000000, 758000000,
+ 759000000, 794000000, 795000000, 956000000, 957000000, 798000000, 799000000,
+ 760000000, 761000000, 762000000, 763000000, 764000000, 765000000, 766000000,
+ 767000000, 768000000, 769000000, 786000000, 787000000, 966000000, 967000000,
+ 988000000, 989000000, 770000000, 771000000, 772000000, 773000000, 774000000,
+ 775000000, 776000000, 777000000, 778000000, 779000000, 796000000, 797000000,
+ 976000000, 977000000, 998000000, 999000000};
 #endif
+
+#if defined(DEC_BIN2CHAR) && DEC_BIN2CHAR==1 && !defined(DECBIN2CHAR)
+#define DECBIN2CHAR
+
+const uint8_t BIN2CHAR[4001]={
+ '\0','0','0','0', '\1','0','0','1', '\1','0','0','2', '\1','0','0','3', '\1','0','0','4',
+ '\1','0','0','5', '\1','0','0','6', '\1','0','0','7', '\1','0','0','8', '\1','0','0','9',
+ '\2','0','1','0', '\2','0','1','1', '\2','0','1','2', '\2','0','1','3', '\2','0','1','4',
+ '\2','0','1','5', '\2','0','1','6', '\2','0','1','7', '\2','0','1','8', '\2','0','1','9',
+ '\2','0','2','0', '\2','0','2','1', '\2','0','2','2', '\2','0','2','3', '\2','0','2','4',
+ '\2','0','2','5', '\2','0','2','6', '\2','0','2','7', '\2','0','2','8', '\2','0','2','9',
+ '\2','0','3','0', '\2','0','3','1', '\2','0','3','2', '\2','0','3','3', '\2','0','3','4',
+ '\2','0','3','5', '\2','0','3','6', '\2','0','3','7', '\2','0','3','8', '\2','0','3','9',
+ '\2','0','4','0', '\2','0','4','1', '\2','0','4','2', '\2','0','4','3', '\2','0','4','4',
+ '\2','0','4','5', '\2','0','4','6', '\2','0','4','7', '\2','0','4','8', '\2','0','4','9',
+ '\2','0','5','0', '\2','0','5','1', '\2','0','5','2', '\2','0','5','3', '\2','0','5','4',
+ '\2','0','5','5', '\2','0','5','6', '\2','0','5','7', '\2','0','5','8', '\2','0','5','9',
+ '\2','0','6','0', '\2','0','6','1', '\2','0','6','2', '\2','0','6','3', '\2','0','6','4',
+ '\2','0','6','5', '\2','0','6','6', '\2','0','6','7', '\2','0','6','8', '\2','0','6','9',
+ '\2','0','7','0', '\2','0','7','1', '\2','0','7','2', '\2','0','7','3', '\2','0','7','4',
+ '\2','0','7','5', '\2','0','7','6', '\2','0','7','7', '\2','0','7','8', '\2','0','7','9',
+ '\2','0','8','0', '\2','0','8','1', '\2','0','8','2', '\2','0','8','3', '\2','0','8','4',
+ '\2','0','8','5', '\2','0','8','6', '\2','0','8','7', '\2','0','8','8', '\2','0','8','9',
+ '\2','0','9','0', '\2','0','9','1', '\2','0','9','2', '\2','0','9','3', '\2','0','9','4',
+ '\2','0','9','5', '\2','0','9','6', '\2','0','9','7', '\2','0','9','8', '\2','0','9','9',
+ '\3','1','0','0', '\3','1','0','1', '\3','1','0','2', '\3','1','0','3', '\3','1','0','4',
+ '\3','1','0','5', '\3','1','0','6', '\3','1','0','7', '\3','1','0','8', '\3','1','0','9',
+ '\3','1','1','0', '\3','1','1','1', '\3','1','1','2', '\3','1','1','3', '\3','1','1','4',
+ '\3','1','1','5', '\3','1','1','6', '\3','1','1','7', '\3','1','1','8', '\3','1','1','9',
+ '\3','1','2','0', '\3','1','2','1', '\3','1','2','2', '\3','1','2','3', '\3','1','2','4',
+ '\3','1','2','5', '\3','1','2','6', '\3','1','2','7', '\3','1','2','8', '\3','1','2','9',
+ '\3','1','3','0', '\3','1','3','1', '\3','1','3','2', '\3','1','3','3', '\3','1','3','4',
+ '\3','1','3','5', '\3','1','3','6', '\3','1','3','7', '\3','1','3','8', '\3','1','3','9',
+ '\3','1','4','0', '\3','1','4','1', '\3','1','4','2', '\3','1','4','3', '\3','1','4','4',
+ '\3','1','4','5', '\3','1','4','6', '\3','1','4','7', '\3','1','4','8', '\3','1','4','9',
+ '\3','1','5','0', '\3','1','5','1', '\3','1','5','2', '\3','1','5','3', '\3','1','5','4',
+ '\3','1','5','5', '\3','1','5','6', '\3','1','5','7', '\3','1','5','8', '\3','1','5','9',
+ '\3','1','6','0', '\3','1','6','1', '\3','1','6','2', '\3','1','6','3', '\3','1','6','4',
+ '\3','1','6','5', '\3','1','6','6', '\3','1','6','7', '\3','1','6','8', '\3','1','6','9',
+ '\3','1','7','0', '\3','1','7','1', '\3','1','7','2', '\3','1','7','3', '\3','1','7','4',
+ '\3','1','7','5', '\3','1','7','6', '\3','1','7','7', '\3','1','7','8', '\3','1','7','9',
+ '\3','1','8','0', '\3','1','8','1', '\3','1','8','2', '\3','1','8','3', '\3','1','8','4',
+ '\3','1','8','5', '\3','1','8','6', '\3','1','8','7', '\3','1','8','8', '\3','1','8','9',
+ '\3','1','9','0', '\3','1','9','1', '\3','1','9','2', '\3','1','9','3', '\3','1','9','4',
+ '\3','1','9','5', '\3','1','9','6', '\3','1','9','7', '\3','1','9','8', '\3','1','9','9',
+ '\3','2','0','0', '\3','2','0','1', '\3','2','0','2', '\3','2','0','3', '\3','2','0','4',
+ '\3','2','0','5', '\3','2','0','6', '\3','2','0','7', '\3','2','0','8', '\3','2','0','9',
+ '\3','2','1','0', '\3','2','1','1', '\3','2','1','2', '\3','2','1','3', '\3','2','1','4',
+ '\3','2','1','5', '\3','2','1','6', '\3','2','1','7', '\3','2','1','8', '\3','2','1','9',
+ '\3','2','2','0', '\3','2','2','1', '\3','2','2','2', '\3','2','2','3', '\3','2','2','4',
+ '\3','2','2','5', '\3','2','2','6', '\3','2','2','7', '\3','2','2','8', '\3','2','2','9',
+ '\3','2','3','0', '\3','2','3','1', '\3','2','3','2', '\3','2','3','3', '\3','2','3','4',
+ '\3','2','3','5', '\3','2','3','6', '\3','2','3','7', '\3','2','3','8', '\3','2','3','9',
+ '\3','2','4','0', '\3','2','4','1', '\3','2','4','2', '\3','2','4','3', '\3','2','4','4',
+ '\3','2','4','5', '\3','2','4','6', '\3','2','4','7', '\3','2','4','8', '\3','2','4','9',
+ '\3','2','5','0', '\3','2','5','1', '\3','2','5','2', '\3','2','5','3', '\3','2','5','4',
+ '\3','2','5','5', '\3','2','5','6', '\3','2','5','7', '\3','2','5','8', '\3','2','5','9',
+ '\3','2','6','0', '\3','2','6','1', '\3','2','6','2', '\3','2','6','3', '\3','2','6','4',
+ '\3','2','6','5', '\3','2','6','6', '\3','2','6','7', '\3','2','6','8', '\3','2','6','9',
+ '\3','2','7','0', '\3','2','7','1', '\3','2','7','2', '\3','2','7','3', '\3','2','7','4',
+ '\3','2','7','5', '\3','2','7','6', '\3','2','7','7', '\3','2','7','8', '\3','2','7','9',
+ '\3','2','8','0', '\3','2','8','1', '\3','2','8','2', '\3','2','8','3', '\3','2','8','4',
+ '\3','2','8','5', '\3','2','8','6', '\3','2','8','7', '\3','2','8','8', '\3','2','8','9',
+ '\3','2','9','0', '\3','2','9','1', '\3','2','9','2', '\3','2','9','3', '\3','2','9','4',
+ '\3','2','9','5', '\3','2','9','6', '\3','2','9','7', '\3','2','9','8', '\3','2','9','9',
+ '\3','3','0','0', '\3','3','0','1', '\3','3','0','2', '\3','3','0','3', '\3','3','0','4',
+ '\3','3','0','5', '\3','3','0','6', '\3','3','0','7', '\3','3','0','8', '\3','3','0','9',
+ '\3','3','1','0', '\3','3','1','1', '\3','3','1','2', '\3','3','1','3', '\3','3','1','4',
+ '\3','3','1','5', '\3','3','1','6', '\3','3','1','7', '\3','3','1','8', '\3','3','1','9',
+ '\3','3','2','0', '\3','3','2','1', '\3','3','2','2', '\3','3','2','3', '\3','3','2','4',
+ '\3','3','2','5', '\3','3','2','6', '\3','3','2','7', '\3','3','2','8', '\3','3','2','9',
+ '\3','3','3','0', '\3','3','3','1', '\3','3','3','2', '\3','3','3','3', '\3','3','3','4',
+ '\3','3','3','5', '\3','3','3','6', '\3','3','3','7', '\3','3','3','8', '\3','3','3','9',
+ '\3','3','4','0', '\3','3','4','1', '\3','3','4','2', '\3','3','4','3', '\3','3','4','4',
+ '\3','3','4','5', '\3','3','4','6', '\3','3','4','7', '\3','3','4','8', '\3','3','4','9',
+ '\3','3','5','0', '\3','3','5','1', '\3','3','5','2', '\3','3','5','3', '\3','3','5','4',
+ '\3','3','5','5', '\3','3','5','6', '\3','3','5','7', '\3','3','5','8', '\3','3','5','9',
+ '\3','3','6','0', '\3','3','6','1', '\3','3','6','2', '\3','3','6','3', '\3','3','6','4',
+ '\3','3','6','5', '\3','3','6','6', '\3','3','6','7', '\3','3','6','8', '\3','3','6','9',
+ '\3','3','7','0', '\3','3','7','1', '\3','3','7','2', '\3','3','7','3', '\3','3','7','4',
+ '\3','3','7','5', '\3','3','7','6', '\3','3','7','7', '\3','3','7','8', '\3','3','7','9',
+ '\3','3','8','0', '\3','3','8','1', '\3','3','8','2', '\3','3','8','3', '\3','3','8','4',
+ '\3','3','8','5', '\3','3','8','6', '\3','3','8','7', '\3','3','8','8', '\3','3','8','9',
+ '\3','3','9','0', '\3','3','9','1', '\3','3','9','2', '\3','3','9','3', '\3','3','9','4',
+ '\3','3','9','5', '\3','3','9','6', '\3','3','9','7', '\3','3','9','8', '\3','3','9','9',
+ '\3','4','0','0', '\3','4','0','1', '\3','4','0','2', '\3','4','0','3', '\3','4','0','4',
+ '\3','4','0','5', '\3','4','0','6', '\3','4','0','7', '\3','4','0','8', '\3','4','0','9',
+ '\3','4','1','0', '\3','4','1','1', '\3','4','1','2', '\3','4','1','3', '\3','4','1','4',
+ '\3','4','1','5', '\3','4','1','6', '\3','4','1','7', '\3','4','1','8', '\3','4','1','9',
+ '\3','4','2','0', '\3','4','2','1', '\3','4','2','2', '\3','4','2','3', '\3','4','2','4',
+ '\3','4','2','5', '\3','4','2','6', '\3','4','2','7', '\3','4','2','8', '\3','4','2','9',
+ '\3','4','3','0', '\3','4','3','1', '\3','4','3','2', '\3','4','3','3', '\3','4','3','4',
+ '\3','4','3','5', '\3','4','3','6', '\3','4','3','7', '\3','4','3','8', '\3','4','3','9',
+ '\3','4','4','0', '\3','4','4','1', '\3','4','4','2', '\3','4','4','3', '\3','4','4','4',
+ '\3','4','4','5', '\3','4','4','6', '\3','4','4','7', '\3','4','4','8', '\3','4','4','9',
+ '\3','4','5','0', '\3','4','5','1', '\3','4','5','2', '\3','4','5','3', '\3','4','5','4',
+ '\3','4','5','5', '\3','4','5','6', '\3','4','5','7', '\3','4','5','8', '\3','4','5','9',
+ '\3','4','6','0', '\3','4','6','1', '\3','4','6','2', '\3','4','6','3', '\3','4','6','4',
+ '\3','4','6','5', '\3','4','6','6', '\3','4','6','7', '\3','4','6','8', '\3','4','6','9',
+ '\3','4','7','0', '\3','4','7','1', '\3','4','7','2', '\3','4','7','3', '\3','4','7','4',
+ '\3','4','7','5', '\3','4','7','6', '\3','4','7','7', '\3','4','7','8', '\3','4','7','9',
+ '\3','4','8','0', '\3','4','8','1', '\3','4','8','2', '\3','4','8','3', '\3','4','8','4',
+ '\3','4','8','5', '\3','4','8','6', '\3','4','8','7', '\3','4','8','8', '\3','4','8','9',
+ '\3','4','9','0', '\3','4','9','1', '\3','4','9','2', '\3','4','9','3', '\3','4','9','4',
+ '\3','4','9','5', '\3','4','9','6', '\3','4','9','7', '\3','4','9','8', '\3','4','9','9',
+ '\3','5','0','0', '\3','5','0','1', '\3','5','0','2', '\3','5','0','3', '\3','5','0','4',
+ '\3','5','0','5', '\3','5','0','6', '\3','5','0','7', '\3','5','0','8', '\3','5','0','9',
+ '\3','5','1','0', '\3','5','1','1', '\3','5','1','2', '\3','5','1','3', '\3','5','1','4',
+ '\3','5','1','5', '\3','5','1','6', '\3','5','1','7', '\3','5','1','8', '\3','5','1','9',
+ '\3','5','2','0', '\3','5','2','1', '\3','5','2','2', '\3','5','2','3', '\3','5','2','4',
+ '\3','5','2','5', '\3','5','2','6', '\3','5','2','7', '\3','5','2','8', '\3','5','2','9',
+ '\3','5','3','0', '\3','5','3','1', '\3','5','3','2', '\3','5','3','3', '\3','5','3','4',
+ '\3','5','3','5', '\3','5','3','6', '\3','5','3','7', '\3','5','3','8', '\3','5','3','9',
+ '\3','5','4','0', '\3','5','4','1', '\3','5','4','2', '\3','5','4','3', '\3','5','4','4',
+ '\3','5','4','5', '\3','5','4','6', '\3','5','4','7', '\3','5','4','8', '\3','5','4','9',
+ '\3','5','5','0', '\3','5','5','1', '\3','5','5','2', '\3','5','5','3', '\3','5','5','4',
+ '\3','5','5','5', '\3','5','5','6', '\3','5','5','7', '\3','5','5','8', '\3','5','5','9',
+ '\3','5','6','0', '\3','5','6','1', '\3','5','6','2', '\3','5','6','3', '\3','5','6','4',
+ '\3','5','6','5', '\3','5','6','6', '\3','5','6','7', '\3','5','6','8', '\3','5','6','9',
+ '\3','5','7','0', '\3','5','7','1', '\3','5','7','2', '\3','5','7','3', '\3','5','7','4',
+ '\3','5','7','5', '\3','5','7','6', '\3','5','7','7', '\3','5','7','8', '\3','5','7','9',
+ '\3','5','8','0', '\3','5','8','1', '\3','5','8','2', '\3','5','8','3', '\3','5','8','4',
+ '\3','5','8','5', '\3','5','8','6', '\3','5','8','7', '\3','5','8','8', '\3','5','8','9',
+ '\3','5','9','0', '\3','5','9','1', '\3','5','9','2', '\3','5','9','3', '\3','5','9','4',
+ '\3','5','9','5', '\3','5','9','6', '\3','5','9','7', '\3','5','9','8', '\3','5','9','9',
+ '\3','6','0','0', '\3','6','0','1', '\3','6','0','2', '\3','6','0','3', '\3','6','0','4',
+ '\3','6','0','5', '\3','6','0','6', '\3','6','0','7', '\3','6','0','8', '\3','6','0','9',
+ '\3','6','1','0', '\3','6','1','1', '\3','6','1','2', '\3','6','1','3', '\3','6','1','4',
+ '\3','6','1','5', '\3','6','1','6', '\3','6','1','7', '\3','6','1','8', '\3','6','1','9',
+ '\3','6','2','0', '\3','6','2','1', '\3','6','2','2', '\3','6','2','3', '\3','6','2','4',
+ '\3','6','2','5', '\3','6','2','6', '\3','6','2','7', '\3','6','2','8', '\3','6','2','9',
+ '\3','6','3','0', '\3','6','3','1', '\3','6','3','2', '\3','6','3','3', '\3','6','3','4',
+ '\3','6','3','5', '\3','6','3','6', '\3','6','3','7', '\3','6','3','8', '\3','6','3','9',
+ '\3','6','4','0', '\3','6','4','1', '\3','6','4','2', '\3','6','4','3', '\3','6','4','4',
+ '\3','6','4','5', '\3','6','4','6', '\3','6','4','7', '\3','6','4','8', '\3','6','4','9',
+ '\3','6','5','0', '\3','6','5','1', '\3','6','5','2', '\3','6','5','3', '\3','6','5','4',
+ '\3','6','5','5', '\3','6','5','6', '\3','6','5','7', '\3','6','5','8', '\3','6','5','9',
+ '\3','6','6','0', '\3','6','6','1', '\3','6','6','2', '\3','6','6','3', '\3','6','6','4',
+ '\3','6','6','5', '\3','6','6','6', '\3','6','6','7', '\3','6','6','8', '\3','6','6','9',
+ '\3','6','7','0', '\3','6','7','1', '\3','6','7','2', '\3','6','7','3', '\3','6','7','4',
+ '\3','6','7','5', '\3','6','7','6', '\3','6','7','7', '\3','6','7','8', '\3','6','7','9',
+ '\3','6','8','0', '\3','6','8','1', '\3','6','8','2', '\3','6','8','3', '\3','6','8','4',
+ '\3','6','8','5', '\3','6','8','6', '\3','6','8','7', '\3','6','8','8', '\3','6','8','9',
+ '\3','6','9','0', '\3','6','9','1', '\3','6','9','2', '\3','6','9','3', '\3','6','9','4',
+ '\3','6','9','5', '\3','6','9','6', '\3','6','9','7', '\3','6','9','8', '\3','6','9','9',
+ '\3','7','0','0', '\3','7','0','1', '\3','7','0','2', '\3','7','0','3', '\3','7','0','4',
+ '\3','7','0','5', '\3','7','0','6', '\3','7','0','7', '\3','7','0','8', '\3','7','0','9',
+ '\3','7','1','0', '\3','7','1','1', '\3','7','1','2', '\3','7','1','3', '\3','7','1','4',
+ '\3','7','1','5', '\3','7','1','6', '\3','7','1','7', '\3','7','1','8', '\3','7','1','9',
+ '\3','7','2','0', '\3','7','2','1', '\3','7','2','2', '\3','7','2','3', '\3','7','2','4',
+ '\3','7','2','5', '\3','7','2','6', '\3','7','2','7', '\3','7','2','8', '\3','7','2','9',
+ '\3','7','3','0', '\3','7','3','1', '\3','7','3','2', '\3','7','3','3', '\3','7','3','4',
+ '\3','7','3','5', '\3','7','3','6', '\3','7','3','7', '\3','7','3','8', '\3','7','3','9',
+ '\3','7','4','0', '\3','7','4','1', '\3','7','4','2', '\3','7','4','3', '\3','7','4','4',
+ '\3','7','4','5', '\3','7','4','6', '\3','7','4','7', '\3','7','4','8', '\3','7','4','9',
+ '\3','7','5','0', '\3','7','5','1', '\3','7','5','2', '\3','7','5','3', '\3','7','5','4',
+ '\3','7','5','5', '\3','7','5','6', '\3','7','5','7', '\3','7','5','8', '\3','7','5','9',
+ '\3','7','6','0', '\3','7','6','1', '\3','7','6','2', '\3','7','6','3', '\3','7','6','4',
+ '\3','7','6','5', '\3','7','6','6', '\3','7','6','7', '\3','7','6','8', '\3','7','6','9',
+ '\3','7','7','0', '\3','7','7','1', '\3','7','7','2', '\3','7','7','3', '\3','7','7','4',
+ '\3','7','7','5', '\3','7','7','6', '\3','7','7','7', '\3','7','7','8', '\3','7','7','9',
+ '\3','7','8','0', '\3','7','8','1', '\3','7','8','2', '\3','7','8','3', '\3','7','8','4',
+ '\3','7','8','5', '\3','7','8','6', '\3','7','8','7', '\3','7','8','8', '\3','7','8','9',
+ '\3','7','9','0', '\3','7','9','1', '\3','7','9','2', '\3','7','9','3', '\3','7','9','4',
+ '\3','7','9','5', '\3','7','9','6', '\3','7','9','7', '\3','7','9','8', '\3','7','9','9',
+ '\3','8','0','0', '\3','8','0','1', '\3','8','0','2', '\3','8','0','3', '\3','8','0','4',
+ '\3','8','0','5', '\3','8','0','6', '\3','8','0','7', '\3','8','0','8', '\3','8','0','9',
+ '\3','8','1','0', '\3','8','1','1', '\3','8','1','2', '\3','8','1','3', '\3','8','1','4',
+ '\3','8','1','5', '\3','8','1','6', '\3','8','1','7', '\3','8','1','8', '\3','8','1','9',
+ '\3','8','2','0', '\3','8','2','1', '\3','8','2','2', '\3','8','2','3', '\3','8','2','4',
+ '\3','8','2','5', '\3','8','2','6', '\3','8','2','7', '\3','8','2','8', '\3','8','2','9',
+ '\3','8','3','0', '\3','8','3','1', '\3','8','3','2', '\3','8','3','3', '\3','8','3','4',
+ '\3','8','3','5', '\3','8','3','6', '\3','8','3','7', '\3','8','3','8', '\3','8','3','9',
+ '\3','8','4','0', '\3','8','4','1', '\3','8','4','2', '\3','8','4','3', '\3','8','4','4',
+ '\3','8','4','5', '\3','8','4','6', '\3','8','4','7', '\3','8','4','8', '\3','8','4','9',
+ '\3','8','5','0', '\3','8','5','1', '\3','8','5','2', '\3','8','5','3', '\3','8','5','4',
+ '\3','8','5','5', '\3','8','5','6', '\3','8','5','7', '\3','8','5','8', '\3','8','5','9',
+ '\3','8','6','0', '\3','8','6','1', '\3','8','6','2', '\3','8','6','3', '\3','8','6','4',
+ '\3','8','6','5', '\3','8','6','6', '\3','8','6','7', '\3','8','6','8', '\3','8','6','9',
+ '\3','8','7','0', '\3','8','7','1', '\3','8','7','2', '\3','8','7','3', '\3','8','7','4',
+ '\3','8','7','5', '\3','8','7','6', '\3','8','7','7', '\3','8','7','8', '\3','8','7','9',
+ '\3','8','8','0', '\3','8','8','1', '\3','8','8','2', '\3','8','8','3', '\3','8','8','4',
+ '\3','8','8','5', '\3','8','8','6', '\3','8','8','7', '\3','8','8','8', '\3','8','8','9',
+ '\3','8','9','0', '\3','8','9','1', '\3','8','9','2', '\3','8','9','3', '\3','8','9','4',
+ '\3','8','9','5', '\3','8','9','6', '\3','8','9','7', '\3','8','9','8', '\3','8','9','9',
+ '\3','9','0','0', '\3','9','0','1', '\3','9','0','2', '\3','9','0','3', '\3','9','0','4',
+ '\3','9','0','5', '\3','9','0','6', '\3','9','0','7', '\3','9','0','8', '\3','9','0','9',
+ '\3','9','1','0', '\3','9','1','1', '\3','9','1','2', '\3','9','1','3', '\3','9','1','4',
+ '\3','9','1','5', '\3','9','1','6', '\3','9','1','7', '\3','9','1','8', '\3','9','1','9',
+ '\3','9','2','0', '\3','9','2','1', '\3','9','2','2', '\3','9','2','3', '\3','9','2','4',
+ '\3','9','2','5', '\3','9','2','6', '\3','9','2','7', '\3','9','2','8', '\3','9','2','9',
+ '\3','9','3','0', '\3','9','3','1', '\3','9','3','2', '\3','9','3','3', '\3','9','3','4',
+ '\3','9','3','5', '\3','9','3','6', '\3','9','3','7', '\3','9','3','8', '\3','9','3','9',
+ '\3','9','4','0', '\3','9','4','1', '\3','9','4','2', '\3','9','4','3', '\3','9','4','4',
+ '\3','9','4','5', '\3','9','4','6', '\3','9','4','7', '\3','9','4','8', '\3','9','4','9',
+ '\3','9','5','0', '\3','9','5','1', '\3','9','5','2', '\3','9','5','3', '\3','9','5','4',
+ '\3','9','5','5', '\3','9','5','6', '\3','9','5','7', '\3','9','5','8', '\3','9','5','9',
+ '\3','9','6','0', '\3','9','6','1', '\3','9','6','2', '\3','9','6','3', '\3','9','6','4',
+ '\3','9','6','5', '\3','9','6','6', '\3','9','6','7', '\3','9','6','8', '\3','9','6','9',
+ '\3','9','7','0', '\3','9','7','1', '\3','9','7','2', '\3','9','7','3', '\3','9','7','4',
+ '\3','9','7','5', '\3','9','7','6', '\3','9','7','7', '\3','9','7','8', '\3','9','7','9',
+ '\3','9','8','0', '\3','9','8','1', '\3','9','8','2', '\3','9','8','3', '\3','9','8','4',
+ '\3','9','8','5', '\3','9','8','6', '\3','9','8','7', '\3','9','8','8', '\3','9','8','9',
+ '\3','9','9','0', '\3','9','9','1', '\3','9','9','2', '\3','9','9','3', '\3','9','9','4',
+ '\3','9','9','5', '\3','9','9','6', '\3','9','9','7', '\3','9','9','8', '\3','9','9','9', '\0'};
+#endif
+
+#if defined(DEC_DPD2BCD8) && DEC_DPD2BCD8==1 && !defined(DECDPD2BCD8)
+#define DECDPD2BCD8
+
+const uint8_t DPD2BCD8[4096]={
+ 0,0,0,0, 0,0,1,1, 0,0,2,1, 0,0,3,1, 0,0,4,1, 0,0,5,1, 0,0,6,1, 0,0,7,1, 0,0,8,1,
+ 0,0,9,1, 0,8,0,2, 0,8,1,2, 8,0,0,3, 8,0,1,3, 8,8,0,3, 8,8,1,3, 0,1,0,2, 0,1,1,2,
+ 0,1,2,2, 0,1,3,2, 0,1,4,2, 0,1,5,2, 0,1,6,2, 0,1,7,2, 0,1,8,2, 0,1,9,2, 0,9,0,2,
+ 0,9,1,2, 8,1,0,3, 8,1,1,3, 8,9,0,3, 8,9,1,3, 0,2,0,2, 0,2,1,2, 0,2,2,2, 0,2,3,2,
+ 0,2,4,2, 0,2,5,2, 0,2,6,2, 0,2,7,2, 0,2,8,2, 0,2,9,2, 0,8,2,2, 0,8,3,2, 8,2,0,3,
+ 8,2,1,3, 8,0,8,3, 8,0,9,3, 0,3,0,2, 0,3,1,2, 0,3,2,2, 0,3,3,2, 0,3,4,2, 0,3,5,2,
+ 0,3,6,2, 0,3,7,2, 0,3,8,2, 0,3,9,2, 0,9,2,2, 0,9,3,2, 8,3,0,3, 8,3,1,3, 8,1,8,3,
+ 8,1,9,3, 0,4,0,2, 0,4,1,2, 0,4,2,2, 0,4,3,2, 0,4,4,2, 0,4,5,2, 0,4,6,2, 0,4,7,2,
+ 0,4,8,2, 0,4,9,2, 0,8,4,2, 0,8,5,2, 8,4,0,3, 8,4,1,3, 0,8,8,2, 0,8,9,2, 0,5,0,2,
+ 0,5,1,2, 0,5,2,2, 0,5,3,2, 0,5,4,2, 0,5,5,2, 0,5,6,2, 0,5,7,2, 0,5,8,2, 0,5,9,2,
+ 0,9,4,2, 0,9,5,2, 8,5,0,3, 8,5,1,3, 0,9,8,2, 0,9,9,2, 0,6,0,2, 0,6,1,2, 0,6,2,2,
+ 0,6,3,2, 0,6,4,2, 0,6,5,2, 0,6,6,2, 0,6,7,2, 0,6,8,2, 0,6,9,2, 0,8,6,2, 0,8,7,2,
+ 8,6,0,3, 8,6,1,3, 8,8,8,3, 8,8,9,3, 0,7,0,2, 0,7,1,2, 0,7,2,2, 0,7,3,2, 0,7,4,2,
+ 0,7,5,2, 0,7,6,2, 0,7,7,2, 0,7,8,2, 0,7,9,2, 0,9,6,2, 0,9,7,2, 8,7,0,3, 8,7,1,3,
+ 8,9,8,3, 8,9,9,3, 1,0,0,3, 1,0,1,3, 1,0,2,3, 1,0,3,3, 1,0,4,3, 1,0,5,3, 1,0,6,3,
+ 1,0,7,3, 1,0,8,3, 1,0,9,3, 1,8,0,3, 1,8,1,3, 9,0,0,3, 9,0,1,3, 9,8,0,3, 9,8,1,3,
+ 1,1,0,3, 1,1,1,3, 1,1,2,3, 1,1,3,3, 1,1,4,3, 1,1,5,3, 1,1,6,3, 1,1,7,3, 1,1,8,3,
+ 1,1,9,3, 1,9,0,3, 1,9,1,3, 9,1,0,3, 9,1,1,3, 9,9,0,3, 9,9,1,3, 1,2,0,3, 1,2,1,3,
+ 1,2,2,3, 1,2,3,3, 1,2,4,3, 1,2,5,3, 1,2,6,3, 1,2,7,3, 1,2,8,3, 1,2,9,3, 1,8,2,3,
+ 1,8,3,3, 9,2,0,3, 9,2,1,3, 9,0,8,3, 9,0,9,3, 1,3,0,3, 1,3,1,3, 1,3,2,3, 1,3,3,3,
+ 1,3,4,3, 1,3,5,3, 1,3,6,3, 1,3,7,3, 1,3,8,3, 1,3,9,3, 1,9,2,3, 1,9,3,3, 9,3,0,3,
+ 9,3,1,3, 9,1,8,3, 9,1,9,3, 1,4,0,3, 1,4,1,3, 1,4,2,3, 1,4,3,3, 1,4,4,3, 1,4,5,3,
+ 1,4,6,3, 1,4,7,3, 1,4,8,3, 1,4,9,3, 1,8,4,3, 1,8,5,3, 9,4,0,3, 9,4,1,3, 1,8,8,3,
+ 1,8,9,3, 1,5,0,3, 1,5,1,3, 1,5,2,3, 1,5,3,3, 1,5,4,3, 1,5,5,3, 1,5,6,3, 1,5,7,3,
+ 1,5,8,3, 1,5,9,3, 1,9,4,3, 1,9,5,3, 9,5,0,3, 9,5,1,3, 1,9,8,3, 1,9,9,3, 1,6,0,3,
+ 1,6,1,3, 1,6,2,3, 1,6,3,3, 1,6,4,3, 1,6,5,3, 1,6,6,3, 1,6,7,3, 1,6,8,3, 1,6,9,3,
+ 1,8,6,3, 1,8,7,3, 9,6,0,3, 9,6,1,3, 9,8,8,3, 9,8,9,3, 1,7,0,3, 1,7,1,3, 1,7,2,3,
+ 1,7,3,3, 1,7,4,3, 1,7,5,3, 1,7,6,3, 1,7,7,3, 1,7,8,3, 1,7,9,3, 1,9,6,3, 1,9,7,3,
+ 9,7,0,3, 9,7,1,3, 9,9,8,3, 9,9,9,3, 2,0,0,3, 2,0,1,3, 2,0,2,3, 2,0,3,3, 2,0,4,3,
+ 2,0,5,3, 2,0,6,3, 2,0,7,3, 2,0,8,3, 2,0,9,3, 2,8,0,3, 2,8,1,3, 8,0,2,3, 8,0,3,3,
+ 8,8,2,3, 8,8,3,3, 2,1,0,3, 2,1,1,3, 2,1,2,3, 2,1,3,3, 2,1,4,3, 2,1,5,3, 2,1,6,3,
+ 2,1,7,3, 2,1,8,3, 2,1,9,3, 2,9,0,3, 2,9,1,3, 8,1,2,3, 8,1,3,3, 8,9,2,3, 8,9,3,3,
+ 2,2,0,3, 2,2,1,3, 2,2,2,3, 2,2,3,3, 2,2,4,3, 2,2,5,3, 2,2,6,3, 2,2,7,3, 2,2,8,3,
+ 2,2,9,3, 2,8,2,3, 2,8,3,3, 8,2,2,3, 8,2,3,3, 8,2,8,3, 8,2,9,3, 2,3,0,3, 2,3,1,3,
+ 2,3,2,3, 2,3,3,3, 2,3,4,3, 2,3,5,3, 2,3,6,3, 2,3,7,3, 2,3,8,3, 2,3,9,3, 2,9,2,3,
+ 2,9,3,3, 8,3,2,3, 8,3,3,3, 8,3,8,3, 8,3,9,3, 2,4,0,3, 2,4,1,3, 2,4,2,3, 2,4,3,3,
+ 2,4,4,3, 2,4,5,3, 2,4,6,3, 2,4,7,3, 2,4,8,3, 2,4,9,3, 2,8,4,3, 2,8,5,3, 8,4,2,3,
+ 8,4,3,3, 2,8,8,3, 2,8,9,3, 2,5,0,3, 2,5,1,3, 2,5,2,3, 2,5,3,3, 2,5,4,3, 2,5,5,3,
+ 2,5,6,3, 2,5,7,3, 2,5,8,3, 2,5,9,3, 2,9,4,3, 2,9,5,3, 8,5,2,3, 8,5,3,3, 2,9,8,3,
+ 2,9,9,3, 2,6,0,3, 2,6,1,3, 2,6,2,3, 2,6,3,3, 2,6,4,3, 2,6,5,3, 2,6,6,3, 2,6,7,3,
+ 2,6,8,3, 2,6,9,3, 2,8,6,3, 2,8,7,3, 8,6,2,3, 8,6,3,3, 8,8,8,3, 8,8,9,3, 2,7,0,3,
+ 2,7,1,3, 2,7,2,3, 2,7,3,3, 2,7,4,3, 2,7,5,3, 2,7,6,3, 2,7,7,3, 2,7,8,3, 2,7,9,3,
+ 2,9,6,3, 2,9,7,3, 8,7,2,3, 8,7,3,3, 8,9,8,3, 8,9,9,3, 3,0,0,3, 3,0,1,3, 3,0,2,3,
+ 3,0,3,3, 3,0,4,3, 3,0,5,3, 3,0,6,3, 3,0,7,3, 3,0,8,3, 3,0,9,3, 3,8,0,3, 3,8,1,3,
+ 9,0,2,3, 9,0,3,3, 9,8,2,3, 9,8,3,3, 3,1,0,3, 3,1,1,3, 3,1,2,3, 3,1,3,3, 3,1,4,3,
+ 3,1,5,3, 3,1,6,3, 3,1,7,3, 3,1,8,3, 3,1,9,3, 3,9,0,3, 3,9,1,3, 9,1,2,3, 9,1,3,3,
+ 9,9,2,3, 9,9,3,3, 3,2,0,3, 3,2,1,3, 3,2,2,3, 3,2,3,3, 3,2,4,3, 3,2,5,3, 3,2,6,3,
+ 3,2,7,3, 3,2,8,3, 3,2,9,3, 3,8,2,3, 3,8,3,3, 9,2,2,3, 9,2,3,3, 9,2,8,3, 9,2,9,3,
+ 3,3,0,3, 3,3,1,3, 3,3,2,3, 3,3,3,3, 3,3,4,3, 3,3,5,3, 3,3,6,3, 3,3,7,3, 3,3,8,3,
+ 3,3,9,3, 3,9,2,3, 3,9,3,3, 9,3,2,3, 9,3,3,3, 9,3,8,3, 9,3,9,3, 3,4,0,3, 3,4,1,3,
+ 3,4,2,3, 3,4,3,3, 3,4,4,3, 3,4,5,3, 3,4,6,3, 3,4,7,3, 3,4,8,3, 3,4,9,3, 3,8,4,3,
+ 3,8,5,3, 9,4,2,3, 9,4,3,3, 3,8,8,3, 3,8,9,3, 3,5,0,3, 3,5,1,3, 3,5,2,3, 3,5,3,3,
+ 3,5,4,3, 3,5,5,3, 3,5,6,3, 3,5,7,3, 3,5,8,3, 3,5,9,3, 3,9,4,3, 3,9,5,3, 9,5,2,3,
+ 9,5,3,3, 3,9,8,3, 3,9,9,3, 3,6,0,3, 3,6,1,3, 3,6,2,3, 3,6,3,3, 3,6,4,3, 3,6,5,3,
+ 3,6,6,3, 3,6,7,3, 3,6,8,3, 3,6,9,3, 3,8,6,3, 3,8,7,3, 9,6,2,3, 9,6,3,3, 9,8,8,3,
+ 9,8,9,3, 3,7,0,3, 3,7,1,3, 3,7,2,3, 3,7,3,3, 3,7,4,3, 3,7,5,3, 3,7,6,3, 3,7,7,3,
+ 3,7,8,3, 3,7,9,3, 3,9,6,3, 3,9,7,3, 9,7,2,3, 9,7,3,3, 9,9,8,3, 9,9,9,3, 4,0,0,3,
+ 4,0,1,3, 4,0,2,3, 4,0,3,3, 4,0,4,3, 4,0,5,3, 4,0,6,3, 4,0,7,3, 4,0,8,3, 4,0,9,3,
+ 4,8,0,3, 4,8,1,3, 8,0,4,3, 8,0,5,3, 8,8,4,3, 8,8,5,3, 4,1,0,3, 4,1,1,3, 4,1,2,3,
+ 4,1,3,3, 4,1,4,3, 4,1,5,3, 4,1,6,3, 4,1,7,3, 4,1,8,3, 4,1,9,3, 4,9,0,3, 4,9,1,3,
+ 8,1,4,3, 8,1,5,3, 8,9,4,3, 8,9,5,3, 4,2,0,3, 4,2,1,3, 4,2,2,3, 4,2,3,3, 4,2,4,3,
+ 4,2,5,3, 4,2,6,3, 4,2,7,3, 4,2,8,3, 4,2,9,3, 4,8,2,3, 4,8,3,3, 8,2,4,3, 8,2,5,3,
+ 8,4,8,3, 8,4,9,3, 4,3,0,3, 4,3,1,3, 4,3,2,3, 4,3,3,3, 4,3,4,3, 4,3,5,3, 4,3,6,3,
+ 4,3,7,3, 4,3,8,3, 4,3,9,3, 4,9,2,3, 4,9,3,3, 8,3,4,3, 8,3,5,3, 8,5,8,3, 8,5,9,3,
+ 4,4,0,3, 4,4,1,3, 4,4,2,3, 4,4,3,3, 4,4,4,3, 4,4,5,3, 4,4,6,3, 4,4,7,3, 4,4,8,3,
+ 4,4,9,3, 4,8,4,3, 4,8,5,3, 8,4,4,3, 8,4,5,3, 4,8,8,3, 4,8,9,3, 4,5,0,3, 4,5,1,3,
+ 4,5,2,3, 4,5,3,3, 4,5,4,3, 4,5,5,3, 4,5,6,3, 4,5,7,3, 4,5,8,3, 4,5,9,3, 4,9,4,3,
+ 4,9,5,3, 8,5,4,3, 8,5,5,3, 4,9,8,3, 4,9,9,3, 4,6,0,3, 4,6,1,3, 4,6,2,3, 4,6,3,3,
+ 4,6,4,3, 4,6,5,3, 4,6,6,3, 4,6,7,3, 4,6,8,3, 4,6,9,3, 4,8,6,3, 4,8,7,3, 8,6,4,3,
+ 8,6,5,3, 8,8,8,3, 8,8,9,3, 4,7,0,3, 4,7,1,3, 4,7,2,3, 4,7,3,3, 4,7,4,3, 4,7,5,3,
+ 4,7,6,3, 4,7,7,3, 4,7,8,3, 4,7,9,3, 4,9,6,3, 4,9,7,3, 8,7,4,3, 8,7,5,3, 8,9,8,3,
+ 8,9,9,3, 5,0,0,3, 5,0,1,3, 5,0,2,3, 5,0,3,3, 5,0,4,3, 5,0,5,3, 5,0,6,3, 5,0,7,3,
+ 5,0,8,3, 5,0,9,3, 5,8,0,3, 5,8,1,3, 9,0,4,3, 9,0,5,3, 9,8,4,3, 9,8,5,3, 5,1,0,3,
+ 5,1,1,3, 5,1,2,3, 5,1,3,3, 5,1,4,3, 5,1,5,3, 5,1,6,3, 5,1,7,3, 5,1,8,3, 5,1,9,3,
+ 5,9,0,3, 5,9,1,3, 9,1,4,3, 9,1,5,3, 9,9,4,3, 9,9,5,3, 5,2,0,3, 5,2,1,3, 5,2,2,3,
+ 5,2,3,3, 5,2,4,3, 5,2,5,3, 5,2,6,3, 5,2,7,3, 5,2,8,3, 5,2,9,3, 5,8,2,3, 5,8,3,3,
+ 9,2,4,3, 9,2,5,3, 9,4,8,3, 9,4,9,3, 5,3,0,3, 5,3,1,3, 5,3,2,3, 5,3,3,3, 5,3,4,3,
+ 5,3,5,3, 5,3,6,3, 5,3,7,3, 5,3,8,3, 5,3,9,3, 5,9,2,3, 5,9,3,3, 9,3,4,3, 9,3,5,3,
+ 9,5,8,3, 9,5,9,3, 5,4,0,3, 5,4,1,3, 5,4,2,3, 5,4,3,3, 5,4,4,3, 5,4,5,3, 5,4,6,3,
+ 5,4,7,3, 5,4,8,3, 5,4,9,3, 5,8,4,3, 5,8,5,3, 9,4,4,3, 9,4,5,3, 5,8,8,3, 5,8,9,3,
+ 5,5,0,3, 5,5,1,3, 5,5,2,3, 5,5,3,3, 5,5,4,3, 5,5,5,3, 5,5,6,3, 5,5,7,3, 5,5,8,3,
+ 5,5,9,3, 5,9,4,3, 5,9,5,3, 9,5,4,3, 9,5,5,3, 5,9,8,3, 5,9,9,3, 5,6,0,3, 5,6,1,3,
+ 5,6,2,3, 5,6,3,3, 5,6,4,3, 5,6,5,3, 5,6,6,3, 5,6,7,3, 5,6,8,3, 5,6,9,3, 5,8,6,3,
+ 5,8,7,3, 9,6,4,3, 9,6,5,3, 9,8,8,3, 9,8,9,3, 5,7,0,3, 5,7,1,3, 5,7,2,3, 5,7,3,3,
+ 5,7,4,3, 5,7,5,3, 5,7,6,3, 5,7,7,3, 5,7,8,3, 5,7,9,3, 5,9,6,3, 5,9,7,3, 9,7,4,3,
+ 9,7,5,3, 9,9,8,3, 9,9,9,3, 6,0,0,3, 6,0,1,3, 6,0,2,3, 6,0,3,3, 6,0,4,3, 6,0,5,3,
+ 6,0,6,3, 6,0,7,3, 6,0,8,3, 6,0,9,3, 6,8,0,3, 6,8,1,3, 8,0,6,3, 8,0,7,3, 8,8,6,3,
+ 8,8,7,3, 6,1,0,3, 6,1,1,3, 6,1,2,3, 6,1,3,3, 6,1,4,3, 6,1,5,3, 6,1,6,3, 6,1,7,3,
+ 6,1,8,3, 6,1,9,3, 6,9,0,3, 6,9,1,3, 8,1,6,3, 8,1,7,3, 8,9,6,3, 8,9,7,3, 6,2,0,3,
+ 6,2,1,3, 6,2,2,3, 6,2,3,3, 6,2,4,3, 6,2,5,3, 6,2,6,3, 6,2,7,3, 6,2,8,3, 6,2,9,3,
+ 6,8,2,3, 6,8,3,3, 8,2,6,3, 8,2,7,3, 8,6,8,3, 8,6,9,3, 6,3,0,3, 6,3,1,3, 6,3,2,3,
+ 6,3,3,3, 6,3,4,3, 6,3,5,3, 6,3,6,3, 6,3,7,3, 6,3,8,3, 6,3,9,3, 6,9,2,3, 6,9,3,3,
+ 8,3,6,3, 8,3,7,3, 8,7,8,3, 8,7,9,3, 6,4,0,3, 6,4,1,3, 6,4,2,3, 6,4,3,3, 6,4,4,3,
+ 6,4,5,3, 6,4,6,3, 6,4,7,3, 6,4,8,3, 6,4,9,3, 6,8,4,3, 6,8,5,3, 8,4,6,3, 8,4,7,3,
+ 6,8,8,3, 6,8,9,3, 6,5,0,3, 6,5,1,3, 6,5,2,3, 6,5,3,3, 6,5,4,3, 6,5,5,3, 6,5,6,3,
+ 6,5,7,3, 6,5,8,3, 6,5,9,3, 6,9,4,3, 6,9,5,3, 8,5,6,3, 8,5,7,3, 6,9,8,3, 6,9,9,3,
+ 6,6,0,3, 6,6,1,3, 6,6,2,3, 6,6,3,3, 6,6,4,3, 6,6,5,3, 6,6,6,3, 6,6,7,3, 6,6,8,3,
+ 6,6,9,3, 6,8,6,3, 6,8,7,3, 8,6,6,3, 8,6,7,3, 8,8,8,3, 8,8,9,3, 6,7,0,3, 6,7,1,3,
+ 6,7,2,3, 6,7,3,3, 6,7,4,3, 6,7,5,3, 6,7,6,3, 6,7,7,3, 6,7,8,3, 6,7,9,3, 6,9,6,3,
+ 6,9,7,3, 8,7,6,3, 8,7,7,3, 8,9,8,3, 8,9,9,3, 7,0,0,3, 7,0,1,3, 7,0,2,3, 7,0,3,3,
+ 7,0,4,3, 7,0,5,3, 7,0,6,3, 7,0,7,3, 7,0,8,3, 7,0,9,3, 7,8,0,3, 7,8,1,3, 9,0,6,3,
+ 9,0,7,3, 9,8,6,3, 9,8,7,3, 7,1,0,3, 7,1,1,3, 7,1,2,3, 7,1,3,3, 7,1,4,3, 7,1,5,3,
+ 7,1,6,3, 7,1,7,3, 7,1,8,3, 7,1,9,3, 7,9,0,3, 7,9,1,3, 9,1,6,3, 9,1,7,3, 9,9,6,3,
+ 9,9,7,3, 7,2,0,3, 7,2,1,3, 7,2,2,3, 7,2,3,3, 7,2,4,3, 7,2,5,3, 7,2,6,3, 7,2,7,3,
+ 7,2,8,3, 7,2,9,3, 7,8,2,3, 7,8,3,3, 9,2,6,3, 9,2,7,3, 9,6,8,3, 9,6,9,3, 7,3,0,3,
+ 7,3,1,3, 7,3,2,3, 7,3,3,3, 7,3,4,3, 7,3,5,3, 7,3,6,3, 7,3,7,3, 7,3,8,3, 7,3,9,3,
+ 7,9,2,3, 7,9,3,3, 9,3,6,3, 9,3,7,3, 9,7,8,3, 9,7,9,3, 7,4,0,3, 7,4,1,3, 7,4,2,3,
+ 7,4,3,3, 7,4,4,3, 7,4,5,3, 7,4,6,3, 7,4,7,3, 7,4,8,3, 7,4,9,3, 7,8,4,3, 7,8,5,3,
+ 9,4,6,3, 9,4,7,3, 7,8,8,3, 7,8,9,3, 7,5,0,3, 7,5,1,3, 7,5,2,3, 7,5,3,3, 7,5,4,3,
+ 7,5,5,3, 7,5,6,3, 7,5,7,3, 7,5,8,3, 7,5,9,3, 7,9,4,3, 7,9,5,3, 9,5,6,3, 9,5,7,3,
+ 7,9,8,3, 7,9,9,3, 7,6,0,3, 7,6,1,3, 7,6,2,3, 7,6,3,3, 7,6,4,3, 7,6,5,3, 7,6,6,3,
+ 7,6,7,3, 7,6,8,3, 7,6,9,3, 7,8,6,3, 7,8,7,3, 9,6,6,3, 9,6,7,3, 9,8,8,3, 9,8,9,3,
+ 7,7,0,3, 7,7,1,3, 7,7,2,3, 7,7,3,3, 7,7,4,3, 7,7,5,3, 7,7,6,3, 7,7,7,3, 7,7,8,3,
+ 7,7,9,3, 7,9,6,3, 7,9,7,3, 9,7,6,3, 9,7,7,3, 9,9,8,3, 9,9,9,3};
+#endif
+
+#if defined(DEC_BIN2BCD8) && DEC_BIN2BCD8==1 && !defined(DECBIN2BCD8)
+#define DECBIN2BCD8
+
+const uint8_t BIN2BCD8[4000]={
+ 0,0,0,0, 0,0,1,1, 0,0,2,1, 0,0,3,1, 0,0,4,1, 0,0,5,1, 0,0,6,1, 0,0,7,1, 0,0,8,1,
+ 0,0,9,1, 0,1,0,2, 0,1,1,2, 0,1,2,2, 0,1,3,2, 0,1,4,2, 0,1,5,2, 0,1,6,2, 0,1,7,2,
+ 0,1,8,2, 0,1,9,2, 0,2,0,2, 0,2,1,2, 0,2,2,2, 0,2,3,2, 0,2,4,2, 0,2,5,2, 0,2,6,2,
+ 0,2,7,2, 0,2,8,2, 0,2,9,2, 0,3,0,2, 0,3,1,2, 0,3,2,2, 0,3,3,2, 0,3,4,2, 0,3,5,2,
+ 0,3,6,2, 0,3,7,2, 0,3,8,2, 0,3,9,2, 0,4,0,2, 0,4,1,2, 0,4,2,2, 0,4,3,2, 0,4,4,2,
+ 0,4,5,2, 0,4,6,2, 0,4,7,2, 0,4,8,2, 0,4,9,2, 0,5,0,2, 0,5,1,2, 0,5,2,2, 0,5,3,2,
+ 0,5,4,2, 0,5,5,2, 0,5,6,2, 0,5,7,2, 0,5,8,2, 0,5,9,2, 0,6,0,2, 0,6,1,2, 0,6,2,2,
+ 0,6,3,2, 0,6,4,2, 0,6,5,2, 0,6,6,2, 0,6,7,2, 0,6,8,2, 0,6,9,2, 0,7,0,2, 0,7,1,2,
+ 0,7,2,2, 0,7,3,2, 0,7,4,2, 0,7,5,2, 0,7,6,2, 0,7,7,2, 0,7,8,2, 0,7,9,2, 0,8,0,2,
+ 0,8,1,2, 0,8,2,2, 0,8,3,2, 0,8,4,2, 0,8,5,2, 0,8,6,2, 0,8,7,2, 0,8,8,2, 0,8,9,2,
+ 0,9,0,2, 0,9,1,2, 0,9,2,2, 0,9,3,2, 0,9,4,2, 0,9,5,2, 0,9,6,2, 0,9,7,2, 0,9,8,2,
+ 0,9,9,2, 1,0,0,3, 1,0,1,3, 1,0,2,3, 1,0,3,3, 1,0,4,3, 1,0,5,3, 1,0,6,3, 1,0,7,3,
+ 1,0,8,3, 1,0,9,3, 1,1,0,3, 1,1,1,3, 1,1,2,3, 1,1,3,3, 1,1,4,3, 1,1,5,3, 1,1,6,3,
+ 1,1,7,3, 1,1,8,3, 1,1,9,3, 1,2,0,3, 1,2,1,3, 1,2,2,3, 1,2,3,3, 1,2,4,3, 1,2,5,3,
+ 1,2,6,3, 1,2,7,3, 1,2,8,3, 1,2,9,3, 1,3,0,3, 1,3,1,3, 1,3,2,3, 1,3,3,3, 1,3,4,3,
+ 1,3,5,3, 1,3,6,3, 1,3,7,3, 1,3,8,3, 1,3,9,3, 1,4,0,3, 1,4,1,3, 1,4,2,3, 1,4,3,3,
+ 1,4,4,3, 1,4,5,3, 1,4,6,3, 1,4,7,3, 1,4,8,3, 1,4,9,3, 1,5,0,3, 1,5,1,3, 1,5,2,3,
+ 1,5,3,3, 1,5,4,3, 1,5,5,3, 1,5,6,3, 1,5,7,3, 1,5,8,3, 1,5,9,3, 1,6,0,3, 1,6,1,3,
+ 1,6,2,3, 1,6,3,3, 1,6,4,3, 1,6,5,3, 1,6,6,3, 1,6,7,3, 1,6,8,3, 1,6,9,3, 1,7,0,3,
+ 1,7,1,3, 1,7,2,3, 1,7,3,3, 1,7,4,3, 1,7,5,3, 1,7,6,3, 1,7,7,3, 1,7,8,3, 1,7,9,3,
+ 1,8,0,3, 1,8,1,3, 1,8,2,3, 1,8,3,3, 1,8,4,3, 1,8,5,3, 1,8,6,3, 1,8,7,3, 1,8,8,3,
+ 1,8,9,3, 1,9,0,3, 1,9,1,3, 1,9,2,3, 1,9,3,3, 1,9,4,3, 1,9,5,3, 1,9,6,3, 1,9,7,3,
+ 1,9,8,3, 1,9,9,3, 2,0,0,3, 2,0,1,3, 2,0,2,3, 2,0,3,3, 2,0,4,3, 2,0,5,3, 2,0,6,3,
+ 2,0,7,3, 2,0,8,3, 2,0,9,3, 2,1,0,3, 2,1,1,3, 2,1,2,3, 2,1,3,3, 2,1,4,3, 2,1,5,3,
+ 2,1,6,3, 2,1,7,3, 2,1,8,3, 2,1,9,3, 2,2,0,3, 2,2,1,3, 2,2,2,3, 2,2,3,3, 2,2,4,3,
+ 2,2,5,3, 2,2,6,3, 2,2,7,3, 2,2,8,3, 2,2,9,3, 2,3,0,3, 2,3,1,3, 2,3,2,3, 2,3,3,3,
+ 2,3,4,3, 2,3,5,3, 2,3,6,3, 2,3,7,3, 2,3,8,3, 2,3,9,3, 2,4,0,3, 2,4,1,3, 2,4,2,3,
+ 2,4,3,3, 2,4,4,3, 2,4,5,3, 2,4,6,3, 2,4,7,3, 2,4,8,3, 2,4,9,3, 2,5,0,3, 2,5,1,3,
+ 2,5,2,3, 2,5,3,3, 2,5,4,3, 2,5,5,3, 2,5,6,3, 2,5,7,3, 2,5,8,3, 2,5,9,3, 2,6,0,3,
+ 2,6,1,3, 2,6,2,3, 2,6,3,3, 2,6,4,3, 2,6,5,3, 2,6,6,3, 2,6,7,3, 2,6,8,3, 2,6,9,3,
+ 2,7,0,3, 2,7,1,3, 2,7,2,3, 2,7,3,3, 2,7,4,3, 2,7,5,3, 2,7,6,3, 2,7,7,3, 2,7,8,3,
+ 2,7,9,3, 2,8,0,3, 2,8,1,3, 2,8,2,3, 2,8,3,3, 2,8,4,3, 2,8,5,3, 2,8,6,3, 2,8,7,3,
+ 2,8,8,3, 2,8,9,3, 2,9,0,3, 2,9,1,3, 2,9,2,3, 2,9,3,3, 2,9,4,3, 2,9,5,3, 2,9,6,3,
+ 2,9,7,3, 2,9,8,3, 2,9,9,3, 3,0,0,3, 3,0,1,3, 3,0,2,3, 3,0,3,3, 3,0,4,3, 3,0,5,3,
+ 3,0,6,3, 3,0,7,3, 3,0,8,3, 3,0,9,3, 3,1,0,3, 3,1,1,3, 3,1,2,3, 3,1,3,3, 3,1,4,3,
+ 3,1,5,3, 3,1,6,3, 3,1,7,3, 3,1,8,3, 3,1,9,3, 3,2,0,3, 3,2,1,3, 3,2,2,3, 3,2,3,3,
+ 3,2,4,3, 3,2,5,3, 3,2,6,3, 3,2,7,3, 3,2,8,3, 3,2,9,3, 3,3,0,3, 3,3,1,3, 3,3,2,3,
+ 3,3,3,3, 3,3,4,3, 3,3,5,3, 3,3,6,3, 3,3,7,3, 3,3,8,3, 3,3,9,3, 3,4,0,3, 3,4,1,3,
+ 3,4,2,3, 3,4,3,3, 3,4,4,3, 3,4,5,3, 3,4,6,3, 3,4,7,3, 3,4,8,3, 3,4,9,3, 3,5,0,3,
+ 3,5,1,3, 3,5,2,3, 3,5,3,3, 3,5,4,3, 3,5,5,3, 3,5,6,3, 3,5,7,3, 3,5,8,3, 3,5,9,3,
+ 3,6,0,3, 3,6,1,3, 3,6,2,3, 3,6,3,3, 3,6,4,3, 3,6,5,3, 3,6,6,3, 3,6,7,3, 3,6,8,3,
+ 3,6,9,3, 3,7,0,3, 3,7,1,3, 3,7,2,3, 3,7,3,3, 3,7,4,3, 3,7,5,3, 3,7,6,3, 3,7,7,3,
+ 3,7,8,3, 3,7,9,3, 3,8,0,3, 3,8,1,3, 3,8,2,3, 3,8,3,3, 3,8,4,3, 3,8,5,3, 3,8,6,3,
+ 3,8,7,3, 3,8,8,3, 3,8,9,3, 3,9,0,3, 3,9,1,3, 3,9,2,3, 3,9,3,3, 3,9,4,3, 3,9,5,3,
+ 3,9,6,3, 3,9,7,3, 3,9,8,3, 3,9,9,3, 4,0,0,3, 4,0,1,3, 4,0,2,3, 4,0,3,3, 4,0,4,3,
+ 4,0,5,3, 4,0,6,3, 4,0,7,3, 4,0,8,3, 4,0,9,3, 4,1,0,3, 4,1,1,3, 4,1,2,3, 4,1,3,3,
+ 4,1,4,3, 4,1,5,3, 4,1,6,3, 4,1,7,3, 4,1,8,3, 4,1,9,3, 4,2,0,3, 4,2,1,3, 4,2,2,3,
+ 4,2,3,3, 4,2,4,3, 4,2,5,3, 4,2,6,3, 4,2,7,3, 4,2,8,3, 4,2,9,3, 4,3,0,3, 4,3,1,3,
+ 4,3,2,3, 4,3,3,3, 4,3,4,3, 4,3,5,3, 4,3,6,3, 4,3,7,3, 4,3,8,3, 4,3,9,3, 4,4,0,3,
+ 4,4,1,3, 4,4,2,3, 4,4,3,3, 4,4,4,3, 4,4,5,3, 4,4,6,3, 4,4,7,3, 4,4,8,3, 4,4,9,3,
+ 4,5,0,3, 4,5,1,3, 4,5,2,3, 4,5,3,3, 4,5,4,3, 4,5,5,3, 4,5,6,3, 4,5,7,3, 4,5,8,3,
+ 4,5,9,3, 4,6,0,3, 4,6,1,3, 4,6,2,3, 4,6,3,3, 4,6,4,3, 4,6,5,3, 4,6,6,3, 4,6,7,3,
+ 4,6,8,3, 4,6,9,3, 4,7,0,3, 4,7,1,3, 4,7,2,3, 4,7,3,3, 4,7,4,3, 4,7,5,3, 4,7,6,3,
+ 4,7,7,3, 4,7,8,3, 4,7,9,3, 4,8,0,3, 4,8,1,3, 4,8,2,3, 4,8,3,3, 4,8,4,3, 4,8,5,3,
+ 4,8,6,3, 4,8,7,3, 4,8,8,3, 4,8,9,3, 4,9,0,3, 4,9,1,3, 4,9,2,3, 4,9,3,3, 4,9,4,3,
+ 4,9,5,3, 4,9,6,3, 4,9,7,3, 4,9,8,3, 4,9,9,3, 5,0,0,3, 5,0,1,3, 5,0,2,3, 5,0,3,3,
+ 5,0,4,3, 5,0,5,3, 5,0,6,3, 5,0,7,3, 5,0,8,3, 5,0,9,3, 5,1,0,3, 5,1,1,3, 5,1,2,3,
+ 5,1,3,3, 5,1,4,3, 5,1,5,3, 5,1,6,3, 5,1,7,3, 5,1,8,3, 5,1,9,3, 5,2,0,3, 5,2,1,3,
+ 5,2,2,3, 5,2,3,3, 5,2,4,3, 5,2,5,3, 5,2,6,3, 5,2,7,3, 5,2,8,3, 5,2,9,3, 5,3,0,3,
+ 5,3,1,3, 5,3,2,3, 5,3,3,3, 5,3,4,3, 5,3,5,3, 5,3,6,3, 5,3,7,3, 5,3,8,3, 5,3,9,3,
+ 5,4,0,3, 5,4,1,3, 5,4,2,3, 5,4,3,3, 5,4,4,3, 5,4,5,3, 5,4,6,3, 5,4,7,3, 5,4,8,3,
+ 5,4,9,3, 5,5,0,3, 5,5,1,3, 5,5,2,3, 5,5,3,3, 5,5,4,3, 5,5,5,3, 5,5,6,3, 5,5,7,3,
+ 5,5,8,3, 5,5,9,3, 5,6,0,3, 5,6,1,3, 5,6,2,3, 5,6,3,3, 5,6,4,3, 5,6,5,3, 5,6,6,3,
+ 5,6,7,3, 5,6,8,3, 5,6,9,3, 5,7,0,3, 5,7,1,3, 5,7,2,3, 5,7,3,3, 5,7,4,3, 5,7,5,3,
+ 5,7,6,3, 5,7,7,3, 5,7,8,3, 5,7,9,3, 5,8,0,3, 5,8,1,3, 5,8,2,3, 5,8,3,3, 5,8,4,3,
+ 5,8,5,3, 5,8,6,3, 5,8,7,3, 5,8,8,3, 5,8,9,3, 5,9,0,3, 5,9,1,3, 5,9,2,3, 5,9,3,3,
+ 5,9,4,3, 5,9,5,3, 5,9,6,3, 5,9,7,3, 5,9,8,3, 5,9,9,3, 6,0,0,3, 6,0,1,3, 6,0,2,3,
+ 6,0,3,3, 6,0,4,3, 6,0,5,3, 6,0,6,3, 6,0,7,3, 6,0,8,3, 6,0,9,3, 6,1,0,3, 6,1,1,3,
+ 6,1,2,3, 6,1,3,3, 6,1,4,3, 6,1,5,3, 6,1,6,3, 6,1,7,3, 6,1,8,3, 6,1,9,3, 6,2,0,3,
+ 6,2,1,3, 6,2,2,3, 6,2,3,3, 6,2,4,3, 6,2,5,3, 6,2,6,3, 6,2,7,3, 6,2,8,3, 6,2,9,3,
+ 6,3,0,3, 6,3,1,3, 6,3,2,3, 6,3,3,3, 6,3,4,3, 6,3,5,3, 6,3,6,3, 6,3,7,3, 6,3,8,3,
+ 6,3,9,3, 6,4,0,3, 6,4,1,3, 6,4,2,3, 6,4,3,3, 6,4,4,3, 6,4,5,3, 6,4,6,3, 6,4,7,3,
+ 6,4,8,3, 6,4,9,3, 6,5,0,3, 6,5,1,3, 6,5,2,3, 6,5,3,3, 6,5,4,3, 6,5,5,3, 6,5,6,3,
+ 6,5,7,3, 6,5,8,3, 6,5,9,3, 6,6,0,3, 6,6,1,3, 6,6,2,3, 6,6,3,3, 6,6,4,3, 6,6,5,3,
+ 6,6,6,3, 6,6,7,3, 6,6,8,3, 6,6,9,3, 6,7,0,3, 6,7,1,3, 6,7,2,3, 6,7,3,3, 6,7,4,3,
+ 6,7,5,3, 6,7,6,3, 6,7,7,3, 6,7,8,3, 6,7,9,3, 6,8,0,3, 6,8,1,3, 6,8,2,3, 6,8,3,3,
+ 6,8,4,3, 6,8,5,3, 6,8,6,3, 6,8,7,3, 6,8,8,3, 6,8,9,3, 6,9,0,3, 6,9,1,3, 6,9,2,3,
+ 6,9,3,3, 6,9,4,3, 6,9,5,3, 6,9,6,3, 6,9,7,3, 6,9,8,3, 6,9,9,3, 7,0,0,3, 7,0,1,3,
+ 7,0,2,3, 7,0,3,3, 7,0,4,3, 7,0,5,3, 7,0,6,3, 7,0,7,3, 7,0,8,3, 7,0,9,3, 7,1,0,3,
+ 7,1,1,3, 7,1,2,3, 7,1,3,3, 7,1,4,3, 7,1,5,3, 7,1,6,3, 7,1,7,3, 7,1,8,3, 7,1,9,3,
+ 7,2,0,3, 7,2,1,3, 7,2,2,3, 7,2,3,3, 7,2,4,3, 7,2,5,3, 7,2,6,3, 7,2,7,3, 7,2,8,3,
+ 7,2,9,3, 7,3,0,3, 7,3,1,3, 7,3,2,3, 7,3,3,3, 7,3,4,3, 7,3,5,3, 7,3,6,3, 7,3,7,3,
+ 7,3,8,3, 7,3,9,3, 7,4,0,3, 7,4,1,3, 7,4,2,3, 7,4,3,3, 7,4,4,3, 7,4,5,3, 7,4,6,3,
+ 7,4,7,3, 7,4,8,3, 7,4,9,3, 7,5,0,3, 7,5,1,3, 7,5,2,3, 7,5,3,3, 7,5,4,3, 7,5,5,3,
+ 7,5,6,3, 7,5,7,3, 7,5,8,3, 7,5,9,3, 7,6,0,3, 7,6,1,3, 7,6,2,3, 7,6,3,3, 7,6,4,3,
+ 7,6,5,3, 7,6,6,3, 7,6,7,3, 7,6,8,3, 7,6,9,3, 7,7,0,3, 7,7,1,3, 7,7,2,3, 7,7,3,3,
+ 7,7,4,3, 7,7,5,3, 7,7,6,3, 7,7,7,3, 7,7,8,3, 7,7,9,3, 7,8,0,3, 7,8,1,3, 7,8,2,3,
+ 7,8,3,3, 7,8,4,3, 7,8,5,3, 7,8,6,3, 7,8,7,3, 7,8,8,3, 7,8,9,3, 7,9,0,3, 7,9,1,3,
+ 7,9,2,3, 7,9,3,3, 7,9,4,3, 7,9,5,3, 7,9,6,3, 7,9,7,3, 7,9,8,3, 7,9,9,3, 8,0,0,3,
+ 8,0,1,3, 8,0,2,3, 8,0,3,3, 8,0,4,3, 8,0,5,3, 8,0,6,3, 8,0,7,3, 8,0,8,3, 8,0,9,3,
+ 8,1,0,3, 8,1,1,3, 8,1,2,3, 8,1,3,3, 8,1,4,3, 8,1,5,3, 8,1,6,3, 8,1,7,3, 8,1,8,3,
+ 8,1,9,3, 8,2,0,3, 8,2,1,3, 8,2,2,3, 8,2,3,3, 8,2,4,3, 8,2,5,3, 8,2,6,3, 8,2,7,3,
+ 8,2,8,3, 8,2,9,3, 8,3,0,3, 8,3,1,3, 8,3,2,3, 8,3,3,3, 8,3,4,3, 8,3,5,3, 8,3,6,3,
+ 8,3,7,3, 8,3,8,3, 8,3,9,3, 8,4,0,3, 8,4,1,3, 8,4,2,3, 8,4,3,3, 8,4,4,3, 8,4,5,3,
+ 8,4,6,3, 8,4,7,3, 8,4,8,3, 8,4,9,3, 8,5,0,3, 8,5,1,3, 8,5,2,3, 8,5,3,3, 8,5,4,3,
+ 8,5,5,3, 8,5,6,3, 8,5,7,3, 8,5,8,3, 8,5,9,3, 8,6,0,3, 8,6,1,3, 8,6,2,3, 8,6,3,3,
+ 8,6,4,3, 8,6,5,3, 8,6,6,3, 8,6,7,3, 8,6,8,3, 8,6,9,3, 8,7,0,3, 8,7,1,3, 8,7,2,3,
+ 8,7,3,3, 8,7,4,3, 8,7,5,3, 8,7,6,3, 8,7,7,3, 8,7,8,3, 8,7,9,3, 8,8,0,3, 8,8,1,3,
+ 8,8,2,3, 8,8,3,3, 8,8,4,3, 8,8,5,3, 8,8,6,3, 8,8,7,3, 8,8,8,3, 8,8,9,3, 8,9,0,3,
+ 8,9,1,3, 8,9,2,3, 8,9,3,3, 8,9,4,3, 8,9,5,3, 8,9,6,3, 8,9,7,3, 8,9,8,3, 8,9,9,3,
+ 9,0,0,3, 9,0,1,3, 9,0,2,3, 9,0,3,3, 9,0,4,3, 9,0,5,3, 9,0,6,3, 9,0,7,3, 9,0,8,3,
+ 9,0,9,3, 9,1,0,3, 9,1,1,3, 9,1,2,3, 9,1,3,3, 9,1,4,3, 9,1,5,3, 9,1,6,3, 9,1,7,3,
+ 9,1,8,3, 9,1,9,3, 9,2,0,3, 9,2,1,3, 9,2,2,3, 9,2,3,3, 9,2,4,3, 9,2,5,3, 9,2,6,3,
+ 9,2,7,3, 9,2,8,3, 9,2,9,3, 9,3,0,3, 9,3,1,3, 9,3,2,3, 9,3,3,3, 9,3,4,3, 9,3,5,3,
+ 9,3,6,3, 9,3,7,3, 9,3,8,3, 9,3,9,3, 9,4,0,3, 9,4,1,3, 9,4,2,3, 9,4,3,3, 9,4,4,3,
+ 9,4,5,3, 9,4,6,3, 9,4,7,3, 9,4,8,3, 9,4,9,3, 9,5,0,3, 9,5,1,3, 9,5,2,3, 9,5,3,3,
+ 9,5,4,3, 9,5,5,3, 9,5,6,3, 9,5,7,3, 9,5,8,3, 9,5,9,3, 9,6,0,3, 9,6,1,3, 9,6,2,3,
+ 9,6,3,3, 9,6,4,3, 9,6,5,3, 9,6,6,3, 9,6,7,3, 9,6,8,3, 9,6,9,3, 9,7,0,3, 9,7,1,3,
+ 9,7,2,3, 9,7,3,3, 9,7,4,3, 9,7,5,3, 9,7,6,3, 9,7,7,3, 9,7,8,3, 9,7,9,3, 9,8,0,3,
+ 9,8,1,3, 9,8,2,3, 9,8,3,3, 9,8,4,3, 9,8,5,3, 9,8,6,3, 9,8,7,3, 9,8,8,3, 9,8,9,3,
+ 9,9,0,3, 9,9,1,3, 9,9,2,3, 9,9,3,3, 9,9,4,3, 9,9,5,3, 9,9,6,3, 9,9,7,3, 9,9,8,3,
+ 9,9,9,3};
+#endif
+
diff --git a/libdecnumber/decDPDSymbols.h b/libdecnumber/decDPDSymbols.h
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000..847248d5565
--- /dev/null
+++ b/libdecnumber/decDPDSymbols.h
@@ -0,0 +1,15 @@
+#if !defined(DECDPDSYMBOLS)
+#define DECDPDSYMBOLS
+
+#ifdef IN_LIBGCC2
+#define BCD2DPD __decBCD2DPD
+#define BIN2BCD8 __decBIN2BCD8
+#define BIN2CHAR __decBIN2CHAR
+#define BIN2DPD __decBIN2DPD
+#define DPD2BCD8 __decDPD2BCD8
+#define DPD2BIN __decDPD2BIN
+#define DPD2BINK __decDPD2BINK
+#define DPD2BINM __decDPD2BINM
+#endif
+
+#endif
diff --git a/libdecnumber/decDouble.c b/libdecnumber/decDouble.c
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000..ba6a0af893b
--- /dev/null
+++ b/libdecnumber/decDouble.c
@@ -0,0 +1,154 @@
+/* decDouble module for the decNumber C Library.
+   Copyright (C) 2007 Free Software Foundation, Inc.
+   Contributed by IBM Corporation.  Author Mike Cowlishaw.
+
+   This file is part of GCC.
+
+   GCC is free software; you can redistribute it and/or modify it under
+   the terms of the GNU General Public License as published by the Free
+   Software Foundation; either version 2, or (at your option) any later
+   version.
+
+   In addition to the permissions in the GNU General Public License,
+   the Free Software Foundation gives you unlimited permission to link
+   the compiled version of this file into combinations with other
+   programs, and to distribute those combinations without any
+   restriction coming from the use of this file.  (The General Public
+   License restrictions do apply in other respects; for example, they
+   cover modification of the file, and distribution when not linked
+   into a combine executable.)
+
+   GCC is distributed in the hope that it will be useful, but WITHOUT ANY
+   WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of MERCHANTABILITY or
+   FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE.  See the GNU General Public License
+   for more details.
+
+   You should have received a copy of the GNU General Public License
+   along with GCC; see the file COPYING.  If not, write to the Free
+   Software Foundation, 51 Franklin Street, Fifth Floor, Boston, MA
+   02110-1301, USA.  */
+
+/* ------------------------------------------------------------------ */
+/* decDouble.c -- decDouble operations module			      */
+/* ------------------------------------------------------------------ */
+/* This module comprises decDouble operations (including conversions) */
+/* ------------------------------------------------------------------ */
+
+#include "decContext.h"	      /* public includes */
+#include "decDouble.h"	      /* .. */
+
+/* Constant mappings for shared code */
+#define DECPMAX	    DECDOUBLE_Pmax
+#define DECEMIN	    DECDOUBLE_Emin
+#define DECEMAX	    DECDOUBLE_Emax
+#define DECEMAXD    DECDOUBLE_EmaxD
+#define DECBYTES    DECDOUBLE_Bytes
+#define DECSTRING   DECDOUBLE_String
+#define DECECONL    DECDOUBLE_EconL
+#define DECBIAS	    DECDOUBLE_Bias
+#define DECLETS	    DECDOUBLE_Declets
+#define DECQTINY    (-DECDOUBLE_Bias)
+/* parameters of next-wider format */
+#define DECWBYTES   DECQUAD_Bytes
+#define DECWPMAX    DECQUAD_Pmax
+#define DECWECONL   DECQUAD_EconL
+#define DECWBIAS    DECQUAD_Bias
+
+/* Type and function mappings for shared code */
+#define decFloat	       decDouble	  /* Type name */
+#define decFloatWider	       decQuad		  /* Type name */
+
+/* Utilities and conversions (binary results, extractors, etc.) */
+#define decFloatFromBCD		decDoubleFromBCD
+#define decFloatFromInt32	decDoubleFromInt32
+#define decFloatFromPacked	decDoubleFromPacked
+#define decFloatFromString	decDoubleFromString
+#define decFloatFromUInt32	decDoubleFromUInt32
+#define decFloatFromWider	decDoubleFromWider
+#define decFloatGetCoefficient	decDoubleGetCoefficient
+#define decFloatGetExponent	decDoubleGetExponent
+#define decFloatSetCoefficient	decDoubleSetCoefficient
+#define decFloatSetExponent	decDoubleSetExponent
+#define decFloatShow		decDoubleShow
+#define decFloatToBCD		decDoubleToBCD
+#define decFloatToEngString	decDoubleToEngString
+#define decFloatToInt32		decDoubleToInt32
+#define decFloatToInt32Exact	decDoubleToInt32Exact
+#define decFloatToPacked	decDoubleToPacked
+#define decFloatToString	decDoubleToString
+#define decFloatToUInt32	decDoubleToUInt32
+#define decFloatToUInt32Exact	decDoubleToUInt32Exact
+#define decFloatToWider		decDoubleToWider
+#define decFloatZero		decDoubleZero
+
+/* Computational (result is a decFloat) */
+#define decFloatAbs		decDoubleAbs
+#define decFloatAdd		decDoubleAdd
+#define decFloatAnd		decDoubleAnd
+#define decFloatDivide		decDoubleDivide
+#define decFloatDivideInteger	decDoubleDivideInteger
+#define decFloatFMA		decDoubleFMA
+#define decFloatInvert		decDoubleInvert
+#define decFloatLogB		decDoubleLogB
+#define decFloatMax		decDoubleMax
+#define decFloatMaxMag		decDoubleMaxMag
+#define decFloatMin		decDoubleMin
+#define decFloatMinMag		decDoubleMinMag
+#define decFloatMinus		decDoubleMinus
+#define decFloatMultiply	decDoubleMultiply
+#define decFloatNextMinus	decDoubleNextMinus
+#define decFloatNextPlus	decDoubleNextPlus
+#define decFloatNextToward	decDoubleNextToward
+#define decFloatOr		decDoubleOr
+#define decFloatPlus		decDoublePlus
+#define decFloatQuantize	decDoubleQuantize
+#define decFloatReduce		decDoubleReduce
+#define decFloatRemainder	decDoubleRemainder
+#define decFloatRemainderNear	decDoubleRemainderNear
+#define decFloatRotate		decDoubleRotate
+#define decFloatScaleB		decDoubleScaleB
+#define decFloatShift		decDoubleShift
+#define decFloatSubtract	decDoubleSubtract
+#define decFloatToIntegralValue decDoubleToIntegralValue
+#define decFloatToIntegralExact decDoubleToIntegralExact
+#define decFloatXor		decDoubleXor
+
+/* Comparisons */
+#define decFloatCompare		decDoubleCompare
+#define decFloatCompareSignal	decDoubleCompareSignal
+#define decFloatCompareTotal	decDoubleCompareTotal
+#define decFloatCompareTotalMag decDoubleCompareTotalMag
+
+/* Copies */
+#define decFloatCanonical	decDoubleCanonical
+#define decFloatCopy		decDoubleCopy
+#define decFloatCopyAbs		decDoubleCopyAbs
+#define decFloatCopyNegate	decDoubleCopyNegate
+#define decFloatCopySign	decDoubleCopySign
+
+/* Non-computational */
+#define decFloatClass		decDoubleClass
+#define decFloatClassString	decDoubleClassString
+#define decFloatDigits		decDoubleDigits
+#define decFloatIsCanonical	decDoubleIsCanonical
+#define decFloatIsFinite	decDoubleIsFinite
+#define decFloatIsInfinite	decDoubleIsInfinite
+#define decFloatIsInteger	decDoubleIsInteger
+#define decFloatIsNaN		decDoubleIsNaN
+#define decFloatIsNormal	decDoubleIsNormal
+#define decFloatIsSignaling	decDoubleIsSignaling
+#define decFloatIsSignalling	decDoubleIsSignalling
+#define decFloatIsSigned	decDoubleIsSigned
+#define decFloatIsSubnormal	decDoubleIsSubnormal
+#define decFloatIsZero		decDoubleIsZero
+#define decFloatRadix		decDoubleRadix
+#define decFloatSameQuantum	decDoubleSameQuantum
+#define decFloatVersion		decDoubleVersion
+
+
+#include "decNumberLocal.h"   /* local includes (need DECPMAX) */
+#include "decCommon.c"	      /* non-arithmetic decFloat routines */
+#include "decBasic.c"	      /* basic formats routines */
+
+/* Below here will move to shared file as completed */
+
diff --git a/libdecnumber/decDouble.h b/libdecnumber/decDouble.h
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000..32eba395d85
--- /dev/null
+++ b/libdecnumber/decDouble.h
@@ -0,0 +1,164 @@
+/* decDouble module header for the decNumber C Library.
+   Copyright (C) 2007 Free Software Foundation, Inc.
+   Contributed by IBM Corporation.  Author Mike Cowlishaw.
+
+   This file is part of GCC.
+
+   GCC is free software; you can redistribute it and/or modify it under
+   the terms of the GNU General Public License as published by the Free
+   Software Foundation; either version 2, or (at your option) any later
+   version.
+
+   In addition to the permissions in the GNU General Public License,
+   the Free Software Foundation gives you unlimited permission to link
+   the compiled version of this file into combinations with other
+   programs, and to distribute those combinations without any
+   restriction coming from the use of this file.  (The General Public
+   License restrictions do apply in other respects; for example, they
+   cover modification of the file, and distribution when not linked
+   into a combine executable.)
+
+   GCC is distributed in the hope that it will be useful, but WITHOUT ANY
+   WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of MERCHANTABILITY or
+   FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE.  See the GNU General Public License
+   for more details.
+
+   You should have received a copy of the GNU General Public License
+   along with GCC; see the file COPYING.  If not, write to the Free
+   Software Foundation, 51 Franklin Street, Fifth Floor, Boston, MA
+   02110-1301, USA.  */
+
+/* ------------------------------------------------------------------ */
+/* decDouble.h -- Decimal 64-bit format module header		      */
+/* ------------------------------------------------------------------ */
+/* Please see decFloats.h for an overview and documentation details.  */
+/* ------------------------------------------------------------------ */
+
+#if !defined(DECDOUBLE)
+  #define DECDOUBLE
+
+  #define DECDOUBLENAME	      "decimalDouble"	      /* Short name   */
+  #define DECDOUBLETITLE      "Decimal 64-bit datum"  /* Verbose name */
+  #define DECDOUBLEAUTHOR     "Mike Cowlishaw"	      /* Who to blame */
+
+  /* parameters for decDoubles */
+  #define DECDOUBLE_Bytes   8	   /* length			      */
+  #define DECDOUBLE_Pmax    16	   /* maximum precision (digits)      */
+  #define DECDOUBLE_Emin   -383	   /* minimum adjusted exponent	      */
+  #define DECDOUBLE_Emax    384	   /* maximum adjusted exponent	      */
+  #define DECDOUBLE_EmaxD   3	   /* maximum exponent digits	      */
+  #define DECDOUBLE_Bias    398	   /* bias for the exponent	      */
+  #define DECDOUBLE_String  25	   /* maximum string length, +1	      */
+  #define DECDOUBLE_EconL   8	   /* exponent continuation length    */
+  #define DECDOUBLE_Declets 5	   /* count of declets		      */
+  /* highest biased exponent (Elimit-1) */
+  #define DECDOUBLE_Ehigh (DECDOUBLE_Emax + DECDOUBLE_Bias - (DECDOUBLE_Pmax-1))
+
+  /* Required includes						      */
+  #include "decContext.h"
+  #include "decQuad.h"
+
+  /* The decDouble decimal 64-bit type, accessible by bytes */
+  typedef struct {
+    uint8_t bytes[DECDOUBLE_Bytes]; /* fields: 1, 5, 8, 50 bits	  */
+    } decDouble;
+
+  /* ---------------------------------------------------------------- */
+  /* Routines -- implemented as decFloat routines in common files     */
+  /* ---------------------------------------------------------------- */
+
+  #include "decDoubleSymbols.h"
+
+  /* Utilities and conversions, extractors, etc.) */
+  extern decDouble * decDoubleFromBCD(decDouble *, int32_t, const uint8_t *, int32_t);
+  extern decDouble * decDoubleFromInt32(decDouble *, int32_t);
+  extern decDouble * decDoubleFromPacked(decDouble *, int32_t, const uint8_t *);
+  extern decDouble * decDoubleFromString(decDouble *, const char *, decContext *);
+  extern decDouble * decDoubleFromUInt32(decDouble *, uint32_t);
+  extern decDouble * decDoubleFromWider(decDouble *, const decQuad *, decContext *);
+  extern int32_t     decDoubleGetCoefficient(const decDouble *, uint8_t *);
+  extern int32_t     decDoubleGetExponent(const decDouble *);
+  extern decDouble * decDoubleSetCoefficient(decDouble *, const uint8_t *, int32_t);
+  extern decDouble * decDoubleSetExponent(decDouble *, decContext *, int32_t);
+  extern void	     decDoubleShow(const decDouble *, const char *);
+  extern int32_t     decDoubleToBCD(const decDouble *, int32_t *, uint8_t *);
+  extern char	   * decDoubleToEngString(const decDouble *, char *);
+  extern int32_t     decDoubleToInt32(const decDouble *, decContext *, enum rounding);
+  extern int32_t     decDoubleToInt32Exact(const decDouble *, decContext *, enum rounding);
+  extern int32_t     decDoubleToPacked(const decDouble *, int32_t *, uint8_t *);
+  extern char	   * decDoubleToString(const decDouble *, char *);
+  extern uint32_t    decDoubleToUInt32(const decDouble *, decContext *, enum rounding);
+  extern uint32_t    decDoubleToUInt32Exact(const decDouble *, decContext *, enum rounding);
+  extern decQuad   * decDoubleToWider(const decDouble *, decQuad *);
+  extern decDouble * decDoubleZero(decDouble *);
+
+  /* Computational (result is a decDouble) */
+  extern decDouble * decDoubleAbs(decDouble *, const decDouble *, decContext *);
+  extern decDouble * decDoubleAdd(decDouble *, const decDouble *, const decDouble *, decContext *);
+  extern decDouble * decDoubleAnd(decDouble *, const decDouble *, const decDouble *, decContext *);
+  extern decDouble * decDoubleDivide(decDouble *, const decDouble *, const decDouble *, decContext *);
+  extern decDouble * decDoubleDivideInteger(decDouble *, const decDouble *, const decDouble *, decContext *);
+  extern decDouble * decDoubleFMA(decDouble *, const decDouble *, const decDouble *, const decDouble *, decContext *);
+  extern decDouble * decDoubleInvert(decDouble *, const decDouble *, decContext *);
+  extern decDouble * decDoubleLogB(decDouble *, const decDouble *, decContext *);
+  extern decDouble * decDoubleMax(decDouble *, const decDouble *, const decDouble *, decContext *);
+  extern decDouble * decDoubleMaxMag(decDouble *, const decDouble *, const decDouble *, decContext *);
+  extern decDouble * decDoubleMin(decDouble *, const decDouble *, const decDouble *, decContext *);
+  extern decDouble * decDoubleMinMag(decDouble *, const decDouble *, const decDouble *, decContext *);
+  extern decDouble * decDoubleMinus(decDouble *, const decDouble *, decContext *);
+  extern decDouble * decDoubleMultiply(decDouble *, const decDouble *, const decDouble *, decContext *);
+  extern decDouble * decDoubleNextMinus(decDouble *, const decDouble *, decContext *);
+  extern decDouble * decDoubleNextPlus(decDouble *, const decDouble *, decContext *);
+  extern decDouble * decDoubleNextToward(decDouble *, const decDouble *, const decDouble *, decContext *);
+  extern decDouble * decDoubleOr(decDouble *, const decDouble *, const decDouble *, decContext *);
+  extern decDouble * decDoublePlus(decDouble *, const decDouble *, decContext *);
+  extern decDouble * decDoubleQuantize(decDouble *, const decDouble *, const decDouble *, decContext *);
+  extern decDouble * decDoubleReduce(decDouble *, const decDouble *, decContext *);
+  extern decDouble * decDoubleRemainder(decDouble *, const decDouble *, const decDouble *, decContext *);
+  extern decDouble * decDoubleRemainderNear(decDouble *, const decDouble *, const decDouble *, decContext *);
+  extern decDouble * decDoubleRotate(decDouble *, const decDouble *, const decDouble *, decContext *);
+  extern decDouble * decDoubleScaleB(decDouble *, const decDouble *, const decDouble *, decContext *);
+  extern decDouble * decDoubleShift(decDouble *, const decDouble *, const decDouble *, decContext *);
+  extern decDouble * decDoubleSubtract(decDouble *, const decDouble *, const decDouble *, decContext *);
+  extern decDouble * decDoubleToIntegralValue(decDouble *, const decDouble *, decContext *, enum rounding);
+  extern decDouble * decDoubleToIntegralExact(decDouble *, const decDouble *, decContext *);
+  extern decDouble * decDoubleXor(decDouble *, const decDouble *, const decDouble *, decContext *);
+
+  /* Comparisons */
+  extern decDouble * decDoubleCompare(decDouble *, const decDouble *, const decDouble *, decContext *);
+  extern decDouble * decDoubleCompareSignal(decDouble *, const decDouble *, const decDouble *, decContext *);
+  extern decDouble * decDoubleCompareTotal(decDouble *, const decDouble *, const decDouble *);
+  extern decDouble * decDoubleCompareTotalMag(decDouble *, const decDouble *, const decDouble *);
+
+  /* Copies */
+  extern decDouble * decDoubleCanonical(decDouble *, const decDouble *);
+  extern decDouble * decDoubleCopy(decDouble *, const decDouble *);
+  extern decDouble * decDoubleCopyAbs(decDouble *, const decDouble *);
+  extern decDouble * decDoubleCopyNegate(decDouble *, const decDouble *);
+  extern decDouble * decDoubleCopySign(decDouble *, const decDouble *, const decDouble *);
+
+  /* Non-computational */
+  extern enum decClass decDoubleClass(const decDouble *);
+  extern const char *  decDoubleClassString(const decDouble *);
+  extern uint32_t      decDoubleDigits(const decDouble *);
+  extern uint32_t      decDoubleIsCanonical(const decDouble *);
+  extern uint32_t      decDoubleIsFinite(const decDouble *);
+  extern uint32_t      decDoubleIsInfinite(const decDouble *);
+  extern uint32_t      decDoubleIsInteger(const decDouble *);
+  extern uint32_t      decDoubleIsNaN(const decDouble *);
+  extern uint32_t      decDoubleIsNormal(const decDouble *);
+  extern uint32_t      decDoubleIsSignaling(const decDouble *);
+  extern uint32_t      decDoubleIsSignalling(const decDouble *);
+  extern uint32_t      decDoubleIsSigned(const decDouble *);
+  extern uint32_t      decDoubleIsSubnormal(const decDouble *);
+  extern uint32_t      decDoubleIsZero(const decDouble *);
+  extern uint32_t      decDoubleRadix(const decDouble *);
+  extern uint32_t      decDoubleSameQuantum(const decDouble *, const decDouble *);
+  extern const char *  decDoubleVersion(void);
+
+  /* decNumber conversions; these are implemented as macros so as not  */
+  /* to force a dependency on decimal64 and decNumber in decDouble.    */
+  #define decDoubleToNumber(dq, dn) decimal64ToNumber((decimal64 *)(dq), dn)
+  #define decDoubleFromNumber(dq, dn, set) (decDouble *)decimal64FromNumber((decimal64 *)(dq), dn, set)
+
+#endif
diff --git a/libdecnumber/decDoubleSymbols.h b/libdecnumber/decDoubleSymbols.h
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000..add1248096d
--- /dev/null
+++ b/libdecnumber/decDoubleSymbols.h
@@ -0,0 +1,84 @@
+#if !defined(DECDOUBLESYMBOLS)
+#define DECDOUBLESYMBOLS
+
+#ifdef IN_LIBGCC2
+#define decDoubleAbs __decDoubleAbs
+#define decDoubleAdd __decDoubleAdd
+#define decDoubleAnd __decDoubleAnd
+#define decDoubleCanonical __decDoubleCanonical
+#define decDoubleClass __decDoubleClass
+#define decDoubleClassString __decDoubleClassString
+#define decDoubleCompare __decDoubleCompare
+#define decDoubleCompareSignal __decDoubleCompareSignal
+#define decDoubleCompareTotal __decDoubleCompareTotal
+#define decDoubleCompareTotalMag __decDoubleCompareTotalMag
+#define decDoubleCopy __decDoubleCopy
+#define decDoubleCopyAbs __decDoubleCopyAbs
+#define decDoubleCopyNegate __decDoubleCopyNegate
+#define decDoubleCopySign __decDoubleCopySign
+#define decDoubleDigits __decDoubleDigits
+#define decDoubleDivide __decDoubleDivide
+#define decDoubleDivideInteger __decDoubleDivideInteger
+#define decDoubleFMA __decDoubleFMA
+#define decDoubleFromBCD __decDoubleFromBCD
+#define decDoubleFromInt32 __decDoubleFromInt32
+#define decDoubleFromPacked __decDoubleFromPacked
+#define decDoubleFromString __decDoubleFromString
+#define decDoubleFromUInt32 __decDoubleFromUInt32
+#define decDoubleFromWider __decDoubleFromWider
+#define decDoubleGetCoefficient __decDoubleGetCoefficient
+#define decDoubleGetExponent __decDoubleGetExponent
+#define decDoubleInvert __decDoubleInvert
+#define decDoubleIsCanonical __decDoubleIsCanonical
+#define decDoubleIsFinite __decDoubleIsFinite
+#define decDoubleIsInfinite __decDoubleIsInfinite
+#define decDoubleIsInteger __decDoubleIsInteger
+#define decDoubleIsNaN __decDoubleIsNaN
+#define decDoubleIsNormal __decDoubleIsNormal
+#define decDoubleIsSignaling __decDoubleIsSignaling
+#define decDoubleIsSignalling __decDoubleIsSignalling
+#define decDoubleIsSigned __decDoubleIsSigned
+#define decDoubleIsSubnormal __decDoubleIsSubnormal
+#define decDoubleIsZero __decDoubleIsZero
+#define decDoubleLogB __decDoubleLogB
+#define decDoubleMax __decDoubleMax
+#define decDoubleMaxMag __decDoubleMaxMag
+#define decDoubleMin __decDoubleMin
+#define decDoubleMinMag __decDoubleMinMag
+#define decDoubleMinus __decDoubleMinus
+#define decDoubleMultiply __decDoubleMultiply
+#define decDoubleNextMinus __decDoubleNextMinus
+#define decDoubleNextPlus __decDoubleNextPlus
+#define decDoubleNextToward __decDoubleNextToward
+#define decDoubleOr __decDoubleOr
+#define decDoublePlus __decDoublePlus
+#define decDoubleQuantize __decDoubleQuantize
+#define decDoubleRadix __decDoubleRadix
+#define decDoubleReduce __decDoubleReduce
+#define decDoubleRemainder __decDoubleRemainder
+#define decDoubleRemainderNear __decDoubleRemainderNear
+#define decDoubleRotate __decDoubleRotate
+#define decDoubleSameQuantum __decDoubleSameQuantum
+#define decDoubleScaleB __decDoubleScaleB
+#define decDoubleSetCoefficient __decDoubleSetCoefficient
+#define decDoubleSetExponent __decDoubleSetExponent
+#define decDoubleShift __decDoubleShift
+#define decDoubleShow __decDoubleShow
+#define decDoubleSubtract __decDoubleSubtract
+#define decDoubleToBCD __decDoubleToBCD
+#define decDoubleToEngString __decDoubleToEngString
+#define decDoubleToInt32 __decDoubleToInt32
+#define decDoubleToInt32Exact __decDoubleToInt32Exact
+#define decDoubleToIntegralExact __decDoubleToIntegralExact
+#define decDoubleToIntegralValue __decDoubleToIntegralValue
+#define decDoubleToPacked __decDoubleToPacked
+#define decDoubleToString __decDoubleToString
+#define decDoubleToUInt32 __decDoubleToUInt32
+#define decDoubleToUInt32Exact __decDoubleToUInt32Exact
+#define decDoubleToWider __decDoubleToWider
+#define decDoubleVersion __decDoubleVersion
+#define decDoubleXor __decDoubleXor
+#define decDoubleZero __decDoubleZero
+#endif
+
+#endif
diff --git a/libdecnumber/decLibrary.c b/libdecnumber/decLibrary.c
index 5a172502ef0..7e5e928edc2 100644
--- a/libdecnumber/decLibrary.c
+++ b/libdecnumber/decLibrary.c
@@ -74,22 +74,3 @@ isinfd128 (_Decimal128 arg)
   decimal128ToNumber (&d128, &dn);
   return (decNumberIsInfinite (&dn));
 }
-
-uint32_t
-__dec_byte_swap (uint32_t in)
-{
-  uint32_t out = 0;
-  unsigned char *p = (unsigned char *) &out;
-  union {
-    uint32_t i;
-    unsigned char b[4];
-  } u;
-
-  u.i = in;
-  p[0] = u.b[3];
-  p[1] = u.b[2];
-  p[2] = u.b[1];
-  p[3] = u.b[0];
-
-  return out;
-}
diff --git a/libdecnumber/decNumber.c b/libdecnumber/decNumber.c
index dbc42148985..c5e223c812f 100644
--- a/libdecnumber/decNumber.c
+++ b/libdecnumber/decNumber.c
@@ -1,5 +1,5 @@
-/* Decimal Number module for the decNumber C Library
-   Copyright (C) 2005 Free Software Foundation, Inc.
+/* Decimal number arithmetic module for the decNumber C Library.
+   Copyright (C) 2005, 2007 Free Software Foundation, Inc.
    Contributed by IBM Corporation.  Author Mike Cowlishaw.
 
    This file is part of GCC.
@@ -29,236 +29,257 @@
    02110-1301, USA.  */
 
 /* ------------------------------------------------------------------ */
-/* This module comprises the routines for Standard Decimal Arithmetic */
-/* as defined in the specification which may be found on the          */
+/* Decimal Number arithmetic module				      */
+/* ------------------------------------------------------------------ */
+/* This module comprises the routines for General Decimal Arithmetic  */
+/* as defined in the specification which may be found on the	      */
 /* http://www2.hursley.ibm.com/decimal web pages.  It implements both */
-/* the full ('extended') arithmetic and the simpler ('subset')        */
-/* arithmetic.                                                        */
-/*                                                                    */
-/* Usage notes:                                                       */
-/*                                                                    */
-/* 1. This code is ANSI C89 except:                                   */
-/*                                                                    */
-/*    a) Line comments (double forward slash) are used.  (Most C      */
-/*       compilers accept these.  If yours does not, a simple script  */
-/*       can be used to convert them to ANSI C comments.)             */
-/*                                                                    */
-/*    b) Types from C99 stdint.h are used.  If you do not have this   */
-/*       header file, see the User's Guide section of the decNumber   */
-/*       documentation; this lists the necessary definitions.         */
-/*                                                                    */
-/*    c) If DECDPUN>4, non-ANSI 64-bit 'long long' types are used.    */
-/*       To avoid these, set DECDPUN <= 4 (see documentation).        */
-/*                                                                    */
+/* the full ('extended') arithmetic and the simpler ('subset')	      */
+/* arithmetic.							      */
+/*								      */
+/* Usage notes:							      */
+/*								      */
+/* 1. This code is ANSI C89 except:				      */
+/*								      */
+/*       If DECDPUN>4 or DECUSE64=1, the C99 64-bit int64_t and	      */
+/*	 uint64_t types may be used.  To avoid these, set DECUSE64=0  */
+/*	 and DECDPUN<=4 (see documentation).			      */
+/*								      */
 /* 2. The decNumber format which this library uses is optimized for   */
 /*    efficient processing of relatively short numbers; in particular */
 /*    it allows the use of fixed sized structures and minimizes copy  */
-/*    and move operations.  It does, however, support arbitrary       */
+/*    and move operations.  It does, however, support arbitrary	      */
 /*    precision (up to 999,999,999 digits) and arbitrary exponent     */
 /*    range (Emax in the range 0 through 999,999,999 and Emin in the  */
-/*    range -999,999,999 through 0).                                  */
-/*                                                                    */
-/* 3. Operands to operator functions are never modified unless they   */
+/*    range -999,999,999 through 0).  Mathematical functions (for     */
+/*    example decNumberExp) as identified below are restricted more   */
+/*    tightly: digits, emax, and -emin in the context must be <=      */
+/*    DEC_MAX_MATH (999999), and their operand(s) must be within      */
+/*    these bounds.						      */
+/*								      */
+/* 3. Logical functions are further restricted; their operands must   */
+/*    be finite, positive, have an exponent of zero, and all digits   */
+/*    must be either 0 or 1.  The result will only contain digits     */
+/*    which are 0 or 1 (and will have exponent=0 and a sign of 0).    */
+/*								      */
+/* 4. Operands to operator functions are never modified unless they   */
 /*    are also specified to be the result number (which is always     */
-/*    permitted).  Other than that case, operands may not overlap.    */
-/*                                                                    */
-/* 4. Error handling: the type of the error is ORed into the status   */
-/*    flags in the current context (decContext structure).  The       */
+/*    permitted).  Other than that case, operands must not overlap.   */
+/*								      */
+/* 5. Error handling: the type of the error is ORed into the status   */
+/*    flags in the current context (decContext structure).  The	      */
 /*    SIGFPE signal is then raised if the corresponding trap-enabler  */
-/*    flag in the decContext is set (is 1).                           */
-/*                                                                    */
+/*    flag in the decContext is set (is 1).			      */
+/*								      */
 /*    It is the responsibility of the caller to clear the status      */
-/*    flags as required.                                              */
-/*                                                                    */
+/*    flags as required.					      */
+/*								      */
 /*    The result of any routine which returns a number will always    */
 /*    be a valid number (which may be a special value, such as an     */
-/*    Infinity or NaN).                                               */
-/*                                                                    */
-/* 5. The decNumber format is not an exchangeable concrete            */
+/*    Infinity or NaN).						      */
+/*								      */
+/* 6. The decNumber format is not an exchangeable concrete	      */
 /*    representation as it comprises fields which may be machine-     */
-/*    dependent (big-endian or little-endian, for example).           */
+/*    dependent (packed or unpacked, or special length, for example). */
 /*    Canonical conversions to and from strings are provided; other   */
-/*    conversions are available in separate modules.                  */
-/*                                                                    */
-/* 6. Normally, input operands are assumed to be valid.  Set DECCHECK */
+/*    conversions are available in separate modules.		      */
+/*								      */
+/* 7. Normally, input operands are assumed to be valid.	 Set DECCHECK */
 /*    to 1 for extended operand checking (including NULL operands).   */
 /*    Results are undefined if a badly-formed structure (or a NULL    */
-/*    NULL pointer to a structure) is provided, though with DECCHECK  */
+/*    pointer to a structure) is provided, though with DECCHECK	      */
 /*    enabled the operator routines are protected against exceptions. */
 /*    (Except if the result pointer is NULL, which is unrecoverable.) */
-/*                                                                    */
+/*								      */
 /*    However, the routines will never cause exceptions if they are   */
 /*    given well-formed operands, even if the value of the operands   */
 /*    is inappropriate for the operation and DECCHECK is not set.     */
-/*                                                                    */
-/* 7. Subset arithmetic is available only if DECSUBSET is set to 1.   */
+/*    (Except for SIGFPE, as and where documented.)		      */
+/*								      */
+/* 8. Subset arithmetic is available only if DECSUBSET is set to 1.   */
 /* ------------------------------------------------------------------ */
-/* Implementation notes for maintenance of this module:               */
-/*                                                                    */
-/* 1. Storage leak protection:  Routines which use malloc are not     */
+/* Implementation notes for maintenance of this module:		      */
+/*								      */
+/* 1. Storage leak protection:	Routines which use malloc are not     */
 /*    permitted to use return for fastpath or error exits (i.e.,      */
-/*    they follow strict structured programming conventions).         */
+/*    they follow strict structured programming conventions).	      */
 /*    Instead they have a do{}while(0); construct surrounding the     */
-/*    code which is protected -- break may be used from this.         */
-/*    Other routines are allowed to use the return statement inline.  */
-/*                                                                    */
-/*    Storage leak accounting can be enabled using DECALLOC.          */
-/*                                                                    */
-/* 2. All loops use the for(;;) construct.  Any do construct is for   */
-/*    protection as just described.                                   */
-/*                                                                    */
+/*    code which is protected -- break may be used to exit this.      */
+/*    Other routines can safely use the return statement inline.      */
+/*								      */
+/*    Storage leak accounting can be enabled using DECALLOC.	      */
+/*								      */
+/* 2. All loops use the for(;;) construct.  Any do construct does     */
+/*    not loop; it is for allocation protection as just described.    */
+/*								      */
 /* 3. Setting status in the context must always be the very last      */
 /*    action in a routine, as non-0 status may raise a trap and hence */
 /*    the call to set status may not return (if the handler uses long */
-/*    jump).  Therefore all cleanup must be done first.  In general,  */
-/*    to achieve this we accumulate status and only finally apply it  */
-/*    by calling decContextSetStatus (via decStatus).                 */
-/*                                                                    */
-/*    Routines which allocate storage cannot, therefore, use the      */
-/*    'top level' routines which could cause a non-returning          */
+/*    jump).  Therefore all cleanup must be done first.	 In general,  */
+/*    to achieve this status is accumulated and is only applied just  */
+/*    before return by calling decContextSetStatus (via decStatus).   */
+/*								      */
+/*    Routines which allocate storage cannot, in general, use the     */
+/*    'top level' routines which could cause a non-returning	      */
 /*    transfer of control.  The decXxxxOp routines are safe (do not   */
 /*    call decStatus even if traps are set in the context) and should */
-/*    be used instead (they are also a little faster).                */
-/*                                                                    */
+/*    be used instead (they are also a little faster).		      */
+/*								      */
 /* 4. Exponent checking is minimized by allowing the exponent to      */
 /*    grow outside its limits during calculations, provided that      */
-/*    the decFinalize function is called later.  Multiplication and   */
+/*    the decFinalize function is called later.	 Multiplication and   */
 /*    division, and intermediate calculations in exponentiation,      */
-/*    require more careful checks because of the risk of 31-bit       */
+/*    require more careful checks because of the risk of 31-bit	      */
 /*    overflow (the most negative valid exponent is -1999999997, for  */
 /*    a 999999999-digit number with adjusted exponent of -999999999). */
-/*                                                                    */
+/*								      */
 /* 5. Rounding is deferred until finalization of results, with any    */
 /*    'off to the right' data being represented as a single digit     */
 /*    residue (in the range -1 through 9).  This avoids any double-   */
-/*    rounding when more than one shortening takes place (for         */
-/*    example, when a result is subnormal).                           */
-/*                                                                    */
+/*    rounding when more than one shortening takes place (for	      */
+/*    example, when a result is subnormal).			      */
+/*								      */
 /* 6. The digits count is allowed to rise to a multiple of DECDPUN    */
 /*    during many operations, so whole Units are handled and exact    */
 /*    accounting of digits is not needed.  The correct digits value   */
 /*    is found by decGetDigits, which accounts for leading zeros.     */
 /*    This must be called before any rounding if the number of digits */
-/*    is not known exactly.                                           */
-/*                                                                    */
-/* 7. We use the multiply-by-reciprocal 'trick' for partitioning      */
+/*    is not known exactly.					      */
+/*								      */
+/* 7. The multiply-by-reciprocal 'trick' is used for partitioning     */
 /*    numbers up to four digits, using appropriate constants.  This   */
 /*    is not useful for longer numbers because overflow of 32 bits    */
 /*    would lead to 4 multiplies, which is almost as expensive as     */
-/*    a divide (unless we assumed floating-point multiply available). */
-/*                                                                    */
-/* 8. Unusual abbreviations possibly used in the commentary:          */
-/*      lhs -- left hand side (operand, of an operation)              */
-/*      lsd -- least significant digit (of coefficient)               */
-/*      lsu -- least significant Unit (of coefficient)                */
-/*      msd -- most significant digit (of coefficient)                */
-/*      msu -- most significant Unit (of coefficient)                 */
-/*      rhs -- right hand side (operand, of an operation)             */
-/*      +ve -- positive                                               */
-/*      -ve -- negative                                               */
-/* ------------------------------------------------------------------ */
-
-/* Some of glibc's string inlines cause warnings.  Plus we'd rather
-   rely on (and therefore test) GCC's string builtins.  */
-#define __NO_STRING_INLINES
-
-#include <stdlib.h>		/* for malloc, free, etc. */
-#include <stdio.h>		/* for printf [if needed] */
-#include <string.h>		/* for strcpy */
-#include <ctype.h>		/* for lower */
-#include "config.h"
-#include "decNumber.h"		/* base number library */
-#include "decNumberLocal.h"	/* decNumber local types, etc. */
+/*    a divide (unless a floating-point or 64-bit multiply is	      */
+/*    assumed to be available).					      */
+/*								      */
+/* 8. Unusual abbreviations that may be used in the commentary:	      */
+/*	lhs -- left hand side (operand, of an operation)	      */
+/*	lsd -- least significant digit (of coefficient)		      */
+/*	lsu -- least significant Unit (of coefficient)		      */
+/*	msd -- most significant digit (of coefficient)		      */
+/*	msi -- most significant item (in an array)		      */
+/*	msu -- most significant Unit (of coefficient)		      */
+/*	rhs -- right hand side (operand, of an operation)	      */
+/*	+ve -- positive						      */
+/*	-ve -- negative						      */
+/*	**  -- raise to the power				      */
+/* ------------------------------------------------------------------ */
+
+#include <stdlib.h>		   /* for malloc, free, etc. */
+#include <stdio.h>		   /* for printf [if needed] */
+#include <string.h>		   /* for strcpy */
+#include <ctype.h>		   /* for lower */
+#include "config.h"		   /* for GCC definitions */
+#include "decNumber.h"		   /* base number library */
+#include "decNumberLocal.h"	   /* decNumber local types, etc. */
 
 /* Constants */
-/* Public constant array: powers of ten (powers[n]==10**n) */
-const uInt powers[] = { 1, 10, 100, 1000, 10000, 100000, 1000000,
-  10000000, 100000000, 1000000000
-};
-
-/* Local constants */
-#define DIVIDE    0x80		/* Divide operators */
-#define REMAINDER 0x40		/* .. */
-#define DIVIDEINT 0x20		/* .. */
-#define REMNEAR   0x10		/* .. */
-#define COMPARE   0x01		/* Compare operators */
-#define COMPMAX   0x02		/* .. */
-#define COMPMIN   0x03		/* .. */
-#define COMPNAN   0x04		/* .. [NaN processing] */
+/* Public lookup table used by the D2U macro */
+const uByte d2utable[DECMAXD2U+1]=D2UTABLE;
 
-#define DEC_sNaN 0x40000000	/* local status: sNaN signal */
-#define BADINT (Int)0x80000000	/* most-negative Int; error indicator */
+#define DECVERB	    1		   /* set to 1 for verbose DECCHECK */
+#define powers	    DECPOWERS	   /* old internal name */
 
-static Unit one[] = { 1 };	/* Unit array of 1, used for incrementing */
+/* Local constants */
+#define DIVIDE	    0x80	   /* Divide operators */
+#define REMAINDER   0x40	   /* .. */
+#define DIVIDEINT   0x20	   /* .. */
+#define REMNEAR	    0x10	   /* .. */
+#define COMPARE	    0x01	   /* Compare operators */
+#define COMPMAX	    0x02	   /* .. */
+#define COMPMIN	    0x03	   /* .. */
+#define COMPTOTAL   0x04	   /* .. */
+#define COMPNAN	    0x05	   /* .. [NaN processing] */
+#define COMPSIG	    0x06	   /* .. [signaling COMPARE] */
+#define COMPMAXMAG  0x07	   /* .. */
+#define COMPMINMAG  0x08	   /* .. */
+
+#define DEC_sNaN     0x40000000	   /* local status: sNaN signal */
+#define BADINT	(Int)0x80000000	   /* most-negative Int; error indicator */
+/* Next two indicate an integer >= 10**6, and its parity (bottom bit) */
+#define BIGEVEN (Int)0x80000002
+#define BIGODD	(Int)0x80000003
+
+static Unit uarrone[1]={1};   /* Unit array of 1, used for incrementing */
 
 /* Granularity-dependent code */
 #if DECDPUN<=4
-#define eInt  Int		/* extended integer */
-#define ueInt uInt		/* unsigned extended integer */
+  #define eInt	Int	      /* extended integer */
+  #define ueInt uInt	      /* unsigned extended integer */
   /* Constant multipliers for divide-by-power-of five using reciprocal */
   /* multiply, after removing powers of 2 by shifting, and final shift */
   /* of 17 [we only need up to **4] */
-static const uInt multies[] = { 131073, 26215, 5243, 1049, 210 };
-
+  static const uInt multies[]={131073, 26215, 5243, 1049, 210};
   /* QUOT10 -- macro to return the quotient of unit u divided by 10**n */
-#define QUOT10(u, n) ((((uInt)(u)>>(n))*multies[n])>>17)
+  #define QUOT10(u, n) ((((uInt)(u)>>(n))*multies[n])>>17)
 #else
-  /* For DECDPUN>4 we currently use non-ANSI 64-bit types.  These could */
-  /* be replaced by subroutine calls later. */
-#ifdef long
-#undef long
-#endif
-typedef signed long long Long;
-typedef unsigned long long uLong;
-#define eInt  Long		/* extended integer */
-#define ueInt uLong		/* unsigned extended integer */
+  /* For DECDPUN>4 non-ANSI-89 64-bit types are needed. */
+  #if !DECUSE64
+    #error decNumber.c: DECUSE64 must be 1 when DECDPUN>4
+  #endif
+  #define eInt	Long	      /* extended integer */
+  #define ueInt uLong	      /* unsigned extended integer */
 #endif
 
 /* Local routines */
-static decNumber *decAddOp (decNumber *, const decNumber *,
-			    const decNumber *, decContext *,
-			    uByte, uInt *);
-static void decApplyRound (decNumber *, decContext *, Int, uInt *);
-static Int decCompare (const decNumber * lhs, const decNumber * rhs);
-static decNumber *decCompareOp (decNumber *, const decNumber *, const decNumber *,
-				decContext *, Flag, uInt *);
-static void decCopyFit (decNumber *, const decNumber *, decContext *,
-			Int *, uInt *);
-static decNumber *decDivideOp (decNumber *, const decNumber *, const decNumber *,
-			       decContext *, Flag, uInt *);
-static void decFinalize (decNumber *, decContext *, Int *, uInt *);
-static Int decGetDigits (const Unit *, Int);
-#if DECSUBSET
-static Int decGetInt (const decNumber *, decContext *);
-#else
-static Int decGetInt (const decNumber *);
-#endif
-static decNumber *decMultiplyOp (decNumber *, const decNumber *,
-				 const decNumber *, decContext *, uInt *);
-static decNumber *decNaNs (decNumber *, const decNumber *, const decNumber *, uInt *);
-static decNumber *decQuantizeOp (decNumber *, const decNumber *,
-				 const decNumber *, decContext *, Flag, uInt *);
-static void decSetCoeff (decNumber *, decContext *, const Unit *,
-			 Int, Int *, uInt *);
-static void decSetOverflow (decNumber *, decContext *, uInt *);
-static void decSetSubnormal (decNumber *, decContext *, Int *, uInt *);
-static Int decShiftToLeast (Unit *, Int, Int);
-static Int decShiftToMost (Unit *, Int, Int);
-static void decStatus (decNumber *, uInt, decContext *);
-static Flag decStrEq (const char *, const char *);
-static void decToString (const decNumber *, char[], Flag);
-static decNumber *decTrim (decNumber *, Flag, Int *);
-static Int decUnitAddSub (const Unit *, Int, const Unit *, Int, Int, Unit *, Int);
-static Int decUnitCompare (const Unit *, Int, const Unit *, Int, Int);
+static decNumber * decAddOp(decNumber *, const decNumber *, const decNumber *,
+			      decContext *, uByte, uInt *);
+static Flag	   decBiStr(const char *, const char *, const char *);
+static uInt	   decCheckMath(const decNumber *, decContext *, uInt *);
+static void	   decApplyRound(decNumber *, decContext *, Int, uInt *);
+static Int	   decCompare(const decNumber *lhs, const decNumber *rhs, Flag);
+static decNumber * decCompareOp(decNumber *, const decNumber *,
+			      const decNumber *, decContext *,
+			      Flag, uInt *);
+static void	   decCopyFit(decNumber *, const decNumber *, decContext *,
+			      Int *, uInt *);
+static decNumber * decDecap(decNumber *, Int);
+static decNumber * decDivideOp(decNumber *, const decNumber *,
+			      const decNumber *, decContext *, Flag, uInt *);
+static decNumber * decExpOp(decNumber *, const decNumber *,
+			      decContext *, uInt *);
+static void	   decFinalize(decNumber *, decContext *, Int *, uInt *);
+static Int	   decGetDigits(Unit *, Int);
+static Int	   decGetInt(const decNumber *);
+static decNumber * decLnOp(decNumber *, const decNumber *,
+			      decContext *, uInt *);
+static decNumber * decMultiplyOp(decNumber *, const decNumber *,
+			      const decNumber *, decContext *,
+			      uInt *);
+static decNumber * decNaNs(decNumber *, const decNumber *,
+			      const decNumber *, decContext *, uInt *);
+static decNumber * decQuantizeOp(decNumber *, const decNumber *,
+			      const decNumber *, decContext *, Flag,
+			      uInt *);
+static void	   decReverse(Unit *, Unit *);
+static void	   decSetCoeff(decNumber *, decContext *, const Unit *,
+			      Int, Int *, uInt *);
+static void	   decSetMaxValue(decNumber *, decContext *);
+static void	   decSetOverflow(decNumber *, decContext *, uInt *);
+static void	   decSetSubnormal(decNumber *, decContext *, Int *, uInt *);
+static Int	   decShiftToLeast(Unit *, Int, Int);
+static Int	   decShiftToMost(Unit *, Int, Int);
+static void	   decStatus(decNumber *, uInt, decContext *);
+static void	   decToString(const decNumber *, char[], Flag);
+static decNumber * decTrim(decNumber *, decContext *, Flag, Int *);
+static Int	   decUnitAddSub(const Unit *, Int, const Unit *, Int, Int,
+			      Unit *, Int);
+static Int	   decUnitCompare(const Unit *, Int, const Unit *, Int, Int);
 
 #if !DECSUBSET
 /* decFinish == decFinalize when no subset arithmetic needed */
 #define decFinish(a,b,c,d) decFinalize(a,b,c,d)
 #else
-static void decFinish (decNumber *, decContext *, Int *, uInt *);
-static decNumber *decRoundOperand (const decNumber *, decContext *, uInt *);
+static void	   decFinish(decNumber *, decContext *, Int *, uInt *);
+static decNumber * decRoundOperand(const decNumber *, decContext *, uInt *);
 #endif
 
+/* Local macros */
+/* masked special-values bits */
+#define SPECIALARG  (rhs->bits & DECSPECIAL)
+#define SPECIALARGS ((lhs->bits | rhs->bits) & DECSPECIAL)
+
 /* Diagnostic macros, etc. */
 #if DECALLOC
 /* Handle malloc/free accounting.  If enabled, our accountable routines */
@@ -266,5698 +287,7836 @@ static decNumber *decRoundOperand (const decNumber *, decContext *, uInt *);
 /* and free routines. */
 #define malloc(a) decMalloc(a)
 #define free(a) decFree(a)
-#define DECFENCE 0x5a		/* corruption detector */
+#define DECFENCE 0x5a		   /* corruption detector */
 /* 'Our' malloc and free: */
-static void *decMalloc (size_t);
-static void decFree (void *);
-uInt decAllocBytes = 0;		/* count of bytes allocated */
+static void *decMalloc(size_t);
+static void  decFree(void *);
+uInt decAllocBytes=0;		   /* count of bytes allocated */
 /* Note that DECALLOC code only checks for storage buffer overflow. */
-/* To check for memory leaks, the decAllocBytes variable should be */
+/* To check for memory leaks, the decAllocBytes variable must be */
 /* checked to be 0 at appropriate times (e.g., after the test */
 /* harness completes a set of tests).  This checking may be unreliable */
 /* if the testing is done in a multi-thread environment. */
 #endif
 
 #if DECCHECK
-/* Optional operand checking routines.  Enabling these means that */
-/* decNumber and decContext operands to operator routines are checked */
-/* for correctness.  This roughly doubles the execution time of the */
+/* Optional checking routines.	Enabling these means that decNumber */
+/* and decContext operands to operator routines are checked for */
+/* correctness.	 This roughly doubles the execution time of the */
 /* fastest routines (and adds 600+ bytes), so should not normally be */
 /* used in 'production'. */
-#define DECUNUSED (void *)(0xffffffff)
-static Flag decCheckOperands (decNumber *, const decNumber *,
-			      const decNumber *, decContext *);
-static Flag decCheckNumber (const decNumber *, decContext *);
+/* decCheckInexact is used to check that inexact results have a full */
+/* complement of digits (where appropriate -- this is not the case */
+/* for Quantize, for example) */
+#define DECUNRESU ((decNumber *)(void *)0xffffffff)
+#define DECUNUSED ((const decNumber *)(void *)0xffffffff)
+#define DECUNCONT ((decContext *)(void *)(0xffffffff))
+static Flag decCheckOperands(decNumber *, const decNumber *,
+			     const decNumber *, decContext *);
+static Flag decCheckNumber(const decNumber *);
+static void decCheckInexact(const decNumber *, decContext *);
 #endif
 
 #if DECTRACE || DECCHECK
-/* Optional trace/debugging routines. */
-void decNumberShow (const decNumber *);	/* displays the components of a number */
-static void decDumpAr (char, const Unit *, Int);
+/* Optional trace/debugging routines (may or may not be used) */
+void decNumberShow(const decNumber *);	/* displays the components of a number */
+static void decDumpAr(char, const Unit *, Int);
 #endif
 
 /* ================================================================== */
-/* Conversions                                                        */
+/* Conversions							      */
 /* ================================================================== */
 
 /* ------------------------------------------------------------------ */
-/* to-scientific-string -- conversion to numeric string               */
-/* to-engineering-string -- conversion to numeric string              */
-/*                                                                    */
-/*   decNumberToString(dn, string);                                   */
-/*   decNumberToEngString(dn, string);                                */
-/*                                                                    */
-/*  dn is the decNumber to convert                                    */
-/*  string is the string where the result will be laid out            */
-/*                                                                    */
-/*  string must be at least dn->digits+14 characters long             */
-/*                                                                    */
-/*  No error is possible, and no status can be set.                   */
-/* ------------------------------------------------------------------ */
-char *
-decNumberToString (const decNumber * dn, char *string)
-{
-  decToString (dn, string, 0);
+/* from-int32 -- conversion from Int or uInt			      */
+/*								      */
+/*  dn is the decNumber to receive the integer			      */
+/*  in or uin is the integer to be converted			      */
+/*  returns dn							      */
+/*								      */
+/* No error is possible.					      */
+/* ------------------------------------------------------------------ */
+decNumber * decNumberFromInt32(decNumber *dn, Int in) {
+  uInt unsig;
+  if (in>=0) unsig=in;
+   else {				/* negative (possibly BADINT) */
+    if (in==BADINT) unsig=(uInt)1073741824*2; /* special case */
+     else unsig=-in;			/* invert */
+    }
+  /* in is now positive */
+  decNumberFromUInt32(dn, unsig);
+  if (in<0) dn->bits=DECNEG;		/* sign needed */
+  return dn;
+  } /* decNumberFromInt32 */
+
+decNumber * decNumberFromUInt32(decNumber *dn, uInt uin) {
+  Unit *up;				/* work pointer */
+  decNumberZero(dn);			/* clean */
+  if (uin==0) return dn;		/* [or decGetDigits bad call] */
+  for (up=dn->lsu; uin>0; up++) {
+    *up=(Unit)(uin%(DECDPUNMAX+1));
+    uin=uin/(DECDPUNMAX+1);
+    }
+  dn->digits=decGetDigits(dn->lsu, up-dn->lsu);
+  return dn;
+  } /* decNumberFromUInt32 */
+
+/* ------------------------------------------------------------------ */
+/* to-int32 -- conversion to Int or uInt			      */
+/*								      */
+/*  dn is the decNumber to convert				      */
+/*  set is the context for reporting errors			      */
+/*  returns the converted decNumber, or 0 if Invalid is set	      */
+/*								      */
+/* Invalid is set if the decNumber does not have exponent==0 or if    */
+/* it is a NaN, Infinite, or out-of-range.			      */
+/* ------------------------------------------------------------------ */
+Int decNumberToInt32(const decNumber *dn, decContext *set) {
+  #if DECCHECK
+  if (decCheckOperands(DECUNRESU, DECUNUSED, dn, set)) return 0;
+  #endif
+
+  /* special or too many digits, or bad exponent */
+  if (dn->bits&DECSPECIAL || dn->digits>10 || dn->exponent!=0) ; /* bad */
+   else { /* is a finite integer with 10 or fewer digits */
+    Int d;			   /* work */
+    const Unit *up;		   /* .. */
+    uInt hi=0, lo;		   /* .. */
+    up=dn->lsu;			   /* -> lsu */
+    lo=*up;			   /* get 1 to 9 digits */
+    #if DECDPUN>1		   /* split to higher */
+      hi=lo/10;
+      lo=lo%10;
+    #endif
+    up++;
+    /* collect remaining Units, if any, into hi */
+    for (d=DECDPUN; d<dn->digits; up++, d+=DECDPUN) hi+=*up*powers[d-1];
+    /* now low has the lsd, hi the remainder */
+    if (hi>214748364 || (hi==214748364 && lo>7)) { /* out of range? */
+      /* most-negative is a reprieve */
+      if (dn->bits&DECNEG && hi==214748364 && lo==8) return 0x80000000;
+      /* bad -- drop through */
+      }
+     else { /* in-range always */
+      Int i=X10(hi)+lo;
+      if (dn->bits&DECNEG) return -i;
+      return i;
+      }
+    } /* integer */
+  decContextSetStatus(set, DEC_Invalid_operation); /* [may not return] */
+  return 0;
+  } /* decNumberToInt32 */
+
+uInt decNumberToUInt32(const decNumber *dn, decContext *set) {
+  #if DECCHECK
+  if (decCheckOperands(DECUNRESU, DECUNUSED, dn, set)) return 0;
+  #endif
+  /* special or too many digits, or bad exponent, or negative (<0) */
+  if (dn->bits&DECSPECIAL || dn->digits>10 || dn->exponent!=0
+    || (dn->bits&DECNEG && !ISZERO(dn)));		    /* bad */
+   else { /* is a finite integer with 10 or fewer digits */
+    Int d;			   /* work */
+    const Unit *up;		   /* .. */
+    uInt hi=0, lo;		   /* .. */
+    up=dn->lsu;			   /* -> lsu */
+    lo=*up;			   /* get 1 to 9 digits */
+    #if DECDPUN>1		   /* split to higher */
+      hi=lo/10;
+      lo=lo%10;
+    #endif
+    up++;
+    /* collect remaining Units, if any, into hi */
+    for (d=DECDPUN; d<dn->digits; up++, d+=DECDPUN) hi+=*up*powers[d-1];
+
+    /* now low has the lsd, hi the remainder */
+    if (hi>429496729 || (hi==429496729 && lo>5)) ; /* no reprieve possible */
+     else return X10(hi)+lo;
+    } /* integer */
+  decContextSetStatus(set, DEC_Invalid_operation); /* [may not return] */
+  return 0;
+  } /* decNumberToUInt32 */
+
+/* ------------------------------------------------------------------ */
+/* to-scientific-string -- conversion to numeric string		      */
+/* to-engineering-string -- conversion to numeric string	      */
+/*								      */
+/*   decNumberToString(dn, string);				      */
+/*   decNumberToEngString(dn, string);				      */
+/*								      */
+/*  dn is the decNumber to convert				      */
+/*  string is the string where the result will be laid out	      */
+/*								      */
+/*  string must be at least dn->digits+14 characters long	      */
+/*								      */
+/*  No error is possible, and no status can be set.		      */
+/* ------------------------------------------------------------------ */
+char * decNumberToString(const decNumber *dn, char *string){
+  decToString(dn, string, 0);
   return string;
-}
+  } /* DecNumberToString */
 
-char *
-decNumberToEngString (const decNumber * dn, char *string)
-{
-  decToString (dn, string, 1);
+char * decNumberToEngString(const decNumber *dn, char *string){
+  decToString(dn, string, 1);
   return string;
-}
-
-/* ------------------------------------------------------------------ */
-/* to-number -- conversion from numeric string                        */
-/*                                                                    */
-/* decNumberFromString -- convert string to decNumber                 */
-/*   dn        -- the number structure to fill                        */
-/*   chars[]   -- the string to convert ('\0' terminated)             */
-/*   set       -- the context used for processing any error,          */
-/*                determining the maximum precision available         */
-/*                (set.digits), determining the maximum and minimum   */
-/*                exponent (set.emax and set.emin), determining if    */
-/*                extended values are allowed, and checking the       */
-/*                rounding mode if overflow occurs or rounding is     */
-/*                needed.                                             */
-/*                                                                    */
+  } /* DecNumberToEngString */
+
+/* ------------------------------------------------------------------ */
+/* to-number -- conversion from numeric string			      */
+/*								      */
+/* decNumberFromString -- convert string to decNumber		      */
+/*   dn	       -- the number structure to fill			      */
+/*   chars[]   -- the string to convert ('\0' terminated)	      */
+/*   set       -- the context used for processing any error,	      */
+/*		  determining the maximum precision available	      */
+/*		  (set.digits), determining the maximum and minimum   */
+/*		  exponent (set.emax and set.emin), determining if    */
+/*		  extended values are allowed, and checking the	      */
+/*		  rounding mode if overflow occurs or rounding is     */
+/*		  needed.					      */
+/*								      */
 /* The length of the coefficient and the size of the exponent are     */
-/* checked by this routine, so the correct error (Underflow or        */
-/* Overflow) can be reported or rounding applied, as necessary.       */
-/*                                                                    */
-/* If bad syntax is detected, the result will be a quiet NaN.         */
-/* ------------------------------------------------------------------ */
-decNumber *
-decNumberFromString (decNumber * dn, const char chars[], decContext * set)
-{
-  Int exponent = 0;		/* working exponent [assume 0] */
-  uByte bits = 0;		/* working flags [assume +ve] */
-  Unit *res;			/* where result will be built */
-  Unit resbuff[D2U (DECBUFFER + 1)];	/* local buffer in case need temporary */
-  Unit *allocres = NULL;	/* -> allocated result, iff allocated */
-  Int need;			/* units needed for result */
-  Int d = 0;			/* count of digits found in decimal part */
-  const char *dotchar = NULL;	/* where dot was found */
-  const char *cfirst;		/* -> first character of decimal part */
-  const char *last = NULL;	/* -> last digit of decimal part */
-  const char *firstexp;		/* -> first significant exponent digit */
-  const char *c;		/* work */
-  Unit *up;			/* .. */
-#if DECDPUN>1
-  Int i;			/* .. */
-#endif
-  Int residue = 0;		/* rounding residue */
-  uInt status = 0;		/* error code */
-
-#if DECCHECK
-  if (decCheckOperands (DECUNUSED, DECUNUSED, DECUNUSED, set))
-    return decNumberZero (dn);
-#endif
-
-  do
-    {				/* status & malloc protection */
-      c = chars;		/* -> input character */
-      if (*c == '-')
-	{			/* handle leading '-' */
-	  bits = DECNEG;
-	  c++;
+/* checked by this routine, so the correct error (Underflow or	      */
+/* Overflow) can be reported or rounding applied, as necessary.	      */
+/*								      */
+/* If bad syntax is detected, the result will be a quiet NaN.	      */
+/* ------------------------------------------------------------------ */
+decNumber * decNumberFromString(decNumber *dn, const char chars[],
+				decContext *set) {
+  Int	exponent=0;		   /* working exponent [assume 0] */
+  uByte bits=0;			   /* working flags [assume +ve] */
+  Unit	*res;			   /* where result will be built */
+  Unit	resbuff[SD2U(DECBUFFER+9)];/* local buffer in case need temporary */
+				   /* [+9 allows for ln() constants] */
+  Unit	*allocres=NULL;		   /* -> allocated result, iff allocated */
+  Int	d=0;			   /* count of digits found in decimal part */
+  const char *dotchar=NULL;	   /* where dot was found */
+  const char *cfirst=chars;	   /* -> first character of decimal part */
+  const char *last=NULL;	   /* -> last digit of decimal part */
+  const char *c;		   /* work */
+  Unit	*up;			   /* .. */
+  #if DECDPUN>1
+  Int	cut, out;		   /* .. */
+  #endif
+  Int	residue;		   /* rounding residue */
+  uInt	status=0;		   /* error code */
+
+  #if DECCHECK
+  if (decCheckOperands(DECUNRESU, DECUNUSED, DECUNUSED, set))
+    return decNumberZero(dn);
+  #endif
+
+  do {				   /* status & malloc protection */
+    for (c=chars;; c++) {	   /* -> input character */
+      if (*c>='0' && *c<='9') {	   /* test for Arabic digit */
+	last=c;
+	d++;			   /* count of real digits */
+	continue;		   /* still in decimal part */
 	}
-      else if (*c == '+')
-	c++;			/* step over leading '+' */
-      /* We're at the start of the number [we think] */
-      cfirst = c;		/* save */
-      for (;; c++)
-	{
-	  if (*c >= '0' && *c <= '9')
-	    {			/* test for Arabic digit */
-	      last = c;
-	      d++;		/* count of real digits */
-	      continue;		/* still in decimal part */
-	    }
-	  if (*c != '.')
-	    break;		/* done with decimal part */
-	  /* dot: record, check, and ignore */
-	  if (dotchar != NULL)
-	    {			/* two dots */
-	      last = NULL;	/* indicate bad */
-	      break;
-	    }			/* .. and go report */
-	  dotchar = c;		/* offset into decimal part */
-	}			/* c */
-
-      if (last == NULL)
-	{			/* no decimal digits, or >1 . */
-#if DECSUBSET
-	  /* If subset then infinities and NaNs are not allowed */
-	  if (!set->extended)
-	    {
-	      status = DEC_Conversion_syntax;
-	      break;		/* all done */
-	    }
-	  else
-	    {
-#endif
-	      /* Infinities and NaNs are possible, here */
-	      decNumberZero (dn);	/* be optimistic */
-	      if (decStrEq (c, "Infinity") || decStrEq (c, "Inf"))
-		{
-		  dn->bits = bits | DECINF;
-		  break;	/* all done */
-		}
-	      else
-		{		/* a NaN expected */
-		  /* 2003.09.10 NaNs are now permitted to have a sign */
-		  status = DEC_Conversion_syntax;	/* assume the worst */
-		  dn->bits = bits | DECNAN;	/* assume simple NaN */
-		  if (*c == 's' || *c == 'S')
-		    {		/* looks like an` sNaN */
-		      c++;
-		      dn->bits = bits | DECSNAN;
-		    }
-		  if (*c != 'n' && *c != 'N')
-		    break;	/* check caseless "NaN" */
-		  c++;
-		  if (*c != 'a' && *c != 'A')
-		    break;	/* .. */
-		  c++;
-		  if (*c != 'n' && *c != 'N')
-		    break;	/* .. */
-		  c++;
-		  /* now nothing, or nnnn, expected */
-		  /* -> start of integer and skip leading 0s [including plain 0] */
-		  for (cfirst = c; *cfirst == '0';)
-		    cfirst++;
-		  if (*cfirst == '\0')
-		    {		/* "NaN" or "sNaN", maybe with all 0s */
-		      status = 0;	/* it's good */
-		      break;	/* .. */
-		    }
-		  /* something other than 0s; setup last and d as usual [no dots] */
-		  for (c = cfirst;; c++, d++)
-		    {
-		      if (*c < '0' || *c > '9')
-			break;	/* test for Arabic digit */
-		      last = c;
-		    }
-		  if (*c != '\0')
-		    break;	/* not all digits */
-		  if (d > set->digits)
-		    break;	/* too many digits */
-		  /* good; drop through and convert the integer */
-		  status = 0;
-		  bits = dn->bits;	/* for copy-back */
-		}		/* NaN expected */
-#if DECSUBSET
-	    }
-#endif
-	}			/* last==NULL */
-
-      if (*c != '\0')
-	{			/* more there; exponent expected... */
-	  Flag nege = 0;	/* 1=negative exponent */
-	  if (*c != 'e' && *c != 'E')
-	    {
-	      status = DEC_Conversion_syntax;
-	      break;
-	    }
-
-	  /* Found 'e' or 'E' -- now process explicit exponent */
-	  /* 1998.07.11: sign no longer required */
-	  c++;			/* to (expected) sign */
-	  if (*c == '-')
-	    {
-	      nege = 1;
-	      c++;
-	    }
-	  else if (*c == '+')
-	    c++;
-	  if (*c == '\0')
-	    {
-	      status = DEC_Conversion_syntax;
-	      break;
-	    }
-
-	  for (; *c == '0' && *(c + 1) != '\0';)
-	    c++;		/* strip insignificant zeros */
-	  firstexp = c;		/* save exponent digit place */
-	  for (;; c++)
-	    {
-	      if (*c < '0' || *c > '9')
-		break;		/* not a digit */
-	      exponent = X10 (exponent) + (Int) * c - (Int) '0';
-	    }			/* c */
-	  /* if we didn't end on '\0' must not be a digit */
-	  if (*c != '\0')
-	    {
-	      status = DEC_Conversion_syntax;
-	      break;
-	    }
-
-	  /* (this next test must be after the syntax check) */
-	  /* if it was too long the exponent may have wrapped, so check */
-	  /* carefully and set it to a certain overflow if wrap possible */
-	  if (c >= firstexp + 9 + 1)
-	    {
-	      if (c > firstexp + 9 + 1 || *firstexp > '1')
-		exponent = DECNUMMAXE * 2;
-	      /* [up to 1999999999 is OK, for example 1E-1000000998] */
-	    }
-	  if (nege)
-	    exponent = -exponent;	/* was negative */
-	}			/* had exponent */
-      /* Here when all inspected; syntax is good */
-
-      /* Handle decimal point... */
-      if (dotchar != NULL && dotchar < last)	/* embedded . found, so */
-	exponent = exponent - (last - dotchar);	/* .. adjust exponent */
-      /* [we can now ignore the .] */
-
-      /* strip leading zeros/dot (leave final if all 0's) */
-      for (c = cfirst; c < last; c++)
-	{
-	  if (*c == '0')
-	    d--;		/* 0 stripped */
-	  else if (*c != '.')
-	    break;
-	  cfirst++;		/* step past leader */
-	}			/* c */
-
-#if DECSUBSET
-      /* We can now make a rapid exit for zeros if !extended */
-      if (*cfirst == '0' && !set->extended)
-	{
-	  decNumberZero (dn);	/* clean result */
-	  break;		/* [could be return] */
+      if (*c=='.' && dotchar==NULL) { /* first '.' */
+	dotchar=c;		   /* record offset into decimal part */
+	if (c==cfirst) cfirst++;   /* first digit must follow */
+	continue;}
+      if (c==chars) {		   /* first in string... */
+	if (*c=='-') {		   /* valid - sign */
+	  cfirst++;
+	  bits=DECNEG;
+	  continue;}
+	if (*c=='+') {		   /* valid + sign */
+	  cfirst++;
+	  continue;}
 	}
-#endif
-
-      /* OK, the digits string is good.  Copy to the decNumber, or to
-         a temporary decNumber if rounding is needed */
-      if (d <= set->digits)
-	res = dn->lsu;		/* fits into given decNumber */
-      else
-	{			/* rounding needed */
-	  need = D2U (d);	/* units needed */
-	  res = resbuff;	/* assume use local buffer */
-	  if (need * sizeof (Unit) > sizeof (resbuff))
-	    {			/* too big for local */
-	      allocres = (Unit *) malloc (need * sizeof (Unit));
-	      if (allocres == NULL)
-		{
-		  status |= DEC_Insufficient_storage;
-		  break;
-		}
-	      res = allocres;
-	    }
+      /* *c is not a digit, or a valid +, -, or '.' */
+      break;
+      } /* c */
+
+    if (last==NULL) {		   /* no digits yet */
+      status=DEC_Conversion_syntax;/* assume the worst */
+      if (*c=='\0') break;	   /* and no more to come... */
+      #if DECSUBSET
+      /* if subset then infinities and NaNs are not allowed */
+      if (!set->extended) break;   /* hopeless */
+      #endif
+      /* Infinities and NaNs are possible, here */
+      if (dotchar!=NULL) break;	   /* .. unless had a dot */
+      decNumberZero(dn);	   /* be optimistic */
+      if (decBiStr(c, "infinity", "INFINITY")
+       || decBiStr(c, "inf", "INF")) {
+	dn->bits=bits | DECINF;
+	status=0;		   /* is OK */
+	break; /* all done */
 	}
-      /* res now -> number lsu, buffer, or allocated storage for Unit array */
-
-      /* Place the coefficient into the selected Unit array */
-#if DECDPUN>1
-      i = d % DECDPUN;		/* digits in top unit */
-      if (i == 0)
-	i = DECDPUN;
-      up = res + D2U (d) - 1;	/* -> msu */
-      *up = 0;
-      for (c = cfirst;; c++)
-	{			/* along the digits */
-	  if (*c == '.')
-	    {			/* ignore . [don't decrement i] */
-	      if (c != last)
-		continue;
-	      break;
-	    }
-	  *up = (Unit) (X10 (*up) + (Int) * c - (Int) '0');
-	  i--;
-	  if (i > 0)
-	    continue;		/* more for this unit */
-	  if (up == res)
-	    break;		/* just filled the last unit */
-	  i = DECDPUN;
-	  up--;
-	  *up = 0;
-	}			/* c */
-#else
-      /* DECDPUN==1 */
-      up = res;			/* -> lsu */
-      for (c = last; c >= cfirst; c--)
-	{			/* over each character, from least */
-	  if (*c == '.')
-	    continue;		/* ignore . [don't step b] */
-	  *up = (Unit) ((Int) * c - (Int) '0');
-	  up++;
-	}			/* c */
-#endif
-
-      dn->bits = bits;
-      dn->exponent = exponent;
-      dn->digits = d;
-
-      /* if not in number (too long) shorten into the number */
-      if (d > set->digits)
-	decSetCoeff (dn, set, res, d, &residue, &status);
-
-      /* Finally check for overflow or subnormal and round as needed */
-      decFinalize (dn, set, &residue, &status);
-      /* decNumberShow(dn); */
-    }
-  while (0);			/* [for break] */
+      /* a NaN expected */
+      /* 2003.09.10 NaNs are now permitted to have a sign */
+      dn->bits=bits | DECNAN;	   /* assume simple NaN */
+      if (*c=='s' || *c=='S') {	   /* looks like an sNaN */
+	c++;
+	dn->bits=bits | DECSNAN;
+	}
+      if (*c!='n' && *c!='N') break;	/* check caseless "NaN" */
+      c++;
+      if (*c!='a' && *c!='A') break;	/* .. */
+      c++;
+      if (*c!='n' && *c!='N') break;	/* .. */
+      c++;
+      /* now either nothing, or nnnn payload, expected */
+      /* -> start of integer and skip leading 0s [including plain 0] */
+      for (cfirst=c; *cfirst=='0';) cfirst++;
+      if (*cfirst=='\0') {	   /* "NaN" or "sNaN", maybe with all 0s */
+	status=0;		   /* it's good */
+	break;			   /* .. */
+	}
+      /* something other than 0s; setup last and d as usual [no dots] */
+      for (c=cfirst;; c++, d++) {
+	if (*c<'0' || *c>'9') break; /* test for Arabic digit */
+	last=c;
+	}
+      if (*c!='\0') break;	   /* not all digits */
+      if (d>set->digits-1) {
+	/* [NB: payload in a decNumber can be full length unless */
+	/* clamped, in which case can only be digits-1] */
+	if (set->clamp) break;
+	if (d>set->digits) break;
+	} /* too many digits? */
+      /* good; drop through to convert the integer to coefficient */
+      status=0;			   /* syntax is OK */
+      bits=dn->bits;		   /* for copy-back */
+      } /* last==NULL */
+
+     else if (*c!='\0') {	   /* more to process... */
+      /* had some digits; exponent is only valid sequence now */
+      Flag nege;		   /* 1=negative exponent */
+      const char *firstexp;	   /* -> first significant exponent digit */
+      status=DEC_Conversion_syntax;/* assume the worst */
+      if (*c!='e' && *c!='E') break;
+      /* Found 'e' or 'E' -- now process explicit exponent */
+      /* 1998.07.11: sign no longer required */
+      nege=0;
+      c++;			   /* to (possible) sign */
+      if (*c=='-') {nege=1; c++;}
+       else if (*c=='+') c++;
+      if (*c=='\0') break;
+
+      for (; *c=='0' && *(c+1)!='\0';) c++;  /* strip insignificant zeros */
+      firstexp=c;			     /* save exponent digit place */
+      for (; ;c++) {
+	if (*c<'0' || *c>'9') break;	     /* not a digit */
+	exponent=X10(exponent)+(Int)*c-(Int)'0';
+	} /* c */
+      /* if not now on a '\0', *c must not be a digit */
+      if (*c!='\0') break;
+
+      /* (this next test must be after the syntax checks) */
+      /* if it was too long the exponent may have wrapped, so check */
+      /* carefully and set it to a certain overflow if wrap possible */
+      if (c>=firstexp+9+1) {
+	if (c>firstexp+9+1 || *firstexp>'1') exponent=DECNUMMAXE*2;
+	/* [up to 1999999999 is OK, for example 1E-1000000998] */
+	}
+      if (nege) exponent=-exponent;	/* was negative */
+      status=0;				/* is OK */
+      } /* stuff after digits */
+
+    /* Here when whole string has been inspected; syntax is good */
+    /* cfirst->first digit (never dot), last->last digit (ditto) */
+
+    /* strip leading zeros/dot [leave final 0 if all 0's] */
+    if (*cfirst=='0') {			/* [cfirst has stepped over .] */
+      for (c=cfirst; c<last; c++, cfirst++) {
+	if (*c=='.') continue;		/* ignore dots */
+	if (*c!='0') break;		/* non-zero found */
+	d--;				/* 0 stripped */
+	} /* c */
+      #if DECSUBSET
+      /* make a rapid exit for easy zeros if !extended */
+      if (*cfirst=='0' && !set->extended) {
+	decNumberZero(dn);		/* clean result */
+	break;				/* [could be return] */
+	}
+      #endif
+      } /* at least one leading 0 */
+
+    /* Handle decimal point... */
+    if (dotchar!=NULL && dotchar<last)	/* non-trailing '.' found? */
+      exponent-=(last-dotchar);		/* adjust exponent */
+    /* [we can now ignore the .] */
+
+    /* OK, the digits string is good.  Assemble in the decNumber, or in */
+    /* a temporary units array if rounding is needed */
+    if (d<=set->digits) res=dn->lsu;	/* fits into supplied decNumber */
+     else {				/* rounding needed */
+      Int needbytes=D2U(d)*sizeof(Unit);/* bytes needed */
+      res=resbuff;			/* assume use local buffer */
+      if (needbytes>(Int)sizeof(resbuff)) { /* too big for local */
+	allocres=(Unit *)malloc(needbytes);
+	if (allocres==NULL) {status|=DEC_Insufficient_storage; break;}
+	res=allocres;
+	}
+      }
+    /* res now -> number lsu, buffer, or allocated storage for Unit array */
+
+    /* Place the coefficient into the selected Unit array */
+    /* [this is often 70% of the cost of this function when DECDPUN>1] */
+    #if DECDPUN>1
+    out=0;			   /* accumulator */
+    up=res+D2U(d)-1;		   /* -> msu */
+    cut=d-(up-res)*DECDPUN;	   /* digits in top unit */
+    for (c=cfirst;; c++) {	   /* along the digits */
+      if (*c=='.') continue;	   /* ignore '.' [don't decrement cut] */
+      out=X10(out)+(Int)*c-(Int)'0';
+      if (c==last) break;	   /* done [never get to trailing '.'] */
+      cut--;
+      if (cut>0) continue;	   /* more for this unit */
+      *up=(Unit)out;		   /* write unit */
+      up--;			   /* prepare for unit below.. */
+      cut=DECDPUN;		   /* .. */
+      out=0;			   /* .. */
+      } /* c */
+    *up=(Unit)out;		   /* write lsu */
+
+    #else
+    /* DECDPUN==1 */
+    up=res;			   /* -> lsu */
+    for (c=last; c>=cfirst; c--) { /* over each character, from least */
+      if (*c=='.') continue;	   /* ignore . [don't step up] */
+      *up=(Unit)((Int)*c-(Int)'0');
+      up++;
+      } /* c */
+    #endif
+
+    dn->bits=bits;
+    dn->exponent=exponent;
+    dn->digits=d;
+
+    /* if not in number (too long) shorten into the number */
+    if (d>set->digits) {
+      residue=0;
+      decSetCoeff(dn, set, res, d, &residue, &status);
+      /* always check for overflow or subnormal and round as needed */
+      decFinalize(dn, set, &residue, &status);
+      }
+     else { /* no rounding, but may still have overflow or subnormal */
+      /* [these tests are just for performance; finalize repeats them] */
+      if ((dn->exponent-1<set->emin-dn->digits)
+       || (dn->exponent-1>set->emax-set->digits)) {
+	residue=0;
+	decFinalize(dn, set, &residue, &status);
+	}
+      }
+    /* decNumberShow(dn); */
+    } while(0);				/* [for break] */
 
-  if (allocres != NULL)
-    free (allocres);		/* drop any storage we used */
-  if (status != 0)
-    decStatus (dn, status, set);
+  if (allocres!=NULL) free(allocres);	/* drop any storage used */
+  if (status!=0) decStatus(dn, status, set);
   return dn;
-}
+  } /* decNumberFromString */
 
 /* ================================================================== */
-/* Operators                                                          */
+/* Operators							      */
 /* ================================================================== */
 
 /* ------------------------------------------------------------------ */
-/* decNumberAbs -- absolute value operator                            */
-/*                                                                    */
-/*   This computes C = abs(A)                                         */
-/*                                                                    */
-/*   res is C, the result.  C may be A                                */
-/*   rhs is A                                                         */
-/*   set is the context                                               */
-/*                                                                    */
-/* C must have space for set->digits digits.                          */
+/* decNumberAbs -- absolute value operator			      */
+/*								      */
+/*   This computes C = abs(A)					      */
+/*								      */
+/*   res is C, the result.  C may be A				      */
+/*   rhs is A							      */
+/*   set is the context						      */
+/*								      */
+/* See also decNumberCopyAbs for a quiet bitwise version of this.     */
+/* C must have space for set->digits digits.			      */
 /* ------------------------------------------------------------------ */
 /* This has the same effect as decNumberPlus unless A is negative,    */
-/* in which case it has the same effect as decNumberMinus.            */
-/* ------------------------------------------------------------------ */
-decNumber *
-decNumberAbs (decNumber * res, const decNumber * rhs, decContext * set)
-{
-  decNumber dzero;		/* for 0 */
-  uInt status = 0;		/* accumulator */
-
-#if DECCHECK
-  if (decCheckOperands (res, DECUNUSED, rhs, set))
+/* in which case it has the same effect as decNumberMinus.	      */
+/* ------------------------------------------------------------------ */
+decNumber * decNumberAbs(decNumber *res, const decNumber *rhs,
+			 decContext *set) {
+  decNumber dzero;			/* for 0 */
+  uInt status=0;			/* accumulator */
+
+  #if DECCHECK
+  if (decCheckOperands(res, DECUNUSED, rhs, set)) return res;
+  #endif
+
+  decNumberZero(&dzero);		/* set 0 */
+  dzero.exponent=rhs->exponent;		/* [no coefficient expansion] */
+  decAddOp(res, &dzero, rhs, set, (uByte)(rhs->bits & DECNEG), &status);
+  if (status!=0) decStatus(res, status, set);
+  #if DECCHECK
+  decCheckInexact(res, set);
+  #endif
+  return res;
+  } /* decNumberAbs */
+
+/* ------------------------------------------------------------------ */
+/* decNumberAdd -- add two Numbers				      */
+/*								      */
+/*   This computes C = A + B					      */
+/*								      */
+/*   res is C, the result.  C may be A and/or B (e.g., X=X+X)	      */
+/*   lhs is A							      */
+/*   rhs is B							      */
+/*   set is the context						      */
+/*								      */
+/* C must have space for set->digits digits.			      */
+/* ------------------------------------------------------------------ */
+/* This just calls the routine shared with Subtract		      */
+decNumber * decNumberAdd(decNumber *res, const decNumber *lhs,
+			 const decNumber *rhs, decContext *set) {
+  uInt status=0;			/* accumulator */
+  decAddOp(res, lhs, rhs, set, 0, &status);
+  if (status!=0) decStatus(res, status, set);
+  #if DECCHECK
+  decCheckInexact(res, set);
+  #endif
+  return res;
+  } /* decNumberAdd */
+
+/* ------------------------------------------------------------------ */
+/* decNumberAnd -- AND two Numbers, digitwise			      */
+/*								      */
+/*   This computes C = A & B					      */
+/*								      */
+/*   res is C, the result.  C may be A and/or B (e.g., X=X&X)	      */
+/*   lhs is A							      */
+/*   rhs is B							      */
+/*   set is the context (used for result length and error report)     */
+/*								      */
+/* C must have space for set->digits digits.			      */
+/*								      */
+/* Logical function restrictions apply (see above); a NaN is	      */
+/* returned with Invalid_operation if a restriction is violated.      */
+/* ------------------------------------------------------------------ */
+decNumber * decNumberAnd(decNumber *res, const decNumber *lhs,
+			 const decNumber *rhs, decContext *set) {
+  const Unit *ua, *ub;			/* -> operands */
+  const Unit *msua, *msub;		/* -> operand msus */
+  Unit *uc,  *msuc;			/* -> result and its msu */
+  Int	msudigs;			/* digits in res msu */
+  #if DECCHECK
+  if (decCheckOperands(res, lhs, rhs, set)) return res;
+  #endif
+
+  if (lhs->exponent!=0 || decNumberIsSpecial(lhs) || decNumberIsNegative(lhs)
+   || rhs->exponent!=0 || decNumberIsSpecial(rhs) || decNumberIsNegative(rhs)) {
+    decStatus(res, DEC_Invalid_operation, set);
     return res;
-#endif
+    }
 
-  decNumberZero (&dzero);	/* set 0 */
-  dzero.exponent = rhs->exponent;	/* [no coefficient expansion] */
-  decAddOp (res, &dzero, rhs, set, (uByte) (rhs->bits & DECNEG), &status);
-  if (status != 0)
-    decStatus (res, status, set);
+  /* operands are valid */
+  ua=lhs->lsu;				/* bottom-up */
+  ub=rhs->lsu;				/* .. */
+  uc=res->lsu;				/* .. */
+  msua=ua+D2U(lhs->digits)-1;		/* -> msu of lhs */
+  msub=ub+D2U(rhs->digits)-1;		/* -> msu of rhs */
+  msuc=uc+D2U(set->digits)-1;		/* -> msu of result */
+  msudigs=MSUDIGITS(set->digits);	/* [faster than remainder] */
+  for (; uc<=msuc; ua++, ub++, uc++) {	/* Unit loop */
+    Unit a, b;				/* extract units */
+    if (ua>msua) a=0;
+     else a=*ua;
+    if (ub>msub) b=0;
+     else b=*ub;
+    *uc=0;				/* can now write back */
+    if (a|b) {				/* maybe 1 bits to examine */
+      Int i, j;
+      *uc=0;				/* can now write back */
+      /* This loop could be unrolled and/or use BIN2BCD tables */
+      for (i=0; i<DECDPUN; i++) {
+	if (a&b&1) *uc=*uc+(Unit)powers[i];  /* effect AND */
+	j=a%10;
+	a=a/10;
+	j|=b%10;
+	b=b/10;
+	if (j>1) {
+	  decStatus(res, DEC_Invalid_operation, set);
+	  return res;
+	  }
+	if (uc==msuc && i==msudigs-1) break; /* just did final digit */
+	} /* each digit */
+      } /* both OK */
+    } /* each unit */
+  /* [here uc-1 is the msu of the result] */
+  res->digits=decGetDigits(res->lsu, uc-res->lsu);
+  res->exponent=0;			/* integer */
+  res->bits=0;				/* sign=0 */
+  return res;  /* [no status to set] */
+  } /* decNumberAnd */
+
+/* ------------------------------------------------------------------ */
+/* decNumberCompare -- compare two Numbers			      */
+/*								      */
+/*   This computes C = A ? B					      */
+/*								      */
+/*   res is C, the result.  C may be A and/or B (e.g., X=X?X)	      */
+/*   lhs is A							      */
+/*   rhs is B							      */
+/*   set is the context						      */
+/*								      */
+/* C must have space for one digit (or NaN).			      */
+/* ------------------------------------------------------------------ */
+decNumber * decNumberCompare(decNumber *res, const decNumber *lhs,
+			     const decNumber *rhs, decContext *set) {
+  uInt status=0;			/* accumulator */
+  decCompareOp(res, lhs, rhs, set, COMPARE, &status);
+  if (status!=0) decStatus(res, status, set);
   return res;
-}
-
-/* ------------------------------------------------------------------ */
-/* decNumberAdd -- add two Numbers                                    */
-/*                                                                    */
-/*   This computes C = A + B                                          */
-/*                                                                    */
-/*   res is C, the result.  C may be A and/or B (e.g., X=X+X)         */
-/*   lhs is A                                                         */
-/*   rhs is B                                                         */
-/*   set is the context                                               */
-/*                                                                    */
-/* C must have space for set->digits digits.                          */
-/* ------------------------------------------------------------------ */
-/* This just calls the routine shared with Subtract                   */
-decNumber *
-decNumberAdd (decNumber * res, const decNumber * lhs,
-	      const decNumber * rhs, decContext * set)
-{
-  uInt status = 0;		/* accumulator */
-  decAddOp (res, lhs, rhs, set, 0, &status);
-  if (status != 0)
-    decStatus (res, status, set);
+  } /* decNumberCompare */
+
+/* ------------------------------------------------------------------ */
+/* decNumberCompareSignal -- compare, signalling on all NaNs	      */
+/*								      */
+/*   This computes C = A ? B					      */
+/*								      */
+/*   res is C, the result.  C may be A and/or B (e.g., X=X?X)	      */
+/*   lhs is A							      */
+/*   rhs is B							      */
+/*   set is the context						      */
+/*								      */
+/* C must have space for one digit (or NaN).			      */
+/* ------------------------------------------------------------------ */
+decNumber * decNumberCompareSignal(decNumber *res, const decNumber *lhs,
+				   const decNumber *rhs, decContext *set) {
+  uInt status=0;			/* accumulator */
+  decCompareOp(res, lhs, rhs, set, COMPSIG, &status);
+  if (status!=0) decStatus(res, status, set);
   return res;
-}
-
-/* ------------------------------------------------------------------ */
-/* decNumberCompare -- compare two Numbers                            */
-/*                                                                    */
-/*   This computes C = A ? B                                          */
-/*                                                                    */
-/*   res is C, the result.  C may be A and/or B (e.g., X=X?X)         */
-/*   lhs is A                                                         */
-/*   rhs is B                                                         */
-/*   set is the context                                               */
-/*                                                                    */
-/* C must have space for one digit.                                   */
-/* ------------------------------------------------------------------ */
-decNumber *
-decNumberCompare (decNumber * res, const decNumber * lhs,
-		  const decNumber * rhs, decContext * set)
-{
-  uInt status = 0;		/* accumulator */
-  decCompareOp (res, lhs, rhs, set, COMPARE, &status);
-  if (status != 0)
-    decStatus (res, status, set);
+  } /* decNumberCompareSignal */
+
+/* ------------------------------------------------------------------ */
+/* decNumberCompareTotal -- compare two Numbers, using total ordering */
+/*								      */
+/*   This computes C = A ? B, under total ordering		      */
+/*								      */
+/*   res is C, the result.  C may be A and/or B (e.g., X=X?X)	      */
+/*   lhs is A							      */
+/*   rhs is B							      */
+/*   set is the context						      */
+/*								      */
+/* C must have space for one digit; the result will always be one of  */
+/* -1, 0, or 1.							      */
+/* ------------------------------------------------------------------ */
+decNumber * decNumberCompareTotal(decNumber *res, const decNumber *lhs,
+				  const decNumber *rhs, decContext *set) {
+  uInt status=0;			/* accumulator */
+  decCompareOp(res, lhs, rhs, set, COMPTOTAL, &status);
+  if (status!=0) decStatus(res, status, set);
+  return res;
+  } /* decNumberCompareTotal */
+
+/* ------------------------------------------------------------------ */
+/* decNumberCompareTotalMag -- compare, total ordering of magnitudes  */
+/*								      */
+/*   This computes C = |A| ? |B|, under total ordering		      */
+/*								      */
+/*   res is C, the result.  C may be A and/or B (e.g., X=X?X)	      */
+/*   lhs is A							      */
+/*   rhs is B							      */
+/*   set is the context						      */
+/*								      */
+/* C must have space for one digit; the result will always be one of  */
+/* -1, 0, or 1.							      */
+/* ------------------------------------------------------------------ */
+decNumber * decNumberCompareTotalMag(decNumber *res, const decNumber *lhs,
+				     const decNumber *rhs, decContext *set) {
+  uInt status=0;		   /* accumulator */
+  uInt needbytes;		   /* for space calculations */
+  decNumber bufa[D2N(DECBUFFER+1)];/* +1 in case DECBUFFER=0 */
+  decNumber *allocbufa=NULL;	   /* -> allocated bufa, iff allocated */
+  decNumber bufb[D2N(DECBUFFER+1)];
+  decNumber *allocbufb=NULL;	   /* -> allocated bufb, iff allocated */
+  decNumber *a, *b;		   /* temporary pointers */
+
+  #if DECCHECK
+  if (decCheckOperands(res, lhs, rhs, set)) return res;
+  #endif
+
+  do {					/* protect allocated storage */
+    /* if either is negative, take a copy and absolute */
+    if (decNumberIsNegative(lhs)) {	/* lhs<0 */
+      a=bufa;
+      needbytes=sizeof(decNumber)+(D2U(lhs->digits)-1)*sizeof(Unit);
+      if (needbytes>sizeof(bufa)) {	/* need malloc space */
+	allocbufa=(decNumber *)malloc(needbytes);
+	if (allocbufa==NULL) {		/* hopeless -- abandon */
+	  status|=DEC_Insufficient_storage;
+	  break;}
+	a=allocbufa;			/* use the allocated space */
+	}
+      decNumberCopy(a, lhs);		/* copy content */
+      a->bits&=~DECNEG;			/* .. and clear the sign */
+      lhs=a;				/* use copy from here on */
+      }
+    if (decNumberIsNegative(rhs)) {	/* rhs<0 */
+      b=bufb;
+      needbytes=sizeof(decNumber)+(D2U(rhs->digits)-1)*sizeof(Unit);
+      if (needbytes>sizeof(bufb)) {	/* need malloc space */
+	allocbufb=(decNumber *)malloc(needbytes);
+	if (allocbufb==NULL) {		/* hopeless -- abandon */
+	  status|=DEC_Insufficient_storage;
+	  break;}
+	b=allocbufb;			/* use the allocated space */
+	}
+      decNumberCopy(b, rhs);		/* copy content */
+      b->bits&=~DECNEG;			/* .. and clear the sign */
+      rhs=b;				/* use copy from here on */
+      }
+    decCompareOp(res, lhs, rhs, set, COMPTOTAL, &status);
+    } while(0);				/* end protected */
+
+  if (allocbufa!=NULL) free(allocbufa); /* drop any storage used */
+  if (allocbufb!=NULL) free(allocbufb); /* .. */
+  if (status!=0) decStatus(res, status, set);
   return res;
-}
-
-/* ------------------------------------------------------------------ */
-/* decNumberDivide -- divide one number by another                    */
-/*                                                                    */
-/*   This computes C = A / B                                          */
-/*                                                                    */
-/*   res is C, the result.  C may be A and/or B (e.g., X=X/X)         */
-/*   lhs is A                                                         */
-/*   rhs is B                                                         */
-/*   set is the context                                               */
-/*                                                                    */
-/* C must have space for set->digits digits.                          */
-/* ------------------------------------------------------------------ */
-decNumber *
-decNumberDivide (decNumber * res, const decNumber * lhs,
-		 const decNumber * rhs, decContext * set)
-{
-  uInt status = 0;		/* accumulator */
-  decDivideOp (res, lhs, rhs, set, DIVIDE, &status);
-  if (status != 0)
-    decStatus (res, status, set);
+  } /* decNumberCompareTotalMag */
+
+/* ------------------------------------------------------------------ */
+/* decNumberDivide -- divide one number by another		      */
+/*								      */
+/*   This computes C = A / B					      */
+/*								      */
+/*   res is C, the result.  C may be A and/or B (e.g., X=X/X)	      */
+/*   lhs is A							      */
+/*   rhs is B							      */
+/*   set is the context						      */
+/*								      */
+/* C must have space for set->digits digits.			      */
+/* ------------------------------------------------------------------ */
+decNumber * decNumberDivide(decNumber *res, const decNumber *lhs,
+			    const decNumber *rhs, decContext *set) {
+  uInt status=0;			/* accumulator */
+  decDivideOp(res, lhs, rhs, set, DIVIDE, &status);
+  if (status!=0) decStatus(res, status, set);
+  #if DECCHECK
+  decCheckInexact(res, set);
+  #endif
   return res;
-}
+  } /* decNumberDivide */
 
 /* ------------------------------------------------------------------ */
-/* decNumberDivideInteger -- divide and return integer quotient       */
-/*                                                                    */
+/* decNumberDivideInteger -- divide and return integer quotient	      */
+/*								      */
 /*   This computes C = A # B, where # is the integer divide operator  */
-/*                                                                    */
-/*   res is C, the result.  C may be A and/or B (e.g., X=X#X)         */
-/*   lhs is A                                                         */
-/*   rhs is B                                                         */
-/*   set is the context                                               */
-/*                                                                    */
-/* C must have space for set->digits digits.                          */
-/* ------------------------------------------------------------------ */
-decNumber *
-decNumberDivideInteger (decNumber * res, const decNumber * lhs,
-			const decNumber * rhs, decContext * set)
-{
-  uInt status = 0;		/* accumulator */
-  decDivideOp (res, lhs, rhs, set, DIVIDEINT, &status);
-  if (status != 0)
-    decStatus (res, status, set);
+/*								      */
+/*   res is C, the result.  C may be A and/or B (e.g., X=X#X)	      */
+/*   lhs is A							      */
+/*   rhs is B							      */
+/*   set is the context						      */
+/*								      */
+/* C must have space for set->digits digits.			      */
+/* ------------------------------------------------------------------ */
+decNumber * decNumberDivideInteger(decNumber *res, const decNumber *lhs,
+				   const decNumber *rhs, decContext *set) {
+  uInt status=0;			/* accumulator */
+  decDivideOp(res, lhs, rhs, set, DIVIDEINT, &status);
+  if (status!=0) decStatus(res, status, set);
   return res;
-}
-
-/* ------------------------------------------------------------------ */
-/* decNumberMax -- compare two Numbers and return the maximum         */
-/*                                                                    */
-/*   This computes C = A ? B, returning the maximum or A if equal     */
-/*                                                                    */
-/*   res is C, the result.  C may be A and/or B (e.g., X=X?X)         */
-/*   lhs is A                                                         */
-/*   rhs is B                                                         */
-/*   set is the context                                               */
-/*                                                                    */
-/* C must have space for set->digits digits.                          */
-/* ------------------------------------------------------------------ */
-decNumber *
-decNumberMax (decNumber * res, const decNumber * lhs,
-	      const decNumber * rhs, decContext * set)
-{
-  uInt status = 0;		/* accumulator */
-  decCompareOp (res, lhs, rhs, set, COMPMAX, &status);
-  if (status != 0)
-    decStatus (res, status, set);
+  } /* decNumberDivideInteger */
+
+/* ------------------------------------------------------------------ */
+/* decNumberExp -- exponentiation				      */
+/*								      */
+/*   This computes C = exp(A)					      */
+/*								      */
+/*   res is C, the result.  C may be A				      */
+/*   rhs is A							      */
+/*   set is the context; note that rounding mode has no effect	      */
+/*								      */
+/* C must have space for set->digits digits.			      */
+/*								      */
+/* Mathematical function restrictions apply (see above); a NaN is     */
+/* returned with Invalid_operation if a restriction is violated.      */
+/*								      */
+/* Finite results will always be full precision and Inexact, except   */
+/* when A is a zero or -Infinity (giving 1 or 0 respectively).	      */
+/*								      */
+/* An Inexact result is rounded using DEC_ROUND_HALF_EVEN; it will    */
+/* almost always be correctly rounded, but may be up to 1 ulp in      */
+/* error in rare cases.						      */
+/* ------------------------------------------------------------------ */
+/* This is a wrapper for decExpOp which can handle the slightly wider */
+/* (double) range needed by Ln (which has to be able to calculate     */
+/* exp(-a) where a can be the tiniest number (Ntiny).		      */
+/* ------------------------------------------------------------------ */
+decNumber * decNumberExp(decNumber *res, const decNumber *rhs,
+			 decContext *set) {
+  uInt status=0;			/* accumulator */
+  #if DECSUBSET
+  decNumber *allocrhs=NULL;	   /* non-NULL if rounded rhs allocated */
+  #endif
+
+  #if DECCHECK
+  if (decCheckOperands(res, DECUNUSED, rhs, set)) return res;
+  #endif
+
+  /* Check restrictions; these restrictions ensure that if h=8 (see */
+  /* decExpOp) then the result will either overflow or underflow to 0. */
+  /* Other math functions restrict the input range, too, for inverses. */
+  /* If not violated then carry out the operation. */
+  if (!decCheckMath(rhs, set, &status)) do { /* protect allocation */
+    #if DECSUBSET
+    if (!set->extended) {
+      /* reduce operand and set lostDigits status, as needed */
+      if (rhs->digits>set->digits) {
+	allocrhs=decRoundOperand(rhs, set, &status);
+	if (allocrhs==NULL) break;
+	rhs=allocrhs;
+	}
+      }
+    #endif
+    decExpOp(res, rhs, set, &status);
+    } while(0);				/* end protected */
+
+  #if DECSUBSET
+  if (allocrhs !=NULL) free(allocrhs);	/* drop any storage used */
+  #endif
+  /* apply significant status */
+  if (status!=0) decStatus(res, status, set);
+  #if DECCHECK
+  decCheckInexact(res, set);
+  #endif
   return res;
-}
-
-/* ------------------------------------------------------------------ */
-/* decNumberMin -- compare two Numbers and return the minimum         */
-/*                                                                    */
-/*   This computes C = A ? B, returning the minimum or A if equal     */
-/*                                                                    */
-/*   res is C, the result.  C may be A and/or B (e.g., X=X?X)         */
-/*   lhs is A                                                         */
-/*   rhs is B                                                         */
-/*   set is the context                                               */
-/*                                                                    */
-/* C must have space for set->digits digits.                          */
-/* ------------------------------------------------------------------ */
-decNumber *
-decNumberMin (decNumber * res, const decNumber * lhs,
-	      const decNumber * rhs, decContext * set)
-{
-  uInt status = 0;		/* accumulator */
-  decCompareOp (res, lhs, rhs, set, COMPMIN, &status);
-  if (status != 0)
-    decStatus (res, status, set);
+  } /* decNumberExp */
+
+/* ------------------------------------------------------------------ */
+/* decNumberFMA -- fused multiply add				      */
+/*								      */
+/*   This computes D = (A * B) + C with only one rounding	      */
+/*								      */
+/*   res is D, the result.  D may be A or B or C (e.g., X=FMA(X,X,X)) */
+/*   lhs is A							      */
+/*   rhs is B							      */
+/*   fhs is C [far hand side]					      */
+/*   set is the context						      */
+/*								      */
+/* Mathematical function restrictions apply (see above); a NaN is     */
+/* returned with Invalid_operation if a restriction is violated.      */
+/*								      */
+/* C must have space for set->digits digits.			      */
+/* ------------------------------------------------------------------ */
+decNumber * decNumberFMA(decNumber *res, const decNumber *lhs,
+			 const decNumber *rhs, const decNumber *fhs,
+			 decContext *set) {
+  uInt status=0;		   /* accumulator */
+  decContext dcmul;		   /* context for the multiplication */
+  uInt needbytes;		   /* for space calculations */
+  decNumber bufa[D2N(DECBUFFER*2+1)];
+  decNumber *allocbufa=NULL;	   /* -> allocated bufa, iff allocated */
+  decNumber *acc;		   /* accumulator pointer */
+  decNumber dzero;		   /* work */
+
+  #if DECCHECK
+  if (decCheckOperands(res, lhs, rhs, set)) return res;
+  if (decCheckOperands(res, fhs, DECUNUSED, set)) return res;
+  #endif
+
+  do {					/* protect allocated storage */
+    #if DECSUBSET
+    if (!set->extended) {		/* [undefined if subset] */
+      status|=DEC_Invalid_operation;
+      break;}
+    #endif
+    /* Check math restrictions [these ensure no overflow or underflow] */
+    if ((!decNumberIsSpecial(lhs) && decCheckMath(lhs, set, &status))
+     || (!decNumberIsSpecial(rhs) && decCheckMath(rhs, set, &status))
+     || (!decNumberIsSpecial(fhs) && decCheckMath(fhs, set, &status))) break;
+    /* set up context for multiply */
+    dcmul=*set;
+    dcmul.digits=lhs->digits+rhs->digits; /* just enough */
+    /* [The above may be an over-estimate for subset arithmetic, but that's OK] */
+    dcmul.emax=DEC_MAX_EMAX;		/* effectively unbounded .. */
+    dcmul.emin=DEC_MIN_EMIN;		/* [thanks to Math restrictions] */
+    /* set up decNumber space to receive the result of the multiply */
+    acc=bufa;				/* may fit */
+    needbytes=sizeof(decNumber)+(D2U(dcmul.digits)-1)*sizeof(Unit);
+    if (needbytes>sizeof(bufa)) {	/* need malloc space */
+      allocbufa=(decNumber *)malloc(needbytes);
+      if (allocbufa==NULL) {		/* hopeless -- abandon */
+	status|=DEC_Insufficient_storage;
+	break;}
+      acc=allocbufa;			/* use the allocated space */
+      }
+    /* multiply with extended range and necessary precision */
+    /*printf("emin=%ld\n", dcmul.emin); */
+    decMultiplyOp(acc, lhs, rhs, &dcmul, &status);
+    /* Only Invalid operation (from sNaN or Inf * 0) is possible in */
+    /* status; if either is seen than ignore fhs (in case it is */
+    /* another sNaN) and set acc to NaN unless we had an sNaN */
+    /* [decMultiplyOp leaves that to caller] */
+    /* Note sNaN has to go through addOp to shorten payload if */
+    /* necessary */
+    if ((status&DEC_Invalid_operation)!=0) {
+      if (!(status&DEC_sNaN)) {		/* but be true invalid */
+	decNumberZero(res);		/* acc not yet set */
+	res->bits=DECNAN;
+	break;
+	}
+      decNumberZero(&dzero);		/* make 0 (any non-NaN would do) */
+      fhs=&dzero;			/* use that */
+      }
+    #if DECCHECK
+     else { /* multiply was OK */
+      if (status!=0) printf("Status=%08lx after FMA multiply\n", status);
+      }
+    #endif
+    /* add the third operand and result -> res, and all is done */
+    decAddOp(res, acc, fhs, set, 0, &status);
+    } while(0);				/* end protected */
+
+  if (allocbufa!=NULL) free(allocbufa); /* drop any storage used */
+  if (status!=0) decStatus(res, status, set);
+  #if DECCHECK
+  decCheckInexact(res, set);
+  #endif
   return res;
-}
-
-/* ------------------------------------------------------------------ */
-/* decNumberMinus -- prefix minus operator                            */
-/*                                                                    */
-/*   This computes C = 0 - A                                          */
-/*                                                                    */
-/*   res is C, the result.  C may be A                                */
-/*   rhs is A                                                         */
-/*   set is the context                                               */
-/*                                                                    */
-/* C must have space for set->digits digits.                          */
-/* ------------------------------------------------------------------ */
-/* We simply use AddOp for the subtract, which will do the necessary. */
-/* ------------------------------------------------------------------ */
-decNumber *
-decNumberMinus (decNumber * res, const decNumber * rhs, decContext * set)
-{
-  decNumber dzero;
-  uInt status = 0;		/* accumulator */
-
-#if DECCHECK
-  if (decCheckOperands (res, DECUNUSED, rhs, set))
+  } /* decNumberFMA */
+
+/* ------------------------------------------------------------------ */
+/* decNumberInvert -- invert a Number, digitwise		      */
+/*								      */
+/*   This computes C = ~A					      */
+/*								      */
+/*   res is C, the result.  C may be A (e.g., X=~X)		      */
+/*   rhs is A							      */
+/*   set is the context (used for result length and error report)     */
+/*								      */
+/* C must have space for set->digits digits.			      */
+/*								      */
+/* Logical function restrictions apply (see above); a NaN is	      */
+/* returned with Invalid_operation if a restriction is violated.      */
+/* ------------------------------------------------------------------ */
+decNumber * decNumberInvert(decNumber *res, const decNumber *rhs,
+			    decContext *set) {
+  const Unit *ua, *msua;		/* -> operand and its msu */
+  Unit	*uc, *msuc;			/* -> result and its msu */
+  Int	msudigs;			/* digits in res msu */
+  #if DECCHECK
+  if (decCheckOperands(res, DECUNUSED, rhs, set)) return res;
+  #endif
+
+  if (rhs->exponent!=0 || decNumberIsSpecial(rhs) || decNumberIsNegative(rhs)) {
+    decStatus(res, DEC_Invalid_operation, set);
     return res;
-#endif
+    }
+  /* operand is valid */
+  ua=rhs->lsu;				/* bottom-up */
+  uc=res->lsu;				/* .. */
+  msua=ua+D2U(rhs->digits)-1;		/* -> msu of rhs */
+  msuc=uc+D2U(set->digits)-1;		/* -> msu of result */
+  msudigs=MSUDIGITS(set->digits);	/* [faster than remainder] */
+  for (; uc<=msuc; ua++, uc++) {	/* Unit loop */
+    Unit a;				/* extract unit */
+    Int	 i, j;				/* work */
+    if (ua>msua) a=0;
+     else a=*ua;
+    *uc=0;				/* can now write back */
+    /* always need to examine all bits in rhs */
+    /* This loop could be unrolled and/or use BIN2BCD tables */
+    for (i=0; i<DECDPUN; i++) {
+      if ((~a)&1) *uc=*uc+(Unit)powers[i];   /* effect INVERT */
+      j=a%10;
+      a=a/10;
+      if (j>1) {
+	decStatus(res, DEC_Invalid_operation, set);
+	return res;
+	}
+      if (uc==msuc && i==msudigs-1) break;   /* just did final digit */
+      } /* each digit */
+    } /* each unit */
+  /* [here uc-1 is the msu of the result] */
+  res->digits=decGetDigits(res->lsu, uc-res->lsu);
+  res->exponent=0;			/* integer */
+  res->bits=0;				/* sign=0 */
+  return res;  /* [no status to set] */
+  } /* decNumberInvert */
+
+/* ------------------------------------------------------------------ */
+/* decNumberLn -- natural logarithm				      */
+/*								      */
+/*   This computes C = ln(A)					      */
+/*								      */
+/*   res is C, the result.  C may be A				      */
+/*   rhs is A							      */
+/*   set is the context; note that rounding mode has no effect	      */
+/*								      */
+/* C must have space for set->digits digits.			      */
+/*								      */
+/* Notable cases:						      */
+/*   A<0 -> Invalid						      */
+/*   A=0 -> -Infinity (Exact)					      */
+/*   A=+Infinity -> +Infinity (Exact)				      */
+/*   A=1 exactly -> 0 (Exact)					      */
+/*								      */
+/* Mathematical function restrictions apply (see above); a NaN is     */
+/* returned with Invalid_operation if a restriction is violated.      */
+/*								      */
+/* An Inexact result is rounded using DEC_ROUND_HALF_EVEN; it will    */
+/* almost always be correctly rounded, but may be up to 1 ulp in      */
+/* error in rare cases.						      */
+/* ------------------------------------------------------------------ */
+/* This is a wrapper for decLnOp which can handle the slightly wider  */
+/* (+11) range needed by Ln, Log10, etc. (which may have to be able   */
+/* to calculate at p+e+2).					      */
+/* ------------------------------------------------------------------ */
+decNumber * decNumberLn(decNumber *res, const decNumber *rhs,
+			decContext *set) {
+  uInt status=0;		   /* accumulator */
+  #if DECSUBSET
+  decNumber *allocrhs=NULL;	   /* non-NULL if rounded rhs allocated */
+  #endif
+
+  #if DECCHECK
+  if (decCheckOperands(res, DECUNUSED, rhs, set)) return res;
+  #endif
+
+  /* Check restrictions; this is a math function; if not violated */
+  /* then carry out the operation. */
+  if (!decCheckMath(rhs, set, &status)) do { /* protect allocation */
+    #if DECSUBSET
+    if (!set->extended) {
+      /* reduce operand and set lostDigits status, as needed */
+      if (rhs->digits>set->digits) {
+	allocrhs=decRoundOperand(rhs, set, &status);
+	if (allocrhs==NULL) break;
+	rhs=allocrhs;
+	}
+      /* special check in subset for rhs=0 */
+      if (ISZERO(rhs)) {		/* +/- zeros -> error */
+	status|=DEC_Invalid_operation;
+	break;}
+      } /* extended=0 */
+    #endif
+    decLnOp(res, rhs, set, &status);
+    } while(0);				/* end protected */
+
+  #if DECSUBSET
+  if (allocrhs !=NULL) free(allocrhs);	/* drop any storage used */
+  #endif
+  /* apply significant status */
+  if (status!=0) decStatus(res, status, set);
+  #if DECCHECK
+  decCheckInexact(res, set);
+  #endif
+  return res;
+  } /* decNumberLn */
+
+/* ------------------------------------------------------------------ */
+/* decNumberLogB - get adjusted exponent, by 754r rules		      */
+/*								      */
+/*   This computes C = adjustedexponent(A)			      */
+/*								      */
+/*   res is C, the result.  C may be A				      */
+/*   rhs is A							      */
+/*   set is the context, used only for digits and status	      */
+/*								      */
+/* C must have space for 10 digits (A might have 10**9 digits and     */
+/* an exponent of +999999999, or one digit and an exponent of	      */
+/* -1999999999).						      */
+/*								      */
+/* This returns the adjusted exponent of A after (in theory) padding  */
+/* with zeros on the right to set->digits digits while keeping the    */
+/* same value.	The exponent is not limited by emin/emax.	      */
+/*								      */
+/* Notable cases:						      */
+/*   A<0 -> Use |A|						      */
+/*   A=0 -> -Infinity (Division by zero)			      */
+/*   A=Infinite -> +Infinity (Exact)				      */
+/*   A=1 exactly -> 0 (Exact)					      */
+/*   NaNs are propagated as usual				      */
+/* ------------------------------------------------------------------ */
+decNumber * decNumberLogB(decNumber *res, const decNumber *rhs,
+			  decContext *set) {
+  uInt status=0;		   /* accumulator */
+
+  #if DECCHECK
+  if (decCheckOperands(res, DECUNUSED, rhs, set)) return res;
+  #endif
+
+  /* NaNs as usual; Infinities return +Infinity; 0->oops */
+  if (decNumberIsNaN(rhs)) decNaNs(res, rhs, NULL, set, &status);
+   else if (decNumberIsInfinite(rhs)) decNumberCopyAbs(res, rhs);
+   else if (decNumberIsZero(rhs)) {
+    decNumberZero(res);			/* prepare for Infinity */
+    res->bits=DECNEG|DECINF;		/* -Infinity */
+    status|=DEC_Division_by_zero;	/* as per 754r */
+    }
+   else { /* finite non-zero */
+    Int ae=rhs->exponent+rhs->digits-1; /* adjusted exponent */
+    decNumberFromInt32(res, ae);	/* lay it out */
+    }
 
-  decNumberZero (&dzero);	/* make 0 */
-  dzero.exponent = rhs->exponent;	/* [no coefficient expansion] */
-  decAddOp (res, &dzero, rhs, set, DECNEG, &status);
-  if (status != 0)
-    decStatus (res, status, set);
+  if (status!=0) decStatus(res, status, set);
+  return res;
+  } /* decNumberLogB */
+
+/* ------------------------------------------------------------------ */
+/* decNumberLog10 -- logarithm in base 10			      */
+/*								      */
+/*   This computes C = log10(A)					      */
+/*								      */
+/*   res is C, the result.  C may be A				      */
+/*   rhs is A							      */
+/*   set is the context; note that rounding mode has no effect	      */
+/*								      */
+/* C must have space for set->digits digits.			      */
+/*								      */
+/* Notable cases:						      */
+/*   A<0 -> Invalid						      */
+/*   A=0 -> -Infinity (Exact)					      */
+/*   A=+Infinity -> +Infinity (Exact)				      */
+/*   A=10**n (if n is an integer) -> n (Exact)			      */
+/*								      */
+/* Mathematical function restrictions apply (see above); a NaN is     */
+/* returned with Invalid_operation if a restriction is violated.      */
+/*								      */
+/* An Inexact result is rounded using DEC_ROUND_HALF_EVEN; it will    */
+/* almost always be correctly rounded, but may be up to 1 ulp in      */
+/* error in rare cases.						      */
+/* ------------------------------------------------------------------ */
+/* This calculates ln(A)/ln(10) using appropriate precision.  For     */
+/* ln(A) this is the max(p, rhs->digits + t) + 3, where p is the      */
+/* requested digits and t is the number of digits in the exponent     */
+/* (maximum 6).	 For ln(10) it is p + 3; this is often handled by the */
+/* fastpath in decLnOp.	 The final division is done to the requested  */
+/* precision.							      */
+/* ------------------------------------------------------------------ */
+decNumber * decNumberLog10(decNumber *res, const decNumber *rhs,
+			  decContext *set) {
+  uInt status=0, ignore=0;	   /* status accumulators */
+  uInt needbytes;		   /* for space calculations */
+  Int p;			   /* working precision */
+  Int t;			   /* digits in exponent of A */
+
+  /* buffers for a and b working decimals */
+  /* (adjustment calculator, same size) */
+  decNumber bufa[D2N(DECBUFFER+2)];
+  decNumber *allocbufa=NULL;	   /* -> allocated bufa, iff allocated */
+  decNumber *a=bufa;		   /* temporary a */
+  decNumber bufb[D2N(DECBUFFER+2)];
+  decNumber *allocbufb=NULL;	   /* -> allocated bufb, iff allocated */
+  decNumber *b=bufb;		   /* temporary b */
+  decNumber bufw[D2N(10)];	   /* working 2-10 digit number */
+  decNumber *w=bufw;		   /* .. */
+  #if DECSUBSET
+  decNumber *allocrhs=NULL;	   /* non-NULL if rounded rhs allocated */
+  #endif
+
+  decContext aset;		   /* working context */
+
+  #if DECCHECK
+  if (decCheckOperands(res, DECUNUSED, rhs, set)) return res;
+  #endif
+
+  /* Check restrictions; this is a math function; if not violated */
+  /* then carry out the operation. */
+  if (!decCheckMath(rhs, set, &status)) do { /* protect malloc */
+    #if DECSUBSET
+    if (!set->extended) {
+      /* reduce operand and set lostDigits status, as needed */
+      if (rhs->digits>set->digits) {
+	allocrhs=decRoundOperand(rhs, set, &status);
+	if (allocrhs==NULL) break;
+	rhs=allocrhs;
+	}
+      /* special check in subset for rhs=0 */
+      if (ISZERO(rhs)) {		/* +/- zeros -> error */
+	status|=DEC_Invalid_operation;
+	break;}
+      } /* extended=0 */
+    #endif
+
+    decContextDefault(&aset, DEC_INIT_DECIMAL64); /* clean context */
+
+    /* handle exact powers of 10; only check if +ve finite */
+    if (!(rhs->bits&(DECNEG|DECSPECIAL)) && !ISZERO(rhs)) {
+      Int residue=0;		   /* (no residue) */
+      uInt copystat=0;		   /* clean status */
+
+      /* round to a single digit... */
+      aset.digits=1;
+      decCopyFit(w, rhs, &aset, &residue, &copystat); /* copy & shorten */
+      /* if exact and the digit is 1, rhs is a power of 10 */
+      if (!(copystat&DEC_Inexact) && w->lsu[0]==1) {
+	/* the exponent, conveniently, is the power of 10; making */
+	/* this the result needs a little care as it might not fit, */
+	/* so first convert it into the working number, and then move */
+	/* to res */
+	decNumberFromInt32(w, w->exponent);
+	residue=0;
+	decCopyFit(res, w, set, &residue, &status); /* copy & round */
+	decFinish(res, set, &residue, &status);	    /* cleanup/set flags */
+	break;
+	} /* not a power of 10 */
+      } /* not a candidate for exact */
+
+    /* simplify the information-content calculation to use 'total */
+    /* number of digits in a, including exponent' as compared to the */
+    /* requested digits, as increasing this will only rarely cost an */
+    /* iteration in ln(a) anyway */
+    t=6;				/* it can never be >6 */
+
+    /* allocate space when needed... */
+    p=(rhs->digits+t>set->digits?rhs->digits+t:set->digits)+3;
+    needbytes=sizeof(decNumber)+(D2U(p)-1)*sizeof(Unit);
+    if (needbytes>sizeof(bufa)) {	/* need malloc space */
+      allocbufa=(decNumber *)malloc(needbytes);
+      if (allocbufa==NULL) {		/* hopeless -- abandon */
+	status|=DEC_Insufficient_storage;
+	break;}
+      a=allocbufa;			/* use the allocated space */
+      }
+    aset.digits=p;			/* as calculated */
+    aset.emax=DEC_MAX_MATH;		/* usual bounds */
+    aset.emin=-DEC_MAX_MATH;		/* .. */
+    aset.clamp=0;			/* and no concrete format */
+    decLnOp(a, rhs, &aset, &status);	/* a=ln(rhs) */
+
+    /* skip the division if the result so far is infinite, NaN, or */
+    /* zero, or there was an error; note NaN from sNaN needs copy */
+    if (status&DEC_NaNs && !(status&DEC_sNaN)) break;
+    if (a->bits&DECSPECIAL || ISZERO(a)) {
+      decNumberCopy(res, a);		/* [will fit] */
+      break;}
+
+    /* for ln(10) an extra 3 digits of precision are needed */
+    p=set->digits+3;
+    needbytes=sizeof(decNumber)+(D2U(p)-1)*sizeof(Unit);
+    if (needbytes>sizeof(bufb)) {	/* need malloc space */
+      allocbufb=(decNumber *)malloc(needbytes);
+      if (allocbufb==NULL) {		/* hopeless -- abandon */
+	status|=DEC_Insufficient_storage;
+	break;}
+      b=allocbufb;			/* use the allocated space */
+      }
+    decNumberZero(w);			/* set up 10... */
+    #if DECDPUN==1
+    w->lsu[1]=1; w->lsu[0]=0;		/* .. */
+    #else
+    w->lsu[0]=10;			/* .. */
+    #endif
+    w->digits=2;			/* .. */
+
+    aset.digits=p;
+    decLnOp(b, w, &aset, &ignore);	/* b=ln(10) */
+
+    aset.digits=set->digits;		/* for final divide */
+    decDivideOp(res, a, b, &aset, DIVIDE, &status); /* into result */
+    } while(0);				/* [for break] */
+
+  if (allocbufa!=NULL) free(allocbufa); /* drop any storage used */
+  if (allocbufb!=NULL) free(allocbufb); /* .. */
+  #if DECSUBSET
+  if (allocrhs !=NULL) free(allocrhs);	/* .. */
+  #endif
+  /* apply significant status */
+  if (status!=0) decStatus(res, status, set);
+  #if DECCHECK
+  decCheckInexact(res, set);
+  #endif
+  return res;
+  } /* decNumberLog10 */
+
+/* ------------------------------------------------------------------ */
+/* decNumberMax -- compare two Numbers and return the maximum	      */
+/*								      */
+/*   This computes C = A ? B, returning the maximum by 754R rules     */
+/*								      */
+/*   res is C, the result.  C may be A and/or B (e.g., X=X?X)	      */
+/*   lhs is A							      */
+/*   rhs is B							      */
+/*   set is the context						      */
+/*								      */
+/* C must have space for set->digits digits.			      */
+/* ------------------------------------------------------------------ */
+decNumber * decNumberMax(decNumber *res, const decNumber *lhs,
+			 const decNumber *rhs, decContext *set) {
+  uInt status=0;			/* accumulator */
+  decCompareOp(res, lhs, rhs, set, COMPMAX, &status);
+  if (status!=0) decStatus(res, status, set);
+  #if DECCHECK
+  decCheckInexact(res, set);
+  #endif
   return res;
-}
+  } /* decNumberMax */
+
+/* ------------------------------------------------------------------ */
+/* decNumberMaxMag -- compare and return the maximum by magnitude     */
+/*								      */
+/*   This computes C = A ? B, returning the maximum by 754R rules     */
+/*								      */
+/*   res is C, the result.  C may be A and/or B (e.g., X=X?X)	      */
+/*   lhs is A							      */
+/*   rhs is B							      */
+/*   set is the context						      */
+/*								      */
+/* C must have space for set->digits digits.			      */
+/* ------------------------------------------------------------------ */
+decNumber * decNumberMaxMag(decNumber *res, const decNumber *lhs,
+			 const decNumber *rhs, decContext *set) {
+  uInt status=0;			/* accumulator */
+  decCompareOp(res, lhs, rhs, set, COMPMAXMAG, &status);
+  if (status!=0) decStatus(res, status, set);
+  #if DECCHECK
+  decCheckInexact(res, set);
+  #endif
+  return res;
+  } /* decNumberMaxMag */
+
+/* ------------------------------------------------------------------ */
+/* decNumberMin -- compare two Numbers and return the minimum	      */
+/*								      */
+/*   This computes C = A ? B, returning the minimum by 754R rules     */
+/*								      */
+/*   res is C, the result.  C may be A and/or B (e.g., X=X?X)	      */
+/*   lhs is A							      */
+/*   rhs is B							      */
+/*   set is the context						      */
+/*								      */
+/* C must have space for set->digits digits.			      */
+/* ------------------------------------------------------------------ */
+decNumber * decNumberMin(decNumber *res, const decNumber *lhs,
+			 const decNumber *rhs, decContext *set) {
+  uInt status=0;			/* accumulator */
+  decCompareOp(res, lhs, rhs, set, COMPMIN, &status);
+  if (status!=0) decStatus(res, status, set);
+  #if DECCHECK
+  decCheckInexact(res, set);
+  #endif
+  return res;
+  } /* decNumberMin */
+
+/* ------------------------------------------------------------------ */
+/* decNumberMinMag -- compare and return the minimum by magnitude     */
+/*								      */
+/*   This computes C = A ? B, returning the minimum by 754R rules     */
+/*								      */
+/*   res is C, the result.  C may be A and/or B (e.g., X=X?X)	      */
+/*   lhs is A							      */
+/*   rhs is B							      */
+/*   set is the context						      */
+/*								      */
+/* C must have space for set->digits digits.			      */
+/* ------------------------------------------------------------------ */
+decNumber * decNumberMinMag(decNumber *res, const decNumber *lhs,
+			 const decNumber *rhs, decContext *set) {
+  uInt status=0;			/* accumulator */
+  decCompareOp(res, lhs, rhs, set, COMPMINMAG, &status);
+  if (status!=0) decStatus(res, status, set);
+  #if DECCHECK
+  decCheckInexact(res, set);
+  #endif
+  return res;
+  } /* decNumberMinMag */
 
 /* ------------------------------------------------------------------ */
-/* decNumberPlus -- prefix plus operator                              */
-/*                                                                    */
-/*   This computes C = 0 + A                                          */
-/*                                                                    */
-/*   res is C, the result.  C may be A                                */
-/*   rhs is A                                                         */
-/*   set is the context                                               */
-/*                                                                    */
-/* C must have space for set->digits digits.                          */
+/* decNumberMinus -- prefix minus operator			      */
+/*								      */
+/*   This computes C = 0 - A					      */
+/*								      */
+/*   res is C, the result.  C may be A				      */
+/*   rhs is A							      */
+/*   set is the context						      */
+/*								      */
+/* See also decNumberCopyNegate for a quiet bitwise version of this.  */
+/* C must have space for set->digits digits.			      */
 /* ------------------------------------------------------------------ */
-/* We simply use AddOp; Add will take fast path after preparing A.    */
-/* Performance is a concern here, as this routine is often used to    */
-/* check operands and apply rounding and overflow/underflow testing.  */
+/* Simply use AddOp for the subtract, which will do the necessary.    */
 /* ------------------------------------------------------------------ */
-decNumber *
-decNumberPlus (decNumber * res, const decNumber * rhs, decContext * set)
-{
+decNumber * decNumberMinus(decNumber *res, const decNumber *rhs,
+			   decContext *set) {
   decNumber dzero;
-  uInt status = 0;		/* accumulator */
-
-#if DECCHECK
-  if (decCheckOperands (res, DECUNUSED, rhs, set))
-    return res;
-#endif
-
-  decNumberZero (&dzero);	/* make 0 */
-  dzero.exponent = rhs->exponent;	/* [no coefficient expansion] */
-  decAddOp (res, &dzero, rhs, set, 0, &status);
-  if (status != 0)
-    decStatus (res, status, set);
+  uInt status=0;			/* accumulator */
+
+  #if DECCHECK
+  if (decCheckOperands(res, DECUNUSED, rhs, set)) return res;
+  #endif
+
+  decNumberZero(&dzero);		/* make 0 */
+  dzero.exponent=rhs->exponent;		/* [no coefficient expansion] */
+  decAddOp(res, &dzero, rhs, set, DECNEG, &status);
+  if (status!=0) decStatus(res, status, set);
+  #if DECCHECK
+  decCheckInexact(res, set);
+  #endif
   return res;
-}
-
-/* ------------------------------------------------------------------ */
-/* decNumberMultiply -- multiply two Numbers                          */
-/*                                                                    */
-/*   This computes C = A x B                                          */
-/*                                                                    */
-/*   res is C, the result.  C may be A and/or B (e.g., X=X+X)         */
-/*   lhs is A                                                         */
-/*   rhs is B                                                         */
-/*   set is the context                                               */
-/*                                                                    */
-/* C must have space for set->digits digits.                          */
-/* ------------------------------------------------------------------ */
-decNumber *
-decNumberMultiply (decNumber * res, const decNumber * lhs,
-		   const decNumber * rhs, decContext * set)
-{
-  uInt status = 0;		/* accumulator */
-  decMultiplyOp (res, lhs, rhs, set, &status);
-  if (status != 0)
-    decStatus (res, status, set);
+  } /* decNumberMinus */
+
+/* ------------------------------------------------------------------ */
+/* decNumberNextMinus -- next towards -Infinity			      */
+/*								      */
+/*   This computes C = A - infinitesimal, rounded towards -Infinity   */
+/*								      */
+/*   res is C, the result.  C may be A				      */
+/*   rhs is A							      */
+/*   set is the context						      */
+/*								      */
+/* This is a generalization of 754r NextDown.			      */
+/* ------------------------------------------------------------------ */
+decNumber * decNumberNextMinus(decNumber *res, const decNumber *rhs,
+			       decContext *set) {
+  decNumber dtiny;			     /* constant */
+  decContext workset=*set;		     /* work */
+  uInt status=0;			     /* accumulator */
+  #if DECCHECK
+  if (decCheckOperands(res, DECUNUSED, rhs, set)) return res;
+  #endif
+
+  /* +Infinity is the special case */
+  if ((rhs->bits&(DECINF|DECNEG))==DECINF) {
+    decSetMaxValue(res, set);		     /* is +ve */
+    /* there is no status to set */
+    return res;
+    }
+  decNumberZero(&dtiny);		     /* start with 0 */
+  dtiny.lsu[0]=1;			     /* make number that is .. */
+  dtiny.exponent=DEC_MIN_EMIN-1;	     /* .. smaller than tiniest */
+  workset.round=DEC_ROUND_FLOOR;
+  decAddOp(res, rhs, &dtiny, &workset, DECNEG, &status);
+  status&=DEC_Invalid_operation|DEC_sNaN;    /* only sNaN Invalid please */
+  if (status!=0) decStatus(res, status, set);
   return res;
-}
-
-/* ------------------------------------------------------------------ */
-/* decNumberNormalize -- remove trailing zeros                        */
-/*                                                                    */
-/*   This computes C = 0 + A, and normalizes the result               */
-/*                                                                    */
-/*   res is C, the result.  C may be A                                */
-/*   rhs is A                                                         */
-/*   set is the context                                               */
-/*                                                                    */
-/* C must have space for set->digits digits.                          */
-/* ------------------------------------------------------------------ */
-decNumber *
-decNumberNormalize (decNumber * res, const decNumber * rhs, decContext * set)
-{
-  decNumber *allocrhs = NULL;	/* non-NULL if rounded rhs allocated */
-  uInt status = 0;		/* as usual */
-  Int residue = 0;		/* as usual */
-  Int dropped;			/* work */
-
-#if DECCHECK
-  if (decCheckOperands (res, DECUNUSED, rhs, set))
+  } /* decNumberNextMinus */
+
+/* ------------------------------------------------------------------ */
+/* decNumberNextPlus -- next towards +Infinity			      */
+/*								      */
+/*   This computes C = A + infinitesimal, rounded towards +Infinity   */
+/*								      */
+/*   res is C, the result.  C may be A				      */
+/*   rhs is A							      */
+/*   set is the context						      */
+/*								      */
+/* This is a generalization of 754r NextUp.			      */
+/* ------------------------------------------------------------------ */
+decNumber * decNumberNextPlus(decNumber *res, const decNumber *rhs,
+			      decContext *set) {
+  decNumber dtiny;			     /* constant */
+  decContext workset=*set;		     /* work */
+  uInt status=0;			     /* accumulator */
+  #if DECCHECK
+  if (decCheckOperands(res, DECUNUSED, rhs, set)) return res;
+  #endif
+
+  /* -Infinity is the special case */
+  if ((rhs->bits&(DECINF|DECNEG))==(DECINF|DECNEG)) {
+    decSetMaxValue(res, set);
+    res->bits=DECNEG;			     /* negative */
+    /* there is no status to set */
     return res;
-#endif
-
-  do
-    {				/* protect allocated storage */
-#if DECSUBSET
-      if (!set->extended)
-	{
-	  /* reduce operand and set lostDigits status, as needed */
-	  if (rhs->digits > set->digits)
-	    {
-	      allocrhs = decRoundOperand (rhs, set, &status);
-	      if (allocrhs == NULL)
-		break;
-	      rhs = allocrhs;
+    }
+  decNumberZero(&dtiny);		     /* start with 0 */
+  dtiny.lsu[0]=1;			     /* make number that is .. */
+  dtiny.exponent=DEC_MIN_EMIN-1;	     /* .. smaller than tiniest */
+  workset.round=DEC_ROUND_CEILING;
+  decAddOp(res, rhs, &dtiny, &workset, 0, &status);
+  status&=DEC_Invalid_operation|DEC_sNaN;    /* only sNaN Invalid please */
+  if (status!=0) decStatus(res, status, set);
+  return res;
+  } /* decNumberNextPlus */
+
+/* ------------------------------------------------------------------ */
+/* decNumberNextToward -- next towards rhs			      */
+/*								      */
+/*   This computes C = A +/- infinitesimal, rounded towards	      */
+/*   +/-Infinity in the direction of B, as per 754r nextafter rules   */
+/*								      */
+/*   res is C, the result.  C may be A or B.			      */
+/*   lhs is A							      */
+/*   rhs is B							      */
+/*   set is the context						      */
+/*								      */
+/* This is a generalization of 754r NextAfter.			      */
+/* ------------------------------------------------------------------ */
+decNumber * decNumberNextToward(decNumber *res, const decNumber *lhs,
+				const decNumber *rhs, decContext *set) {
+  decNumber dtiny;			     /* constant */
+  decContext workset=*set;		     /* work */
+  Int result;				     /* .. */
+  uInt status=0;			     /* accumulator */
+  #if DECCHECK
+  if (decCheckOperands(res, lhs, rhs, set)) return res;
+  #endif
+
+  if (decNumberIsNaN(lhs) || decNumberIsNaN(rhs)) {
+    decNaNs(res, lhs, rhs, set, &status);
+    }
+   else { /* Is numeric, so no chance of sNaN Invalid, etc. */
+    result=decCompare(lhs, rhs, 0);	/* sign matters */
+    if (result==BADINT) status|=DEC_Insufficient_storage; /* rare */
+     else { /* valid compare */
+      if (result==0) decNumberCopySign(res, lhs, rhs); /* easy */
+       else { /* differ: need NextPlus or NextMinus */
+	uByte sub;			/* add or subtract */
+	if (result<0) {			/* lhs<rhs, do nextplus */
+	  /* -Infinity is the special case */
+	  if ((lhs->bits&(DECINF|DECNEG))==(DECINF|DECNEG)) {
+	    decSetMaxValue(res, set);
+	    res->bits=DECNEG;		/* negative */
+	    return res;			/* there is no status to set */
 	    }
-	}
-#endif
-      /* [following code does not require input rounding] */
-
-      /* specials copy through, except NaNs need care */
-      if (decNumberIsNaN (rhs))
-	{
-	  decNaNs (res, rhs, NULL, &status);
-	  break;
-	}
-
-      /* reduce result to the requested length and copy to result */
-      decCopyFit (res, rhs, set, &residue, &status);	/* copy & round */
-      decFinish (res, set, &residue, &status);	/* cleanup/set flags */
-      decTrim (res, 1, &dropped);	/* normalize in place */
+	  workset.round=DEC_ROUND_CEILING;
+	  sub=0;			/* add, please */
+	  } /* plus */
+	 else {				/* lhs>rhs, do nextminus */
+	  /* +Infinity is the special case */
+	  if ((lhs->bits&(DECINF|DECNEG))==DECINF) {
+	    decSetMaxValue(res, set);
+	    return res;			/* there is no status to set */
+	    }
+	  workset.round=DEC_ROUND_FLOOR;
+	  sub=DECNEG;			/* subtract, please */
+	  } /* minus */
+	decNumberZero(&dtiny);		/* start with 0 */
+	dtiny.lsu[0]=1;			/* make number that is .. */
+	dtiny.exponent=DEC_MIN_EMIN-1;	/* .. smaller than tiniest */
+	decAddOp(res, lhs, &dtiny, &workset, sub, &status); /* + or - */
+	/* turn off exceptions if the result is a normal number */
+	/* (including Nmin), otherwise let all status through */
+	if (decNumberIsNormal(res, set)) status=0;
+	} /* unequal */
+      } /* compare OK */
+    } /* numeric */
+  if (status!=0) decStatus(res, status, set);
+  return res;
+  } /* decNumberNextToward */
+
+/* ------------------------------------------------------------------ */
+/* decNumberOr -- OR two Numbers, digitwise			      */
+/*								      */
+/*   This computes C = A | B					      */
+/*								      */
+/*   res is C, the result.  C may be A and/or B (e.g., X=X|X)	      */
+/*   lhs is A							      */
+/*   rhs is B							      */
+/*   set is the context (used for result length and error report)     */
+/*								      */
+/* C must have space for set->digits digits.			      */
+/*								      */
+/* Logical function restrictions apply (see above); a NaN is	      */
+/* returned with Invalid_operation if a restriction is violated.      */
+/* ------------------------------------------------------------------ */
+decNumber * decNumberOr(decNumber *res, const decNumber *lhs,
+			const decNumber *rhs, decContext *set) {
+  const Unit *ua, *ub;			/* -> operands */
+  const Unit *msua, *msub;		/* -> operand msus */
+  Unit	*uc, *msuc;			/* -> result and its msu */
+  Int	msudigs;			/* digits in res msu */
+  #if DECCHECK
+  if (decCheckOperands(res, lhs, rhs, set)) return res;
+  #endif
+
+  if (lhs->exponent!=0 || decNumberIsSpecial(lhs) || decNumberIsNegative(lhs)
+   || rhs->exponent!=0 || decNumberIsSpecial(rhs) || decNumberIsNegative(rhs)) {
+    decStatus(res, DEC_Invalid_operation, set);
+    return res;
     }
-  while (0);			/* end protected */
-
-  if (allocrhs != NULL)
-    free (allocrhs);		/* .. */
-  if (status != 0)
-    decStatus (res, status, set);	/* then report status */
+  /* operands are valid */
+  ua=lhs->lsu;				/* bottom-up */
+  ub=rhs->lsu;				/* .. */
+  uc=res->lsu;				/* .. */
+  msua=ua+D2U(lhs->digits)-1;		/* -> msu of lhs */
+  msub=ub+D2U(rhs->digits)-1;		/* -> msu of rhs */
+  msuc=uc+D2U(set->digits)-1;		/* -> msu of result */
+  msudigs=MSUDIGITS(set->digits);	/* [faster than remainder] */
+  for (; uc<=msuc; ua++, ub++, uc++) {	/* Unit loop */
+    Unit a, b;				/* extract units */
+    if (ua>msua) a=0;
+     else a=*ua;
+    if (ub>msub) b=0;
+     else b=*ub;
+    *uc=0;				/* can now write back */
+    if (a|b) {				/* maybe 1 bits to examine */
+      Int i, j;
+      /* This loop could be unrolled and/or use BIN2BCD tables */
+      for (i=0; i<DECDPUN; i++) {
+	if ((a|b)&1) *uc=*uc+(Unit)powers[i];	  /* effect OR */
+	j=a%10;
+	a=a/10;
+	j|=b%10;
+	b=b/10;
+	if (j>1) {
+	  decStatus(res, DEC_Invalid_operation, set);
+	  return res;
+	  }
+	if (uc==msuc && i==msudigs-1) break;	  /* just did final digit */
+	} /* each digit */
+      } /* non-zero */
+    } /* each unit */
+  /* [here uc-1 is the msu of the result] */
+  res->digits=decGetDigits(res->lsu, uc-res->lsu);
+  res->exponent=0;			/* integer */
+  res->bits=0;				/* sign=0 */
+  return res;  /* [no status to set] */
+  } /* decNumberOr */
+
+/* ------------------------------------------------------------------ */
+/* decNumberPlus -- prefix plus operator			      */
+/*								      */
+/*   This computes C = 0 + A					      */
+/*								      */
+/*   res is C, the result.  C may be A				      */
+/*   rhs is A							      */
+/*   set is the context						      */
+/*								      */
+/* See also decNumberCopy for a quiet bitwise version of this.	      */
+/* C must have space for set->digits digits.			      */
+/* ------------------------------------------------------------------ */
+/* This simply uses AddOp; Add will take fast path after preparing A. */
+/* Performance is a concern here, as this routine is often used to    */
+/* check operands and apply rounding and overflow/underflow testing.  */
+/* ------------------------------------------------------------------ */
+decNumber * decNumberPlus(decNumber *res, const decNumber *rhs,
+			  decContext *set) {
+  decNumber dzero;
+  uInt status=0;			/* accumulator */
+  #if DECCHECK
+  if (decCheckOperands(res, DECUNUSED, rhs, set)) return res;
+  #endif
+
+  decNumberZero(&dzero);		/* make 0 */
+  dzero.exponent=rhs->exponent;		/* [no coefficient expansion] */
+  decAddOp(res, &dzero, rhs, set, 0, &status);
+  if (status!=0) decStatus(res, status, set);
+  #if DECCHECK
+  decCheckInexact(res, set);
+  #endif
   return res;
-}
-
-/* ------------------------------------------------------------------ */
-/* decNumberPower -- raise a number to an integer power               */
-/*                                                                    */
-/*   This computes C = A ** B                                         */
-/*                                                                    */
-/*   res is C, the result.  C may be A and/or B (e.g., X=X**X)        */
-/*   lhs is A                                                         */
-/*   rhs is B                                                         */
-/*   set is the context                                               */
-/*                                                                    */
-/* C must have space for set->digits digits.                          */
-/*                                                                    */
-/* Specification restriction: abs(n) must be <=999999999              */
-/* ------------------------------------------------------------------ */
-decNumber *
-decNumberPower (decNumber * res, const decNumber * lhs,
-		const decNumber * rhs, decContext * set)
-{
-  decNumber *alloclhs = NULL;	/* non-NULL if rounded lhs allocated */
-  decNumber *allocrhs = NULL;	/* .., rhs */
-  decNumber *allocdac = NULL;	/* -> allocated acc buffer, iff used */
-  const decNumber *inrhs = rhs;	/* save original rhs */
-  Int reqdigits = set->digits;	/* requested DIGITS */
-  Int n;			/* RHS in binary */
-  Int i;			/* work */
-#if DECSUBSET
-  Int dropped;			/* .. */
-#endif
-  uInt needbytes;		/* buffer size needed */
-  Flag seenbit;			/* seen a bit while powering */
-  Int residue = 0;		/* rounding residue */
-  uInt status = 0;		/* accumulator */
-  uByte bits = 0;		/* result sign if errors */
-  decContext workset;		/* working context */
-  decNumber dnOne;		/* work value 1... */
+  } /* decNumberPlus */
+
+/* ------------------------------------------------------------------ */
+/* decNumberMultiply -- multiply two Numbers			      */
+/*								      */
+/*   This computes C = A x B					      */
+/*								      */
+/*   res is C, the result.  C may be A and/or B (e.g., X=X+X)	      */
+/*   lhs is A							      */
+/*   rhs is B							      */
+/*   set is the context						      */
+/*								      */
+/* C must have space for set->digits digits.			      */
+/* ------------------------------------------------------------------ */
+decNumber * decNumberMultiply(decNumber *res, const decNumber *lhs,
+			      const decNumber *rhs, decContext *set) {
+  uInt status=0;		   /* accumulator */
+  decMultiplyOp(res, lhs, rhs, set, &status);
+  if (status!=0) decStatus(res, status, set);
+  #if DECCHECK
+  decCheckInexact(res, set);
+  #endif
+  return res;
+  } /* decNumberMultiply */
+
+/* ------------------------------------------------------------------ */
+/* decNumberPower -- raise a number to a power			      */
+/*								      */
+/*   This computes C = A ** B					      */
+/*								      */
+/*   res is C, the result.  C may be A and/or B (e.g., X=X**X)	      */
+/*   lhs is A							      */
+/*   rhs is B							      */
+/*   set is the context						      */
+/*								      */
+/* C must have space for set->digits digits.			      */
+/*								      */
+/* Mathematical function restrictions apply (see above); a NaN is     */
+/* returned with Invalid_operation if a restriction is violated.      */
+/*								      */
+/* However, if 1999999997<=B<=999999999 and B is an integer then the  */
+/* restrictions on A and the context are relaxed to the usual bounds, */
+/* for compatibility with the earlier (integer power only) version    */
+/* of this function.						      */
+/*								      */
+/* When B is an integer, the result may be exact, even if rounded.    */
+/*								      */
+/* The final result is rounded according to the context; it will      */
+/* almost always be correctly rounded, but may be up to 1 ulp in      */
+/* error in rare cases.						      */
+/* ------------------------------------------------------------------ */
+decNumber * decNumberPower(decNumber *res, const decNumber *lhs,
+			   const decNumber *rhs, decContext *set) {
+  #if DECSUBSET
+  decNumber *alloclhs=NULL;	   /* non-NULL if rounded lhs allocated */
+  decNumber *allocrhs=NULL;	   /* .., rhs */
+  #endif
+  decNumber *allocdac=NULL;	   /* -> allocated acc buffer, iff used */
+  decNumber *allocinv=NULL;	   /* -> allocated 1/x buffer, iff used */
+  Int	reqdigits=set->digits;	   /* requested DIGITS */
+  Int	n;			   /* rhs in binary */
+  Flag	rhsint=0;		   /* 1 if rhs is an integer */
+  Flag	useint=0;		   /* 1 if can use integer calculation */
+  Flag	isoddint=0;		   /* 1 if rhs is an integer and odd */
+  Int	i;			   /* work */
+  #if DECSUBSET
+  Int	dropped;		   /* .. */
+  #endif
+  uInt	needbytes;		   /* buffer size needed */
+  Flag	seenbit;		   /* seen a bit while powering */
+  Int	residue=0;		   /* rounding residue */
+  uInt	status=0;		   /* accumulators */
+  uByte bits=0;			   /* result sign if errors */
+  decContext aset;		   /* working context */
+  decNumber dnOne;		   /* work value 1... */
   /* local accumulator buffer [a decNumber, with digits+elength+1 digits] */
-  uByte dacbuff[sizeof (decNumber) + D2U (DECBUFFER + 9) * sizeof (Unit)];
+  decNumber dacbuff[D2N(DECBUFFER+9)];
+  decNumber *dac=dacbuff;	   /* -> result accumulator */
   /* same again for possible 1/lhs calculation */
-  uByte lhsbuff[sizeof (decNumber) + D2U (DECBUFFER + 9) * sizeof (Unit)];
-  decNumber *dac = (decNumber *) dacbuff;	/* -> result accumulator */
-
-#if DECCHECK
-  if (decCheckOperands (res, lhs, rhs, set))
-    return res;
-#endif
-
-  do
-    {				/* protect allocated storage */
-#if DECSUBSET
-      if (!set->extended)
-	{
-	  /* reduce operands and set lostDigits status, as needed */
-	  if (lhs->digits > reqdigits)
-	    {
-	      alloclhs = decRoundOperand (lhs, set, &status);
-	      if (alloclhs == NULL)
-		break;
-	      lhs = alloclhs;
-	    }
-	  /* rounding won't affect the result, but we might signal lostDigits */
-	  /* as well as the error for non-integer [x**y would need this too] */
-	  if (rhs->digits > reqdigits)
-	    {
-	      allocrhs = decRoundOperand (rhs, set, &status);
-	      if (allocrhs == NULL)
-		break;
-	      rhs = allocrhs;
-	    }
-	}
-#endif
-      /* [following code does not require input rounding] */
-
-      /* handle rhs Infinity */
-      if (decNumberIsInfinite (rhs))
-	{
-	  status |= DEC_Invalid_operation;	/* bad */
-	  break;
+  decNumber invbuff[D2N(DECBUFFER+9)];
+
+  #if DECCHECK
+  if (decCheckOperands(res, lhs, rhs, set)) return res;
+  #endif
+
+  do {				   /* protect allocated storage */
+    #if DECSUBSET
+    if (!set->extended) { /* reduce operands and set status, as needed */
+      if (lhs->digits>reqdigits) {
+	alloclhs=decRoundOperand(lhs, set, &status);
+	if (alloclhs==NULL) break;
+	lhs=alloclhs;
 	}
-      /* handle NaNs */
-      if ((lhs->bits | rhs->bits) & (DECNAN | DECSNAN))
-	{
-	  decNaNs (res, lhs, rhs, &status);
-	  break;
+      if (rhs->digits>reqdigits) {
+	allocrhs=decRoundOperand(rhs, set, &status);
+	if (allocrhs==NULL) break;
+	rhs=allocrhs;
 	}
+      }
+    #endif
+    /* [following code does not require input rounding] */
+
+    /* handle NaNs and rhs Infinity (lhs infinity is harder) */
+    if (SPECIALARGS) {
+      if (decNumberIsNaN(lhs) || decNumberIsNaN(rhs)) { /* NaNs */
+	decNaNs(res, lhs, rhs, set, &status);
+	break;}
+      if (decNumberIsInfinite(rhs)) {	/* rhs Infinity */
+	Flag rhsneg=rhs->bits&DECNEG;	/* save rhs sign */
+	if (decNumberIsNegative(lhs)	/* lhs<0 */
+	 && !decNumberIsZero(lhs))	/* .. */
+	  status|=DEC_Invalid_operation;
+	 else {				/* lhs >=0 */
+	  decNumberZero(&dnOne);	/* set up 1 */
+	  dnOne.lsu[0]=1;
+	  decNumberCompare(dac, lhs, &dnOne, set); /* lhs ? 1 */
+	  decNumberZero(res);		/* prepare for 0/1/Infinity */
+	  if (decNumberIsNegative(dac)) {    /* lhs<1 */
+	    if (rhsneg) res->bits|=DECINF;   /* +Infinity [else is +0] */
+	    }
+	   else if (dac->lsu[0]==0) {	     /* lhs=1 */
+	    /* 1**Infinity is inexact, so return fully-padded 1.0000 */
+	    Int shift=set->digits-1;
+	    *res->lsu=1;		     /* was 0, make int 1 */
+	    res->digits=decShiftToMost(res->lsu, 1, shift);
+	    res->exponent=-shift;	     /* make 1.0000... */
+	    status|=DEC_Inexact|DEC_Rounded; /* deemed inexact */
+	    }
+	   else {			     /* lhs>1 */
+	    if (!rhsneg) res->bits|=DECINF;  /* +Infinity [else is +0] */
+	    }
+	  } /* lhs>=0 */
+	break;}
+      /* [lhs infinity drops through] */
+      } /* specials */
+
+    /* Original rhs may be an integer that fits and is in range */
+    n=decGetInt(rhs);
+    if (n!=BADINT) {			/* it is an integer */
+      rhsint=1;				/* record the fact for 1**n */
+      isoddint=(Flag)n&1;		/* [works even if big] */
+      if (n!=BIGEVEN && n!=BIGODD)	/* can use integer path? */
+	useint=1;			/* looks good */
+      }
 
-      /* Original rhs must be an integer that fits and is in range */
-#if DECSUBSET
-      n = decGetInt (inrhs, set);
-#else
-      n = decGetInt (inrhs);
-#endif
-      if (n == BADINT || n > 999999999 || n < -999999999)
-	{
-	  status |= DEC_Invalid_operation;
-	  break;
+    if (decNumberIsNegative(lhs)	/* -x .. */
+      && isoddint) bits=DECNEG;		/* .. to an odd power */
+
+    /* handle LHS infinity */
+    if (decNumberIsInfinite(lhs)) {	/* [NaNs already handled] */
+      uByte rbits=rhs->bits;		/* save */
+      decNumberZero(res);		/* prepare */
+      if (n==0) *res->lsu=1;		/* [-]Inf**0 => 1 */
+       else {
+	/* -Inf**nonint -> error */
+	if (!rhsint && decNumberIsNegative(lhs)) {
+	  status|=DEC_Invalid_operation;     /* -Inf**nonint is error */
+	  break;}
+	if (!(rbits & DECNEG)) bits|=DECINF; /* was not a **-n */
+	/* [otherwise will be 0 or -0] */
+	res->bits=bits;
 	}
-      if (n < 0)
-	{			/* negative */
-	  n = -n;		/* use the absolute value */
+      break;}
+
+    /* similarly handle LHS zero */
+    if (decNumberIsZero(lhs)) {
+      if (n==0) {			     /* 0**0 => Error */
+	#if DECSUBSET
+	if (!set->extended) {		     /* [unless subset] */
+	  decNumberZero(res);
+	  *res->lsu=1;			     /* return 1 */
+	  break;}
+	#endif
+	status|=DEC_Invalid_operation;
 	}
-      if (decNumberIsNegative (lhs)	/* -x .. */
-	  && (n & 0x00000001))
-	bits = DECNEG;		/* .. to an odd power */
-
-      /* handle LHS infinity */
-      if (decNumberIsInfinite (lhs))
-	{			/* [NaNs already handled] */
-	  uByte rbits = rhs->bits;	/* save */
-	  decNumberZero (res);
-	  if (n == 0)
-	    *res->lsu = 1;	/* [-]Inf**0 => 1 */
-	  else
-	    {
-	      if (!(rbits & DECNEG))
-		bits |= DECINF;	/* was not a **-n */
-	      /* [otherwise will be 0 or -0] */
-	      res->bits = bits;
-	    }
-	  break;
+       else {				     /* 0**x */
+	uByte rbits=rhs->bits;		     /* save */
+	if (rbits & DECNEG) {		     /* was a 0**(-n) */
+	  #if DECSUBSET
+	  if (!set->extended) {		     /* [bad if subset] */
+	    status|=DEC_Invalid_operation;
+	    break;}
+	  #endif
+	  bits|=DECINF;
+	  }
+	decNumberZero(res);		     /* prepare */
+	/* [otherwise will be 0 or -0] */
+	res->bits=bits;
 	}
-
-      /* clone the context */
-      workset = *set;		/* copy all fields */
+      break;}
+
+    /* here both lhs and rhs are finite; rhs==0 is handled in the */
+    /* integer path.  Next handle the non-integer cases */
+    if (!useint) {			/* non-integral rhs */
+      /* any -ve lhs is bad, as is either operand or context out of */
+      /* bounds */
+      if (decNumberIsNegative(lhs)) {
+	status|=DEC_Invalid_operation;
+	break;}
+      if (decCheckMath(lhs, set, &status)
+       || decCheckMath(rhs, set, &status)) break; /* variable status */
+
+      decContextDefault(&aset, DEC_INIT_DECIMAL64); /* clean context */
+      aset.emax=DEC_MAX_MATH;		/* usual bounds */
+      aset.emin=-DEC_MAX_MATH;		/* .. */
+      aset.clamp=0;			/* and no concrete format */
+
+      /* calculate the result using exp(ln(lhs)*rhs), which can */
+      /* all be done into the accumulator, dac.	 The precision needed */
+      /* is enough to contain the full information in the lhs (which */
+      /* is the total digits, including exponent), or the requested */
+      /* precision, if larger, + 4; 6 is used for the exponent */
+      /* maximum length, and this is also used when it is shorter */
+      /* than the requested digits as it greatly reduces the >0.5 ulp */
+      /* cases at little cost (because Ln doubles digits each */
+      /* iteration so a few extra digits rarely causes an extra */
+      /* iteration) */
+      aset.digits=MAXI(lhs->digits, set->digits)+6+4;
+      } /* non-integer rhs */
+
+     else { /* rhs is in-range integer */
+      if (n==0) {			/* x**0 = 1 */
+	/* (0**0 was handled above) */
+	decNumberZero(res);		/* result=1 */
+	*res->lsu=1;			/* .. */
+	break;}
+      /* rhs is a non-zero integer */
+      if (n<0) n=-n;			/* use abs(n) */
+
+      aset=*set;			/* clone the context */
+      aset.round=DEC_ROUND_HALF_EVEN;	/* internally use balanced */
       /* calculate the working DIGITS */
-      workset.digits = reqdigits + (inrhs->digits + inrhs->exponent) + 1;
-      /* it's an error if this is more than we can handle */
-      if (workset.digits > DECNUMMAXP)
-	{
-	  status |= DEC_Invalid_operation;
-	  break;
-	}
-
-      /* workset.digits is the count of digits for the accumulator we need */
-      /* if accumulator is too long for local storage, then allocate */
-      needbytes =
-	sizeof (decNumber) + (D2U (workset.digits) - 1) * sizeof (Unit);
-      /* [needbytes also used below if 1/lhs needed] */
-      if (needbytes > sizeof (dacbuff))
-	{
-	  allocdac = (decNumber *) malloc (needbytes);
-	  if (allocdac == NULL)
-	    {			/* hopeless -- abandon */
-	      status |= DEC_Insufficient_storage;
-	      break;
-	    }
-	  dac = allocdac;	/* use the allocated space */
+      aset.digits=reqdigits+(rhs->digits+rhs->exponent)+2;
+      #if DECSUBSET
+      if (!set->extended) aset.digits--;     /* use classic precision */
+      #endif
+      /* it's an error if this is more than can be handled */
+      if (aset.digits>DECNUMMAXP) {status|=DEC_Invalid_operation; break;}
+      } /* integer path */
+
+    /* aset.digits is the count of digits for the accumulator needed */
+    /* if accumulator is too long for local storage, then allocate */
+    needbytes=sizeof(decNumber)+(D2U(aset.digits)-1)*sizeof(Unit);
+    /* [needbytes also used below if 1/lhs needed] */
+    if (needbytes>sizeof(dacbuff)) {
+      allocdac=(decNumber *)malloc(needbytes);
+      if (allocdac==NULL) {   /* hopeless -- abandon */
+	status|=DEC_Insufficient_storage;
+	break;}
+      dac=allocdac;	      /* use the allocated space */
+      }
+    /* here, aset is set up and accumulator is ready for use */
+
+    if (!useint) {			     /* non-integral rhs */
+      /* x ** y; special-case x=1 here as it will otherwise always */
+      /* reduce to integer 1; decLnOp has a fastpath which detects */
+      /* the case of x=1 */
+      decLnOp(dac, lhs, &aset, &status);     /* dac=ln(lhs) */
+      /* [no error possible, as lhs 0 already handled] */
+      if (ISZERO(dac)) {		     /* x==1, 1.0, etc. */
+	/* need to return fully-padded 1.0000 etc., but rhsint->1 */
+	*dac->lsu=1;			     /* was 0, make int 1 */
+	if (!rhsint) {			     /* add padding */
+	  Int shift=set->digits-1;
+	  dac->digits=decShiftToMost(dac->lsu, 1, shift);
+	  dac->exponent=-shift;		     /* make 1.0000... */
+	  status|=DEC_Inexact|DEC_Rounded;   /* deemed inexact */
+	  }
 	}
-      decNumberZero (dac);	/* acc=1 */
-      *dac->lsu = 1;		/* .. */
-
-      if (n == 0)
-	{			/* x**0 is usually 1 */
-	  /* 0**0 is bad unless subset, when it becomes 1 */
-	  if (ISZERO (lhs)
-#if DECSUBSET
-	      && set->extended
-#endif
-	    )
-	    status |= DEC_Invalid_operation;
-	  else
-	    decNumberCopy (res, dac);	/* copy the 1 */
-	  break;
+       else {
+	decMultiplyOp(dac, dac, rhs, &aset, &status);  /* dac=dac*rhs */
+	decExpOp(dac, dac, &aset, &status);	       /* dac=exp(dac) */
 	}
-
-      /* if a negative power we'll need the constant 1, and if not subset */
-      /* we'll invert the lhs now rather than inverting the result later */
-      if (decNumberIsNegative (rhs))
-	{			/* was a **-n [hence digits>0] */
-	  decNumber * newlhs;
-	  decNumberCopy (&dnOne, dac);	/* dnOne=1;  [needed now or later] */
-#if DECSUBSET
-	  if (set->extended)
-	    {			/* need to calculate 1/lhs */
-#endif
-	      /* divide lhs into 1, putting result in dac [dac=1/dac] */
-	      decDivideOp (dac, &dnOne, lhs, &workset, DIVIDE, &status);
-	      if (alloclhs != NULL)
-		{
-		  free (alloclhs);	/* done with intermediate */
-		  alloclhs = NULL;	/* indicate freed */
-		}
-	      /* now locate or allocate space for the inverted lhs */
-	      if (needbytes > sizeof (lhsbuff))
-		{
-		  alloclhs = (decNumber *) malloc (needbytes);
-		  if (alloclhs == NULL)
-		    {		/* hopeless -- abandon */
-		      status |= DEC_Insufficient_storage;
-		      break;
-		    }
-		  newlhs = alloclhs;	/* use the allocated space */
-		}
-	      else
-		newlhs = (decNumber *) lhsbuff;	/* use stack storage */
-	      /* [lhs now points to buffer or allocated storage] */
-	      decNumberCopy (newlhs, dac);	/* copy the 1/lhs */
-	      decNumberCopy (dac, &dnOne);	/* restore acc=1 */
-	      lhs = newlhs;
-#if DECSUBSET
+      /* and drop through for final rounding */
+      } /* non-integer rhs */
+
+     else {				/* carry on with integer */
+      decNumberZero(dac);		/* acc=1 */
+      *dac->lsu=1;			/* .. */
+
+      /* if a negative power the constant 1 is needed, and if not subset */
+      /* invert the lhs now rather than inverting the result later */
+      if (decNumberIsNegative(rhs)) {	/* was a **-n [hence digits>0] */
+	decNumber *inv=invbuff;		/* asssume use fixed buffer */
+	decNumberCopy(&dnOne, dac);	/* dnOne=1;  [needed now or later] */
+	#if DECSUBSET
+	if (set->extended) {		/* need to calculate 1/lhs */
+	#endif
+	  /* divide lhs into 1, putting result in dac [dac=1/dac] */
+	  decDivideOp(dac, &dnOne, lhs, &aset, DIVIDE, &status);
+	  /* now locate or allocate space for the inverted lhs */
+	  if (needbytes>sizeof(invbuff)) {
+	    allocinv=(decNumber *)malloc(needbytes);
+	    if (allocinv==NULL) {	/* hopeless -- abandon */
+	      status|=DEC_Insufficient_storage;
+	      break;}
+	    inv=allocinv;		/* use the allocated space */
 	    }
-#endif
+	  /* [inv now points to big-enough buffer or allocated storage] */
+	  decNumberCopy(inv, dac);	/* copy the 1/lhs */
+	  decNumberCopy(dac, &dnOne);	/* restore acc=1 */
+	  lhs=inv;			/* .. and go forward with new lhs */
+	#if DECSUBSET
+	  }
+	#endif
 	}
 
       /* Raise-to-the-power loop... */
-      seenbit = 0;		/* set once we've seen a 1-bit */
-      for (i = 1;; i++)
-	{			/* for each bit [top bit ignored] */
-	  /* abandon if we have had overflow or terminal underflow */
-	  if (status & (DEC_Overflow | DEC_Underflow))
-	    {			/* interesting? */
-	      if (status & DEC_Overflow || ISZERO (dac))
-		break;
-	    }
-	  /* [the following two lines revealed an optimizer bug in a C++ */
-	  /* compiler, with symptom: 5**3 -> 25, when n=n+n was used] */
-	  n = n << 1;		/* move next bit to testable position */
-	  if (n < 0)
-	    {			/* top bit is set */
-	      seenbit = 1;	/* OK, we're off */
-	      decMultiplyOp (dac, dac, lhs, &workset, &status);	/* dac=dac*x */
-	    }
-	  if (i == 31)
-	    break;		/* that was the last bit */
-	  if (!seenbit)
-	    continue;		/* we don't have to square 1 */
-	  decMultiplyOp (dac, dac, dac, &workset, &status);	/* dac=dac*dac [square] */
-	}			/*i *//* 32 bits */
+      seenbit=0;		   /* set once a 1-bit is encountered */
+      for (i=1;;i++){		   /* for each bit [top bit ignored] */
+	/* abandon if had overflow or terminal underflow */
+	if (status & (DEC_Overflow|DEC_Underflow)) { /* interesting? */
+	  if (status&DEC_Overflow || ISZERO(dac)) break;
+	  }
+	/* [the following two lines revealed an optimizer bug in a C++ */
+	/* compiler, with symptom: 5**3 -> 25, when n=n+n was used] */
+	n=n<<1;			   /* move next bit to testable position */
+	if (n<0) {		   /* top bit is set */
+	  seenbit=1;		   /* OK, significant bit seen */
+	  decMultiplyOp(dac, dac, lhs, &aset, &status); /* dac=dac*x */
+	  }
+	if (i==31) break;	   /* that was the last bit */
+	if (!seenbit) continue;	   /* no need to square 1 */
+	decMultiplyOp(dac, dac, dac, &aset, &status); /* dac=dac*dac [square] */
+	} /*i*/ /* 32 bits */
 
       /* complete internal overflow or underflow processing */
-      if (status & (DEC_Overflow | DEC_Subnormal))
-	{
-#if DECSUBSET
-	  /* If subset, and power was negative, reverse the kind of -erflow */
-	  /* [1/x not yet done] */
-	  if (!set->extended && decNumberIsNegative (rhs))
-	    {
-	      if (status & DEC_Overflow)
-		status ^= DEC_Overflow | DEC_Underflow | DEC_Subnormal;
-	      else
-		{		/* trickier -- Underflow may or may not be set */
-		  status &= ~(DEC_Underflow | DEC_Subnormal);	/* [one or both] */
-		  status |= DEC_Overflow;
-		}
+      if (status & (DEC_Overflow|DEC_Underflow)) {
+	#if DECSUBSET
+	/* If subset, and power was negative, reverse the kind of -erflow */
+	/* [1/x not yet done] */
+	if (!set->extended && decNumberIsNegative(rhs)) {
+	  if (status & DEC_Overflow)
+	    status^=DEC_Overflow | DEC_Underflow | DEC_Subnormal;
+	   else { /* trickier -- Underflow may or may not be set */
+	    status&=~(DEC_Underflow | DEC_Subnormal); /* [one or both] */
+	    status|=DEC_Overflow;
 	    }
-#endif
-	  dac->bits = (dac->bits & ~DECNEG) | bits;	/* force correct sign */
-	  /* round subnormals [to set.digits rather than workset.digits] */
-	  /* or set overflow result similarly as required */
-	  decFinalize (dac, set, &residue, &status);
-	  decNumberCopy (res, dac);	/* copy to result (is now OK length) */
-	  break;
+	  }
+	#endif
+	dac->bits=(dac->bits & ~DECNEG) | bits; /* force correct sign */
+	/* round subnormals [to set.digits rather than aset.digits] */
+	/* or set overflow result similarly as required */
+	decFinalize(dac, set, &residue, &status);
+	decNumberCopy(res, dac);   /* copy to result (is now OK length) */
+	break;
 	}
 
-#if DECSUBSET
-      if (!set->extended &&	/* subset math */
-	  decNumberIsNegative (rhs))
-	{			/* was a **-n [hence digits>0] */
-	  /* so divide result into 1 [dac=1/dac] */
-	  decDivideOp (dac, &dnOne, dac, &workset, DIVIDE, &status);
+      #if DECSUBSET
+      if (!set->extended &&		     /* subset math */
+	  decNumberIsNegative(rhs)) {	     /* was a **-n [hence digits>0] */
+	/* so divide result into 1 [dac=1/dac] */
+	decDivideOp(dac, &dnOne, dac, &aset, DIVIDE, &status);
 	}
-#endif
-
-      /* reduce result to the requested length and copy to result */
-      decCopyFit (res, dac, set, &residue, &status);
-      decFinish (res, set, &residue, &status);	/* final cleanup */
-#if DECSUBSET
-      if (!set->extended)
-	decTrim (res, 0, &dropped);	/* trailing zeros */
-#endif
-    }
-  while (0);			/* end protected */
-
-  if (allocdac != NULL)
-    free (allocdac);		/* drop any storage we used */
-  if (allocrhs != NULL)
-    free (allocrhs);		/* .. */
-  if (alloclhs != NULL)
-    free (alloclhs);		/* .. */
-  if (status != 0)
-    decStatus (res, status, set);
+      #endif
+      } /* rhs integer path */
+
+    /* reduce result to the requested length and copy to result */
+    decCopyFit(res, dac, set, &residue, &status);
+    decFinish(res, set, &residue, &status);  /* final cleanup */
+    #if DECSUBSET
+    if (!set->extended) decTrim(res, set, 0, &dropped); /* trailing zeros */
+    #endif
+    } while(0);				/* end protected */
+
+  if (allocdac!=NULL) free(allocdac);	/* drop any storage used */
+  if (allocinv!=NULL) free(allocinv);	/* .. */
+  #if DECSUBSET
+  if (alloclhs!=NULL) free(alloclhs);	/* .. */
+  if (allocrhs!=NULL) free(allocrhs);	/* .. */
+  #endif
+  if (status!=0) decStatus(res, status, set);
+  #if DECCHECK
+  decCheckInexact(res, set);
+  #endif
   return res;
-}
+  } /* decNumberPower */
 
 /* ------------------------------------------------------------------ */
-/* decNumberQuantize -- force exponent to requested value             */
-/*                                                                    */
+/* decNumberQuantize -- force exponent to requested value	      */
+/*								      */
 /*   This computes C = op(A, B), where op adjusts the coefficient     */
 /*   of C (by rounding or shifting) such that the exponent (-scale)   */
 /*   of C has exponent of B.  The numerical value of C will equal A,  */
-/*   except for the effects of any rounding that occurred.            */
-/*                                                                    */
-/*   res is C, the result.  C may be A or B                           */
-/*   lhs is A, the number to adjust                                   */
-/*   rhs is B, the number with exponent to match                      */
-/*   set is the context                                               */
-/*                                                                    */
-/* C must have space for set->digits digits.                          */
-/*                                                                    */
+/*   except for the effects of any rounding that occurred.	      */
+/*								      */
+/*   res is C, the result.  C may be A or B			      */
+/*   lhs is A, the number to adjust				      */
+/*   rhs is B, the number with exponent to match		      */
+/*   set is the context						      */
+/*								      */
+/* C must have space for set->digits digits.			      */
+/*								      */
 /* Unless there is an error or the result is infinite, the exponent   */
-/* after the operation is guaranteed to be equal to that of B.        */
-/* ------------------------------------------------------------------ */
-decNumber *
-decNumberQuantize (decNumber * res, const decNumber * lhs,
-		   const decNumber * rhs, decContext * set)
-{
-  uInt status = 0;		/* accumulator */
-  decQuantizeOp (res, lhs, rhs, set, 1, &status);
-  if (status != 0)
-    decStatus (res, status, set);
+/* after the operation is guaranteed to be equal to that of B.	      */
+/* ------------------------------------------------------------------ */
+decNumber * decNumberQuantize(decNumber *res, const decNumber *lhs,
+			      const decNumber *rhs, decContext *set) {
+  uInt status=0;			/* accumulator */
+  decQuantizeOp(res, lhs, rhs, set, 1, &status);
+  if (status!=0) decStatus(res, status, set);
+  return res;
+  } /* decNumberQuantize */
+
+/* ------------------------------------------------------------------ */
+/* decNumberReduce -- remove trailing zeros			      */
+/*								      */
+/*   This computes C = 0 + A, and normalizes the result		      */
+/*								      */
+/*   res is C, the result.  C may be A				      */
+/*   rhs is A							      */
+/*   set is the context						      */
+/*								      */
+/* C must have space for set->digits digits.			      */
+/* ------------------------------------------------------------------ */
+/* Previously known as Normalize */
+decNumber * decNumberNormalize(decNumber *res, const decNumber *rhs,
+			       decContext *set) {
+  return decNumberReduce(res, rhs, set);
+  } /* decNumberNormalize */
+
+decNumber * decNumberReduce(decNumber *res, const decNumber *rhs,
+			    decContext *set) {
+  #if DECSUBSET
+  decNumber *allocrhs=NULL;	   /* non-NULL if rounded rhs allocated */
+  #endif
+  uInt status=0;		   /* as usual */
+  Int  residue=0;		   /* as usual */
+  Int  dropped;			   /* work */
+
+  #if DECCHECK
+  if (decCheckOperands(res, DECUNUSED, rhs, set)) return res;
+  #endif
+
+  do {				   /* protect allocated storage */
+    #if DECSUBSET
+    if (!set->extended) {
+      /* reduce operand and set lostDigits status, as needed */
+      if (rhs->digits>set->digits) {
+	allocrhs=decRoundOperand(rhs, set, &status);
+	if (allocrhs==NULL) break;
+	rhs=allocrhs;
+	}
+      }
+    #endif
+    /* [following code does not require input rounding] */
+
+    /* Infinities copy through; NaNs need usual treatment */
+    if (decNumberIsNaN(rhs)) {
+      decNaNs(res, rhs, NULL, set, &status);
+      break;
+      }
+
+    /* reduce result to the requested length and copy to result */
+    decCopyFit(res, rhs, set, &residue, &status); /* copy & round */
+    decFinish(res, set, &residue, &status);	  /* cleanup/set flags */
+    decTrim(res, set, 1, &dropped);		  /* normalize in place */
+    } while(0);				     /* end protected */
+
+  #if DECSUBSET
+  if (allocrhs !=NULL) free(allocrhs);	     /* .. */
+  #endif
+  if (status!=0) decStatus(res, status, set);/* then report status */
   return res;
-}
+  } /* decNumberReduce */
 
 /* ------------------------------------------------------------------ */
-/* decNumberRescale -- force exponent to requested value              */
-/*                                                                    */
+/* decNumberRescale -- force exponent to requested value	      */
+/*								      */
 /*   This computes C = op(A, B), where op adjusts the coefficient     */
 /*   of C (by rounding or shifting) such that the exponent (-scale)   */
 /*   of C has the value B.  The numerical value of C will equal A,    */
-/*   except for the effects of any rounding that occurred.            */
-/*                                                                    */
-/*   res is C, the result.  C may be A or B                           */
-/*   lhs is A, the number to adjust                                   */
-/*   rhs is B, the requested exponent                                 */
-/*   set is the context                                               */
-/*                                                                    */
-/* C must have space for set->digits digits.                          */
-/*                                                                    */
+/*   except for the effects of any rounding that occurred.	      */
+/*								      */
+/*   res is C, the result.  C may be A or B			      */
+/*   lhs is A, the number to adjust				      */
+/*   rhs is B, the requested exponent				      */
+/*   set is the context						      */
+/*								      */
+/* C must have space for set->digits digits.			      */
+/*								      */
 /* Unless there is an error or the result is infinite, the exponent   */
-/* after the operation is guaranteed to be equal to B.                */
-/* ------------------------------------------------------------------ */
-decNumber *
-decNumberRescale (decNumber * res, const decNumber * lhs,
-		  const decNumber * rhs, decContext * set)
-{
-  uInt status = 0;		/* accumulator */
-  decQuantizeOp (res, lhs, rhs, set, 0, &status);
-  if (status != 0)
-    decStatus (res, status, set);
+/* after the operation is guaranteed to be equal to B.		      */
+/* ------------------------------------------------------------------ */
+decNumber * decNumberRescale(decNumber *res, const decNumber *lhs,
+			     const decNumber *rhs, decContext *set) {
+  uInt status=0;			/* accumulator */
+  decQuantizeOp(res, lhs, rhs, set, 0, &status);
+  if (status!=0) decStatus(res, status, set);
   return res;
-}
-
-/* ------------------------------------------------------------------ */
-/* decNumberRemainder -- divide and return remainder                  */
-/*                                                                    */
-/*   This computes C = A % B                                          */
-/*                                                                    */
-/*   res is C, the result.  C may be A and/or B (e.g., X=X%X)         */
-/*   lhs is A                                                         */
-/*   rhs is B                                                         */
-/*   set is the context                                               */
-/*                                                                    */
-/* C must have space for set->digits digits.                          */
-/* ------------------------------------------------------------------ */
-decNumber *
-decNumberRemainder (decNumber * res, const decNumber * lhs,
-		    const decNumber * rhs, decContext * set)
-{
-  uInt status = 0;		/* accumulator */
-  decDivideOp (res, lhs, rhs, set, REMAINDER, &status);
-  if (status != 0)
-    decStatus (res, status, set);
+  } /* decNumberRescale */
+
+/* ------------------------------------------------------------------ */
+/* decNumberRemainder -- divide and return remainder		      */
+/*								      */
+/*   This computes C = A % B					      */
+/*								      */
+/*   res is C, the result.  C may be A and/or B (e.g., X=X%X)	      */
+/*   lhs is A							      */
+/*   rhs is B							      */
+/*   set is the context						      */
+/*								      */
+/* C must have space for set->digits digits.			      */
+/* ------------------------------------------------------------------ */
+decNumber * decNumberRemainder(decNumber *res, const decNumber *lhs,
+			       const decNumber *rhs, decContext *set) {
+  uInt status=0;			/* accumulator */
+  decDivideOp(res, lhs, rhs, set, REMAINDER, &status);
+  if (status!=0) decStatus(res, status, set);
+  #if DECCHECK
+  decCheckInexact(res, set);
+  #endif
   return res;
-}
+  } /* decNumberRemainder */
 
 /* ------------------------------------------------------------------ */
 /* decNumberRemainderNear -- divide and return remainder from nearest */
-/*                                                                    */
+/*								      */
 /*   This computes C = A % B, where % is the IEEE remainder operator  */
-/*                                                                    */
-/*   res is C, the result.  C may be A and/or B (e.g., X=X%X)         */
-/*   lhs is A                                                         */
-/*   rhs is B                                                         */
-/*   set is the context                                               */
-/*                                                                    */
-/* C must have space for set->digits digits.                          */
-/* ------------------------------------------------------------------ */
-decNumber *
-decNumberRemainderNear (decNumber * res, const decNumber * lhs,
-			const decNumber * rhs, decContext * set)
-{
-  uInt status = 0;		/* accumulator */
-  decDivideOp (res, lhs, rhs, set, REMNEAR, &status);
-  if (status != 0)
-    decStatus (res, status, set);
+/*								      */
+/*   res is C, the result.  C may be A and/or B (e.g., X=X%X)	      */
+/*   lhs is A							      */
+/*   rhs is B							      */
+/*   set is the context						      */
+/*								      */
+/* C must have space for set->digits digits.			      */
+/* ------------------------------------------------------------------ */
+decNumber * decNumberRemainderNear(decNumber *res, const decNumber *lhs,
+				   const decNumber *rhs, decContext *set) {
+  uInt status=0;			/* accumulator */
+  decDivideOp(res, lhs, rhs, set, REMNEAR, &status);
+  if (status!=0) decStatus(res, status, set);
+  #if DECCHECK
+  decCheckInexact(res, set);
+  #endif
   return res;
-}
+  } /* decNumberRemainderNear */
+
+/* ------------------------------------------------------------------ */
+/* decNumberRotate -- rotate the coefficient of a Number left/right   */
+/*								      */
+/*   This computes C = A rot B	(in base ten and rotating set->digits */
+/*   digits).							      */
+/*								      */
+/*   res is C, the result.  C may be A and/or B (e.g., X=XrotX)	      */
+/*   lhs is A							      */
+/*   rhs is B, the number of digits to rotate (-ve to right)	      */
+/*   set is the context						      */
+/*								      */
+/* The digits of the coefficient of A are rotated to the left (if B   */
+/* is positive) or to the right (if B is negative) without adjusting  */
+/* the exponent or the sign of A.  If lhs->digits is less than	      */
+/* set->digits the coefficient is padded with zeros on the left	      */
+/* before the rotate.  Any leading zeros in the result are removed    */
+/* as usual.							      */
+/*								      */
+/* B must be an integer (q=0) and in the range -set->digits through   */
+/* +set->digits.						      */
+/* C must have space for set->digits digits.			      */
+/* NaNs are propagated as usual.  Infinities are unaffected (but      */
+/* B must be valid).  No status is set unless B is invalid or an      */
+/* operand is an sNaN.						      */
+/* ------------------------------------------------------------------ */
+decNumber * decNumberRotate(decNumber *res, const decNumber *lhs,
+			   const decNumber *rhs, decContext *set) {
+  uInt status=0;	      /* accumulator */
+  Int  rotate;		      /* rhs as an Int */
+
+  #if DECCHECK
+  if (decCheckOperands(res, lhs, rhs, set)) return res;
+  #endif
+
+  /* NaNs propagate as normal */
+  if (decNumberIsNaN(lhs) || decNumberIsNaN(rhs))
+    decNaNs(res, lhs, rhs, set, &status);
+   /* rhs must be an integer */
+   else if (decNumberIsInfinite(rhs) || rhs->exponent!=0)
+    status=DEC_Invalid_operation;
+   else { /* both numeric, rhs is an integer */
+    rotate=decGetInt(rhs);		     /* [cannot fail] */
+    if (rotate==BADINT			     /* something bad .. */
+     || rotate==BIGODD || rotate==BIGEVEN    /* .. very big .. */
+     || abs(rotate)>set->digits)	     /* .. or out of range */
+      status=DEC_Invalid_operation;
+     else {				     /* rhs is OK */
+      decNumberCopy(res, lhs);
+      /* convert -ve rotate to equivalent positive rotation */
+      if (rotate<0) rotate=set->digits+rotate;
+      if (rotate!=0 && rotate!=set->digits   /* zero or full rotation */
+       && !decNumberIsInfinite(res)) {	     /* lhs was infinite */
+	/* left-rotate to do; 0 < rotate < set->digits */
+	uInt units, shift;		     /* work */
+	uInt msudigits;			     /* digits in result msu */
+	Unit *msu=res->lsu+D2U(res->digits)-1;	  /* current msu */
+	Unit *msumax=res->lsu+D2U(set->digits)-1; /* rotation msu */
+	for (msu++; msu<=msumax; msu++) *msu=0;	  /* ensure high units=0 */
+	res->digits=set->digits;		  /* now full-length */
+	msudigits=MSUDIGITS(res->digits);	  /* actual digits in msu */
+
+	/* rotation here is done in-place, in three steps */
+	/* 1. shift all to least up to one unit to unit-align final */
+	/*    lsd [any digits shifted out are rotated to the left, */
+	/*    abutted to the original msd (which may require split)] */
+	/* */
+	/*    [if there are no whole units left to rotate, the */
+	/*    rotation is now complete] */
+	/* */
+	/* 2. shift to least, from below the split point only, so that */
+	/*    the final msd is in the right place in its Unit [any */
+	/*    digits shifted out will fit exactly in the current msu, */
+	/*    left aligned, no split required] */
+	/* */
+	/* 3. rotate all the units by reversing left part, right */
+	/*    part, and then whole */
+	/* */
+	/* example: rotate right 8 digits (2 units + 2), DECDPUN=3. */
+	/* */
+	/*   start: 00a bcd efg hij klm npq */
+	/* */
+	/*	1a  000 0ab cde fgh|ijk lmn [pq saved] */
+	/*	1b  00p qab cde fgh|ijk lmn */
+	/* */
+	/*	2a  00p qab cde fgh|00i jkl [mn saved] */
+	/*	2b  mnp qab cde fgh|00i jkl */
+	/* */
+	/*	3a  fgh cde qab mnp|00i jkl */
+	/*	3b  fgh cde qab mnp|jkl 00i */
+	/*	3c  00i jkl mnp qab cde fgh */
+
+	/* Step 1: amount to shift is the partial right-rotate count */
+	rotate=set->digits-rotate;	/* make it right-rotate */
+	units=rotate/DECDPUN;		/* whole units to rotate */
+	shift=rotate%DECDPUN;		/* left-over digits count */
+	if (shift>0) {			/* not an exact number of units */
+	  uInt save=res->lsu[0]%powers[shift];	  /* save low digit(s) */
+	  decShiftToLeast(res->lsu, D2U(res->digits), shift);
+	  if (shift>msudigits) {	/* msumax-1 needs >0 digits */
+	    uInt rem=save%powers[shift-msudigits];/* split save */
+	    *msumax=(Unit)(save/powers[shift-msudigits]); /* and insert */
+	    *(msumax-1)=*(msumax-1)
+		       +(Unit)(rem*powers[DECDPUN-(shift-msudigits)]); /* .. */
+	    }
+	   else { /* all fits in msumax */
+	    *msumax=*msumax+(Unit)(save*powers[msudigits-shift]); /* [maybe *1] */
+	    }
+	  } /* digits shift needed */
+
+	/* If whole units to rotate... */
+	if (units>0) {			/* some to do */
+	  /* Step 2: the units to touch are the whole ones in rotate, */
+	  /*   if any, and the shift is DECDPUN-msudigits (which may be */
+	  /*   0, again) */
+	  shift=DECDPUN-msudigits;
+	  if (shift>0) {		/* not an exact number of units */
+	    uInt save=res->lsu[0]%powers[shift];  /* save low digit(s) */
+	    decShiftToLeast(res->lsu, units, shift);
+	    *msumax=*msumax+(Unit)(save*powers[msudigits]);
+	    } /* partial shift needed */
+
+	  /* Step 3: rotate the units array using triple reverse */
+	  /* (reversing is easy and fast) */
+	  decReverse(res->lsu+units, msumax);	  /* left part */
+	  decReverse(res->lsu, res->lsu+units-1); /* right part */
+	  decReverse(res->lsu, msumax);		  /* whole */
+	  } /* whole units to rotate */
+	/* the rotation may have left an undetermined number of zeros */
+	/* on the left, so true length needs to be calculated */
+	res->digits=decGetDigits(res->lsu, msumax-res->lsu+1);
+	} /* rotate needed */
+      } /* rhs OK */
+    } /* numerics */
+  if (status!=0) decStatus(res, status, set);
+  return res;
+  } /* decNumberRotate */
 
 /* ------------------------------------------------------------------ */
-/* decNumberSameQuantum -- test for equal exponents                   */
-/*                                                                    */
-/*   res is the result number, which will contain either 0 or 1       */
-/*   lhs is a number to test                                          */
-/*   rhs is the second (usually a pattern)                            */
-/*                                                                    */
-/* No errors are possible and no context is needed.                   */
+/* decNumberSameQuantum -- test for equal exponents		      */
+/*								      */
+/*   res is the result number, which will contain either 0 or 1	      */
+/*   lhs is a number to test					      */
+/*   rhs is the second (usually a pattern)			      */
+/*								      */
+/* No errors are possible and no context is needed.		      */
 /* ------------------------------------------------------------------ */
-decNumber *
-decNumberSameQuantum (decNumber * res, const decNumber * lhs, const decNumber * rhs)
-{
-  uByte merged;			/* merged flags */
-  Unit ret = 0;			/* return value */
+decNumber * decNumberSameQuantum(decNumber *res, const decNumber *lhs,
+				 const decNumber *rhs) {
+  Unit ret=0;			   /* return value */
 
-#if DECCHECK
-  if (decCheckOperands (res, lhs, rhs, DECUNUSED))
-    return res;
-#endif
+  #if DECCHECK
+  if (decCheckOperands(res, lhs, rhs, DECUNCONT)) return res;
+  #endif
 
-  merged = (lhs->bits | rhs->bits) & DECSPECIAL;
-  if (merged)
-    {
-      if (decNumberIsNaN (lhs) && decNumberIsNaN (rhs))
-	ret = 1;
-      else if (decNumberIsInfinite (lhs) && decNumberIsInfinite (rhs))
-	ret = 1;
-      /* [anything else with a special gives 0] */
+  if (SPECIALARGS) {
+    if (decNumberIsNaN(lhs) && decNumberIsNaN(rhs)) ret=1;
+     else if (decNumberIsInfinite(lhs) && decNumberIsInfinite(rhs)) ret=1;
+     /* [anything else with a special gives 0] */
     }
-  else if (lhs->exponent == rhs->exponent)
-    ret = 1;
+   else if (lhs->exponent==rhs->exponent) ret=1;
 
-  decNumberZero (res);		/* OK to overwrite an operand */
-  *res->lsu = ret;
+  decNumberZero(res);		   /* OK to overwrite an operand now */
+  *res->lsu=ret;
+  return res;
+  } /* decNumberSameQuantum */
+
+/* ------------------------------------------------------------------ */
+/* decNumberScaleB -- multiply by a power of 10			      */
+/*								      */
+/* This computes C = A x 10**B where B is an integer (q=0) with	      */
+/* maximum magnitude 2*(emax+digits)				      */
+/*								      */
+/*   res is C, the result.  C may be A or B			      */
+/*   lhs is A, the number to adjust				      */
+/*   rhs is B, the requested power of ten to use		      */
+/*   set is the context						      */
+/*								      */
+/* C must have space for set->digits digits.			      */
+/*								      */
+/* The result may underflow or overflow.			      */
+/* ------------------------------------------------------------------ */
+decNumber * decNumberScaleB(decNumber *res, const decNumber *lhs,
+			    const decNumber *rhs, decContext *set) {
+  Int  reqexp;		      /* requested exponent change [B] */
+  uInt status=0;	      /* accumulator */
+  Int  residue;		      /* work */
+
+  #if DECCHECK
+  if (decCheckOperands(res, lhs, rhs, set)) return res;
+  #endif
+
+  /* Handle special values except lhs infinite */
+  if (decNumberIsNaN(lhs) || decNumberIsNaN(rhs))
+    decNaNs(res, lhs, rhs, set, &status);
+    /* rhs must be an integer */
+   else if (decNumberIsInfinite(rhs) || rhs->exponent!=0)
+    status=DEC_Invalid_operation;
+   else {
+    /* lhs is a number; rhs is a finite with q==0 */
+    reqexp=decGetInt(rhs);		     /* [cannot fail] */
+    if (reqexp==BADINT			     /* something bad .. */
+     || reqexp==BIGODD || reqexp==BIGEVEN    /* .. very big .. */
+     || abs(reqexp)>(2*(set->digits+set->emax))) /* .. or out of range */
+      status=DEC_Invalid_operation;
+     else {				     /* rhs is OK */
+      decNumberCopy(res, lhs);		     /* all done if infinite lhs */
+      if (!decNumberIsInfinite(res)) {	     /* prepare to scale */
+	res->exponent+=reqexp;		     /* adjust the exponent */
+	residue=0;
+	decFinalize(res, set, &residue, &status); /* .. and check */
+	} /* finite LHS */
+      } /* rhs OK */
+    } /* rhs finite */
+  if (status!=0) decStatus(res, status, set);
   return res;
-}
+  } /* decNumberScaleB */
+
+/* ------------------------------------------------------------------ */
+/* decNumberShift -- shift the coefficient of a Number left or right  */
+/*								      */
+/*   This computes C = A << B or C = A >> -B  (in base ten).	      */
+/*								      */
+/*   res is C, the result.  C may be A and/or B (e.g., X=X<<X)	      */
+/*   lhs is A							      */
+/*   rhs is B, the number of digits to shift (-ve to right)	      */
+/*   set is the context						      */
+/*								      */
+/* The digits of the coefficient of A are shifted to the left (if B   */
+/* is positive) or to the right (if B is negative) without adjusting  */
+/* the exponent or the sign of A.				      */
+/*								      */
+/* B must be an integer (q=0) and in the range -set->digits through   */
+/* +set->digits.						      */
+/* C must have space for set->digits digits.			      */
+/* NaNs are propagated as usual.  Infinities are unaffected (but      */
+/* B must be valid).  No status is set unless B is invalid or an      */
+/* operand is an sNaN.						      */
+/* ------------------------------------------------------------------ */
+decNumber * decNumberShift(decNumber *res, const decNumber *lhs,
+			   const decNumber *rhs, decContext *set) {
+  uInt status=0;	      /* accumulator */
+  Int  shift;		      /* rhs as an Int */
+
+  #if DECCHECK
+  if (decCheckOperands(res, lhs, rhs, set)) return res;
+  #endif
+
+  /* NaNs propagate as normal */
+  if (decNumberIsNaN(lhs) || decNumberIsNaN(rhs))
+    decNaNs(res, lhs, rhs, set, &status);
+   /* rhs must be an integer */
+   else if (decNumberIsInfinite(rhs) || rhs->exponent!=0)
+    status=DEC_Invalid_operation;
+   else { /* both numeric, rhs is an integer */
+    shift=decGetInt(rhs);		     /* [cannot fail] */
+    if (shift==BADINT			     /* something bad .. */
+     || shift==BIGODD || shift==BIGEVEN	     /* .. very big .. */
+     || abs(shift)>set->digits)		     /* .. or out of range */
+      status=DEC_Invalid_operation;
+     else {				     /* rhs is OK */
+      decNumberCopy(res, lhs);
+      if (shift!=0 && !decNumberIsInfinite(res)) { /* something to do */
+	if (shift>0) {			     /* to left */
+	  if (shift==set->digits) {	     /* removing all */
+	    *res->lsu=0;		     /* so place 0 */
+	    res->digits=1;		     /* .. */
+	    }
+	   else {			     /* */
+	    /* first remove leading digits if necessary */
+	    if (res->digits+shift>set->digits) {
+	      decDecap(res, res->digits+shift-set->digits);
+	      /* that updated res->digits; may have gone to 1 (for a */
+	      /* single digit or for zero */
+	      }
+	    if (res->digits>1 || *res->lsu)  /* if non-zero.. */
+	      res->digits=decShiftToMost(res->lsu, res->digits, shift);
+	    } /* partial left */
+	  } /* left */
+	 else { /* to right */
+	  if (-shift>=res->digits) {	     /* discarding all */
+	    *res->lsu=0;		     /* so place 0 */
+	    res->digits=1;		     /* .. */
+	    }
+	   else {
+	    decShiftToLeast(res->lsu, D2U(res->digits), -shift);
+	    res->digits-=(-shift);
+	    }
+	  } /* to right */
+	} /* non-0 non-Inf shift */
+      } /* rhs OK */
+    } /* numerics */
+  if (status!=0) decStatus(res, status, set);
+  return res;
+  } /* decNumberShift */
 
 /* ------------------------------------------------------------------ */
-/* decNumberSquareRoot -- square root operator                        */
-/*                                                                    */
-/*   This computes C = squareroot(A)                                  */
-/*                                                                    */
-/*   res is C, the result.  C may be A                                */
-/*   rhs is A                                                         */
-/*   set is the context; note that rounding mode has no effect        */
-/*                                                                    */
-/* C must have space for set->digits digits.                          */
+/* decNumberSquareRoot -- square root operator			      */
+/*								      */
+/*   This computes C = squareroot(A)				      */
+/*								      */
+/*   res is C, the result.  C may be A				      */
+/*   rhs is A							      */
+/*   set is the context; note that rounding mode has no effect	      */
+/*								      */
+/* C must have space for set->digits digits.			      */
 /* ------------------------------------------------------------------ */
-/* This uses the following varying-precision algorithm in:            */
-/*                                                                    */
+/* This uses the following varying-precision algorithm in:	      */
+/*								      */
 /*   Properly Rounded Variable Precision Square Root, T. E. Hull and  */
 /*   A. Abrham, ACM Transactions on Mathematical Software, Vol 11 #3, */
-/*   pp229-237, ACM, September 1985.                                  */
-/*                                                                    */
+/*   pp229-237, ACM, September 1985.				      */
+/*								      */
+/* The square-root is calculated using Newton's method, after which   */
+/* a check is made to ensure the result is correctly rounded.	      */
+/*								      */
 /* % [Reformatted original Numerical Turing source code follows.]     */
-/* function sqrt(x : real) : real                                     */
+/* function sqrt(x : real) : real				      */
 /* % sqrt(x) returns the properly rounded approximation to the square */
 /* % root of x, in the precision of the calling environment, or it    */
-/* % fails if x < 0.                                                  */
-/* % t e hull and a abrham, august, 1984                              */
-/* if x <= 0 then                                                     */
-/*   if x < 0 then                                                    */
-/*     assert false                                                   */
-/*   else                                                             */
-/*     result 0                                                       */
-/*   end if                                                           */
-/* end if                                                             */
-/* var f := setexp(x, 0)  % fraction part of x   [0.1 <= x < 1]       */
-/* var e := getexp(x)     % exponent part of x                        */
-/* var approx : real                                                  */
-/* if e mod 2 = 0  then                                               */
-/*   approx := .259 + .819 * f   % approx to root of f                */
-/* else                                                               */
-/*   f := f/l0                   % adjustments                        */
-/*   e := e + 1                  %   for odd                          */
-/*   approx := .0819 + 2.59 * f  %   exponent                         */
-/* end if                                                             */
-/*                                                                    */
-/* var p:= 3                                                          */
-/* const maxp := currentprecision + 2                                 */
-/* loop                                                               */
-/*   p := min(2*p - 2, maxp)     % p = 4,6,10, . . . , maxp           */
-/*   precision p                                                      */
-/*   approx := .5 * (approx + f/approx)                               */
-/*   exit when p = maxp                                               */
-/* end loop                                                           */
-/*                                                                    */
+/* % fails if x < 0.						      */
+/* % t e hull and a abrham, august, 1984			      */
+/* if x <= 0 then						      */
+/*   if x < 0 then						      */
+/*     assert false						      */
+/*   else							      */
+/*     result 0							      */
+/*   end if							      */
+/* end if							      */
+/* var f := setexp(x, 0)  % fraction part of x	 [0.1 <= x < 1]	      */
+/* var e := getexp(x)	  % exponent part of x			      */
+/* var approx : real						      */
+/* if e mod 2 = 0  then						      */
+/*   approx := .259 + .819 * f	 % approx to root of f		      */
+/* else								      */
+/*   f := f/l0			 % adjustments			      */
+/*   e := e + 1			 %   for odd			      */
+/*   approx := .0819 + 2.59 * f	 %   exponent			      */
+/* end if							      */
+/*								      */
+/* var p:= 3							      */
+/* const maxp := currentprecision + 2				      */
+/* loop								      */
+/*   p := min(2*p - 2, maxp)	 % p = 4,6,10, . . . , maxp	      */
+/*   precision p						      */
+/*   approx := .5 * (approx + f/approx)				      */
+/*   exit when p = maxp						      */
+/* end loop							      */
+/*								      */
 /* % approx is now within 1 ulp of the properly rounded square root   */
 /* % of f; to ensure proper rounding, compare squares of (approx -    */
-/* % l/2 ulp) and (approx + l/2 ulp) with f.                          */
-/* p := currentprecision                                              */
-/* begin                                                              */
-/*   precision p + 2                                                  */
-/*   const approxsubhalf := approx - setexp(.5, -p)                   */
-/*   if mulru(approxsubhalf, approxsubhalf) > f then                  */
-/*     approx := approx - setexp(.l, -p + 1)                          */
-/*   else                                                             */
-/*     const approxaddhalf := approx + setexp(.5, -p)                 */
-/*     if mulrd(approxaddhalf, approxaddhalf) < f then                */
-/*       approx := approx + setexp(.l, -p + 1)                        */
-/*     end if                                                         */
-/*   end if                                                           */
-/* end                                                                */
-/* result setexp(approx, e div 2)  % fix exponent                     */
-/* end sqrt                                                           */
-/* ------------------------------------------------------------------ */
-decNumber *
-decNumberSquareRoot (decNumber * res, const decNumber * rhs, decContext * set)
-{
-  decContext workset, approxset;	/* work contexts */
-  decNumber dzero;		/* used for constant zero */
-  Int maxp = set->digits + 2;	/* largest working precision */
-  Int residue = 0;		/* rounding residue */
-  uInt status = 0, ignore = 0;	/* status accumulators */
-  Int exp;			/* working exponent */
-  Int ideal;			/* ideal (preferred) exponent */
-  uInt needbytes;		/* work */
-  Int dropped;			/* .. */
-
-  decNumber *allocrhs = NULL;	/* non-NULL if rounded rhs allocated */
+/* % l/2 ulp) and (approx + l/2 ulp) with f.			      */
+/* p := currentprecision					      */
+/* begin							      */
+/*   precision p + 2						      */
+/*   const approxsubhalf := approx - setexp(.5, -p)		      */
+/*   if mulru(approxsubhalf, approxsubhalf) > f then		      */
+/*     approx := approx - setexp(.l, -p + 1)			      */
+/*   else							      */
+/*     const approxaddhalf := approx + setexp(.5, -p)		      */
+/*     if mulrd(approxaddhalf, approxaddhalf) < f then		      */
+/*	 approx := approx + setexp(.l, -p + 1)			      */
+/*     end if							      */
+/*   end if							      */
+/* end								      */
+/* result setexp(approx, e div 2)  % fix exponent		      */
+/* end sqrt							      */
+/* ------------------------------------------------------------------ */
+decNumber * decNumberSquareRoot(decNumber *res, const decNumber *rhs,
+				decContext *set) {
+  decContext workset, approxset;   /* work contexts */
+  decNumber dzero;		   /* used for constant zero */
+  Int  maxp;			   /* largest working precision */
+  Int  workp;			   /* working precision */
+  Int  residue=0;		   /* rounding residue */
+  uInt status=0, ignore=0;	   /* status accumulators */
+  uInt rstatus;			   /* .. */
+  Int  exp;			   /* working exponent */
+  Int  ideal;			   /* ideal (preferred) exponent */
+  Int  needbytes;		   /* work */
+  Int  dropped;			   /* .. */
+
+  #if DECSUBSET
+  decNumber *allocrhs=NULL;	   /* non-NULL if rounded rhs allocated */
+  #endif
   /* buffer for f [needs +1 in case DECBUFFER 0] */
-  uByte buff[sizeof (decNumber) + (D2U (DECBUFFER + 1) - 1) * sizeof (Unit)];
-  /* buffer for a [needs +2 to match maxp] */
-  uByte bufa[sizeof (decNumber) + (D2U (DECBUFFER + 2) - 1) * sizeof (Unit)];
+  decNumber buff[D2N(DECBUFFER+1)];
+  /* buffer for a [needs +2 to match likely maxp] */
+  decNumber bufa[D2N(DECBUFFER+2)];
   /* buffer for temporary, b [must be same size as a] */
-  uByte bufb[sizeof (decNumber) + (D2U (DECBUFFER + 2) - 1) * sizeof (Unit)];
-  decNumber *allocbuff = NULL;	/* -> allocated buff, iff allocated */
-  decNumber *allocbufa = NULL;	/* -> allocated bufa, iff allocated */
-  decNumber *allocbufb = NULL;	/* -> allocated bufb, iff allocated */
-  decNumber *f = (decNumber *) buff;	/* reduced fraction */
-  decNumber *a = (decNumber *) bufa;	/* approximation to result */
-  decNumber *b = (decNumber *) bufb;	/* intermediate result */
+  decNumber bufb[D2N(DECBUFFER+2)];
+  decNumber *allocbuff=NULL;	   /* -> allocated buff, iff allocated */
+  decNumber *allocbufa=NULL;	   /* -> allocated bufa, iff allocated */
+  decNumber *allocbufb=NULL;	   /* -> allocated bufb, iff allocated */
+  decNumber *f=buff;		   /* reduced fraction */
+  decNumber *a=bufa;		   /* approximation to result */
+  decNumber *b=bufb;		   /* intermediate result */
   /* buffer for temporary variable, up to 3 digits */
-  uByte buft[sizeof (decNumber) + (D2U (3) - 1) * sizeof (Unit)];
-  decNumber *t = (decNumber *) buft;	/* up-to-3-digit constant or work */
-
-#if DECCHECK
-  if (decCheckOperands (res, DECUNUSED, rhs, set))
-    return res;
-#endif
-
-  do
-    {				/* protect allocated storage */
-#if DECSUBSET
-      if (!set->extended)
-	{
-	  /* reduce operand and set lostDigits status, as needed */
-	  if (rhs->digits > set->digits)
-	    {
-	      allocrhs = decRoundOperand (rhs, set, &status);
-	      if (allocrhs == NULL)
-		break;
-	      /* [Note: 'f' allocation below could reuse this buffer if */
-	      /* used, but as this is rare we keep them separate for clarity.] */
-	      rhs = allocrhs;
-	    }
+  decNumber buft[D2N(3)];
+  decNumber *t=buft;		   /* up-to-3-digit constant or work */
+
+  #if DECCHECK
+  if (decCheckOperands(res, DECUNUSED, rhs, set)) return res;
+  #endif
+
+  do {				   /* protect allocated storage */
+    #if DECSUBSET
+    if (!set->extended) {
+      /* reduce operand and set lostDigits status, as needed */
+      if (rhs->digits>set->digits) {
+	allocrhs=decRoundOperand(rhs, set, &status);
+	if (allocrhs==NULL) break;
+	/* [Note: 'f' allocation below could reuse this buffer if */
+	/* used, but as this is rare they are kept separate for clarity.] */
+	rhs=allocrhs;
 	}
-#endif
-      /* [following code does not require input rounding] */
-
-      /* handle infinities and NaNs */
-      if (rhs->bits & DECSPECIAL)
-	{
-	  if (decNumberIsInfinite (rhs))
-	    {			/* an infinity */
-	      if (decNumberIsNegative (rhs))
-		status |= DEC_Invalid_operation;
-	      else
-		decNumberCopy (res, rhs);	/* +Infinity */
-	    }
-	  else
-	    decNaNs (res, rhs, NULL, &status);	/* a NaN */
-	  break;
+      }
+    #endif
+    /* [following code does not require input rounding] */
+
+    /* handle infinities and NaNs */
+    if (SPECIALARG) {
+      if (decNumberIsInfinite(rhs)) {	      /* an infinity */
+	if (decNumberIsNegative(rhs)) status|=DEC_Invalid_operation;
+	 else decNumberCopy(res, rhs);	      /* +Infinity */
 	}
+       else decNaNs(res, rhs, NULL, set, &status); /* a NaN */
+      break;
+      }
 
-      /* calculate the ideal (preferred) exponent [floor(exp/2)] */
-      /* [We would like to write: ideal=rhs->exponent>>1, but this */
-      /* generates a compiler warning.  Generated code is the same.] */
-      ideal = (rhs->exponent & ~1) / 2;	/* target */
+    /* calculate the ideal (preferred) exponent [floor(exp/2)] */
+    /* [We would like to write: ideal=rhs->exponent>>1, but this */
+    /* generates a compiler warning.  Generated code is the same.] */
+    ideal=(rhs->exponent&~1)/2;		/* target */
+
+    /* handle zeros */
+    if (ISZERO(rhs)) {
+      decNumberCopy(res, rhs);		/* could be 0 or -0 */
+      res->exponent=ideal;		/* use the ideal [safe] */
+      /* use decFinish to clamp any out-of-range exponent, etc. */
+      decFinish(res, set, &residue, &status);
+      break;
+      }
 
-      /* handle zeros */
-      if (ISZERO (rhs))
-	{
-	  decNumberCopy (res, rhs);	/* could be 0 or -0 */
-	  res->exponent = ideal;	/* use the ideal [safe] */
-	  break;
-	}
+    /* any other -x is an oops */
+    if (decNumberIsNegative(rhs)) {
+      status|=DEC_Invalid_operation;
+      break;
+      }
 
-      /* any other -x is an oops */
-      if (decNumberIsNegative (rhs))
-	{
-	  status |= DEC_Invalid_operation;
-	  break;
-	}
+    /* space is needed for three working variables */
+    /*	 f -- the same precision as the RHS, reduced to 0.01->0.99... */
+    /*	 a -- Hull's approximation -- precision, when assigned, is */
+    /*	      currentprecision+1 or the input argument precision, */
+    /*	      whichever is larger (+2 for use as temporary) */
+    /*	 b -- intermediate temporary result (same size as a) */
+    /* if any is too long for local storage, then allocate */
+    workp=MAXI(set->digits+1, rhs->digits);  /* actual rounding precision */
+    maxp=workp+2;			     /* largest working precision */
+
+    needbytes=sizeof(decNumber)+(D2U(rhs->digits)-1)*sizeof(Unit);
+    if (needbytes>(Int)sizeof(buff)) {
+      allocbuff=(decNumber *)malloc(needbytes);
+      if (allocbuff==NULL) {  /* hopeless -- abandon */
+	status|=DEC_Insufficient_storage;
+	break;}
+      f=allocbuff;	      /* use the allocated space */
+      }
+    /* a and b both need to be able to hold a maxp-length number */
+    needbytes=sizeof(decNumber)+(D2U(maxp)-1)*sizeof(Unit);
+    if (needbytes>(Int)sizeof(bufa)) {		  /* [same applies to b] */
+      allocbufa=(decNumber *)malloc(needbytes);
+      allocbufb=(decNumber *)malloc(needbytes);
+      if (allocbufa==NULL || allocbufb==NULL) {	  /* hopeless */
+	status|=DEC_Insufficient_storage;
+	break;}
+      a=allocbufa;	      /* use the allocated spaces */
+      b=allocbufb;	      /* .. */
+      }
 
-      /* we need space for three working variables */
-      /*   f -- the same precision as the RHS, reduced to 0.01->0.99... */
-      /*   a -- Hull's approx -- precision, when assigned, is */
-      /*        currentprecision (we allow +2 for use as temporary) */
-      /*   b -- intermediate temporary result */
-      /* if any is too long for local storage, then allocate */
-      needbytes =
-	sizeof (decNumber) + (D2U (rhs->digits) - 1) * sizeof (Unit);
-      if (needbytes > sizeof (buff))
-	{
-	  allocbuff = (decNumber *) malloc (needbytes);
-	  if (allocbuff == NULL)
-	    {			/* hopeless -- abandon */
-	      status |= DEC_Insufficient_storage;
-	      break;
-	    }
-	  f = allocbuff;	/* use the allocated space */
-	}
-      /* a and b both need to be able to hold a maxp-length number */
-      needbytes = sizeof (decNumber) + (D2U (maxp) - 1) * sizeof (Unit);
-      if (needbytes > sizeof (bufa))
-	{			/* [same applies to b] */
-	  allocbufa = (decNumber *) malloc (needbytes);
-	  allocbufb = (decNumber *) malloc (needbytes);
-	  if (allocbufa == NULL || allocbufb == NULL)
-	    {			/* hopeless */
-	      status |= DEC_Insufficient_storage;
-	      break;
-	    }
-	  a = allocbufa;	/* use the allocated space */
-	  b = allocbufb;	/* .. */
-	}
+    /* copy rhs -> f, save exponent, and reduce so 0.1 <= f < 1 */
+    decNumberCopy(f, rhs);
+    exp=f->exponent+f->digits;		     /* adjusted to Hull rules */
+    f->exponent=-(f->digits);		     /* to range */
+
+    /* set up working context */
+    decContextDefault(&workset, DEC_INIT_DECIMAL64);
+
+    /* [Until further notice, no error is possible and status bits */
+    /* (Rounded, etc.) should be ignored, not accumulated.] */
+
+    /* Calculate initial approximation, and allow for odd exponent */
+    workset.digits=workp;		     /* p for initial calculation */
+    t->bits=0; t->digits=3;
+    a->bits=0; a->digits=3;
+    if ((exp & 1)==0) {			     /* even exponent */
+      /* Set t=0.259, a=0.819 */
+      t->exponent=-3;
+      a->exponent=-3;
+      #if DECDPUN>=3
+	t->lsu[0]=259;
+	a->lsu[0]=819;
+      #elif DECDPUN==2
+	t->lsu[0]=59; t->lsu[1]=2;
+	a->lsu[0]=19; a->lsu[1]=8;
+      #else
+	t->lsu[0]=9; t->lsu[1]=5; t->lsu[2]=2;
+	a->lsu[0]=9; a->lsu[1]=1; a->lsu[2]=8;
+      #endif
+      }
+     else {				     /* odd exponent */
+      /* Set t=0.0819, a=2.59 */
+      f->exponent--;			     /* f=f/10 */
+      exp++;				     /* e=e+1 */
+      t->exponent=-4;
+      a->exponent=-2;
+      #if DECDPUN>=3
+	t->lsu[0]=819;
+	a->lsu[0]=259;
+      #elif DECDPUN==2
+	t->lsu[0]=19; t->lsu[1]=8;
+	a->lsu[0]=59; a->lsu[1]=2;
+      #else
+	t->lsu[0]=9; t->lsu[1]=1; t->lsu[2]=8;
+	a->lsu[0]=9; a->lsu[1]=5; a->lsu[2]=2;
+      #endif
+      }
+    decMultiplyOp(a, a, f, &workset, &ignore);	  /* a=a*f */
+    decAddOp(a, a, t, &workset, 0, &ignore);	  /* ..+t */
+    /* [a is now the initial approximation for sqrt(f), calculated with */
+    /* currentprecision, which is also a's precision.] */
+
+    /* the main calculation loop */
+    decNumberZero(&dzero);		     /* make 0 */
+    decNumberZero(t);			     /* set t = 0.5 */
+    t->lsu[0]=5;			     /* .. */
+    t->exponent=-1;			     /* .. */
+    workset.digits=3;			     /* initial p */
+    for (;;) {
+      /* set p to min(2*p - 2, maxp)  [hence 3; or: 4, 6, 10, ... , maxp] */
+      workset.digits=workset.digits*2-2;
+      if (workset.digits>maxp) workset.digits=maxp;
+      /* a = 0.5 * (a + f/a) */
+      /* [calculated at p then rounded to currentprecision] */
+      decDivideOp(b, f, a, &workset, DIVIDE, &ignore); /* b=f/a */
+      decAddOp(b, b, a, &workset, 0, &ignore);	  /* b=b+a */
+      decMultiplyOp(a, b, t, &workset, &ignore);  /* a=b*0.5 */
+      if (a->digits==maxp) break;	     /* have required digits */
+      } /* loop */
+
+    /* Here, 0.1 <= a < 1 [Hull], and a has maxp digits */
+    /* now reduce to length, etc.; this needs to be done with a */
+    /* having the correct exponent so as to handle subnormals */
+    /* correctly */
+    approxset=*set;			     /* get emin, emax, etc. */
+    approxset.round=DEC_ROUND_HALF_EVEN;
+    a->exponent+=exp/2;			     /* set correct exponent */
+
+    rstatus=0;				     /* clear status */
+    residue=0;				     /* .. and accumulator */
+    decCopyFit(a, a, &approxset, &residue, &rstatus);  /* reduce (if needed) */
+    decFinish(a, &approxset, &residue, &rstatus);      /* clean and finalize */
+
+    /* Overflow was possible if the input exponent was out-of-range, */
+    /* in which case quit */
+    if (rstatus&DEC_Overflow) {
+      status=rstatus;			     /* use the status as-is */
+      decNumberCopy(res, a);		     /* copy to result */
+      break;
+      }
 
-      /* copy rhs -> f, save exponent, and reduce so 0.1 <= f < 1 */
-      decNumberCopy (f, rhs);
-      exp = f->exponent + f->digits;	/* adjusted to Hull rules */
-      f->exponent = -(f->digits);	/* to range */
-
-      /* set up working contexts (the second is used for Numerical */
-      /* Turing assignment) */
-      decContextDefault (&workset, DEC_INIT_DECIMAL64);
-      decContextDefault (&approxset, DEC_INIT_DECIMAL64);
-      approxset.digits = set->digits;	/* approx's length */
-
-      /* [Until further notice, no error is possible and status bits */
-      /* (Rounded, etc.) should be ignored, not accumulated.] */
-
-      /* Calculate initial approximation, and allow for odd exponent */
-      workset.digits = set->digits;	/* p for initial calculation */
-      t->bits = 0;
-      t->digits = 3;
-      a->bits = 0;
-      a->digits = 3;
-      if ((exp & 1) == 0)
-	{			/* even exponent */
-	  /* Set t=0.259, a=0.819 */
-	  t->exponent = -3;
-	  a->exponent = -3;
-#if DECDPUN>=3
-	  t->lsu[0] = 259;
-	  a->lsu[0] = 819;
-#elif DECDPUN==2
-	  t->lsu[0] = 59;
-	  t->lsu[1] = 2;
-	  a->lsu[0] = 19;
-	  a->lsu[1] = 8;
-#else
-	  t->lsu[0] = 9;
-	  t->lsu[1] = 5;
-	  t->lsu[2] = 2;
-	  a->lsu[0] = 9;
-	  a->lsu[1] = 1;
-	  a->lsu[2] = 8;
-#endif
-	}
-      else
-	{			/* odd exponent */
-	  /* Set t=0.0819, a=2.59 */
-	  f->exponent--;	/* f=f/10 */
-	  exp++;		/* e=e+1 */
-	  t->exponent = -4;
-	  a->exponent = -2;
-#if DECDPUN>=3
-	  t->lsu[0] = 819;
-	  a->lsu[0] = 259;
-#elif DECDPUN==2
-	  t->lsu[0] = 19;
-	  t->lsu[1] = 8;
-	  a->lsu[0] = 59;
-	  a->lsu[1] = 2;
-#else
-	  t->lsu[0] = 9;
-	  t->lsu[1] = 1;
-	  t->lsu[2] = 8;
-	  a->lsu[0] = 9;
-	  a->lsu[1] = 5;
-	  a->lsu[2] = 2;
-#endif
-	}
-      decMultiplyOp (a, a, f, &workset, &ignore);	/* a=a*f */
-      decAddOp (a, a, t, &workset, 0, &ignore);	/* ..+t */
-      /* [a is now the initial approximation for sqrt(f), calculated with */
-      /* currentprecision, which is also a's precision.] */
-
-      /* the main calculation loop */
-      decNumberZero (&dzero);	/* make 0 */
-      decNumberZero (t);	/* set t = 0.5 */
-      t->lsu[0] = 5;		/* .. */
-      t->exponent = -1;		/* .. */
-      workset.digits = 3;	/* initial p */
-      for (;;)
-	{
-	  /* set p to min(2*p - 2, maxp)  [hence 3; or: 4, 6, 10, ... , maxp] */
-	  workset.digits = workset.digits * 2 - 2;
-	  if (workset.digits > maxp)
-	    workset.digits = maxp;
-	  /* a = 0.5 * (a + f/a) */
-	  /* [calculated at p then rounded to currentprecision] */
-	  decDivideOp (b, f, a, &workset, DIVIDE, &ignore);	/* b=f/a */
-	  decAddOp (b, b, a, &workset, 0, &ignore);	/* b=b+a */
-	  decMultiplyOp (a, b, t, &workset, &ignore);	/* a=b*0.5 */
-	  /* assign to approx [round to length] */
-	  decAddOp (a, &dzero, a, &approxset, 0, &ignore);
-	  if (workset.digits == maxp)
-	    break;		/* just did final */
-	}			/* loop */
-
-      /* a is now at currentprecision and within 1 ulp of the properly */
-      /* rounded square root of f; to ensure proper rounding, compare */
-      /* squares of (a - l/2 ulp) and (a + l/2 ulp) with f. */
-      /* Here workset.digits=maxp and t=0.5 */
-      workset.digits--;		/* maxp-1 is OK now */
-      t->exponent = -set->digits - 1;	/* make 0.5 ulp */
-      decNumberCopy (b, a);
-      decAddOp (b, b, t, &workset, DECNEG, &ignore);	/* b = a - 0.5 ulp */
-      workset.round = DEC_ROUND_UP;
-      decMultiplyOp (b, b, b, &workset, &ignore);	/* b = mulru(b, b) */
-      decCompareOp (b, f, b, &workset, COMPARE, &ignore);	/* b ? f, reversed */
-      if (decNumberIsNegative (b))
-	{			/* f < b [i.e., b > f] */
-	  /* this is the more common adjustment, though both are rare */
-	  t->exponent++;	/* make 1.0 ulp */
-	  t->lsu[0] = 1;	/* .. */
-	  decAddOp (a, a, t, &workset, DECNEG, &ignore);	/* a = a - 1 ulp */
-	  /* assign to approx [round to length] */
-	  decAddOp (a, &dzero, a, &approxset, 0, &ignore);
-	}
-      else
-	{
-	  decNumberCopy (b, a);
-	  decAddOp (b, b, t, &workset, 0, &ignore);	/* b = a + 0.5 ulp */
-	  workset.round = DEC_ROUND_DOWN;
-	  decMultiplyOp (b, b, b, &workset, &ignore);	/* b = mulrd(b, b) */
-	  decCompareOp (b, b, f, &workset, COMPARE, &ignore);	/* b ? f */
-	  if (decNumberIsNegative (b))
-	    {			/* b < f */
-	      t->exponent++;	/* make 1.0 ulp */
-	      t->lsu[0] = 1;	/* .. */
-	      decAddOp (a, a, t, &workset, 0, &ignore);	/* a = a + 1 ulp */
-	      /* assign to approx [round to length] */
-	      decAddOp (a, &dzero, a, &approxset, 0, &ignore);
-	    }
+    /* Preserve status except Inexact/Rounded */
+    status|=(rstatus & ~(DEC_Rounded|DEC_Inexact));
+
+    /* Carry out the Hull correction */
+    a->exponent-=exp/2;			     /* back to 0.1->1 */
+
+    /* a is now at final precision and within 1 ulp of the properly */
+    /* rounded square root of f; to ensure proper rounding, compare */
+    /* squares of (a - l/2 ulp) and (a + l/2 ulp) with f. */
+    /* Here workset.digits=maxp and t=0.5, and a->digits determines */
+    /* the ulp */
+    workset.digits--;				  /* maxp-1 is OK now */
+    t->exponent=-a->digits-1;			  /* make 0.5 ulp */
+    decAddOp(b, a, t, &workset, DECNEG, &ignore); /* b = a - 0.5 ulp */
+    workset.round=DEC_ROUND_UP;
+    decMultiplyOp(b, b, b, &workset, &ignore);	  /* b = mulru(b, b) */
+    decCompareOp(b, f, b, &workset, COMPARE, &ignore); /* b ? f, reversed */
+    if (decNumberIsNegative(b)) {		  /* f < b [i.e., b > f] */
+      /* this is the more common adjustment, though both are rare */
+      t->exponent++;				  /* make 1.0 ulp */
+      t->lsu[0]=1;				  /* .. */
+      decAddOp(a, a, t, &workset, DECNEG, &ignore); /* a = a - 1 ulp */
+      /* assign to approx [round to length] */
+      approxset.emin-=exp/2;			  /* adjust to match a */
+      approxset.emax-=exp/2;
+      decAddOp(a, &dzero, a, &approxset, 0, &ignore);
+      }
+     else {
+      decAddOp(b, a, t, &workset, 0, &ignore);	  /* b = a + 0.5 ulp */
+      workset.round=DEC_ROUND_DOWN;
+      decMultiplyOp(b, b, b, &workset, &ignore);  /* b = mulrd(b, b) */
+      decCompareOp(b, b, f, &workset, COMPARE, &ignore);   /* b ? f */
+      if (decNumberIsNegative(b)) {		  /* b < f */
+	t->exponent++;				  /* make 1.0 ulp */
+	t->lsu[0]=1;				  /* .. */
+	decAddOp(a, a, t, &workset, 0, &ignore);  /* a = a + 1 ulp */
+	/* assign to approx [round to length] */
+	approxset.emin-=exp/2;			  /* adjust to match a */
+	approxset.emax-=exp/2;
+	decAddOp(a, &dzero, a, &approxset, 0, &ignore);
 	}
-      /* [no errors are possible in the above, and rounding/inexact during */
-      /* estimation are irrelevant, so status was not accumulated] */
-
-      /* Here, 0.1 <= a < 1  [Hull] */
-      a->exponent += exp / 2;	/* set correct exponent */
-
-      /* Process Subnormals */
-      decFinalize (a, set, &residue, &status);
-
-      /* count dropable zeros [after any subnormal rounding] */
-      decNumberCopy (b, a);
-      decTrim (b, 1, &dropped);	/* [drops trailing zeros] */
-
-      /* Finally set Inexact and Rounded.  The answer can only be exact if */
-      /* it is short enough so that squaring it could fit in set->digits, */
-      /* so this is the only (relatively rare) time we have to check */
-      /* carefully */
-      if (b->digits * 2 - 1 > set->digits)
-	{			/* cannot fit */
-	  status |= DEC_Inexact | DEC_Rounded;
+      }
+    /* [no errors are possible in the above, and rounding/inexact during */
+    /* estimation are irrelevant, so status was not accumulated] */
+
+    /* Here, 0.1 <= a < 1  (still), so adjust back */
+    a->exponent+=exp/2;			     /* set correct exponent */
+
+    /* count droppable zeros [after any subnormal rounding] by */
+    /* trimming a copy */
+    decNumberCopy(b, a);
+    decTrim(b, set, 1, &dropped);	     /* [drops trailing zeros] */
+
+    /* Set Inexact and Rounded.	 The answer can only be exact if */
+    /* it is short enough so that squaring it could fit in workp digits, */
+    /* and it cannot have trailing zeros due to clamping, so these are */
+    /* the only (relatively rare) conditions a careful check is needed */
+    if (b->digits*2-1 > workp && !set->clamp) { /* cannot fit */
+      status|=DEC_Inexact|DEC_Rounded;
+      }
+     else {				     /* could be exact/unrounded */
+      uInt mstatus=0;			     /* local status */
+      decMultiplyOp(b, b, b, &workset, &mstatus); /* try the multiply */
+      if (mstatus&DEC_Overflow) {	     /* result just won't fit */
+	status|=DEC_Inexact|DEC_Rounded;
 	}
-      else
-	{			/* could be exact/unrounded */
-	  uInt mstatus = 0;	/* local status */
-	  decMultiplyOp (b, b, b, &workset, &mstatus);	/* try the multiply */
-	  if (mstatus != 0)
-	    {			/* result won't fit */
-	      status |= DEC_Inexact | DEC_Rounded;
-	    }
-	  else
-	    {			/* plausible */
-	      decCompareOp (t, b, rhs, &workset, COMPARE, &mstatus);	/* b ? rhs */
-	      if (!ISZERO (t))
-		{
-		  status |= DEC_Inexact | DEC_Rounded;
-		}
-	      else
-		{		/* is Exact */
-		  /* here, dropped is the count of trailing zeros in 'a' */
-		  /* use closest exponent to ideal... */
-		  Int todrop = ideal - a->exponent;	/* most we can drop */
-
-		  if (todrop < 0)
-		    {		/* ideally would add 0s */
-		      status |= DEC_Rounded;
-		    }
-		  else
-		    {		/* unrounded */
-		      if (dropped < todrop)
-			todrop = dropped;	/* clamp to those available */
-		      if (todrop > 0)
-			{	/* OK, some to drop */
-			  decShiftToLeast (a->lsu, D2U (a->digits), todrop);
-			  a->exponent += todrop;	/* maintain numerical value */
-			  a->digits -= todrop;	/* new length */
-			}
-		    }
-		}
+       else {				     /* plausible */
+	decCompareOp(t, b, rhs, &workset, COMPARE, &mstatus); /* b ? rhs */
+	if (!ISZERO(t)) status|=DEC_Inexact|DEC_Rounded; /* not equal */
+	 else {				     /* is Exact */
+	  /* here, dropped is the count of trailing zeros in 'a' */
+	  /* use closest exponent to ideal... */
+	  Int todrop=ideal-a->exponent;	     /* most that can be dropped */
+	  if (todrop<0) status|=DEC_Rounded; /* ideally would add 0s */
+	   else {			     /* unrounded */
+	    if (dropped<todrop) {	     /* clamp to those available */
+	      todrop=dropped;
+	      status|=DEC_Clamped;
+	      }
+	    if (todrop>0) {		     /* have some to drop */
+	      decShiftToLeast(a->lsu, D2U(a->digits), todrop);
+	      a->exponent+=todrop;	     /* maintain numerical value */
+	      a->digits-=todrop;	     /* new length */
+	      }
 	    }
+	  }
 	}
-      decNumberCopy (res, a);	/* assume this is the result */
-    }
-  while (0);			/* end protected */
-
-  if (allocbuff != NULL)
-    free (allocbuff);		/* drop any storage we used */
-  if (allocbufa != NULL)
-    free (allocbufa);		/* .. */
-  if (allocbufb != NULL)
-    free (allocbufb);		/* .. */
-  if (allocrhs != NULL)
-    free (allocrhs);		/* .. */
-  if (status != 0)
-    decStatus (res, status, set);	/* then report status */
+      }
+
+    /* double-check Underflow, as perhaps the result could not have */
+    /* been subnormal (initial argument too big), or it is now Exact */
+    if (status&DEC_Underflow) {
+      Int ae=rhs->exponent+rhs->digits-1;    /* adjusted exponent */
+      /* check if truly subnormal */
+      #if DECEXTFLAG			     /* DEC_Subnormal too */
+	if (ae>=set->emin*2) status&=~(DEC_Subnormal|DEC_Underflow);
+      #else
+	if (ae>=set->emin*2) status&=~DEC_Underflow;
+      #endif
+      /* check if truly inexact */
+      if (!(status&DEC_Inexact)) status&=~DEC_Underflow;
+      }
+
+    decNumberCopy(res, a);		     /* a is now the result */
+    } while(0);				     /* end protected */
+
+  if (allocbuff!=NULL) free(allocbuff);	     /* drop any storage used */
+  if (allocbufa!=NULL) free(allocbufa);	     /* .. */
+  if (allocbufb!=NULL) free(allocbufb);	     /* .. */
+  #if DECSUBSET
+  if (allocrhs !=NULL) free(allocrhs);	     /* .. */
+  #endif
+  if (status!=0) decStatus(res, status, set);/* then report status */
+  #if DECCHECK
+  decCheckInexact(res, set);
+  #endif
   return res;
-}
-
-/* ------------------------------------------------------------------ */
-/* decNumberSubtract -- subtract two Numbers                          */
-/*                                                                    */
-/*   This computes C = A - B                                          */
-/*                                                                    */
-/*   res is C, the result.  C may be A and/or B (e.g., X=X-X)         */
-/*   lhs is A                                                         */
-/*   rhs is B                                                         */
-/*   set is the context                                               */
-/*                                                                    */
-/* C must have space for set->digits digits.                          */
-/* ------------------------------------------------------------------ */
-decNumber *
-decNumberSubtract (decNumber * res, const decNumber * lhs,
-		   const decNumber * rhs, decContext * set)
-{
-  uInt status = 0;		/* accumulator */
-
-  decAddOp (res, lhs, rhs, set, DECNEG, &status);
-  if (status != 0)
-    decStatus (res, status, set);
+  } /* decNumberSquareRoot */
+
+/* ------------------------------------------------------------------ */
+/* decNumberSubtract -- subtract two Numbers			      */
+/*								      */
+/*   This computes C = A - B					      */
+/*								      */
+/*   res is C, the result.  C may be A and/or B (e.g., X=X-X)	      */
+/*   lhs is A							      */
+/*   rhs is B							      */
+/*   set is the context						      */
+/*								      */
+/* C must have space for set->digits digits.			      */
+/* ------------------------------------------------------------------ */
+decNumber * decNumberSubtract(decNumber *res, const decNumber *lhs,
+			      const decNumber *rhs, decContext *set) {
+  uInt status=0;			/* accumulator */
+
+  decAddOp(res, lhs, rhs, set, DECNEG, &status);
+  if (status!=0) decStatus(res, status, set);
+  #if DECCHECK
+  decCheckInexact(res, set);
+  #endif
   return res;
-}
-
-/* ------------------------------------------------------------------ */
-/* decNumberToIntegralValue -- round-to-integral-value                */
-/*                                                                    */
-/*   res is the result                                                */
-/*   rhs is input number                                              */
-/*   set is the context                                               */
-/*                                                                    */
-/* res must have space for any value of rhs.                          */
-/*                                                                    */
-/* This implements the IEEE special operator and therefore treats     */
-/* special values as valid, and also never sets Inexact.  For finite  */
-/* numbers it returns rescale(rhs, 0) if rhs->exponent is <0.         */
-/* Otherwise the result is rhs (so no error is possible).             */
-/*                                                                    */
+  } /* decNumberSubtract */
+
+/* ------------------------------------------------------------------ */
+/* decNumberToIntegralExact -- round-to-integral-value with InExact   */
+/* decNumberToIntegralValue -- round-to-integral-value		      */
+/*								      */
+/*   res is the result						      */
+/*   rhs is input number					      */
+/*   set is the context						      */
+/*								      */
+/* res must have space for any value of rhs.			      */
+/*								      */
+/* This implements the IEEE special operators and therefore treats    */
+/* special values as valid.  For finite numbers it returns	      */
+/* rescale(rhs, 0) if rhs->exponent is <0.			      */
+/* Otherwise the result is rhs (so no error is possible, except for   */
+/* sNaN).							      */
+/*								      */
 /* The context is used for rounding mode and status after sNaN, but   */
-/* the digits setting is ignored.                                     */
+/* the digits setting is ignored.  The Exact version will signal      */
+/* Inexact if the result differs numerically from rhs; the other      */
+/* never signals Inexact.					      */
 /* ------------------------------------------------------------------ */
-decNumber *
-decNumberToIntegralValue (decNumber * res, const decNumber * rhs, decContext * set)
-{
+decNumber * decNumberToIntegralExact(decNumber *res, const decNumber *rhs,
+				     decContext *set) {
   decNumber dn;
-  decContext workset;		/* working context */
+  decContext workset;		   /* working context */
+  uInt status=0;		   /* accumulator */
 
-#if DECCHECK
-  if (decCheckOperands (res, DECUNUSED, rhs, set))
-    return res;
-#endif
+  #if DECCHECK
+  if (decCheckOperands(res, DECUNUSED, rhs, set)) return res;
+  #endif
 
   /* handle infinities and NaNs */
-  if (rhs->bits & DECSPECIAL)
-    {
-      uInt status = 0;
-      if (decNumberIsInfinite (rhs))
-	decNumberCopy (res, rhs);	/* an Infinity */
-      else
-	decNaNs (res, rhs, NULL, &status);	/* a NaN */
-      if (status != 0)
-	decStatus (res, status, set);
-      return res;
+  if (SPECIALARG) {
+    if (decNumberIsInfinite(rhs)) decNumberCopy(res, rhs); /* an Infinity */
+     else decNaNs(res, rhs, NULL, set, &status); /* a NaN */
+    }
+   else { /* finite */
+    /* have a finite number; no error possible (res must be big enough) */
+    if (rhs->exponent>=0) return decNumberCopy(res, rhs);
+    /* that was easy, but if negative exponent there is work to do... */
+    workset=*set;		   /* clone rounding, etc. */
+    workset.digits=rhs->digits;	   /* no length rounding */
+    workset.traps=0;		   /* no traps */
+    decNumberZero(&dn);		   /* make a number with exponent 0 */
+    decNumberQuantize(res, rhs, &dn, &workset);
+    status|=workset.status;
+    }
+  if (status!=0) decStatus(res, status, set);
+  return res;
+  } /* decNumberToIntegralExact */
+
+decNumber * decNumberToIntegralValue(decNumber *res, const decNumber *rhs,
+				     decContext *set) {
+  decContext workset=*set;	   /* working context */
+  workset.traps=0;		   /* no traps */
+  decNumberToIntegralExact(res, rhs, &workset);
+  /* this never affects set, except for sNaNs; NaN will have been set */
+  /* or propagated already, so no need to call decStatus */
+  set->status|=workset.status&DEC_Invalid_operation;
+  return res;
+  } /* decNumberToIntegralValue */
+
+/* ------------------------------------------------------------------ */
+/* decNumberXor -- XOR two Numbers, digitwise			      */
+/*								      */
+/*   This computes C = A ^ B					      */
+/*								      */
+/*   res is C, the result.  C may be A and/or B (e.g., X=X^X)	      */
+/*   lhs is A							      */
+/*   rhs is B							      */
+/*   set is the context (used for result length and error report)     */
+/*								      */
+/* C must have space for set->digits digits.			      */
+/*								      */
+/* Logical function restrictions apply (see above); a NaN is	      */
+/* returned with Invalid_operation if a restriction is violated.      */
+/* ------------------------------------------------------------------ */
+decNumber * decNumberXor(decNumber *res, const decNumber *lhs,
+			 const decNumber *rhs, decContext *set) {
+  const Unit *ua, *ub;			/* -> operands */
+  const Unit *msua, *msub;		/* -> operand msus */
+  Unit	*uc, *msuc;			/* -> result and its msu */
+  Int	msudigs;			/* digits in res msu */
+  #if DECCHECK
+  if (decCheckOperands(res, lhs, rhs, set)) return res;
+  #endif
+
+  if (lhs->exponent!=0 || decNumberIsSpecial(lhs) || decNumberIsNegative(lhs)
+   || rhs->exponent!=0 || decNumberIsSpecial(rhs) || decNumberIsNegative(rhs)) {
+    decStatus(res, DEC_Invalid_operation, set);
+    return res;
     }
+  /* operands are valid */
+  ua=lhs->lsu;				/* bottom-up */
+  ub=rhs->lsu;				/* .. */
+  uc=res->lsu;				/* .. */
+  msua=ua+D2U(lhs->digits)-1;		/* -> msu of lhs */
+  msub=ub+D2U(rhs->digits)-1;		/* -> msu of rhs */
+  msuc=uc+D2U(set->digits)-1;		/* -> msu of result */
+  msudigs=MSUDIGITS(set->digits);	/* [faster than remainder] */
+  for (; uc<=msuc; ua++, ub++, uc++) {	/* Unit loop */
+    Unit a, b;				/* extract units */
+    if (ua>msua) a=0;
+     else a=*ua;
+    if (ub>msub) b=0;
+     else b=*ub;
+    *uc=0;				/* can now write back */
+    if (a|b) {				/* maybe 1 bits to examine */
+      Int i, j;
+      /* This loop could be unrolled and/or use BIN2BCD tables */
+      for (i=0; i<DECDPUN; i++) {
+	if ((a^b)&1) *uc=*uc+(Unit)powers[i];	  /* effect XOR */
+	j=a%10;
+	a=a/10;
+	j|=b%10;
+	b=b/10;
+	if (j>1) {
+	  decStatus(res, DEC_Invalid_operation, set);
+	  return res;
+	  }
+	if (uc==msuc && i==msudigs-1) break;	  /* just did final digit */
+	} /* each digit */
+      } /* non-zero */
+    } /* each unit */
+  /* [here uc-1 is the msu of the result] */
+  res->digits=decGetDigits(res->lsu, uc-res->lsu);
+  res->exponent=0;			/* integer */
+  res->bits=0;				/* sign=0 */
+  return res;  /* [no status to set] */
+  } /* decNumberXor */
 
-  /* we have a finite number; no error possible */
-  if (rhs->exponent >= 0)
-    return decNumberCopy (res, rhs);
-  /* that was easy, but if negative exponent we have work to do... */
-  workset = *set;		/* clone rounding, etc. */
-  workset.digits = rhs->digits;	/* no length rounding */
-  workset.traps = 0;		/* no traps */
-  decNumberZero (&dn);		/* make a number with exponent 0 */
-  return decNumberQuantize (res, rhs, &dn, &workset);
-}
 
 /* ================================================================== */
-/* Utility routines                                                   */
+/* Utility routines						      */
 /* ================================================================== */
 
 /* ------------------------------------------------------------------ */
-/* decNumberCopy -- copy a number                                     */
-/*                                                                    */
-/*   dest is the target decNumber                                     */
-/*   src  is the source decNumber                                     */
-/*   returns dest                                                     */
-/*                                                                    */
-/* (dest==src is allowed and is a no-op)                              */
-/* All fields are updated as required.  This is a utility operation,  */
-/* so special values are unchanged and no error is possible.          */
+/* decNumberClass -- return the decClass of a decNumber		      */
+/*   dn -- the decNumber to test				      */
+/*   set -- the context to use for Emin				      */
+/*   returns the decClass enum					      */
 /* ------------------------------------------------------------------ */
-decNumber *
-decNumberCopy (decNumber * dest, const decNumber * src)
-{
-
-#if DECCHECK
-  if (src == NULL)
-    return decNumberZero (dest);
-#endif
-
-  if (dest == src)
-    return dest;		/* no copy required */
-
-  /* We use explicit assignments here as structure assignment can copy */
+enum decClass decNumberClass(const decNumber *dn, decContext *set) {
+  if (decNumberIsSpecial(dn)) {
+    if (decNumberIsQNaN(dn)) return DEC_CLASS_QNAN;
+    if (decNumberIsSNaN(dn)) return DEC_CLASS_SNAN;
+    /* must be an infinity */
+    if (decNumberIsNegative(dn)) return DEC_CLASS_NEG_INF;
+    return DEC_CLASS_POS_INF;
+    }
+  /* is finite */
+  if (decNumberIsNormal(dn, set)) { /* most common */
+    if (decNumberIsNegative(dn)) return DEC_CLASS_NEG_NORMAL;
+    return DEC_CLASS_POS_NORMAL;
+    }
+  /* is subnormal or zero */
+  if (decNumberIsZero(dn)) {	/* most common */
+    if (decNumberIsNegative(dn)) return DEC_CLASS_NEG_ZERO;
+    return DEC_CLASS_POS_ZERO;
+    }
+  if (decNumberIsNegative(dn)) return DEC_CLASS_NEG_SUBNORMAL;
+  return DEC_CLASS_POS_SUBNORMAL;
+  } /* decNumberClass */
+
+/* ------------------------------------------------------------------ */
+/* decNumberClassToString -- convert decClass to a string	      */
+/*								      */
+/*  eclass is a valid decClass					      */
+/*  returns a constant string describing the class (max 13+1 chars)   */
+/* ------------------------------------------------------------------ */
+const char *decNumberClassToString(enum decClass eclass) {
+  if (eclass==DEC_CLASS_POS_NORMAL)    return DEC_ClassString_PN;
+  if (eclass==DEC_CLASS_NEG_NORMAL)    return DEC_ClassString_NN;
+  if (eclass==DEC_CLASS_POS_ZERO)      return DEC_ClassString_PZ;
+  if (eclass==DEC_CLASS_NEG_ZERO)      return DEC_ClassString_NZ;
+  if (eclass==DEC_CLASS_POS_SUBNORMAL) return DEC_ClassString_PS;
+  if (eclass==DEC_CLASS_NEG_SUBNORMAL) return DEC_ClassString_NS;
+  if (eclass==DEC_CLASS_POS_INF)       return DEC_ClassString_PI;
+  if (eclass==DEC_CLASS_NEG_INF)       return DEC_ClassString_NI;
+  if (eclass==DEC_CLASS_QNAN)	       return DEC_ClassString_QN;
+  if (eclass==DEC_CLASS_SNAN)	       return DEC_ClassString_SN;
+  return DEC_ClassString_UN;	       /* Unknown */
+  } /* decNumberClassToString */
+
+/* ------------------------------------------------------------------ */
+/* decNumberCopy -- copy a number				      */
+/*								      */
+/*   dest is the target decNumber				      */
+/*   src  is the source decNumber				      */
+/*   returns dest						      */
+/*								      */
+/* (dest==src is allowed and is a no-op)			      */
+/* All fields are updated as required.	This is a utility operation,  */
+/* so special values are unchanged and no error is possible.	      */
+/* ------------------------------------------------------------------ */
+decNumber * decNumberCopy(decNumber *dest, const decNumber *src) {
+
+  #if DECCHECK
+  if (src==NULL) return decNumberZero(dest);
+  #endif
+
+  if (dest==src) return dest;		     /* no copy required */
+
+  /* Use explicit assignments here as structure assignment could copy */
   /* more than just the lsu (for small DECDPUN).  This would not affect */
-  /* the value of the results, but would disturb test harness spill */
+  /* the value of the results, but could disturb test harness spill */
   /* checking. */
-  dest->bits = src->bits;
-  dest->exponent = src->exponent;
-  dest->digits = src->digits;
-  dest->lsu[0] = src->lsu[0];
-  if (src->digits > DECDPUN)
-    {				/* more Units to come */
-      Unit *d;			/* work */
-      const Unit *s, *smsup;	/* work */
-      /* memcpy for the remaining Units would be safe as they cannot */
-      /* overlap.  However, this explicit loop is faster in short cases. */
-      d = dest->lsu + 1;	/* -> first destination */
-      smsup = src->lsu + D2U (src->digits);	/* -> source msu+1 */
-      for (s = src->lsu + 1; s < smsup; s++, d++)
-	*d = *s;
+  dest->bits=src->bits;
+  dest->exponent=src->exponent;
+  dest->digits=src->digits;
+  dest->lsu[0]=src->lsu[0];
+  if (src->digits>DECDPUN) {		     /* more Units to come */
+    const Unit *smsup, *s;		     /* work */
+    Unit  *d;				     /* .. */
+    /* memcpy for the remaining Units would be safe as they cannot */
+    /* overlap.	 However, this explicit loop is faster in short cases. */
+    d=dest->lsu+1;			     /* -> first destination */
+    smsup=src->lsu+D2U(src->digits);	     /* -> source msu+1 */
+    for (s=src->lsu+1; s<smsup; s++, d++) *d=*s;
     }
   return dest;
-}
+  } /* decNumberCopy */
+
+/* ------------------------------------------------------------------ */
+/* decNumberCopyAbs -- quiet absolute value operator		      */
+/*								      */
+/*   This sets C = abs(A)					      */
+/*								      */
+/*   res is C, the result.  C may be A				      */
+/*   rhs is A							      */
+/*								      */
+/* C must have space for set->digits digits.			      */
+/* No exception or error can occur; this is a quiet bitwise operation.*/
+/* See also decNumberAbs for a checking version of this.	      */
+/* ------------------------------------------------------------------ */
+decNumber * decNumberCopyAbs(decNumber *res, const decNumber *rhs) {
+  #if DECCHECK
+  if (decCheckOperands(res, DECUNUSED, rhs, DECUNCONT)) return res;
+  #endif
+  decNumberCopy(res, rhs);
+  res->bits&=~DECNEG;			/* turn off sign */
+  return res;
+  } /* decNumberCopyAbs */
+
+/* ------------------------------------------------------------------ */
+/* decNumberCopyNegate -- quiet negate value operator		      */
+/*								      */
+/*   This sets C = negate(A)					      */
+/*								      */
+/*   res is C, the result.  C may be A				      */
+/*   rhs is A							      */
+/*								      */
+/* C must have space for set->digits digits.			      */
+/* No exception or error can occur; this is a quiet bitwise operation.*/
+/* See also decNumberMinus for a checking version of this.	      */
+/* ------------------------------------------------------------------ */
+decNumber * decNumberCopyNegate(decNumber *res, const decNumber *rhs) {
+  #if DECCHECK
+  if (decCheckOperands(res, DECUNUSED, rhs, DECUNCONT)) return res;
+  #endif
+  decNumberCopy(res, rhs);
+  res->bits^=DECNEG;			/* invert the sign */
+  return res;
+  } /* decNumberCopyNegate */
+
+/* ------------------------------------------------------------------ */
+/* decNumberCopySign -- quiet copy and set sign operator	      */
+/*								      */
+/*   This sets C = A with the sign of B				      */
+/*								      */
+/*   res is C, the result.  C may be A				      */
+/*   lhs is A							      */
+/*   rhs is B							      */
+/*								      */
+/* C must have space for set->digits digits.			      */
+/* No exception or error can occur; this is a quiet bitwise operation.*/
+/* ------------------------------------------------------------------ */
+decNumber * decNumberCopySign(decNumber *res, const decNumber *lhs,
+			      const decNumber *rhs) {
+  uByte sign;				/* rhs sign */
+  #if DECCHECK
+  if (decCheckOperands(res, DECUNUSED, rhs, DECUNCONT)) return res;
+  #endif
+  sign=rhs->bits & DECNEG;		/* save sign bit */
+  decNumberCopy(res, lhs);
+  res->bits&=~DECNEG;			/* clear the sign */
+  res->bits|=sign;			/* set from rhs */
+  return res;
+  } /* decNumberCopySign */
+
+/* ------------------------------------------------------------------ */
+/* decNumberGetBCD -- get the coefficient in BCD8		      */
+/*   dn is the source decNumber					      */
+/*   bcd is the uInt array that will receive dn->digits BCD bytes,    */
+/*     most-significant at offset 0				      */
+/*   returns bcd						      */
+/*								      */
+/* bcd must have at least dn->digits bytes.  No error is possible; if */
+/* dn is a NaN or Infinite, digits must be 1 and the coefficient 0.   */
+/* ------------------------------------------------------------------ */
+uByte * decNumberGetBCD(const decNumber *dn, uint8_t *bcd) {
+  uByte *ub=bcd+dn->digits-1;	   /* -> lsd */
+  const Unit *up=dn->lsu;	   /* Unit pointer, -> lsu */
+
+  #if DECDPUN==1		   /* trivial simple copy */
+    for (; ub>=bcd; ub--, up++) *ub=*up;
+  #else				   /* chopping needed */
+    uInt u=*up;			   /* work */
+    uInt cut=DECDPUN;		   /* downcounter through unit */
+    for (; ub>=bcd; ub--) {
+      *ub=(uByte)(u%10);	   /* [*6554 trick inhibits, here] */
+      u=u/10;
+      cut--;
+      if (cut>0) continue;	   /* more in this unit */
+      up++;
+      u=*up;
+      cut=DECDPUN;
+      }
+  #endif
+  return bcd;
+  } /* decNumberGetBCD */
+
+/* ------------------------------------------------------------------ */
+/* decNumberSetBCD -- set (replace) the coefficient from BCD8	      */
+/*   dn is the target decNumber					      */
+/*   bcd is the uInt array that will source n BCD bytes, most-	      */
+/*     significant at offset 0					      */
+/*   n is the number of digits in the source BCD array (bcd)	      */
+/*   returns dn							      */
+/*								      */
+/* dn must have space for at least n digits.  No error is possible;   */
+/* if dn is a NaN, or Infinite, or is to become a zero, n must be 1   */
+/* and bcd[0] zero.						      */
+/* ------------------------------------------------------------------ */
+decNumber * decNumberSetBCD(decNumber *dn, const uByte *bcd, uInt n) {
+  Unit *up=dn->lsu+D2U(dn->digits)-1;	/* -> msu [target pointer] */
+  const uByte *ub=bcd;			/* -> source msd */
+
+  #if DECDPUN==1			/* trivial simple copy */
+    for (; ub<bcd+n; ub++, up--) *up=*ub;
+  #else					/* some assembly needed */
+    /* calculate how many digits in msu, and hence first cut */
+    Int cut=MSUDIGITS(n);		/* [faster than remainder] */
+    for (;up>=dn->lsu; up--) {		/* each Unit from msu */
+      *up=0;				/* will take <=DECDPUN digits */
+      for (; cut>0; ub++, cut--) *up=X10(*up)+*ub;
+      cut=DECDPUN;			/* next Unit has all digits */
+      }
+  #endif
+  dn->digits=n;				/* set digit count */
+  return dn;
+  } /* decNumberSetBCD */
+
+/* ------------------------------------------------------------------ */
+/* decNumberIsNormal -- test normality of a decNumber		      */
+/*   dn is the decNumber to test				      */
+/*   set is the context to use for Emin				      */
+/*   returns 1 if |dn| is finite and >=Nmin, 0 otherwise	      */
+/* ------------------------------------------------------------------ */
+Int decNumberIsNormal(const decNumber *dn, decContext *set) {
+  Int ae;				/* adjusted exponent */
+  #if DECCHECK
+  if (decCheckOperands(DECUNRESU, DECUNUSED, dn, set)) return 0;
+  #endif
+
+  if (decNumberIsSpecial(dn)) return 0; /* not finite */
+  if (decNumberIsZero(dn)) return 0;	/* not non-zero */
+
+  ae=dn->exponent+dn->digits-1;		/* adjusted exponent */
+  if (ae<set->emin) return 0;		/* is subnormal */
+  return 1;
+  } /* decNumberIsNormal */
 
 /* ------------------------------------------------------------------ */
-/* decNumberTrim -- remove insignificant zeros                        */
-/*                                                                    */
-/*   dn is the number to trim                                         */
-/*   returns dn                                                       */
-/*                                                                    */
-/* All fields are updated as required.  This is a utility operation,  */
-/* so special values are unchanged and no error is possible.          */
+/* decNumberIsSubnormal -- test subnormality of a decNumber	      */
+/*   dn is the decNumber to test				      */
+/*   set is the context to use for Emin				      */
+/*   returns 1 if |dn| is finite, non-zero, and <Nmin, 0 otherwise    */
 /* ------------------------------------------------------------------ */
-decNumber *
-decNumberTrim (decNumber * dn)
-{
-  Int dropped;			/* work */
-  return decTrim (dn, 0, &dropped);
-}
+Int decNumberIsSubnormal(const decNumber *dn, decContext *set) {
+  Int ae;				/* adjusted exponent */
+  #if DECCHECK
+  if (decCheckOperands(DECUNRESU, DECUNUSED, dn, set)) return 0;
+  #endif
+
+  if (decNumberIsSpecial(dn)) return 0; /* not finite */
+  if (decNumberIsZero(dn)) return 0;	/* not non-zero */
+
+  ae=dn->exponent+dn->digits-1;		/* adjusted exponent */
+  if (ae<set->emin) return 1;		/* is subnormal */
+  return 0;
+  } /* decNumberIsSubnormal */
+
+/* ------------------------------------------------------------------ */
+/* decNumberTrim -- remove insignificant zeros			      */
+/*								      */
+/*   dn is the number to trim					      */
+/*   returns dn							      */
+/*								      */
+/* All fields are updated as required.	This is a utility operation,  */
+/* so special values are unchanged and no error is possible.	      */
+/* ------------------------------------------------------------------ */
+decNumber * decNumberTrim(decNumber *dn) {
+  Int  dropped;			   /* work */
+  decContext set;		   /* .. */
+  #if DECCHECK
+  if (decCheckOperands(DECUNRESU, DECUNUSED, dn, DECUNCONT)) return dn;
+  #endif
+  decContextDefault(&set, DEC_INIT_BASE);    /* clamp=0 */
+  return decTrim(dn, &set, 0, &dropped);
+  } /* decNumberTrim */
 
 /* ------------------------------------------------------------------ */
 /* decNumberVersion -- return the name and version of this module     */
-/*                                                                    */
-/* No error is possible.                                              */
+/*								      */
+/* No error is possible.					      */
 /* ------------------------------------------------------------------ */
-const char *
-decNumberVersion (void)
-{
+const char * decNumberVersion(void) {
   return DECVERSION;
-}
+  } /* decNumberVersion */
 
 /* ------------------------------------------------------------------ */
-/* decNumberZero -- set a number to 0                                 */
-/*                                                                    */
-/*   dn is the number to set, with space for one digit                */
-/*   returns dn                                                       */
-/*                                                                    */
-/* No error is possible.                                              */
+/* decNumberZero -- set a number to 0				      */
+/*								      */
+/*   dn is the number to set, with space for one digit		      */
+/*   returns dn							      */
+/*								      */
+/* No error is possible.					      */
 /* ------------------------------------------------------------------ */
 /* Memset is not used as it is much slower in some environments. */
-decNumber *
-decNumberZero (decNumber * dn)
-{
+decNumber * decNumberZero(decNumber *dn) {
 
-#if DECCHECK
-  if (decCheckOperands (dn, DECUNUSED, DECUNUSED, DECUNUSED))
-    return dn;
-#endif
+  #if DECCHECK
+  if (decCheckOperands(dn, DECUNUSED, DECUNUSED, DECUNCONT)) return dn;
+  #endif
 
-  dn->bits = 0;
-  dn->exponent = 0;
-  dn->digits = 1;
-  dn->lsu[0] = 0;
+  dn->bits=0;
+  dn->exponent=0;
+  dn->digits=1;
+  dn->lsu[0]=0;
   return dn;
-}
+  } /* decNumberZero */
 
 /* ================================================================== */
-/* Local routines                                                     */
+/* Local routines						      */
 /* ================================================================== */
 
 /* ------------------------------------------------------------------ */
-/* decToString -- lay out a number into a string                      */
-/*                                                                    */
-/*   dn     is the number to lay out                                  */
-/*   string is where to lay out the number                            */
-/*   eng    is 1 if Engineering, 0 if Scientific                      */
-/*                                                                    */
-/* str must be at least dn->digits+14 characters long                 */
-/* No error is possible.                                              */
-/*                                                                    */
+/* decToString -- lay out a number into a string		      */
+/*								      */
+/*   dn	    is the number to lay out				      */
+/*   string is where to lay out the number			      */
+/*   eng    is 1 if Engineering, 0 if Scientific		      */
+/*								      */
+/* string must be at least dn->digits+14 characters long	      */
+/* No error is possible.					      */
+/*								      */
 /* Note that this routine can generate a -0 or 0.000.  These are      */
 /* never generated in subset to-number or arithmetic, but can occur   */
-/* in non-subset arithmetic (e.g., -1*0 or 1.234-1.234).              */
+/* in non-subset arithmetic (e.g., -1*0 or 1.234-1.234).	      */
 /* ------------------------------------------------------------------ */
 /* If DECCHECK is enabled the string "?" is returned if a number is */
 /* invalid. */
-
-/* TODIGIT -- macro to remove the leading digit from the unsigned */
-/* integer u at column cut (counting from the right, LSD=0) and place */
-/* it as an ASCII character into the character pointed to by c.  Note */
-/* that cut must be <= 9, and the maximum value for u is 2,000,000,000 */
-/* (as is needed for negative exponents of subnormals).  The unsigned */
-/* integer pow is used as a temporary variable. */
-#define TODIGIT(u, cut, c) {            \
-  *(c)='0';                             \
-  pow=powers[cut]*2;                    \
-  if ((u)>pow) {                        \
-    pow*=4;                             \
-    if ((u)>=pow) {(u)-=pow; *(c)+=8;}  \
-    pow/=2;                             \
-    if ((u)>=pow) {(u)-=pow; *(c)+=4;}  \
-    pow/=2;                             \
-    }                                   \
-  if ((u)>=pow) {(u)-=pow; *(c)+=2;}    \
-  pow/=2;                               \
-  if ((u)>=pow) {(u)-=pow; *(c)+=1;}    \
-  }
-
-static void
-decToString (const decNumber * dn, char *string, Flag eng)
-{
-  Int exp = dn->exponent;	/* local copy */
-  Int e;			/* E-part value */
-  Int pre;			/* digits before the '.' */
-  Int cut;			/* for counting digits in a Unit */
-  char *c = string;		/* work [output pointer] */
-  const Unit *up = dn->lsu + D2U (dn->digits) - 1;	/* -> msu [input pointer] */
-  uInt u, pow;			/* work */
-
-#if DECCHECK
-  if (decCheckOperands (DECUNUSED, dn, DECUNUSED, DECUNUSED))
-    {
-      strcpy (string, "?");
-      return;
+static void decToString(const decNumber *dn, char *string, Flag eng) {
+  Int exp=dn->exponent;	      /* local copy */
+  Int e;		      /* E-part value */
+  Int pre;		      /* digits before the '.' */
+  Int cut;		      /* for counting digits in a Unit */
+  char *c=string;	      /* work [output pointer] */
+  const Unit *up=dn->lsu+D2U(dn->digits)-1; /* -> msu [input pointer] */
+  uInt u, pow;		      /* work */
+
+  #if DECCHECK
+  if (decCheckOperands(DECUNRESU, dn, DECUNUSED, DECUNCONT)) {
+    strcpy(string, "?");
+    return;}
+  #endif
+
+  if (decNumberIsNegative(dn)) {   /* Negatives get a minus */
+    *c='-';
+    c++;
     }
-#endif
-
-  if (decNumberIsNegative (dn))
-    {				/* Negatives get a minus (except */
-      *c = '-';			/* NaNs, which remove the '-' below) */
+  if (dn->bits&DECSPECIAL) {	   /* Is a special value */
+    if (decNumberIsInfinite(dn)) {
+      strcpy(c,	  "Inf");
+      strcpy(c+3, "inity");
+      return;}
+    /* a NaN */
+    if (dn->bits&DECSNAN) {	   /* signalling NaN */
+      *c='s';
       c++;
-    }
-  if (dn->bits & DECSPECIAL)
-    {				/* Is a special value */
-      if (decNumberIsInfinite (dn))
-	{
-	  strcpy (c, "Infinity");
-	  return;
-	}
-      /* a NaN */
-      if (dn->bits & DECSNAN)
-	{			/* signalling NaN */
-	  *c = 's';
-	  c++;
-	}
-      strcpy (c, "NaN");
-      c += 3;			/* step past */
-      /* if not a clean non-zero coefficient, that's all we have in a */
-      /* NaN string */
-      if (exp != 0 || (*dn->lsu == 0 && dn->digits == 1))
-	return;
-      /* [drop through to add integer] */
+      }
+    strcpy(c, "NaN");
+    c+=3;			   /* step past */
+    /* if not a clean non-zero coefficient, that's all there is in a */
+    /* NaN string */
+    if (exp!=0 || (*dn->lsu==0 && dn->digits==1)) return;
+    /* [drop through to add integer] */
     }
 
   /* calculate how many digits in msu, and hence first cut */
-  cut = dn->digits % DECDPUN;
-  if (cut == 0)
-    cut = DECDPUN;		/* msu is full */
-  cut--;			/* power of ten for digit */
-
-  if (exp == 0)
-    {				/* simple integer [common fastpath, */
-      /*   used for NaNs, too] */
-      for (; up >= dn->lsu; up--)
-	{			/* each Unit from msu */
-	  u = *up;		/* contains DECDPUN digits to lay out */
-	  for (; cut >= 0; c++, cut--)
-	    TODIGIT (u, cut, c);
-	  cut = DECDPUN - 1;	/* next Unit has all digits */
-	}
-      *c = '\0';		/* terminate the string */
-      return;
-    }
+  cut=MSUDIGITS(dn->digits);	   /* [faster than remainder] */
+  cut--;			   /* power of ten for digit */
+
+  if (exp==0) {			   /* simple integer [common fastpath] */
+    for (;up>=dn->lsu; up--) {	   /* each Unit from msu */
+      u=*up;			   /* contains DECDPUN digits to lay out */
+      for (; cut>=0; c++, cut--) TODIGIT(u, cut, c, pow);
+      cut=DECDPUN-1;		   /* next Unit has all digits */
+      }
+    *c='\0';			   /* terminate the string */
+    return;}
 
   /* non-0 exponent -- assume plain form */
-  pre = dn->digits + exp;	/* digits before '.' */
-  e = 0;			/* no E */
-  if ((exp > 0) || (pre < -5))
-    {				/* need exponential form */
-      e = exp + dn->digits - 1;	/* calculate E value */
-      pre = 1;			/* assume one digit before '.' */
-      if (eng && (e != 0))
-	{			/* may need to adjust */
-	  Int adj;		/* adjustment */
-	  /* The C remainder operator is undefined for negative numbers, so */
-	  /* we must use positive remainder calculation here */
-	  if (e < 0)
-	    {
-	      adj = (-e) % 3;
-	      if (adj != 0)
-		adj = 3 - adj;
-	    }
-	  else
-	    {			/* e>0 */
-	      adj = e % 3;
-	    }
-	  e = e - adj;
-	  /* if we are dealing with zero we will use exponent which is a */
-	  /* multiple of three, as expected, but there will only be the */
-	  /* one zero before the E, still.  Otherwise note the padding. */
-	  if (!ISZERO (dn))
-	    pre += adj;
-	  else
-	    {			/* is zero */
-	      if (adj != 0)
-		{		/* 0.00Esnn needed */
-		  e = e + 3;
-		  pre = -(2 - adj);
-		}
-	    }			/* zero */
-	}			/* eng */
-    }
+  pre=dn->digits+exp;		   /* digits before '.' */
+  e=0;				   /* no E */
+  if ((exp>0) || (pre<-5)) {	   /* need exponential form */
+    e=exp+dn->digits-1;		   /* calculate E value */
+    pre=1;			   /* assume one digit before '.' */
+    if (eng && (e!=0)) {	   /* engineering: may need to adjust */
+      Int adj;			   /* adjustment */
+      /* The C remainder operator is undefined for negative numbers, so */
+      /* a positive remainder calculation must be used here */
+      if (e<0) {
+	adj=(-e)%3;
+	if (adj!=0) adj=3-adj;
+	}
+       else { /* e>0 */
+	adj=e%3;
+	}
+      e=e-adj;
+      /* if dealing with zero still produce an exponent which is a */
+      /* multiple of three, as expected, but there will only be the */
+      /* one zero before the E, still.	Otherwise note the padding. */
+      if (!ISZERO(dn)) pre+=adj;
+       else {  /* is zero */
+	if (adj!=0) {		   /* 0.00Esnn needed */
+	  e=e+3;
+	  pre=-(2-adj);
+	  }
+	} /* zero */
+      } /* eng */
+    } /* need exponent */
 
   /* lay out the digits of the coefficient, adding 0s and . as needed */
-  u = *up;
-  if (pre > 0)
-    {				/* xxx.xxx or xx00 (engineering) form */
-      for (; pre > 0; pre--, c++, cut--)
-	{
-	  if (cut < 0)
-	    {			/* need new Unit */
-	      if (up == dn->lsu)
-		break;		/* out of input digits (pre>digits) */
-	      up--;
-	      cut = DECDPUN - 1;
-	      u = *up;
-	    }
-	  TODIGIT (u, cut, c);
+  u=*up;
+  if (pre>0) {			   /* xxx.xxx or xx00 (engineering) form */
+    Int n=pre;
+    for (; pre>0; pre--, c++, cut--) {
+      if (cut<0) {		   /* need new Unit */
+	if (up==dn->lsu) break;	   /* out of input digits (pre>digits) */
+	up--;
+	cut=DECDPUN-1;
+	u=*up;
 	}
-      if (up > dn->lsu || (up == dn->lsu && cut >= 0))
-	{			/* more to come, after '.' */
-	  *c = '.';
-	  c++;
-	  for (;; c++, cut--)
-	    {
-	      if (cut < 0)
-		{		/* need new Unit */
-		  if (up == dn->lsu)
-		    break;	/* out of input digits */
-		  up--;
-		  cut = DECDPUN - 1;
-		  u = *up;
-		}
-	      TODIGIT (u, cut, c);
-	    }
+      TODIGIT(u, cut, c, pow);
+      }
+    if (n<dn->digits) {		   /* more to come, after '.' */
+      *c='.'; c++;
+      for (;; c++, cut--) {
+	if (cut<0) {		   /* need new Unit */
+	  if (up==dn->lsu) break;  /* out of input digits */
+	  up--;
+	  cut=DECDPUN-1;
+	  u=*up;
+	  }
+	TODIGIT(u, cut, c, pow);
 	}
-      else
-	for (; pre > 0; pre--, c++)
-	  *c = '0';		/* 0 padding (for engineering) needed */
+      }
+     else for (; pre>0; pre--, c++) *c='0'; /* 0 padding (for engineering) needed */
     }
-  else
-    {				/* 0.xxx or 0.000xxx form */
-      *c = '0';
-      c++;
-      *c = '.';
-      c++;
-      for (; pre < 0; pre++, c++)
-	*c = '0';		/* add any 0's after '.' */
-      for (;; c++, cut--)
-	{
-	  if (cut < 0)
-	    {			/* need new Unit */
-	      if (up == dn->lsu)
-		break;		/* out of input digits */
-	      up--;
-	      cut = DECDPUN - 1;
-	      u = *up;
-	    }
-	  TODIGIT (u, cut, c);
+   else {			   /* 0.xxx or 0.000xxx form */
+    *c='0'; c++;
+    *c='.'; c++;
+    for (; pre<0; pre++, c++) *c='0';	/* add any 0's after '.' */
+    for (; ; c++, cut--) {
+      if (cut<0) {		   /* need new Unit */
+	if (up==dn->lsu) break;	   /* out of input digits */
+	up--;
+	cut=DECDPUN-1;
+	u=*up;
 	}
+      TODIGIT(u, cut, c, pow);
+      }
     }
 
-  /* Finally add the E-part, if needed.  It will never be 0, has a
+  /* Finally add the E-part, if needed.	 It will never be 0, has a
      base maximum and minimum of +999999999 through -999999999, but
-     could range down to -1999999998 for subnormal numbers */
-  if (e != 0)
-    {
-      Flag had = 0;		/* 1=had non-zero */
-      *c = 'E';
-      c++;
-      *c = '+';
-      c++;			/* assume positive */
-      u = e;			/* .. */
-      if (e < 0)
-	{
-	  *(c - 1) = '-';	/* oops, need - */
-	  u = -e;		/* uInt, please */
-	}
-      /* layout the exponent (_itoa is not ANSI C) */
-      for (cut = 9; cut >= 0; cut--)
-	{
-	  TODIGIT (u, cut, c);
-	  if (*c == '0' && !had)
-	    continue;		/* skip leading zeros */
-	  had = 1;		/* had non-0 */
-	  c++;			/* step for next */
-	}			/* cut */
+     could range down to -1999999998 for anormal numbers */
+  if (e!=0) {
+    Flag had=0;		      /* 1=had non-zero */
+    *c='E'; c++;
+    *c='+'; c++;	      /* assume positive */
+    u=e;		      /* .. */
+    if (e<0) {
+      *(c-1)='-';	      /* oops, need - */
+      u=-e;		      /* uInt, please */
+      }
+    /* lay out the exponent [_itoa or equivalent is not ANSI C] */
+    for (cut=9; cut>=0; cut--) {
+      TODIGIT(u, cut, c, pow);
+      if (*c=='0' && !had) continue;	/* skip leading zeros */
+      had=1;				/* had non-0 */
+      c++;				/* step for next */
+      } /* cut */
     }
-  *c = '\0';			/* terminate the string (all paths) */
+  *c='\0';	    /* terminate the string (all paths) */
   return;
-}
-
-/* ------------------------------------------------------------------ */
-/* decAddOp -- add/subtract operation                                 */
-/*                                                                    */
-/*   This computes C = A + B                                          */
-/*                                                                    */
-/*   res is C, the result.  C may be A and/or B (e.g., X=X+X)         */
-/*   lhs is A                                                         */
-/*   rhs is B                                                         */
-/*   set is the context                                               */
-/*   negate is DECNEG if rhs should be negated, or 0 otherwise        */
-/*   status accumulates status for the caller                         */
-/*                                                                    */
-/* C must have space for set->digits digits.                          */
-/* ------------------------------------------------------------------ */
-/* If possible, we calculate the coefficient directly into C.         */
-/* However, if:                                                       */
-/*   -- we need a digits+1 calculation because numbers are unaligned  */
-/*      and span more than set->digits digits                         */
-/*   -- a carry to digits+1 digits looks possible                     */
+  } /* decToString */
+
+/* ------------------------------------------------------------------ */
+/* decAddOp -- add/subtract operation				      */
+/*								      */
+/*   This computes C = A + B					      */
+/*								      */
+/*   res is C, the result.  C may be A and/or B (e.g., X=X+X)	      */
+/*   lhs is A							      */
+/*   rhs is B							      */
+/*   set is the context						      */
+/*   negate is DECNEG if rhs should be negated, or 0 otherwise	      */
+/*   status accumulates status for the caller			      */
+/*								      */
+/* C must have space for set->digits digits.			      */
+/* Inexact in status must be 0 for correct Exact zero sign in result  */
+/* ------------------------------------------------------------------ */
+/* If possible, the coefficient is calculated directly into C.	      */
+/* However, if:							      */
+/*   -- a digits+1 calculation is needed because the numbers are      */
+/*	unaligned and span more than set->digits digits		      */
+/*   -- a carry to digits+1 digits looks possible		      */
 /*   -- C is the same as A or B, and the result would destructively   */
-/*      overlap the A or B coefficient                                */
-/* then we must calculate into a temporary buffer.  In this latter    */
-/* case we use the local (stack) buffer if possible, and only if too  */
-/* long for that do we resort to malloc.                              */
-/*                                                                    */
-/* Misalignment is handled as follows:                                */
+/*	overlap the A or B coefficient				      */
+/* then the result must be calculated into a temporary buffer.	In    */
+/* this case a local (stack) buffer is used if possible, and only if  */
+/* too long for that does malloc become the final resort.	      */
+/*								      */
+/* Misalignment is handled as follows:				      */
 /*   Apad: (AExp>BExp) Swap operands and proceed as for BExp>AExp.    */
 /*   BPad: Apply the padding by a combination of shifting (whole      */
-/*         units) and multiplication (part units).                    */
-/*                                                                    */
-/* Addition, especially x=x+1, is speed-critical, so we take pains    */
-/* to make returning as fast as possible, by flagging any allocation. */
-/* ------------------------------------------------------------------ */
-static decNumber *
-decAddOp (decNumber * res, const decNumber * lhs,
-	  const decNumber * rhs, decContext * set, uByte negate, uInt * status)
-{
-  decNumber *alloclhs = NULL;	/* non-NULL if rounded lhs allocated */
-  decNumber *allocrhs = NULL;	/* .., rhs */
-  Int rhsshift;			/* working shift (in Units) */
-  Int maxdigits;		/* longest logical length */
-  Int mult;			/* multiplier */
-  Int residue;			/* rounding accumulator */
-  uByte bits;			/* result bits */
-  Flag diffsign;		/* non-0 if arguments have different sign */
-  Unit *acc;			/* accumulator for result */
-  Unit accbuff[D2U (DECBUFFER + 1)];	/* local buffer [+1 is for possible */
-  /* final carry digit or DECBUFFER=0] */
-  Unit *allocacc = NULL;	/* -> allocated acc buffer, iff allocated */
-  Flag alloced = 0;		/* set non-0 if any allocations */
-  Int reqdigits = set->digits;	/* local copy; requested DIGITS */
-  uByte merged;			/* merged flags */
-  Int padding;			/* work */
-
-#if DECCHECK
-  if (decCheckOperands (res, lhs, rhs, set))
-    return res;
-#endif
+/*	   units) and multiplication (part units).		      */
+/*								      */
+/* Addition, especially x=x+1, is speed-critical.		      */
+/* The static buffer is larger than might be expected to allow for    */
+/* calls from higher-level funtions (notable exp).		      */
+/* ------------------------------------------------------------------ */
+static decNumber * decAddOp(decNumber *res, const decNumber *lhs,
+			    const decNumber *rhs, decContext *set,
+			    uByte negate, uInt *status) {
+  #if DECSUBSET
+  decNumber *alloclhs=NULL;	   /* non-NULL if rounded lhs allocated */
+  decNumber *allocrhs=NULL;	   /* .., rhs */
+  #endif
+  Int	rhsshift;		   /* working shift (in Units) */
+  Int	maxdigits;		   /* longest logical length */
+  Int	mult;			   /* multiplier */
+  Int	residue;		   /* rounding accumulator */
+  uByte bits;			   /* result bits */
+  Flag	diffsign;		   /* non-0 if arguments have different sign */
+  Unit	*acc;			   /* accumulator for result */
+  Unit	accbuff[SD2U(DECBUFFER*2+20)]; /* local buffer [*2+20 reduces many */
+				   /* allocations when called from */
+				   /* other operations, notable exp] */
+  Unit	*allocacc=NULL;		   /* -> allocated acc buffer, iff allocated */
+  Int	reqdigits=set->digits;	   /* local copy; requested DIGITS */
+  Int	padding;		   /* work */
+
+  #if DECCHECK
+  if (decCheckOperands(res, lhs, rhs, set)) return res;
+  #endif
+
+  do {				   /* protect allocated storage */
+    #if DECSUBSET
+    if (!set->extended) {
+      /* reduce operands and set lostDigits status, as needed */
+      if (lhs->digits>reqdigits) {
+	alloclhs=decRoundOperand(lhs, set, status);
+	if (alloclhs==NULL) break;
+	lhs=alloclhs;
+	}
+      if (rhs->digits>reqdigits) {
+	allocrhs=decRoundOperand(rhs, set, status);
+	if (allocrhs==NULL) break;
+	rhs=allocrhs;
+	}
+      }
+    #endif
+    /* [following code does not require input rounding] */
+
+    /* note whether signs differ [used all paths] */
+    diffsign=(Flag)((lhs->bits^rhs->bits^negate)&DECNEG);
+
+    /* handle infinities and NaNs */
+    if (SPECIALARGS) {			/* a special bit set */
+      if (SPECIALARGS & (DECSNAN | DECNAN))  /* a NaN */
+	decNaNs(res, lhs, rhs, set, status);
+       else { /* one or two infinities */
+	if (decNumberIsInfinite(lhs)) { /* LHS is infinity */
+	  /* two infinities with different signs is invalid */
+	  if (decNumberIsInfinite(rhs) && diffsign) {
+	    *status|=DEC_Invalid_operation;
+	    break;
+	    }
+	  bits=lhs->bits & DECNEG;	/* get sign from LHS */
+	  }
+	 else bits=(rhs->bits^negate) & DECNEG;/* RHS must be Infinity */
+	bits|=DECINF;
+	decNumberZero(res);
+	res->bits=bits;			/* set +/- infinity */
+	} /* an infinity */
+      break;
+      }
 
-  do
-    {				/* protect allocated storage */
-#if DECSUBSET
-      if (!set->extended)
-	{
-	  /* reduce operands and set lostDigits status, as needed */
-	  if (lhs->digits > reqdigits)
-	    {
-	      alloclhs = decRoundOperand (lhs, set, status);
-	      if (alloclhs == NULL)
-		break;
-	      lhs = alloclhs;
-	      alloced = 1;
+    /* Quick exit for add 0s; return the non-0, modified as need be */
+    if (ISZERO(lhs)) {
+      Int adjust;			/* work */
+      Int lexp=lhs->exponent;		/* save in case LHS==RES */
+      bits=lhs->bits;			/* .. */
+      residue=0;			/* clear accumulator */
+      decCopyFit(res, rhs, set, &residue, status); /* copy (as needed) */
+      res->bits^=negate;		/* flip if rhs was negated */
+      #if DECSUBSET
+      if (set->extended) {		/* exponents on zeros count */
+      #endif
+	/* exponent will be the lower of the two */
+	adjust=lexp-res->exponent;	/* adjustment needed [if -ve] */
+	if (ISZERO(res)) {		/* both 0: special IEEE 854 rules */
+	  if (adjust<0) res->exponent=lexp;  /* set exponent */
+	  /* 0-0 gives +0 unless rounding to -infinity, and -0-0 gives -0 */
+	  if (diffsign) {
+	    if (set->round!=DEC_ROUND_FLOOR) res->bits=0;
+	     else res->bits=DECNEG;	/* preserve 0 sign */
+	    }
+	  }
+	 else { /* non-0 res */
+	  if (adjust<0) {     /* 0-padding needed */
+	    if ((res->digits-adjust)>set->digits) {
+	      adjust=res->digits-set->digits;	  /* to fit exactly */
+	      *status|=DEC_Rounded;		  /* [but exact] */
+	      }
+	    res->digits=decShiftToMost(res->lsu, res->digits, -adjust);
+	    res->exponent+=adjust;		  /* set the exponent. */
 	    }
-	  if (rhs->digits > reqdigits)
-	    {
-	      allocrhs = decRoundOperand (rhs, set, status);
-	      if (allocrhs == NULL)
-		break;
-	      rhs = allocrhs;
-	      alloced = 1;
+	  } /* non-0 res */
+      #if DECSUBSET
+	} /* extended */
+      #endif
+      decFinish(res, set, &residue, status);	  /* clean and finalize */
+      break;}
+
+    if (ISZERO(rhs)) {			/* [lhs is non-zero] */
+      Int adjust;			/* work */
+      Int rexp=rhs->exponent;		/* save in case RHS==RES */
+      bits=rhs->bits;			/* be clean */
+      residue=0;			/* clear accumulator */
+      decCopyFit(res, lhs, set, &residue, status); /* copy (as needed) */
+      #if DECSUBSET
+      if (set->extended) {		/* exponents on zeros count */
+      #endif
+	/* exponent will be the lower of the two */
+	/* [0-0 case handled above] */
+	adjust=rexp-res->exponent;	/* adjustment needed [if -ve] */
+	if (adjust<0) {	    /* 0-padding needed */
+	  if ((res->digits-adjust)>set->digits) {
+	    adjust=res->digits-set->digits;	/* to fit exactly */
+	    *status|=DEC_Rounded;		/* [but exact] */
 	    }
-	}
-#endif
-      /* [following code does not require input rounding] */
-
-      /* note whether signs differ */
-      diffsign = (Flag) ((lhs->bits ^ rhs->bits ^ negate) & DECNEG);
-
-      /* handle infinities and NaNs */
-      merged = (lhs->bits | rhs->bits) & DECSPECIAL;
-      if (merged)
-	{			/* a special bit set */
-	  if (merged & (DECSNAN | DECNAN))	/* a NaN */
-	    decNaNs (res, lhs, rhs, status);
-	  else
-	    {			/* one or two infinities */
-	      if (decNumberIsInfinite (lhs))
-		{		/* LHS is infinity */
-		  /* two infinities with different signs is invalid */
-		  if (decNumberIsInfinite (rhs) && diffsign)
-		    {
-		      *status |= DEC_Invalid_operation;
-		      break;
-		    }
-		  bits = lhs->bits & DECNEG;	/* get sign from LHS */
-		}
-	      else
-		bits = (rhs->bits ^ negate) & DECNEG;	/* RHS must be Infinity */
-	      bits |= DECINF;
-	      decNumberZero (res);
-	      res->bits = bits;	/* set +/- infinity */
-	    }			/* an infinity */
+	  res->digits=decShiftToMost(res->lsu, res->digits, -adjust);
+	  res->exponent+=adjust;		/* set the exponent. */
+	  }
+      #if DECSUBSET
+	} /* extended */
+      #endif
+      decFinish(res, set, &residue, status);	  /* clean and finalize */
+      break;}
+
+    /* [NB: both fastpath and mainpath code below assume these cases */
+    /* (notably 0-0) have already been handled] */
+
+    /* calculate the padding needed to align the operands */
+    padding=rhs->exponent-lhs->exponent;
+
+    /* Fastpath cases where the numbers are aligned and normal, the RHS */
+    /* is all in one unit, no operand rounding is needed, and no carry, */
+    /* lengthening, or borrow is needed */
+    if (padding==0
+	&& rhs->digits<=DECDPUN
+	&& rhs->exponent>=set->emin	/* [some normals drop through] */
+	&& rhs->exponent<=set->emax-set->digits+1 /* [could clamp] */
+	&& rhs->digits<=reqdigits
+	&& lhs->digits<=reqdigits) {
+      Int partial=*lhs->lsu;
+      if (!diffsign) {			/* adding */
+	partial+=*rhs->lsu;
+	if ((partial<=DECDPUNMAX)	/* result fits in unit */
+	 && (lhs->digits>=DECDPUN ||	/* .. and no digits-count change */
+	     partial<(Int)powers[lhs->digits])) { /* .. */
+	  if (res!=lhs) decNumberCopy(res, lhs);  /* not in place */
+	  *res->lsu=(Unit)partial;	/* [copy could have overwritten RHS] */
 	  break;
+	  }
+	/* else drop out for careful add */
 	}
-
-      /* Quick exit for add 0s; return the non-0, modified as need be */
-      if (ISZERO (lhs))
-	{
-	  Int adjust;		/* work */
-	  Int lexp = lhs->exponent;	/* save in case LHS==RES */
-	  bits = lhs->bits;	/* .. */
-	  residue = 0;		/* clear accumulator */
-	  decCopyFit (res, rhs, set, &residue, status);	/* copy (as needed) */
-	  res->bits ^= negate;	/* flip if rhs was negated */
-#if DECSUBSET
-	  if (set->extended)
-	    {			/* exponents on zeros count */
-#endif
-	      /* exponent will be the lower of the two */
-	      adjust = lexp - res->exponent;	/* adjustment needed [if -ve] */
-	      if (ISZERO (res))
-		{		/* both 0: special IEEE 854 rules */
-		  if (adjust < 0)
-		    res->exponent = lexp;	/* set exponent */
-		  /* 0-0 gives +0 unless rounding to -infinity, and -0-0 gives -0 */
-		  if (diffsign)
-		    {
-		      if (set->round != DEC_ROUND_FLOOR)
-			res->bits = 0;
-		      else
-			res->bits = DECNEG;	/* preserve 0 sign */
-		    }
-		}
-	      else
-		{		/* non-0 res */
-		  if (adjust < 0)
-		    {		/* 0-padding needed */
-		      if ((res->digits - adjust) > set->digits)
-			{
-			  adjust = res->digits - set->digits;	/* to fit exactly */
-			  *status |= DEC_Rounded;	/* [but exact] */
-			}
-		      res->digits =
-			decShiftToMost (res->lsu, res->digits, -adjust);
-		      res->exponent += adjust;	/* set the exponent. */
-		    }
-		}		/* non-0 res */
-#if DECSUBSET
-	    }			/* extended */
-#endif
-	  decFinish (res, set, &residue, status);	/* clean and finalize */
+       else {				/* signs differ */
+	partial-=*rhs->lsu;
+	if (partial>0) { /* no borrow needed, and non-0 result */
+	  if (res!=lhs) decNumberCopy(res, lhs);  /* not in place */
+	  *res->lsu=(Unit)partial;
+	  /* this could have reduced digits [but result>0] */
+	  res->digits=decGetDigits(res->lsu, D2U(res->digits));
 	  break;
+	  }
+	/* else drop out for careful subtract */
 	}
+      }
 
-      if (ISZERO (rhs))
-	{			/* [lhs is non-zero] */
-	  Int adjust;		/* work */
-	  Int rexp = rhs->exponent;	/* save in case RHS==RES */
-	  bits = rhs->bits;	/* be clean */
-	  residue = 0;		/* clear accumulator */
-	  decCopyFit (res, lhs, set, &residue, status);	/* copy (as needed) */
-#if DECSUBSET
-	  if (set->extended)
-	    {			/* exponents on zeros count */
-#endif
-	      /* exponent will be the lower of the two */
-	      /* [0-0 case handled above] */
-	      adjust = rexp - res->exponent;	/* adjustment needed [if -ve] */
-	      if (adjust < 0)
-		{		/* 0-padding needed */
-		  if ((res->digits - adjust) > set->digits)
-		    {
-		      adjust = res->digits - set->digits;	/* to fit exactly */
-		      *status |= DEC_Rounded;	/* [but exact] */
-		    }
-		  res->digits =
-		    decShiftToMost (res->lsu, res->digits, -adjust);
-		  res->exponent += adjust;	/* set the exponent. */
-		}
-#if DECSUBSET
-	    }			/* extended */
-#endif
-	  decFinish (res, set, &residue, status);	/* clean and finalize */
-	  break;
-	}
-      /* [both fastpath and mainpath code below assume these cases */
-      /* (notably 0-0) have already been handled] */
-
-      /* calculate the padding needed to align the operands */
-      padding = rhs->exponent - lhs->exponent;
-
-      /* Fastpath cases where the numbers are aligned and normal, the RHS */
-      /* is all in one unit, no operand rounding is needed, and no carry, */
-      /* lengthening, or borrow is needed */
-      if (rhs->digits <= DECDPUN && padding == 0 && rhs->exponent >= set->emin	/* [some normals drop through] */
-	  && rhs->digits <= reqdigits && lhs->digits <= reqdigits)
-	{
-	  Int partial = *lhs->lsu;
-	  if (!diffsign)
-	    {			/* adding */
-	      Int maxv = DECDPUNMAX;	/* highest no-overflow */
-	      if (lhs->digits < DECDPUN)
-		maxv = powers[lhs->digits] - 1;
-	      partial += *rhs->lsu;
-	      if (partial <= maxv)
-		{		/* no carry */
-		  if (res != lhs)
-		    decNumberCopy (res, lhs);	/* not in place */
-		  *res->lsu = (Unit) partial;	/* [copy could have overwritten RHS] */
-		  break;
-		}
-	      /* else drop out for careful add */
-	    }
-	  else
-	    {			/* signs differ */
-	      partial -= *rhs->lsu;
-	      if (partial > 0)
-		{		/* no borrow needed, and non-0 result */
-		  if (res != lhs)
-		    decNumberCopy (res, lhs);	/* not in place */
-		  *res->lsu = (Unit) partial;
-		  /* this could have reduced digits [but result>0] */
-		  res->digits = decGetDigits (res->lsu, D2U (res->digits));
-		  break;
-		}
-	      /* else drop out for careful subtract */
-	    }
+    /* Now align (pad) the lhs or rhs so they can be added or */
+    /* subtracted, as necessary.  If one number is much larger than */
+    /* the other (that is, if in plain form there is a least one */
+    /* digit between the lowest digit of one and the highest of the */
+    /* other) padding with up to DIGITS-1 trailing zeros may be */
+    /* needed; then apply rounding (as exotic rounding modes may be */
+    /* affected by the residue). */
+    rhsshift=0;		      /* rhs shift to left (padding) in Units */
+    bits=lhs->bits;	      /* assume sign is that of LHS */
+    mult=1;		      /* likely multiplier */
+
+    /* [if padding==0 the operands are aligned; no padding is needed] */
+    if (padding!=0) {
+      /* some padding needed; always pad the RHS, as any required */
+      /* padding can then be effected by a simple combination of */
+      /* shifts and a multiply */
+      Flag swapped=0;
+      if (padding<0) {			/* LHS needs the padding */
+	const decNumber *t;
+	padding=-padding;		/* will be +ve */
+	bits=(uByte)(rhs->bits^negate); /* assumed sign is now that of RHS */
+	t=lhs; lhs=rhs; rhs=t;
+	swapped=1;
 	}
 
-      /* Now align (pad) the lhs or rhs so we can add or subtract them, as
-         necessary.  If one number is much larger than the other (that is,
-         if in plain form there is a least one digit between the lowest
-         digit or one and the highest of the other) we need to pad with up
-         to DIGITS-1 trailing zeros, and then apply rounding (as exotic
-         rounding modes may be affected by the residue).
-       */
-      rhsshift = 0;		/* rhs shift to left (padding) in Units */
-      bits = lhs->bits;		/* assume sign is that of LHS */
-      mult = 1;			/* likely multiplier */
-
-      /* if padding==0 the operands are aligned; no padding needed */
-      if (padding != 0)
-	{
-	  /* some padding needed */
-	  /* We always pad the RHS, as we can then effect any required */
-	  /* padding by a combination of shifts and a multiply */
-	  Flag swapped = 0;
-	  if (padding < 0)
-	    {			/* LHS needs the padding */
-	      const decNumber *t;
-	      padding = -padding;	/* will be +ve */
-	      bits = (uByte) (rhs->bits ^ negate);	/* assumed sign is now that of RHS */
-	      t = lhs;
-	      lhs = rhs;
-	      rhs = t;
-	      swapped = 1;
-	    }
-
-	  /* If, after pad, rhs would be longer than lhs by digits+1 or */
-	  /* more then lhs cannot affect the answer, except as a residue, */
-	  /* so we only need to pad up to a length of DIGITS+1. */
-	  if (rhs->digits + padding > lhs->digits + reqdigits + 1)
-	    {
-	      /* The RHS is sufficient */
-	      /* for residue we use the relative sign indication... */
-	      Int shift = reqdigits - rhs->digits;	/* left shift needed */
-	      residue = 1;	/* residue for rounding */
-	      if (diffsign)
-		residue = -residue;	/* signs differ */
-	      /* copy, shortening if necessary */
-	      decCopyFit (res, rhs, set, &residue, status);
-	      /* if it was already shorter, then need to pad with zeros */
-	      if (shift > 0)
-		{
-		  res->digits = decShiftToMost (res->lsu, res->digits, shift);
-		  res->exponent -= shift;	/* adjust the exponent. */
-		}
-	      /* flip the result sign if unswapped and rhs was negated */
-	      if (!swapped)
-		res->bits ^= negate;
-	      decFinish (res, set, &residue, status);	/* done */
-	      break;
-	    }
-
-	  /* LHS digits may affect result */
-	  rhsshift = D2U (padding + 1) - 1;	/* this much by Unit shift .. */
-	  mult = powers[padding - (rhsshift * DECDPUN)];	/* .. this by multiplication */
-	}			/* padding needed */
-
-      if (diffsign)
-	mult = -mult;		/* signs differ */
-
-      /* determine the longer operand */
-      maxdigits = rhs->digits + padding;	/* virtual length of RHS */
-      if (lhs->digits > maxdigits)
-	maxdigits = lhs->digits;
-
-      /* Decide on the result buffer to use; if possible place directly */
-      /* into result. */
-      acc = res->lsu;		/* assume build direct */
-      /* If destructive overlap, or the number is too long, or a carry or */
-      /* borrow to DIGITS+1 might be possible we must use a buffer. */
-      /* [Might be worth more sophisticated tests when maxdigits==reqdigits] */
-      if ((maxdigits >= reqdigits)	/* is, or could be, too large */
-	  || (res == rhs && rhsshift > 0))
-	{			/* destructive overlap */
-	  /* buffer needed; choose it */
-	  /* we'll need units for maxdigits digits, +1 Unit for carry or borrow */
-	  Int need = D2U (maxdigits) + 1;
-	  acc = accbuff;	/* assume use local buffer */
-	  if (need * sizeof (Unit) > sizeof (accbuff))
-	    {
-	      allocacc = (Unit *) malloc (need * sizeof (Unit));
-	      if (allocacc == NULL)
-		{		/* hopeless -- abandon */
-		  *status |= DEC_Insufficient_storage;
-		  break;
-		}
-	      acc = allocacc;
-	      alloced = 1;
-	    }
+      /* If, after pad, rhs would be longer than lhs by digits+1 or */
+      /* more then lhs cannot affect the answer, except as a residue, */
+      /* so only need to pad up to a length of DIGITS+1. */
+      if (rhs->digits+padding > lhs->digits+reqdigits+1) {
+	/* The RHS is sufficient */
+	/* for residue use the relative sign indication... */
+	Int shift=reqdigits-rhs->digits;     /* left shift needed */
+	residue=1;			     /* residue for rounding */
+	if (diffsign) residue=-residue;	     /* signs differ */
+	/* copy, shortening if necessary */
+	decCopyFit(res, rhs, set, &residue, status);
+	/* if it was already shorter, then need to pad with zeros */
+	if (shift>0) {
+	  res->digits=decShiftToMost(res->lsu, res->digits, shift);
+	  res->exponent-=shift;		     /* adjust the exponent. */
+	  }
+	/* flip the result sign if unswapped and rhs was negated */
+	if (!swapped) res->bits^=negate;
+	decFinish(res, set, &residue, status);	  /* done */
+	break;}
+
+      /* LHS digits may affect result */
+      rhsshift=D2U(padding+1)-1;	/* this much by Unit shift .. */
+      mult=powers[padding-(rhsshift*DECDPUN)]; /* .. this by multiplication */
+      } /* padding needed */
+
+    if (diffsign) mult=-mult;		/* signs differ */
+
+    /* determine the longer operand */
+    maxdigits=rhs->digits+padding;	/* virtual length of RHS */
+    if (lhs->digits>maxdigits) maxdigits=lhs->digits;
+
+    /* Decide on the result buffer to use; if possible place directly */
+    /* into result. */
+    acc=res->lsu;			/* assume add direct to result */
+    /* If destructive overlap, or the number is too long, or a carry or */
+    /* borrow to DIGITS+1 might be possible, a buffer must be used. */
+    /* [Might be worth more sophisticated tests when maxdigits==reqdigits] */
+    if ((maxdigits>=reqdigits)		/* is, or could be, too large */
+     || (res==rhs && rhsshift>0)) {	/* destructive overlap */
+      /* buffer needed, choose it; units for maxdigits digits will be */
+      /* needed, +1 Unit for carry or borrow */
+      Int need=D2U(maxdigits)+1;
+      acc=accbuff;			/* assume use local buffer */
+      if (need*sizeof(Unit)>sizeof(accbuff)) {
+	/* printf("malloc add %ld %ld\n", need, sizeof(accbuff)); */
+	allocacc=(Unit *)malloc(need*sizeof(Unit));
+	if (allocacc==NULL) {		/* hopeless -- abandon */
+	  *status|=DEC_Insufficient_storage;
+	  break;}
+	acc=allocacc;
 	}
+      }
 
-      res->bits = (uByte) (bits & DECNEG);	/* it's now safe to overwrite.. */
-      res->exponent = lhs->exponent;	/* .. operands (even if aliased) */
-
-#if DECTRACE
-      decDumpAr ('A', lhs->lsu, D2U (lhs->digits));
-      decDumpAr ('B', rhs->lsu, D2U (rhs->digits));
-      printf ("  :h: %d %d\n", rhsshift, mult);
-#endif
-
-      /* add [A+B*m] or subtract [A+B*(-m)] */
-      res->digits = decUnitAddSub (lhs->lsu, D2U (lhs->digits), rhs->lsu, D2U (rhs->digits), rhsshift, acc, mult) * DECDPUN;	/* [units -> digits] */
-      if (res->digits < 0)
-	{			/* we borrowed */
-	  res->digits = -res->digits;
-	  res->bits ^= DECNEG;	/* flip the sign */
+    res->bits=(uByte)(bits&DECNEG);	/* it's now safe to overwrite.. */
+    res->exponent=lhs->exponent;	/* .. operands (even if aliased) */
+
+    #if DECTRACE
+      decDumpAr('A', lhs->lsu, D2U(lhs->digits));
+      decDumpAr('B', rhs->lsu, D2U(rhs->digits));
+      printf("	:h: %ld %ld\n", rhsshift, mult);
+    #endif
+
+    /* add [A+B*m] or subtract [A+B*(-m)] */
+    res->digits=decUnitAddSub(lhs->lsu, D2U(lhs->digits),
+			      rhs->lsu, D2U(rhs->digits),
+			      rhsshift, acc, mult)
+	       *DECDPUN;	   /* [units -> digits] */
+    if (res->digits<0) {	   /* borrowed... */
+      res->digits=-res->digits;
+      res->bits^=DECNEG;	   /* flip the sign */
+      }
+    #if DECTRACE
+      decDumpAr('+', acc, D2U(res->digits));
+    #endif
+
+    /* If a buffer was used the result must be copied back, possibly */
+    /* shortening.  (If no buffer was used then the result must have */
+    /* fit, so can't need rounding and residue must be 0.) */
+    residue=0;			   /* clear accumulator */
+    if (acc!=res->lsu) {
+      #if DECSUBSET
+      if (set->extended) {	   /* round from first significant digit */
+      #endif
+	/* remove leading zeros that were added due to rounding up to */
+	/* integral Units -- before the test for rounding. */
+	if (res->digits>reqdigits)
+	  res->digits=decGetDigits(acc, D2U(res->digits));
+	decSetCoeff(res, set, acc, res->digits, &residue, status);
+      #if DECSUBSET
 	}
-#if DECTRACE
-      decDumpAr ('+', acc, D2U (res->digits));
-#endif
-
-      /* If we used a buffer we need to copy back, possibly shortening */
-      /* (If we didn't use buffer it must have fit, so can't need rounding */
-      /* and residue must be 0.) */
-      residue = 0;		/* clear accumulator */
-      if (acc != res->lsu)
-	{
-#if DECSUBSET
-	  if (set->extended)
-	    {			/* round from first significant digit */
-#endif
-	      /* remove leading zeros that we added due to rounding up to */
-	      /* integral Units -- before the test for rounding. */
-	      if (res->digits > reqdigits)
-		res->digits = decGetDigits (acc, D2U (res->digits));
-	      decSetCoeff (res, set, acc, res->digits, &residue, status);
-#if DECSUBSET
+       else { /* subset arithmetic rounds from original significant digit */
+	/* May have an underestimate.  This only occurs when both */
+	/* numbers fit in DECDPUN digits and are padding with a */
+	/* negative multiple (-10, -100...) and the top digit(s) become */
+	/* 0.  (This only matters when using X3.274 rules where the */
+	/* leading zero could be included in the rounding.) */
+	if (res->digits<maxdigits) {
+	  *(acc+D2U(res->digits))=0; /* ensure leading 0 is there */
+	  res->digits=maxdigits;
+	  }
+	 else {
+	  /* remove leading zeros that added due to rounding up to */
+	  /* integral Units (but only those in excess of the original */
+	  /* maxdigits length, unless extended) before test for rounding. */
+	  if (res->digits>reqdigits) {
+	    res->digits=decGetDigits(acc, D2U(res->digits));
+	    if (res->digits<maxdigits) res->digits=maxdigits;
 	    }
-	  else
-	    {			/* subset arithmetic rounds from original significant digit */
-	      /* We may have an underestimate.  This only occurs when both */
-	      /* numbers fit in DECDPUN digits and we are padding with a */
-	      /* negative multiple (-10, -100...) and the top digit(s) become */
-	      /* 0.  (This only matters if we are using X3.274 rules where the */
-	      /* leading zero could be included in the rounding.) */
-	      if (res->digits < maxdigits)
-		{
-		  *(acc + D2U (res->digits)) = 0;	/* ensure leading 0 is there */
-		  res->digits = maxdigits;
-		}
-	      else
-		{
-		  /* remove leading zeros that we added due to rounding up to */
-		  /* integral Units (but only those in excess of the original */
-		  /* maxdigits length, unless extended) before test for rounding. */
-		  if (res->digits > reqdigits)
-		    {
-		      res->digits = decGetDigits (acc, D2U (res->digits));
-		      if (res->digits < maxdigits)
-			res->digits = maxdigits;
-		    }
-		}
-	      decSetCoeff (res, set, acc, res->digits, &residue, status);
-	      /* Now apply rounding if needed before removing leading zeros. */
-	      /* This is safe because subnormals are not a possibility */
-	      if (residue != 0)
-		{
-		  decApplyRound (res, set, residue, status);
-		  residue = 0;	/* we did what we had to do */
-		}
-	    }			/* subset */
-#endif
-	}			/* used buffer */
-
-      /* strip leading zeros [these were left on in case of subset subtract] */
-      res->digits = decGetDigits (res->lsu, D2U (res->digits));
-
-      /* apply checks and rounding */
-      decFinish (res, set, &residue, status);
+	  }
+	decSetCoeff(res, set, acc, res->digits, &residue, status);
+	/* Now apply rounding if needed before removing leading zeros. */
+	/* This is safe because subnormals are not a possibility */
+	if (residue!=0) {
+	  decApplyRound(res, set, residue, status);
+	  residue=0;		     /* did what needed to be done */
+	  }
+	} /* subset */
+      #endif
+      } /* used buffer */
+
+    /* strip leading zeros [these were left on in case of subset subtract] */
+    res->digits=decGetDigits(res->lsu, D2U(res->digits));
+
+    /* apply checks and rounding */
+    decFinish(res, set, &residue, status);
+
+    /* "When the sum of two operands with opposite signs is exactly */
+    /* zero, the sign of that sum shall be '+' in all rounding modes */
+    /* except round toward -Infinity, in which mode that sign shall be */
+    /* '-'."  [Subset zeros also never have '-', set by decFinish.] */
+    if (ISZERO(res) && diffsign
+     #if DECSUBSET
+     && set->extended
+     #endif
+     && (*status&DEC_Inexact)==0) {
+      if (set->round==DEC_ROUND_FLOOR) res->bits|=DECNEG;   /* sign - */
+				  else res->bits&=~DECNEG;  /* sign + */
+      }
+    } while(0);				     /* end protected */
 
-      /* "When the sum of two operands with opposite signs is exactly */
-      /* zero, the sign of that sum shall be '+' in all rounding modes */
-      /* except round toward -Infinity, in which mode that sign shall be */
-      /* '-'."  [Subset zeros also never have '-', set by decFinish.] */
-      if (ISZERO (res) && diffsign
-#if DECSUBSET
-	  && set->extended
-#endif
-	  && (*status & DEC_Inexact) == 0)
-	{
-	  if (set->round == DEC_ROUND_FLOOR)
-	    res->bits |= DECNEG;	/* sign - */
-	  else
-	    res->bits &= ~DECNEG;	/* sign + */
-	}
-    }
-  while (0);			/* end protected */
-
-  if (alloced)
-    {
-      if (allocacc != NULL)
-	free (allocacc);	/* drop any storage we used */
-      if (allocrhs != NULL)
-	free (allocrhs);	/* .. */
-      if (alloclhs != NULL)
-	free (alloclhs);	/* .. */
-    }
+  if (allocacc!=NULL) free(allocacc);	     /* drop any storage used */
+  #if DECSUBSET
+  if (allocrhs!=NULL) free(allocrhs);	     /* .. */
+  if (alloclhs!=NULL) free(alloclhs);	     /* .. */
+  #endif
   return res;
-}
+  } /* decAddOp */
 
 /* ------------------------------------------------------------------ */
-/* decDivideOp -- division operation                                  */
-/*                                                                    */
+/* decDivideOp -- division operation				      */
+/*								      */
 /*  This routine performs the calculations for all four division      */
 /*  operators (divide, divideInteger, remainder, remainderNear).      */
-/*                                                                    */
-/*  C=A op B                                                          */
-/*                                                                    */
-/*   res is C, the result.  C may be A and/or B (e.g., X=X/X)         */
-/*   lhs is A                                                         */
-/*   rhs is B                                                         */
-/*   set is the context                                               */
-/*   op  is DIVIDE, DIVIDEINT, REMAINDER, or REMNEAR respectively.    */
-/*   status is the usual accumulator                                  */
-/*                                                                    */
-/* C must have space for set->digits digits.                          */
-/*                                                                    */
+/*								      */
+/*  C=A op B							      */
+/*								      */
+/*   res is C, the result.  C may be A and/or B (e.g., X=X/X)	      */
+/*   lhs is A							      */
+/*   rhs is B							      */
+/*   set is the context						      */
+/*   op	 is DIVIDE, DIVIDEINT, REMAINDER, or REMNEAR respectively.    */
+/*   status is the usual accumulator				      */
+/*								      */
+/* C must have space for set->digits digits.			      */
+/*								      */
 /* ------------------------------------------------------------------ */
 /*   The underlying algorithm of this routine is the same as in the   */
 /*   1981 S/370 implementation, that is, non-restoring long division  */
 /*   with bi-unit (rather than bi-digit) estimation for each unit     */
 /*   multiplier.  In this pseudocode overview, complications for the  */
 /*   Remainder operators and division residues for exact rounding are */
-/*   omitted for clarity.                                             */
-/*                                                                    */
-/*     Prepare operands and handle special values                     */
-/*     Test for x/0 and then 0/x                                      */
-/*     Exp =Exp1 - Exp2                                               */
-/*     Exp =Exp +len(var1) -len(var2)                                 */
-/*     Sign=Sign1 * Sign2                                             */
-/*     Pad accumulator (Var1) to double-length with 0's (pad1)        */
-/*     Pad Var2 to same length as Var1                                */
+/*   omitted for clarity.					      */
+/*								      */
+/*     Prepare operands and handle special values		      */
+/*     Test for x/0 and then 0/x				      */
+/*     Exp =Exp1 - Exp2						      */
+/*     Exp =Exp +len(var1) -len(var2)				      */
+/*     Sign=Sign1 * Sign2					      */
+/*     Pad accumulator (Var1) to double-length with 0's (pad1)	      */
+/*     Pad Var2 to same length as Var1				      */
 /*     msu2pair/plus=1st 2 or 1 units of var2, +1 to allow for round  */
-/*     have=0                                                         */
-/*     Do until (have=digits+1 OR residue=0)                          */
-/*       if exp<0 then if integer divide/residue then leave           */
-/*       this_unit=0                                                  */
-/*       Do forever                                                   */
-/*          compare numbers                                           */
-/*          if <0 then leave inner_loop                               */
-/*          if =0 then (* quick exit without subtract *) do           */
-/*             this_unit=this_unit+1; output this_unit                */
-/*             leave outer_loop; end                                  */
-/*          Compare lengths of numbers (mantissae):                   */
-/*          If same then tops2=msu2pair -- {units 1&2 of var2}        */
-/*                  else tops2=msu2plus -- {0, unit 1 of var2}        */
-/*          tops1=first_unit_of_Var1*10**DECDPUN +second_unit_of_var1 */
-/*          mult=tops1/tops2  -- Good and safe guess at divisor       */
-/*          if mult=0 then mult=1                                     */
-/*          this_unit=this_unit+mult                                  */
-/*          subtract                                                  */
-/*          end inner_loop                                            */
-/*        if have\=0 | this_unit\=0 then do                           */
-/*          output this_unit                                          */
-/*          have=have+1; end                                          */
-/*        var2=var2/10                                                */
-/*        exp=exp-1                                                   */
-/*        end outer_loop                                              */
-/*     exp=exp+1   -- set the proper exponent                         */
-/*     if have=0 then generate answer=0                               */
-/*     Return (Result is defined by Var1)                             */
-/*                                                                    */
-/* ------------------------------------------------------------------ */
-/* We need two working buffers during the long division; one (digits+ */
+/*     have=0							      */
+/*     Do until (have=digits+1 OR residue=0)			      */
+/*	 if exp<0 then if integer divide/residue then leave	      */
+/*	 this_unit=0						      */
+/*	 Do forever						      */
+/*	    compare numbers					      */
+/*	    if <0 then leave inner_loop				      */
+/*	    if =0 then (* quick exit without subtract *) do	      */
+/*	       this_unit=this_unit+1; output this_unit		      */
+/*	       leave outer_loop; end				      */
+/*	    Compare lengths of numbers (mantissae):		      */
+/*	    If same then tops2=msu2pair -- {units 1&2 of var2}	      */
+/*		    else tops2=msu2plus -- {0, unit 1 of var2}	      */
+/*	    tops1=first_unit_of_Var1*10**DECDPUN +second_unit_of_var1 */
+/*	    mult=tops1/tops2  -- Good and safe guess at divisor	      */
+/*	    if mult=0 then mult=1				      */
+/*	    this_unit=this_unit+mult				      */
+/*	    subtract						      */
+/*	    end inner_loop					      */
+/*	  if have\=0 | this_unit\=0 then do			      */
+/*	    output this_unit					      */
+/*	    have=have+1; end					      */
+/*	  var2=var2/10						      */
+/*	  exp=exp-1						      */
+/*	  end outer_loop					      */
+/*     exp=exp+1   -- set the proper exponent			      */
+/*     if have=0 then generate answer=0				      */
+/*     Return (Result is defined by Var1)			      */
+/*								      */
+/* ------------------------------------------------------------------ */
+/* Two working buffers are needed during the division; one (digits+   */
 /* 1) to accumulate the result, and the other (up to 2*digits+1) for  */
-/* long subtractions.  These are acc and var1 respectively.           */
+/* long subtractions.  These are acc and var1 respectively.	      */
 /* var1 is a copy of the lhs coefficient, var2 is the rhs coefficient.*/
-/* ------------------------------------------------------------------ */
-static decNumber *
-decDivideOp (decNumber * res,
-	     const decNumber * lhs, const decNumber * rhs,
-	     decContext * set, Flag op, uInt * status)
-{
-  decNumber *alloclhs = NULL;	/* non-NULL if rounded lhs allocated */
-  decNumber *allocrhs = NULL;	/* .., rhs */
-  Unit accbuff[D2U (DECBUFFER + DECDPUN)];	/* local buffer */
-  Unit *acc = accbuff;		/* -> accumulator array for result */
-  Unit *allocacc = NULL;	/* -> allocated buffer, iff allocated */
-  Unit *accnext;		/* -> where next digit will go */
-  Int acclength;		/* length of acc needed [Units] */
-  Int accunits;			/* count of units accumulated */
-  Int accdigits;		/* count of digits accumulated */
-
-  Unit varbuff[D2U (DECBUFFER * 2 + DECDPUN) * sizeof (Unit)];	/* buffer for var1 */
-  Unit *var1 = varbuff;		/* -> var1 array for long subtraction */
-  Unit *varalloc = NULL;	/* -> allocated buffer, iff used */
-
-  const Unit *var2;		/* -> var2 array */
-
-  Int var1units, var2units;	/* actual lengths */
-  Int var2ulen;			/* logical length (units) */
-  Int var1initpad = 0;		/* var1 initial padding (digits) */
-  Unit *msu1;			/* -> msu of each var */
-  const Unit *msu2;		/* -> msu of each var */
-  Int msu2plus;			/* msu2 plus one [does not vary] */
-  eInt msu2pair;		/* msu2 pair plus one [does not vary] */
-  Int maxdigits;		/* longest LHS or required acc length */
-  Int mult;			/* multiplier for subtraction */
-  Unit thisunit;		/* current unit being accumulated */
-  Int residue;			/* for rounding */
-  Int reqdigits = set->digits;	/* requested DIGITS */
-  Int exponent;			/* working exponent */
-  Int maxexponent = 0;		/* DIVIDE maximum exponent if unrounded */
-  uByte bits;			/* working sign */
-  uByte merged;			/* merged flags */
-  Unit *target;			/* work */
-  const Unit *source;		/* work */
-  uInt const *pow;		/* .. */
-  Int shift, cut;		/* .. */
-#if DECSUBSET
-  Int dropped;			/* work */
-#endif
+/* The static buffers may be larger than might be expected to allow   */
+/* for calls from higher-level funtions (notable exp).		      */
+/* ------------------------------------------------------------------ */
+static decNumber * decDivideOp(decNumber *res,
+			       const decNumber *lhs, const decNumber *rhs,
+			       decContext *set, Flag op, uInt *status) {
+  #if DECSUBSET
+  decNumber *alloclhs=NULL;	   /* non-NULL if rounded lhs allocated */
+  decNumber *allocrhs=NULL;	   /* .., rhs */
+  #endif
+  Unit	accbuff[SD2U(DECBUFFER+DECDPUN+10)]; /* local buffer */
+  Unit	*acc=accbuff;		   /* -> accumulator array for result */
+  Unit	*allocacc=NULL;		   /* -> allocated buffer, iff allocated */
+  Unit	*accnext;		   /* -> where next digit will go */
+  Int	acclength;		   /* length of acc needed [Units] */
+  Int	accunits;		   /* count of units accumulated */
+  Int	accdigits;		   /* count of digits accumulated */
+
+  Unit	varbuff[SD2U(DECBUFFER*2+DECDPUN)*sizeof(Unit)]; /* buffer for var1 */
+  Unit	*var1=varbuff;		   /* -> var1 array for long subtraction */
+  Unit	*varalloc=NULL;		   /* -> allocated buffer, iff used */
+  Unit	*msu1;			   /* -> msu of var1 */
+
+  const Unit *var2;		   /* -> var2 array */
+  const Unit *msu2;		   /* -> msu of var2 */
+  Int	msu2plus;		   /* msu2 plus one [does not vary] */
+  eInt	msu2pair;		   /* msu2 pair plus one [does not vary] */
+
+  Int	var1units, var2units;	   /* actual lengths */
+  Int	var2ulen;		   /* logical length (units) */
+  Int	var1initpad=0;		   /* var1 initial padding (digits) */
+  Int	maxdigits;		   /* longest LHS or required acc length */
+  Int	mult;			   /* multiplier for subtraction */
+  Unit	thisunit;		   /* current unit being accumulated */
+  Int	residue;		   /* for rounding */
+  Int	reqdigits=set->digits;	   /* requested DIGITS */
+  Int	exponent;		   /* working exponent */
+  Int	maxexponent=0;		   /* DIVIDE maximum exponent if unrounded */
+  uByte bits;			   /* working sign */
+  Unit	*target;		   /* work */
+  const Unit *source;		   /* .. */
+  uInt	const *pow;		   /* .. */
+  Int	shift, cut;		   /* .. */
+  #if DECSUBSET
+  Int	dropped;		   /* work */
+  #endif
+
+  #if DECCHECK
+  if (decCheckOperands(res, lhs, rhs, set)) return res;
+  #endif
+
+  do {				   /* protect allocated storage */
+    #if DECSUBSET
+    if (!set->extended) {
+      /* reduce operands and set lostDigits status, as needed */
+      if (lhs->digits>reqdigits) {
+	alloclhs=decRoundOperand(lhs, set, status);
+	if (alloclhs==NULL) break;
+	lhs=alloclhs;
+	}
+      if (rhs->digits>reqdigits) {
+	allocrhs=decRoundOperand(rhs, set, status);
+	if (allocrhs==NULL) break;
+	rhs=allocrhs;
+	}
+      }
+    #endif
+    /* [following code does not require input rounding] */
 
-#if DECCHECK
-  if (decCheckOperands (res, lhs, rhs, set))
-    return res;
-#endif
+    bits=(lhs->bits^rhs->bits)&DECNEG;	/* assumed sign for divisions */
 
-  do
-    {				/* protect allocated storage */
-#if DECSUBSET
-      if (!set->extended)
-	{
-	  /* reduce operands and set lostDigits status, as needed */
-	  if (lhs->digits > reqdigits)
-	    {
-	      alloclhs = decRoundOperand (lhs, set, status);
-	      if (alloclhs == NULL)
-		break;
-	      lhs = alloclhs;
-	    }
-	  if (rhs->digits > reqdigits)
-	    {
-	      allocrhs = decRoundOperand (rhs, set, status);
-	      if (allocrhs == NULL)
-		break;
-	      rhs = allocrhs;
-	    }
+    /* handle infinities and NaNs */
+    if (SPECIALARGS) {			/* a special bit set */
+      if (SPECIALARGS & (DECSNAN | DECNAN)) { /* one or two NaNs */
+	decNaNs(res, lhs, rhs, set, status);
+	break;
 	}
-#endif
-      /* [following code does not require input rounding] */
-
-      bits = (lhs->bits ^ rhs->bits) & DECNEG;	/* assumed sign for divisions */
-
-      /* handle infinities and NaNs */
-      merged = (lhs->bits | rhs->bits) & DECSPECIAL;
-      if (merged)
-	{			/* a special bit set */
-	  if (merged & (DECSNAN | DECNAN))
-	    {			/* one or two NaNs */
-	      decNaNs (res, lhs, rhs, status);
-	      break;
-	    }
-	  /* one or two infinities */
-	  if (decNumberIsInfinite (lhs))
-	    {			/* LHS (dividend) is infinite */
-	      if (decNumberIsInfinite (rhs) ||	/* two infinities are invalid .. */
-		  op & (REMAINDER | REMNEAR))
-		{		/* as is remainder of infinity */
-		  *status |= DEC_Invalid_operation;
-		  break;
-		}
-	      /* [Note that infinity/0 raises no exceptions] */
-	      decNumberZero (res);
-	      res->bits = bits | DECINF;	/* set +/- infinity */
-	      break;
-	    }
-	  else
-	    {			/* RHS (divisor) is infinite */
-	      residue = 0;
-	      if (op & (REMAINDER | REMNEAR))
-		{
-		  /* result is [finished clone of] lhs */
-		  decCopyFit (res, lhs, set, &residue, status);
-		}
-	      else
-		{		/* a division */
-		  decNumberZero (res);
-		  res->bits = bits;	/* set +/- zero */
-		  /* for DIVIDEINT the exponent is always 0.  For DIVIDE, result */
-		  /* is a 0 with infinitely negative exponent, clamped to minimum */
-		  if (op & DIVIDE)
-		    {
-		      res->exponent = set->emin - set->digits + 1;
-		      *status |= DEC_Clamped;
-		    }
-		}
-	      decFinish (res, set, &residue, status);
-	      break;
-	    }
+      /* one or two infinities */
+      if (decNumberIsInfinite(lhs)) {	/* LHS (dividend) is infinite */
+	if (decNumberIsInfinite(rhs) || /* two infinities are invalid .. */
+	    op & (REMAINDER | REMNEAR)) { /* as is remainder of infinity */
+	  *status|=DEC_Invalid_operation;
+	  break;
+	  }
+	/* [Note that infinity/0 raises no exceptions] */
+	decNumberZero(res);
+	res->bits=bits|DECINF;		/* set +/- infinity */
+	break;
 	}
-
-      /* handle 0 rhs (x/0) */
-      if (ISZERO (rhs))
-	{			/* x/0 is always exceptional */
-	  if (ISZERO (lhs))
-	    {
-	      decNumberZero (res);	/* [after lhs test] */
-	      *status |= DEC_Division_undefined;	/* 0/0 will become NaN */
-	    }
-	  else
-	    {
-	      decNumberZero (res);
-	      if (op & (REMAINDER | REMNEAR))
-		*status |= DEC_Invalid_operation;
-	      else
-		{
-		  *status |= DEC_Division_by_zero;	/* x/0 */
-		  res->bits = bits | DECINF;	/* .. is +/- Infinity */
-		}
+       else {				/* RHS (divisor) is infinite */
+	residue=0;
+	if (op&(REMAINDER|REMNEAR)) {
+	  /* result is [finished clone of] lhs */
+	  decCopyFit(res, lhs, set, &residue, status);
+	  }
+	 else {	 /* a division */
+	  decNumberZero(res);
+	  res->bits=bits;		/* set +/- zero */
+	  /* for DIVIDEINT the exponent is always 0.  For DIVIDE, result */
+	  /* is a 0 with infinitely negative exponent, clamped to minimum */
+	  if (op&DIVIDE) {
+	    res->exponent=set->emin-set->digits+1;
+	    *status|=DEC_Clamped;
 	    }
-	  break;
+	  }
+	decFinish(res, set, &residue, status);
+	break;
 	}
+      }
 
-      /* handle 0 lhs (0/x) */
-      if (ISZERO (lhs))
-	{			/* 0/x [x!=0] */
-#if DECSUBSET
-	  if (!set->extended)
-	    decNumberZero (res);
-	  else
-	    {
-#endif
-	      if (op & DIVIDE)
-		{
-		  residue = 0;
-		  exponent = lhs->exponent - rhs->exponent;	/* ideal exponent */
-		  decNumberCopy (res, lhs);	/* [zeros always fit] */
-		  res->bits = bits;	/* sign as computed */
-		  res->exponent = exponent;	/* exponent, too */
-		  decFinalize (res, set, &residue, status);	/* check exponent */
-		}
-	      else if (op & DIVIDEINT)
-		{
-		  decNumberZero (res);	/* integer 0 */
-		  res->bits = bits;	/* sign as computed */
-		}
-	      else
-		{		/* a remainder */
-		  exponent = rhs->exponent;	/* [save in case overwrite] */
-		  decNumberCopy (res, lhs);	/* [zeros always fit] */
-		  if (exponent < res->exponent)
-		    res->exponent = exponent;	/* use lower */
-		}
-#if DECSUBSET
-	    }
-#endif
+    /* handle 0 rhs (x/0) */
+    if (ISZERO(rhs)) {			/* x/0 is always exceptional */
+      if (ISZERO(lhs)) {
+	decNumberZero(res);		/* [after lhs test] */
+	*status|=DEC_Division_undefined;/* 0/0 will become NaN */
+	}
+       else {
+	decNumberZero(res);
+	if (op&(REMAINDER|REMNEAR)) *status|=DEC_Invalid_operation;
+	 else {
+	  *status|=DEC_Division_by_zero; /* x/0 */
+	  res->bits=bits|DECINF;	 /* .. is +/- Infinity */
+	  }
+	}
+      break;}
+
+    /* handle 0 lhs (0/x) */
+    if (ISZERO(lhs)) {			/* 0/x [x!=0] */
+      #if DECSUBSET
+      if (!set->extended) decNumberZero(res);
+       else {
+      #endif
+	if (op&DIVIDE) {
+	  residue=0;
+	  exponent=lhs->exponent-rhs->exponent; /* ideal exponent */
+	  decNumberCopy(res, lhs);	/* [zeros always fit] */
+	  res->bits=bits;		/* sign as computed */
+	  res->exponent=exponent;	/* exponent, too */
+	  decFinalize(res, set, &residue, status);   /* check exponent */
+	  }
+	 else if (op&DIVIDEINT) {
+	  decNumberZero(res);		/* integer 0 */
+	  res->bits=bits;		/* sign as computed */
+	  }
+	 else {				/* a remainder */
+	  exponent=rhs->exponent;	/* [save in case overwrite] */
+	  decNumberCopy(res, lhs);	/* [zeros always fit] */
+	  if (exponent<res->exponent) res->exponent=exponent; /* use lower */
+	  }
+      #if DECSUBSET
+	}
+      #endif
+      break;}
+
+    /* Precalculate exponent.  This starts off adjusted (and hence fits */
+    /* in 31 bits) and becomes the usual unadjusted exponent as the */
+    /* division proceeds.  The order of evaluation is important, here, */
+    /* to avoid wrap. */
+    exponent=(lhs->exponent+lhs->digits)-(rhs->exponent+rhs->digits);
+
+    /* If the working exponent is -ve, then some quick exits are */
+    /* possible because the quotient is known to be <1 */
+    /* [for REMNEAR, it needs to be < -1, as -0.5 could need work] */
+    if (exponent<0 && !(op==DIVIDE)) {
+      if (op&DIVIDEINT) {
+	decNumberZero(res);		     /* integer part is 0 */
+	#if DECSUBSET
+	if (set->extended)
+	#endif
+	  res->bits=bits;		     /* set +/- zero */
+	break;}
+      /* fastpath remainders so long as the lhs has the smaller */
+      /* (or equal) exponent */
+      if (lhs->exponent<=rhs->exponent) {
+	if (op&REMAINDER || exponent<-1) {
+	  /* It is REMAINDER or safe REMNEAR; result is [finished */
+	  /* clone of] lhs  (r = x - 0*y) */
+	  residue=0;
+	  decCopyFit(res, lhs, set, &residue, status);
+	  decFinish(res, set, &residue, status);
 	  break;
+	  }
+	/* [unsafe REMNEAR drops through] */
 	}
+      } /* fastpaths */
+
+    /* Long (slow) division is needed; roll up the sleeves... */
+
+    /* The accumulator will hold the quotient of the division. */
+    /* If it needs to be too long for stack storage, then allocate. */
+    acclength=D2U(reqdigits+DECDPUN);	/* in Units */
+    if (acclength*sizeof(Unit)>sizeof(accbuff)) {
+      /* printf("malloc dvacc %ld units\n", acclength); */
+      allocacc=(Unit *)malloc(acclength*sizeof(Unit));
+      if (allocacc==NULL) {		/* hopeless -- abandon */
+	*status|=DEC_Insufficient_storage;
+	break;}
+      acc=allocacc;			/* use the allocated space */
+      }
 
-      /* Precalculate exponent.  This starts off adjusted (and hence fits */
-      /* in 31 bits) and becomes the usual unadjusted exponent as the */
-      /* division proceeds.  The order of evaluation is important, here, */
-      /* to avoid wrap. */
-      exponent =
-	(lhs->exponent + lhs->digits) - (rhs->exponent + rhs->digits);
-
-      /* If the working exponent is -ve, then some quick exits are */
-      /* possible because the quotient is known to be <1 */
-      /* [for REMNEAR, it needs to be < -1, as -0.5 could need work] */
-      if (exponent < 0 && !(op == DIVIDE))
-	{
-	  if (op & DIVIDEINT)
-	    {
-	      decNumberZero (res);	/* integer part is 0 */
-#if DECSUBSET
-	      if (set->extended)
-#endif
-		res->bits = bits;	/* set +/- zero */
-	      break;
-	    }
-	  /* we can fastpath remainders so long as the lhs has the */
-	  /* smaller (or equal) exponent */
-	  if (lhs->exponent <= rhs->exponent)
-	    {
-	      if (op & REMAINDER || exponent < -1)
-		{
-		  /* It is REMAINDER or safe REMNEAR; result is [finished */
-		  /* clone of] lhs  (r = x - 0*y) */
-		  residue = 0;
-		  decCopyFit (res, lhs, set, &residue, status);
-		  decFinish (res, set, &residue, status);
-		  break;
-		}
-	      /* [unsafe REMNEAR drops through] */
-	    }
-	}			/* fastpaths */
-
-      /* We need long (slow) division; roll up the sleeves... */
-
-      /* The accumulator will hold the quotient of the division. */
-      /* If it needs to be too long for stack storage, then allocate. */
-      acclength = D2U (reqdigits + DECDPUN);	/* in Units */
-      if (acclength * sizeof (Unit) > sizeof (accbuff))
-	{
-	  allocacc = (Unit *) malloc (acclength * sizeof (Unit));
-	  if (allocacc == NULL)
-	    {			/* hopeless -- abandon */
-	      *status |= DEC_Insufficient_storage;
-	      break;
-	    }
-	  acc = allocacc;	/* use the allocated space */
-	}
+    /* var1 is the padded LHS ready for subtractions. */
+    /* If it needs to be too long for stack storage, then allocate. */
+    /* The maximum units needed for var1 (long subtraction) is: */
+    /* Enough for */
+    /*	   (rhs->digits+reqdigits-1) -- to allow full slide to right */
+    /* or  (lhs->digits)	     -- to allow for long lhs */
+    /* whichever is larger */
+    /*	 +1		   -- for rounding of slide to right */
+    /*	 +1		   -- for leading 0s */
+    /*	 +1		   -- for pre-adjust if a remainder or DIVIDEINT */
+    /* [Note: unused units do not participate in decUnitAddSub data] */
+    maxdigits=rhs->digits+reqdigits-1;
+    if (lhs->digits>maxdigits) maxdigits=lhs->digits;
+    var1units=D2U(maxdigits)+2;
+    /* allocate a guard unit above msu1 for REMAINDERNEAR */
+    if (!(op&DIVIDE)) var1units++;
+    if ((var1units+1)*sizeof(Unit)>sizeof(varbuff)) {
+      /* printf("malloc dvvar %ld units\n", var1units+1); */
+      varalloc=(Unit *)malloc((var1units+1)*sizeof(Unit));
+      if (varalloc==NULL) {		/* hopeless -- abandon */
+	*status|=DEC_Insufficient_storage;
+	break;}
+      var1=varalloc;			/* use the allocated space */
+      }
 
-      /* var1 is the padded LHS ready for subtractions. */
-      /* If it needs to be too long for stack storage, then allocate. */
-      /* The maximum units we need for var1 (long subtraction) is: */
-      /* Enough for */
-      /*     (rhs->digits+reqdigits-1) -- to allow full slide to right */
-      /* or  (lhs->digits)             -- to allow for long lhs */
-      /* whichever is larger */
-      /*   +1                -- for rounding of slide to right */
-      /*   +1                -- for leading 0s */
-      /*   +1                -- for pre-adjust if a remainder or DIVIDEINT */
-      /* [Note: unused units do not participate in decUnitAddSub data] */
-      maxdigits = rhs->digits + reqdigits - 1;
-      if (lhs->digits > maxdigits)
-	maxdigits = lhs->digits;
-      var1units = D2U (maxdigits) + 2;
-      /* allocate a guard unit above msu1 for REMAINDERNEAR */
-      if (!(op & DIVIDE))
-	var1units++;
-      if ((var1units + 1) * sizeof (Unit) > sizeof (varbuff))
-	{
-	  varalloc = (Unit *) malloc ((var1units + 1) * sizeof (Unit));
-	  if (varalloc == NULL)
-	    {			/* hopeless -- abandon */
-	      *status |= DEC_Insufficient_storage;
-	      break;
-	    }
-	  var1 = varalloc;	/* use the allocated space */
-	}
+    /* Extend the lhs and rhs to full long subtraction length.	The lhs */
+    /* is truly extended into the var1 buffer, with 0 padding, so a */
+    /* subtract in place is always possible.  The rhs (var2) has */
+    /* virtual padding (implemented by decUnitAddSub). */
+    /* One guard unit was allocated above msu1 for rem=rem+rem in */
+    /* REMAINDERNEAR. */
+    msu1=var1+var1units-1;		/* msu of var1 */
+    source=lhs->lsu+D2U(lhs->digits)-1; /* msu of input array */
+    for (target=msu1; source>=lhs->lsu; source--, target--) *target=*source;
+    for (; target>=var1; target--) *target=0;
+
+    /* rhs (var2) is left-aligned with var1 at the start */
+    var2ulen=var1units;			/* rhs logical length (units) */
+    var2units=D2U(rhs->digits);		/* rhs actual length (units) */
+    var2=rhs->lsu;			/* -> rhs array */
+    msu2=var2+var2units-1;		/* -> msu of var2 [never changes] */
+    /* now set up the variables which will be used for estimating the */
+    /* multiplication factor.  If these variables are not exact, add */
+    /* 1 to make sure that the multiplier is never overestimated. */
+    msu2plus=*msu2;			/* it's value .. */
+    if (var2units>1) msu2plus++;	/* .. +1 if any more */
+    msu2pair=(eInt)*msu2*(DECDPUNMAX+1);/* top two pair .. */
+    if (var2units>1) {			/* .. [else treat 2nd as 0] */
+      msu2pair+=*(msu2-1);		/* .. */
+      if (var2units>2) msu2pair++;	/* .. +1 if any more */
+      }
 
-      /* Extend the lhs and rhs to full long subtraction length.  The lhs */
-      /* is truly extended into the var1 buffer, with 0 padding, so we can */
-      /* subtract in place.  The rhs (var2) has virtual padding */
-      /* (implemented by decUnitAddSub). */
-      /* We allocated one guard unit above msu1 for rem=rem+rem in REMAINDERNEAR */
-      msu1 = var1 + var1units - 1;	/* msu of var1 */
-      source = lhs->lsu + D2U (lhs->digits) - 1;	/* msu of input array */
-      for (target = msu1; source >= lhs->lsu; source--, target--)
-	*target = *source;
-      for (; target >= var1; target--)
-	*target = 0;
-
-      /* rhs (var2) is left-aligned with var1 at the start */
-      var2ulen = var1units;	/* rhs logical length (units) */
-      var2units = D2U (rhs->digits);	/* rhs actual length (units) */
-      var2 = rhs->lsu;		/* -> rhs array */
-      msu2 = var2 + var2units - 1;	/* -> msu of var2 [never changes] */
-      /* now set up the variables which we'll use for estimating the */
-      /* multiplication factor.  If these variables are not exact, we add */
-      /* 1 to make sure that we never overestimate the multiplier. */
-      msu2plus = *msu2;		/* it's value .. */
-      if (var2units > 1)
-	msu2plus++;		/* .. +1 if any more */
-      msu2pair = (eInt) * msu2 * (DECDPUNMAX + 1);	/* top two pair .. */
-      if (var2units > 1)
-	{			/* .. [else treat 2nd as 0] */
-	  msu2pair += *(msu2 - 1);	/* .. */
-	  if (var2units > 2)
-	    msu2pair++;		/* .. +1 if any more */
+    /* The calculation is working in units, which may have leading zeros, */
+    /* but the exponent was calculated on the assumption that they are */
+    /* both left-aligned.  Adjust the exponent to compensate: add the */
+    /* number of leading zeros in var1 msu and subtract those in var2 msu. */
+    /* [This is actually done by counting the digits and negating, as */
+    /* lead1=DECDPUN-digits1, and similarly for lead2.] */
+    for (pow=&powers[1]; *msu1>=*pow; pow++) exponent--;
+    for (pow=&powers[1]; *msu2>=*pow; pow++) exponent++;
+
+    /* Now, if doing an integer divide or remainder, ensure that */
+    /* the result will be Unit-aligned.	 To do this, shift the var1 */
+    /* accumulator towards least if need be.  (It's much easier to */
+    /* do this now than to reassemble the residue afterwards, if */
+    /* doing a remainder.)  Also ensure the exponent is not negative. */
+    if (!(op&DIVIDE)) {
+      Unit *u;				/* work */
+      /* save the initial 'false' padding of var1, in digits */
+      var1initpad=(var1units-D2U(lhs->digits))*DECDPUN;
+      /* Determine the shift to do. */
+      if (exponent<0) cut=-exponent;
+       else cut=DECDPUN-exponent%DECDPUN;
+      decShiftToLeast(var1, var1units, cut);
+      exponent+=cut;			/* maintain numerical value */
+      var1initpad-=cut;			/* .. and reduce padding */
+      /* clean any most-significant units which were just emptied */
+      for (u=msu1; cut>=DECDPUN; cut-=DECDPUN, u--) *u=0;
+      } /* align */
+     else { /* is DIVIDE */
+      maxexponent=lhs->exponent-rhs->exponent;	  /* save */
+      /* optimization: if the first iteration will just produce 0, */
+      /* preadjust to skip it [valid for DIVIDE only] */
+      if (*msu1<*msu2) {
+	var2ulen--;			/* shift down */
+	exponent-=DECDPUN;		/* update the exponent */
 	}
+      }
 
-      /* Since we are working in units, the units may have leading zeros, */
-      /* but we calculated the exponent on the assumption that they are */
-      /* both left-aligned.  Adjust the exponent to compensate: add the */
-      /* number of leading zeros in var1 msu and subtract those in var2 msu. */
-      /* [We actually do this by counting the digits and negating, as */
-      /* lead1=DECDPUN-digits1, and similarly for lead2.] */
-      for (pow = &powers[1]; *msu1 >= *pow; pow++)
-	exponent--;
-      for (pow = &powers[1]; *msu2 >= *pow; pow++)
-	exponent++;
-
-      /* Now, if doing an integer divide or remainder, we want to ensure */
-      /* that the result will be Unit-aligned.  To do this, we shift the */
-      /* var1 accumulator towards least if need be.  (It's much easier to */
-      /* do this now than to reassemble the residue afterwards, if we are */
-      /* doing a remainder.)  Also ensure the exponent is not negative. */
-      if (!(op & DIVIDE))
-	{
-	  Unit *u;
-	  /* save the initial 'false' padding of var1, in digits */
-	  var1initpad = (var1units - D2U (lhs->digits)) * DECDPUN;
-	  /* Determine the shift to do. */
-	  if (exponent < 0)
-	    cut = -exponent;
-	  else
-	    cut = DECDPUN - exponent % DECDPUN;
-	  decShiftToLeast (var1, var1units, cut);
-	  exponent += cut;	/* maintain numerical value */
-	  var1initpad -= cut;	/* .. and reduce padding */
-	  /* clean any most-significant units we just emptied */
-	  for (u = msu1; cut >= DECDPUN; cut -= DECDPUN, u--)
-	    *u = 0;
-	}			/* align */
-      else
-	{			/* is DIVIDE */
-	  maxexponent = lhs->exponent - rhs->exponent;	/* save */
-	  /* optimization: if the first iteration will just produce 0, */
-	  /* preadjust to skip it [valid for DIVIDE only] */
-	  if (*msu1 < *msu2)
-	    {
-	      var2ulen--;	/* shift down */
-	      exponent -= DECDPUN;	/* update the exponent */
+    /* ---- start the long-division loops ------------------------------ */
+    accunits=0;				/* no units accumulated yet */
+    accdigits=0;			/* .. or digits */
+    accnext=acc+acclength-1;		/* -> msu of acc [NB: allows digits+1] */
+    for (;;) {				/* outer forever loop */
+      thisunit=0;			/* current unit assumed 0 */
+      /* find the next unit */
+      for (;;) {			/* inner forever loop */
+	/* strip leading zero units [from either pre-adjust or from */
+	/* subtract last time around].	Leave at least one unit. */
+	for (; *msu1==0 && msu1>var1; msu1--) var1units--;
+
+	if (var1units<var2ulen) break;	     /* var1 too low for subtract */
+	if (var1units==var2ulen) {	     /* unit-by-unit compare needed */
+	  /* compare the two numbers, from msu */
+	  const Unit *pv1, *pv2;
+	  Unit v2;			     /* units to compare */
+	  pv2=msu2;			     /* -> msu */
+	  for (pv1=msu1; ; pv1--, pv2--) {
+	    /* v1=*pv1 -- always OK */
+	    v2=0;			     /* assume in padding */
+	    if (pv2>=var2) v2=*pv2;	     /* in range */
+	    if (*pv1!=v2) break;	     /* no longer the same */
+	    if (pv1==var1) break;	     /* done; leave pv1 as is */
 	    }
+	  /* here when all inspected or a difference seen */
+	  if (*pv1<v2) break;		     /* var1 too low to subtract */
+	  if (*pv1==v2) {		     /* var1 == var2 */
+	    /* reach here if var1 and var2 are identical; subtraction */
+	    /* would increase digit by one, and the residue will be 0 so */
+	    /* the calculation is done; leave the loop with residue=0. */
+	    thisunit++;			     /* as though subtracted */
+	    *var1=0;			     /* set var1 to 0 */
+	    var1units=1;		     /* .. */
+	    break;  /* from inner */
+	    } /* var1 == var2 */
+	  /* *pv1>v2.  Prepare for real subtraction; the lengths are equal */
+	  /* Estimate the multiplier (there's always a msu1-1)... */
+	  /* Bring in two units of var2 to provide a good estimate. */
+	  mult=(Int)(((eInt)*msu1*(DECDPUNMAX+1)+*(msu1-1))/msu2pair);
+	  } /* lengths the same */
+	 else { /* var1units > var2ulen, so subtraction is safe */
+	  /* The var2 msu is one unit towards the lsu of the var1 msu, */
+	  /* so only one unit for var2 can be used. */
+	  mult=(Int)(((eInt)*msu1*(DECDPUNMAX+1)+*(msu1-1))/msu2plus);
+	  }
+	if (mult==0) mult=1;		     /* must always be at least 1 */
+	/* subtraction needed; var1 is > var2 */
+	thisunit=(Unit)(thisunit+mult);	     /* accumulate */
+	/* subtract var1-var2, into var1; only the overlap needs */
+	/* processing, as this is an in-place calculation */
+	shift=var2ulen-var2units;
+	#if DECTRACE
+	  decDumpAr('1', &var1[shift], var1units-shift);
+	  decDumpAr('2', var2, var2units);
+	  printf("m=%ld\n", -mult);
+	#endif
+	decUnitAddSub(&var1[shift], var1units-shift,
+		      var2, var2units, 0,
+		      &var1[shift], -mult);
+	#if DECTRACE
+	  decDumpAr('#', &var1[shift], var1units-shift);
+	#endif
+	/* var1 now probably has leading zeros; these are removed at the */
+	/* top of the inner loop. */
+	} /* inner loop */
+
+      /* The next unit has been calculated in full; unless it's a */
+      /* leading zero, add to acc */
+      if (accunits!=0 || thisunit!=0) {	     /* is first or non-zero */
+	*accnext=thisunit;		     /* store in accumulator */
+	/* account exactly for the new digits */
+	if (accunits==0) {
+	  accdigits++;			     /* at least one */
+	  for (pow=&powers[1]; thisunit>=*pow; pow++) accdigits++;
+	  }
+	 else accdigits+=DECDPUN;
+	accunits++;			     /* update count */
+	accnext--;			     /* ready for next */
+	if (accdigits>reqdigits) break;	     /* have enough digits */
 	}
 
-      /* ---- start the long-division loops ------------------------------ */
-      accunits = 0;		/* no units accumulated yet */
-      accdigits = 0;		/* .. or digits */
-      accnext = acc + acclength - 1;	/* -> msu of acc [NB: allows digits+1] */
-      for (;;)
-	{			/* outer forever loop */
-	  thisunit = 0;		/* current unit assumed 0 */
-	  /* find the next unit */
-	  for (;;)
-	    {			/* inner forever loop */
-	      /* strip leading zero units [from either pre-adjust or from */
-	      /* subtract last time around].  Leave at least one unit. */
-	      for (; *msu1 == 0 && msu1 > var1; msu1--)
-		var1units--;
-
-	      if (var1units < var2ulen)
-		break;		/* var1 too low for subtract */
-	      if (var1units == var2ulen)
-		{		/* unit-by-unit compare needed */
-		  /* compare the two numbers, from msu */
-		  Unit *pv1, v2;	/* units to compare */
-		  const Unit *pv2;	/* units to compare */
-		  pv2 = msu2;	/* -> msu */
-		  for (pv1 = msu1;; pv1--, pv2--)
-		    {
-		      /* v1=*pv1 -- always OK */
-		      v2 = 0;	/* assume in padding */
-		      if (pv2 >= var2)
-			v2 = *pv2;	/* in range */
-		      if (*pv1 != v2)
-			break;	/* no longer the same */
-		      if (pv1 == var1)
-			break;	/* done; leave pv1 as is */
-		    }
-		  /* here when all inspected or a difference seen */
-		  if (*pv1 < v2)
-		    break;	/* var1 too low to subtract */
-		  if (*pv1 == v2)
-		    {		/* var1 == var2 */
-		      /* reach here if var1 and var2 are identical; subtraction */
-		      /* would increase digit by one, and the residue will be 0 so */
-		      /* we are done; leave the loop with residue set to 0. */
-		      thisunit++;	/* as though subtracted */
-		      *var1 = 0;	/* set var1 to 0 */
-		      var1units = 1;	/* .. */
-		      break;	/* from inner */
-		    }		/* var1 == var2 */
-		  /* *pv1>v2.  Prepare for real subtraction; the lengths are equal */
-		  /* Estimate the multiplier (there's always a msu1-1)... */
-		  /* Bring in two units of var2 to provide a good estimate. */
-		  mult =
-		    (Int) (((eInt) * msu1 * (DECDPUNMAX + 1) +
-			    *(msu1 - 1)) / msu2pair);
-		}		/* lengths the same */
-	      else
-		{		/* var1units > var2ulen, so subtraction is safe */
-		  /* The var2 msu is one unit towards the lsu of the var1 msu, */
-		  /* so we can only use one unit for var2. */
-		  mult =
-		    (Int) (((eInt) * msu1 * (DECDPUNMAX + 1) +
-			    *(msu1 - 1)) / msu2plus);
-		}
-	      if (mult == 0)
-		mult = 1;	/* must always be at least 1 */
-	      /* subtraction needed; var1 is > var2 */
-	      thisunit = (Unit) (thisunit + mult);	/* accumulate */
-	      /* subtract var1-var2, into var1; only the overlap needs */
-	      /* processing, as we are in place */
-	      shift = var2ulen - var2units;
-#if DECTRACE
-	      decDumpAr ('1', &var1[shift], var1units - shift);
-	      decDumpAr ('2', var2, var2units);
-	      printf ("m=%d\n", -mult);
-#endif
-	      decUnitAddSub (&var1[shift], var1units - shift,
-			     var2, var2units, 0, &var1[shift], -mult);
-#if DECTRACE
-	      decDumpAr ('#', &var1[shift], var1units - shift);
-#endif
-	      /* var1 now probably has leading zeros; these are removed at the */
-	      /* top of the inner loop. */
-	    }			/* inner loop */
-
-	  /* We have the next unit; unless it's a leading zero, add to acc */
-	  if (accunits != 0 || thisunit != 0)
-	    {			/* put the unit we got */
-	      *accnext = thisunit;	/* store in accumulator */
-	      /* account exactly for the digits we got */
-	      if (accunits == 0)
-		{
-		  accdigits++;	/* at least one */
-		  for (pow = &powers[1]; thisunit >= *pow; pow++)
-		    accdigits++;
-		}
-	      else
-		accdigits += DECDPUN;
-	      accunits++;	/* update count */
-	      accnext--;	/* ready for next */
-	      if (accdigits > reqdigits)
-		break;		/* we have all we need */
+      /* if the residue is zero, the operation is done (unless divide */
+      /* or divideInteger and still not enough digits yet) */
+      if (*var1==0 && var1units==1) {	     /* residue is 0 */
+	if (op&(REMAINDER|REMNEAR)) break;
+	if ((op&DIVIDE) && (exponent<=maxexponent)) break;
+	/* [drop through if divideInteger] */
+	}
+      /* also done enough if calculating remainder or integer */
+      /* divide and just did the last ('units') unit */
+      if (exponent==0 && !(op&DIVIDE)) break;
+
+      /* to get here, var1 is less than var2, so divide var2 by the per- */
+      /* Unit power of ten and go for the next digit */
+      var2ulen--;			     /* shift down */
+      exponent-=DECDPUN;		     /* update the exponent */
+      } /* outer loop */
+
+    /* ---- division is complete --------------------------------------- */
+    /* here: acc      has at least reqdigits+1 of good results (or fewer */
+    /*		      if early stop), starting at accnext+1 (its lsu) */
+    /*	     var1     has any residue at the stopping point */
+    /*	     accunits is the number of digits collected in acc */
+    if (accunits==0) {		   /* acc is 0 */
+      accunits=1;		   /* show have a unit .. */
+      accdigits=1;		   /* .. */
+      *accnext=0;		   /* .. whose value is 0 */
+      }
+     else accnext++;		   /* back to last placed */
+    /* accnext now -> lowest unit of result */
+
+    residue=0;			   /* assume no residue */
+    if (op&DIVIDE) {
+      /* record the presence of any residue, for rounding */
+      if (*var1!=0 || var1units>1) residue=1;
+       else { /* no residue */
+	/* Had an exact division; clean up spurious trailing 0s. */
+	/* There will be at most DECDPUN-1, from the final multiply, */
+	/* and then only if the result is non-0 (and even) and the */
+	/* exponent is 'loose'. */
+	#if DECDPUN>1
+	Unit lsu=*accnext;
+	if (!(lsu&0x01) && (lsu!=0)) {
+	  /* count the trailing zeros */
+	  Int drop=0;
+	  for (;; drop++) {    /* [will terminate because lsu!=0] */
+	    if (exponent>=maxexponent) break;	  /* don't chop real 0s */
+	    #if DECDPUN<=4
+	      if ((lsu-QUOT10(lsu, drop+1)
+		  *powers[drop+1])!=0) break;	  /* found non-0 digit */
+	    #else
+	      if (lsu%powers[drop+1]!=0) break;	  /* found non-0 digit */
+	    #endif
+	    exponent++;
 	    }
-
-	  /* if the residue is zero, we're done (unless divide or */
-	  /* divideInteger and we haven't got enough digits yet) */
-	  if (*var1 == 0 && var1units == 1)
-	    {			/* residue is 0 */
-	      if (op & (REMAINDER | REMNEAR))
-		break;
-	      if ((op & DIVIDE) && (exponent <= maxexponent))
-		break;
-	      /* [drop through if divideInteger] */
+	  if (drop>0) {
+	    accunits=decShiftToLeast(accnext, accunits, drop);
+	    accdigits=decGetDigits(accnext, accunits);
+	    accunits=D2U(accdigits);
+	    /* [exponent was adjusted in the loop] */
 	    }
-	  /* we've also done enough if calculating remainder or integer */
-	  /* divide and we just did the last ('units') unit */
-	  if (exponent == 0 && !(op & DIVIDE))
-	    break;
-
-	  /* to get here, var1 is less than var2, so divide var2 by the per- */
-	  /* Unit power of ten and go for the next digit */
-	  var2ulen--;		/* shift down */
-	  exponent -= DECDPUN;	/* update the exponent */
-	}			/* outer loop */
-
-      /* ---- division is complete --------------------------------------- */
-      /* here: acc      has at least reqdigits+1 of good results (or fewer */
-      /*                if early stop), starting at accnext+1 (its lsu) */
-      /*       var1     has any residue at the stopping point */
-      /*       accunits is the number of digits we collected in acc */
-      if (accunits == 0)
-	{			/* acc is 0 */
-	  accunits = 1;		/* show we have one .. */
-	  accdigits = 1;	/* .. */
-	  *accnext = 0;		/* .. whose value is 0 */
+	  } /* neither odd nor 0 */
+	#endif
+	} /* exact divide */
+      } /* divide */
+     else /* op!=DIVIDE */ {
+      /* check for coefficient overflow */
+      if (accdigits+exponent>reqdigits) {
+	*status|=DEC_Division_impossible;
+	break;
 	}
-      else
-	accnext++;		/* back to last placed */
-      /* accnext now -> lowest unit of result */
-
-      residue = 0;		/* assume no residue */
-      if (op & DIVIDE)
-	{
-	  /* record the presence of any residue, for rounding */
-	  if (*var1 != 0 || var1units > 1)
-	    residue = 1;
-	  else
-	    {			/* no residue */
-	      /* We had an exact division; clean up spurious trailing 0s. */
-	      /* There will be at most DECDPUN-1, from the final multiply, */
-	      /* and then only if the result is non-0 (and even) and the */
-	      /* exponent is 'loose'. */
-#if DECDPUN>1
-	      Unit lsu = *accnext;
-	      if (!(lsu & 0x01) && (lsu != 0))
-		{
-		  /* count the trailing zeros */
-		  Int drop = 0;
-		  for (;; drop++)
-		    {		/* [will terminate because lsu!=0] */
-		      if (exponent >= maxexponent)
-			break;	/* don't chop real 0s */
-#if DECDPUN<=4
-		      if ((lsu - QUOT10 (lsu, drop + 1)
-			   * powers[drop + 1]) != 0)
-			break;	/* found non-0 digit */
-#else
-		      if (lsu % powers[drop + 1] != 0)
-			break;	/* found non-0 digit */
-#endif
-		      exponent++;
-		    }
-		  if (drop > 0)
-		    {
-		      accunits = decShiftToLeast (accnext, accunits, drop);
-		      accdigits = decGetDigits (accnext, accunits);
-		      accunits = D2U (accdigits);
-		      /* [exponent was adjusted in the loop] */
-		    }
-		}		/* neither odd nor 0 */
-#endif
-	    }			/* exact divide */
-	}			/* divide */
-      else			/* op!=DIVIDE */
-	{
-	  /* check for coefficient overflow */
-	  if (accdigits + exponent > reqdigits)
-	    {
-	      *status |= DEC_Division_impossible;
-	      break;
+      if (op & (REMAINDER|REMNEAR)) {
+	/* [Here, the exponent will be 0, because var1 was adjusted */
+	/* appropriately.] */
+	Int postshift;			     /* work */
+	Flag wasodd=0;			     /* integer was odd */
+	Unit *quotlsu;			     /* for save */
+	Int  quotdigits;		     /* .. */
+
+	bits=lhs->bits;			     /* remainder sign is always as lhs */
+
+	/* Fastpath when residue is truly 0 is worthwhile [and */
+	/* simplifies the code below] */
+	if (*var1==0 && var1units==1) {	     /* residue is 0 */
+	  Int exp=lhs->exponent;	     /* save min(exponents) */
+	  if (rhs->exponent<exp) exp=rhs->exponent;
+	  decNumberZero(res);		     /* 0 coefficient */
+	  #if DECSUBSET
+	  if (set->extended)
+	  #endif
+	  res->exponent=exp;		     /* .. with proper exponent */
+	  res->bits=(uByte)(bits&DECNEG);	   /* [cleaned] */
+	  decFinish(res, set, &residue, status);   /* might clamp */
+	  break;
+	  }
+	/* note if the quotient was odd */
+	if (*accnext & 0x01) wasodd=1;	     /* acc is odd */
+	quotlsu=accnext;		     /* save in case need to reinspect */
+	quotdigits=accdigits;		     /* .. */
+
+	/* treat the residue, in var1, as the value to return, via acc */
+	/* calculate the unused zero digits.  This is the smaller of: */
+	/*   var1 initial padding (saved above) */
+	/*   var2 residual padding, which happens to be given by: */
+	postshift=var1initpad+exponent-lhs->exponent+rhs->exponent;
+	/* [the 'exponent' term accounts for the shifts during divide] */
+	if (var1initpad<postshift) postshift=var1initpad;
+
+	/* shift var1 the requested amount, and adjust its digits */
+	var1units=decShiftToLeast(var1, var1units, postshift);
+	accnext=var1;
+	accdigits=decGetDigits(var1, var1units);
+	accunits=D2U(accdigits);
+
+	exponent=lhs->exponent;		/* exponent is smaller of lhs & rhs */
+	if (rhs->exponent<exponent) exponent=rhs->exponent;
+
+	/* Now correct the result if doing remainderNear; if it */
+	/* (looking just at coefficients) is > rhs/2, or == rhs/2 and */
+	/* the integer was odd then the result should be rem-rhs. */
+	if (op&REMNEAR) {
+	  Int compare, tarunits;	/* work */
+	  Unit *up;			/* .. */
+	  /* calculate remainder*2 into the var1 buffer (which has */
+	  /* 'headroom' of an extra unit and hence enough space) */
+	  /* [a dedicated 'double' loop would be faster, here] */
+	  tarunits=decUnitAddSub(accnext, accunits, accnext, accunits,
+				 0, accnext, 1);
+	  /* decDumpAr('r', accnext, tarunits); */
+
+	  /* Here, accnext (var1) holds tarunits Units with twice the */
+	  /* remainder's coefficient, which must now be compared to the */
+	  /* RHS.  The remainder's exponent may be smaller than the RHS's. */
+	  compare=decUnitCompare(accnext, tarunits, rhs->lsu, D2U(rhs->digits),
+				 rhs->exponent-exponent);
+	  if (compare==BADINT) {	     /* deep trouble */
+	    *status|=DEC_Insufficient_storage;
+	    break;}
+
+	  /* now restore the remainder by dividing by two; the lsu */
+	  /* is known to be even. */
+	  for (up=accnext; up<accnext+tarunits; up++) {
+	    Int half;		   /* half to add to lower unit */
+	    half=*up & 0x01;
+	    *up/=2;		   /* [shift] */
+	    if (!half) continue;
+	    *(up-1)+=(DECDPUNMAX+1)/2;
 	    }
-	  if (op & (REMAINDER | REMNEAR))
-	    {
-	      /* [Here, the exponent will be 0, because we adjusted var1 */
-	      /* appropriately.] */
-	      Int postshift;	/* work */
-	      Flag wasodd = 0;	/* integer was odd */
-	      Unit *quotlsu;	/* for save */
-	      Int quotdigits;	/* .. */
-
-	      /* Fastpath when residue is truly 0 is worthwhile [and */
-	      /* simplifies the code below] */
-	      if (*var1 == 0 && var1units == 1)
-		{		/* residue is 0 */
-		  Int exp = lhs->exponent;	/* save min(exponents) */
-		  if (rhs->exponent < exp)
-		    exp = rhs->exponent;
-		  decNumberZero (res);	/* 0 coefficient */
-#if DECSUBSET
-		  if (set->extended)
-#endif
-		    res->exponent = exp;	/* .. with proper exponent */
+	  /* [accunits still describes the original remainder length] */
+
+	  if (compare>0 || (compare==0 && wasodd)) { /* adjustment needed */
+	    Int exp, expunits, exprem;	     /* work */
+	    /* This is effectively causing round-up of the quotient, */
+	    /* so if it was the rare case where it was full and all */
+	    /* nines, it would overflow and hence division-impossible */
+	    /* should be raised */
+	    Flag allnines=0;		     /* 1 if quotient all nines */
+	    if (quotdigits==reqdigits) {     /* could be borderline */
+	      for (up=quotlsu; ; up++) {
+		if (quotdigits>DECDPUN) {
+		  if (*up!=DECDPUNMAX) break;/* non-nines */
+		  }
+		 else {			     /* this is the last Unit */
+		  if (*up==powers[quotdigits]-1) allnines=1;
 		  break;
-		}
-	      /* note if the quotient was odd */
-	      if (*accnext & 0x01)
-		wasodd = 1;	/* acc is odd */
-	      quotlsu = accnext;	/* save in case need to reinspect */
-	      quotdigits = accdigits;	/* .. */
-
-	      /* treat the residue, in var1, as the value to return, via acc */
-	      /* calculate the unused zero digits.  This is the smaller of: */
-	      /*   var1 initial padding (saved above) */
-	      /*   var2 residual padding, which happens to be given by: */
-	      postshift =
-		var1initpad + exponent - lhs->exponent + rhs->exponent;
-	      /* [the 'exponent' term accounts for the shifts during divide] */
-	      if (var1initpad < postshift)
-		postshift = var1initpad;
-
-	      /* shift var1 the requested amount, and adjust its digits */
-	      var1units = decShiftToLeast (var1, var1units, postshift);
-	      accnext = var1;
-	      accdigits = decGetDigits (var1, var1units);
-	      accunits = D2U (accdigits);
-
-	      exponent = lhs->exponent;	/* exponent is smaller of lhs & rhs */
-	      if (rhs->exponent < exponent)
-		exponent = rhs->exponent;
-	      bits = lhs->bits;	/* remainder sign is always as lhs */
-
-	      /* Now correct the result if we are doing remainderNear; if it */
-	      /* (looking just at coefficients) is > rhs/2, or == rhs/2 and */
-	      /* the integer was odd then the result should be rem-rhs. */
-	      if (op & REMNEAR)
-		{
-		  Int compare, tarunits;	/* work */
-		  Unit *up;	/* .. */
-
-
-		  /* calculate remainder*2 into the var1 buffer (which has */
-		  /* 'headroom' of an extra unit and hence enough space) */
-		  /* [a dedicated 'double' loop would be faster, here] */
-		  tarunits =
-		    decUnitAddSub (accnext, accunits, accnext, accunits, 0,
-				   accnext, 1);
-		  /* decDumpAr('r', accnext, tarunits); */
-
-		  /* Here, accnext (var1) holds tarunits Units with twice the */
-		  /* remainder's coefficient, which we must now compare to the */
-		  /* RHS.  The remainder's exponent may be smaller than the RHS's. */
-		  compare =
-		    decUnitCompare (accnext, tarunits, rhs->lsu,
-				    D2U (rhs->digits),
-				    rhs->exponent - exponent);
-		  if (compare == BADINT)
-		    {		/* deep trouble */
-		      *status |= DEC_Insufficient_storage;
-		      break;
-		    }
-
-		  /* now restore the remainder by dividing by two; we know the */
-		  /* lsu is even. */
-		  for (up = accnext; up < accnext + tarunits; up++)
-		    {
-		      Int half;	/* half to add to lower unit */
-		      half = *up & 0x01;
-		      *up /= 2;	/* [shift] */
-		      if (!half)
-			continue;
-		      *(up - 1) += (DECDPUNMAX + 1) / 2;
-		    }
-		  /* [accunits still describes the original remainder length] */
-
-		  if (compare > 0 || (compare == 0 && wasodd))
-		    {		/* adjustment needed */
-		      Int exp, expunits, exprem;	/* work */
-		      /* This is effectively causing round-up of the quotient, */
-		      /* so if it was the rare case where it was full and all */
-		      /* nines, it would overflow and hence division-impossible */
-		      /* should be raised */
-		      Flag allnines = 0;	/* 1 if quotient all nines */
-		      if (quotdigits == reqdigits)
-			{	/* could be borderline */
-			  for (up = quotlsu;; up++)
-			    {
-			      if (quotdigits > DECDPUN)
-				{
-				  if (*up != DECDPUNMAX)
-				    break;	/* non-nines */
-				}
-			      else
-				{	/* this is the last Unit */
-				  if (*up == powers[quotdigits] - 1)
-				    allnines = 1;
-				  break;
-				}
-			      quotdigits -= DECDPUN;	/* checked those digits */
-			    }	/* up */
-			}	/* borderline check */
-		      if (allnines)
-			{
-			  *status |= DEC_Division_impossible;
-			  break;
-			}
-
-		      /* we need rem-rhs; the sign will invert.  Again we can */
-		      /* safely use var1 for the working Units array. */
-		      exp = rhs->exponent - exponent;	/* RHS padding needed */
-		      /* Calculate units and remainder from exponent. */
-		      expunits = exp / DECDPUN;
-		      exprem = exp % DECDPUN;
-		      /* subtract [A+B*(-m)]; the result will always be negative */
-		      accunits = -decUnitAddSub (accnext, accunits,
-						 rhs->lsu, D2U (rhs->digits),
-						 expunits, accnext,
-						 -(Int) powers[exprem]);
-		      accdigits = decGetDigits (accnext, accunits);	/* count digits exactly */
-		      accunits = D2U (accdigits);	/* and recalculate the units for copy */
-		      /* [exponent is as for original remainder] */
-		      bits ^= DECNEG;	/* flip the sign */
-		    }
-		}		/* REMNEAR */
-	    }			/* REMAINDER or REMNEAR */
-	}			/* not DIVIDE */
-
-      /* Set exponent and bits */
-      res->exponent = exponent;
-      res->bits = (uByte) (bits & DECNEG);	/* [cleaned] */
-
-      /* Now the coefficient. */
-      decSetCoeff (res, set, accnext, accdigits, &residue, status);
-
-      decFinish (res, set, &residue, status);	/* final cleanup */
-
-#if DECSUBSET
-      /* If a divide then strip trailing zeros if subset [after round] */
-      if (!set->extended && (op == DIVIDE))
-	decTrim (res, 0, &dropped);
-#endif
-    }
-  while (0);			/* end protected */
-
-  if (varalloc != NULL)
-    free (varalloc);		/* drop any storage we used */
-  if (allocacc != NULL)
-    free (allocacc);		/* .. */
-  if (allocrhs != NULL)
-    free (allocrhs);		/* .. */
-  if (alloclhs != NULL)
-    free (alloclhs);		/* .. */
+		  }
+		quotdigits-=DECDPUN;	     /* checked those digits */
+		} /* up */
+	      } /* borderline check */
+	    if (allnines) {
+	      *status|=DEC_Division_impossible;
+	      break;}
+
+	    /* rem-rhs is needed; the sign will invert.	 Again, var1 */
+	    /* can safely be used for the working Units array. */
+	    exp=rhs->exponent-exponent;	     /* RHS padding needed */
+	    /* Calculate units and remainder from exponent. */
+	    expunits=exp/DECDPUN;
+	    exprem=exp%DECDPUN;
+	    /* subtract [A+B*(-m)]; the result will always be negative */
+	    accunits=-decUnitAddSub(accnext, accunits,
+				    rhs->lsu, D2U(rhs->digits),
+				    expunits, accnext, -(Int)powers[exprem]);
+	    accdigits=decGetDigits(accnext, accunits); /* count digits exactly */
+	    accunits=D2U(accdigits);	/* and recalculate the units for copy */
+	    /* [exponent is as for original remainder] */
+	    bits^=DECNEG;		/* flip the sign */
+	    }
+	  } /* REMNEAR */
+	} /* REMAINDER or REMNEAR */
+      } /* not DIVIDE */
+
+    /* Set exponent and bits */
+    res->exponent=exponent;
+    res->bits=(uByte)(bits&DECNEG);	     /* [cleaned] */
+
+    /* Now the coefficient. */
+    decSetCoeff(res, set, accnext, accdigits, &residue, status);
+
+    decFinish(res, set, &residue, status);   /* final cleanup */
+
+    #if DECSUBSET
+    /* If a divide then strip trailing zeros if subset [after round] */
+    if (!set->extended && (op==DIVIDE)) decTrim(res, set, 0, &dropped);
+    #endif
+    } while(0);				     /* end protected */
+
+  if (varalloc!=NULL) free(varalloc);	/* drop any storage used */
+  if (allocacc!=NULL) free(allocacc);	/* .. */
+  #if DECSUBSET
+  if (allocrhs!=NULL) free(allocrhs);	/* .. */
+  if (alloclhs!=NULL) free(alloclhs);	/* .. */
+  #endif
   return res;
-}
-
-/* ------------------------------------------------------------------ */
-/* decMultiplyOp -- multiplication operation                          */
-/*                                                                    */
-/*  This routine performs the multiplication C=A x B.                 */
-/*                                                                    */
-/*   res is C, the result.  C may be A and/or B (e.g., X=X*X)         */
-/*   lhs is A                                                         */
-/*   rhs is B                                                         */
-/*   set is the context                                               */
-/*   status is the usual accumulator                                  */
-/*                                                                    */
-/* C must have space for set->digits digits.                          */
-/*                                                                    */
-/* ------------------------------------------------------------------ */
-/* Note: We use 'long' multiplication rather than Karatsuba, as the   */
+  } /* decDivideOp */
+
+/* ------------------------------------------------------------------ */
+/* decMultiplyOp -- multiplication operation			      */
+/*								      */
+/*  This routine performs the multiplication C=A x B.		      */
+/*								      */
+/*   res is C, the result.  C may be A and/or B (e.g., X=X*X)	      */
+/*   lhs is A							      */
+/*   rhs is B							      */
+/*   set is the context						      */
+/*   status is the usual accumulator				      */
+/*								      */
+/* C must have space for set->digits digits.			      */
+/*								      */
+/* ------------------------------------------------------------------ */
+/* 'Classic' multiplication is used rather than Karatsuba, as the     */
 /* latter would give only a minor improvement for the short numbers   */
-/* we expect to handle most (and uses much more memory).              */
-/*                                                                    */
-/* We always have to use a buffer for the accumulator.                */
-/* ------------------------------------------------------------------ */
-static decNumber *
-decMultiplyOp (decNumber * res, const decNumber * lhs,
-	       const decNumber * rhs, decContext * set, uInt * status)
-{
-  decNumber *alloclhs = NULL;	/* non-NULL if rounded lhs allocated */
-  decNumber *allocrhs = NULL;	/* .., rhs */
-  Unit accbuff[D2U (DECBUFFER * 2 + 1)];	/* local buffer (+1 in case DECBUFFER==0) */
-  Unit *acc = accbuff;		/* -> accumulator array for exact result */
-  Unit *allocacc = NULL;	/* -> allocated buffer, iff allocated */
-  const Unit *mer, *mermsup;	/* work */
-  Int accunits;			/* Units of accumulator in use */
-  Int madlength;		/* Units in multiplicand */
-  Int shift;			/* Units to shift multiplicand by */
-  Int need;			/* Accumulator units needed */
-  Int exponent;			/* work */
-  Int residue = 0;		/* rounding residue */
-  uByte bits;			/* result sign */
-  uByte merged;			/* merged flags */
+/* expected to be handled most (and uses much more memory).	      */
+/*								      */
+/* There are two major paths here: the general-purpose ('old code')   */
+/* path which handles all DECDPUN values, and a fastpath version      */
+/* which is used if 64-bit ints are available, DECDPUN<=4, and more   */
+/* than two calls to decUnitAddSub would be made.		      */
+/*								      */
+/* The fastpath version lumps units together into 8-digit or 9-digit  */
+/* chunks, and also uses a lazy carry strategy to minimise expensive  */
+/* 64-bit divisions.  The chunks are then broken apart again into     */
+/* units for continuing processing.  Despite this overhead, the	      */
+/* fastpath can speed up some 16-digit operations by 10x (and much    */
+/* more for higher-precision calculations).			      */
+/*								      */
+/* A buffer always has to be used for the accumulator; in the	      */
+/* fastpath, buffers are also always needed for the chunked copies of */
+/* of the operand coefficients.					      */
+/* Static buffers are larger than needed just for multiply, to allow  */
+/* for calls from other operations (notably exp).		      */
+/* ------------------------------------------------------------------ */
+#define FASTMUL (DECUSE64 && DECDPUN<5)
+static decNumber * decMultiplyOp(decNumber *res, const decNumber *lhs,
+				 const decNumber *rhs, decContext *set,
+				 uInt *status) {
+  Int	 accunits;		   /* Units of accumulator in use */
+  Int	 exponent;		   /* work */
+  Int	 residue=0;		   /* rounding residue */
+  uByte	 bits;			   /* result sign */
+  Unit	*acc;			   /* -> accumulator Unit array */
+  Int	 needbytes;		   /* size calculator */
+  void	*allocacc=NULL;		   /* -> allocated accumulator, iff allocated */
+  Unit	accbuff[SD2U(DECBUFFER*4+1)]; /* buffer (+1 for DECBUFFER==0, */
+				   /* *4 for calls from other operations) */
+  const Unit *mer, *mermsup;	   /* work */
+  Int	madlength;		   /* Units in multiplicand */
+  Int	shift;			   /* Units to shift multiplicand by */
+
+  #if FASTMUL
+    /* if DECDPUN is 1 or 3 work in base 10**9, otherwise */
+    /* (DECDPUN is 2 or 4) then work in base 10**8 */
+    #if DECDPUN & 1		   /* odd */
+      #define FASTBASE 1000000000  /* base */
+      #define FASTDIGS		9  /* digits in base */
+      #define FASTLAZY	       18  /* carry resolution point [1->18] */
+    #else
+      #define FASTBASE	100000000
+      #define FASTDIGS		8
+      #define FASTLAZY	     1844  /* carry resolution point [1->1844] */
+    #endif
+    /* three buffers are used, two for chunked copies of the operands */
+    /* (base 10**8 or base 10**9) and one base 2**64 accumulator with */
+    /* lazy carry evaluation */
+    uInt   zlhibuff[(DECBUFFER*2+1)/8+1]; /* buffer (+1 for DECBUFFER==0) */
+    uInt  *zlhi=zlhibuff;		  /* -> lhs array */
+    uInt  *alloclhi=NULL;		  /* -> allocated buffer, iff allocated */
+    uInt   zrhibuff[(DECBUFFER*2+1)/8+1]; /* buffer (+1 for DECBUFFER==0) */
+    uInt  *zrhi=zrhibuff;		  /* -> rhs array */
+    uInt  *allocrhi=NULL;		  /* -> allocated buffer, iff allocated */
+    uLong  zaccbuff[(DECBUFFER*2+1)/4+2]; /* buffer (+1 for DECBUFFER==0) */
+    /* [allocacc is shared for both paths, as only one will run] */
+    uLong *zacc=zaccbuff;	   /* -> accumulator array for exact result */
+    #if DECDPUN==1
+    Int	   zoff;		   /* accumulator offset */
+    #endif
+    uInt  *lip, *rip;		   /* item pointers */
+    uInt  *lmsi, *rmsi;		   /* most significant items */
+    Int	   ilhs, irhs, iacc;	   /* item counts in the arrays */
+    Int	   lazy;		   /* lazy carry counter */
+    uLong  lcarry;		   /* uLong carry */
+    uInt   carry;		   /* carry (NB not uLong) */
+    Int	   count;		   /* work */
+    const  Unit *cup;		   /* .. */
+    Unit  *up;			   /* .. */
+    uLong *lp;			   /* .. */
+    Int	   p;			   /* .. */
+  #endif
+
+  #if DECSUBSET
+    decNumber *alloclhs=NULL;	   /* -> allocated buffer, iff allocated */
+    decNumber *allocrhs=NULL;	   /* -> allocated buffer, iff allocated */
+  #endif
+
+  #if DECCHECK
+  if (decCheckOperands(res, lhs, rhs, set)) return res;
+  #endif
+
+  /* precalculate result sign */
+  bits=(uByte)((lhs->bits^rhs->bits)&DECNEG);
 
-#if DECCHECK
-  if (decCheckOperands (res, lhs, rhs, set))
-    return res;
-#endif
+  /* handle infinities and NaNs */
+  if (SPECIALARGS) {		   /* a special bit set */
+    if (SPECIALARGS & (DECSNAN | DECNAN)) { /* one or two NaNs */
+      decNaNs(res, lhs, rhs, set, status);
+      return res;}
+    /* one or two infinities; Infinity * 0 is invalid */
+    if (((lhs->bits & DECINF)==0 && ISZERO(lhs))
+      ||((rhs->bits & DECINF)==0 && ISZERO(rhs))) {
+      *status|=DEC_Invalid_operation;
+      return res;}
+    decNumberZero(res);
+    res->bits=bits|DECINF;	   /* infinity */
+    return res;}
+
+  /* For best speed, as in DMSRCN [the original Rexx numerics */
+  /* module], use the shorter number as the multiplier (rhs) and */
+  /* the longer as the multiplicand (lhs) to minimise the number of */
+  /* adds (partial products) */
+  if (lhs->digits<rhs->digits) {   /* swap... */
+    const decNumber *hold=lhs;
+    lhs=rhs;
+    rhs=hold;
+    }
 
-  do
-    {				/* protect allocated storage */
-#if DECSUBSET
-      if (!set->extended)
-	{
-	  /* reduce operands and set lostDigits status, as needed */
-	  if (lhs->digits > set->digits)
-	    {
-	      alloclhs = decRoundOperand (lhs, set, status);
-	      if (alloclhs == NULL)
-		break;
-	      lhs = alloclhs;
-	    }
-	  if (rhs->digits > set->digits)
-	    {
-	      allocrhs = decRoundOperand (rhs, set, status);
-	      if (allocrhs == NULL)
-		break;
-	      rhs = allocrhs;
-	    }
-	}
-#endif
-      /* [following code does not require input rounding] */
-
-      /* precalculate result sign */
-      bits = (uByte) ((lhs->bits ^ rhs->bits) & DECNEG);
-
-      /* handle infinities and NaNs */
-      merged = (lhs->bits | rhs->bits) & DECSPECIAL;
-      if (merged)
-	{			/* a special bit set */
-	  if (merged & (DECSNAN | DECNAN))
-	    {			/* one or two NaNs */
-	      decNaNs (res, lhs, rhs, status);
-	      break;
-	    }
-	  /* one or two infinities. Infinity * 0 is invalid */
-	  if (((lhs->bits & DECSPECIAL) == 0 && ISZERO (lhs))
-	      || ((rhs->bits & DECSPECIAL) == 0 && ISZERO (rhs)))
-	    {
-	      *status |= DEC_Invalid_operation;
-	      break;
-	    }
-	  decNumberZero (res);
-	  res->bits = bits | DECINF;	/* infinity */
-	  break;
+  do {				   /* protect allocated storage */
+    #if DECSUBSET
+    if (!set->extended) {
+      /* reduce operands and set lostDigits status, as needed */
+      if (lhs->digits>set->digits) {
+	alloclhs=decRoundOperand(lhs, set, status);
+	if (alloclhs==NULL) break;
+	lhs=alloclhs;
 	}
-
-      /* For best speed, as in DMSRCN, we use the shorter number as the */
-      /* multiplier (rhs) and the longer as the multiplicand (lhs) */
-      if (lhs->digits < rhs->digits)
-	{			/* swap... */
-	  const decNumber *hold = lhs;
-	  lhs = rhs;
-	  rhs = hold;
+      if (rhs->digits>set->digits) {
+	allocrhs=decRoundOperand(rhs, set, status);
+	if (allocrhs==NULL) break;
+	rhs=allocrhs;
 	}
-
-      /* if accumulator is too long for local storage, then allocate */
-      need = D2U (lhs->digits) + D2U (rhs->digits);	/* maximum units in result */
-      if (need * sizeof (Unit) > sizeof (accbuff))
-	{
-	  allocacc = (Unit *) malloc (need * sizeof (Unit));
-	  if (allocacc == NULL)
-	    {
-	      *status |= DEC_Insufficient_storage;
-	      break;
+      }
+    #endif
+    /* [following code does not require input rounding] */
+
+    #if FASTMUL			   /* fastpath can be used */
+    /* use the fast path if there are enough digits in the shorter */
+    /* operand to make the setup and takedown worthwhile */
+    #define NEEDTWO (DECDPUN*2)	   /* within two decUnitAddSub calls */
+    if (rhs->digits>NEEDTWO) {	   /* use fastpath... */
+      /* calculate the number of elements in each array */
+      ilhs=(lhs->digits+FASTDIGS-1)/FASTDIGS; /* [ceiling] */
+      irhs=(rhs->digits+FASTDIGS-1)/FASTDIGS; /* .. */
+      iacc=ilhs+irhs;
+
+      /* allocate buffers if required, as usual */
+      needbytes=ilhs*sizeof(uInt);
+      if (needbytes>(Int)sizeof(zlhibuff)) {
+	alloclhi=(uInt *)malloc(needbytes);
+	zlhi=alloclhi;}
+      needbytes=irhs*sizeof(uInt);
+      if (needbytes>(Int)sizeof(zrhibuff)) {
+	allocrhi=(uInt *)malloc(needbytes);
+	zrhi=allocrhi;}
+
+      /* Allocating the accumulator space needs a special case when */
+      /* DECDPUN=1 because when converting the accumulator to Units */
+      /* after the multiplication each 8-byte item becomes 9 1-byte */
+      /* units.	 Therefore iacc extra bytes are needed at the front */
+      /* (rounded up to a multiple of 8 bytes), and the uLong */
+      /* accumulator starts offset the appropriate number of units */
+      /* to the right to avoid overwrite during the unchunking. */
+      needbytes=iacc*sizeof(uLong);
+      #if DECDPUN==1
+      zoff=(iacc+7)/8;	      /* items to offset by */
+      needbytes+=zoff*8;
+      #endif
+      if (needbytes>(Int)sizeof(zaccbuff)) {
+	allocacc=(uLong *)malloc(needbytes);
+	zacc=(uLong *)allocacc;}
+      if (zlhi==NULL||zrhi==NULL||zacc==NULL) {
+	*status|=DEC_Insufficient_storage;
+	break;}
+
+      acc=(Unit *)zacc;	      /* -> target Unit array */
+      #if DECDPUN==1
+      zacc+=zoff;	      /* start uLong accumulator to right */
+      #endif
+
+      /* assemble the chunked copies of the left and right sides */
+      for (count=lhs->digits, cup=lhs->lsu, lip=zlhi; count>0; lip++)
+	for (p=0, *lip=0; p<FASTDIGS && count>0;
+	     p+=DECDPUN, cup++, count-=DECDPUN)
+	  *lip+=*cup*powers[p];
+      lmsi=lip-1;     /* save -> msi */
+      for (count=rhs->digits, cup=rhs->lsu, rip=zrhi; count>0; rip++)
+	for (p=0, *rip=0; p<FASTDIGS && count>0;
+	     p+=DECDPUN, cup++, count-=DECDPUN)
+	  *rip+=*cup*powers[p];
+      rmsi=rip-1;     /* save -> msi */
+
+      /* zero the accumulator */
+      for (lp=zacc; lp<zacc+iacc; lp++) *lp=0;
+
+      /* Start the multiplication */
+      /* Resolving carries can dominate the cost of accumulating the */
+      /* partial products, so this is only done when necessary. */
+      /* Each uLong item in the accumulator can hold values up to */
+      /* 2**64-1, and each partial product can be as large as */
+      /* (10**FASTDIGS-1)**2.  When FASTDIGS=9, this can be added to */
+      /* itself 18.4 times in a uLong without overflowing, so during */
+      /* the main calculation resolution is carried out every 18th */
+      /* add -- every 162 digits.  Similarly, when FASTDIGS=8, the */
+      /* partial products can be added to themselves 1844.6 times in */
+      /* a uLong without overflowing, so intermediate carry */
+      /* resolution occurs only every 14752 digits.  Hence for common */
+      /* short numbers usually only the one final carry resolution */
+      /* occurs. */
+      /* (The count is set via FASTLAZY to simplify experiments to */
+      /* measure the value of this approach: a 35% improvement on a */
+      /* [34x34] multiply.) */
+      lazy=FASTLAZY;			     /* carry delay count */
+      for (rip=zrhi; rip<=rmsi; rip++) {     /* over each item in rhs */
+	lp=zacc+(rip-zrhi);		     /* where to add the lhs */
+	for (lip=zlhi; lip<=lmsi; lip++, lp++) { /* over each item in lhs */
+	  *lp+=(uLong)(*lip)*(*rip);	     /* [this should in-line] */
+	  } /* lip loop */
+	lazy--;
+	if (lazy>0 && rip!=rmsi) continue;
+	lazy=FASTLAZY;			     /* reset delay count */
+	/* spin up the accumulator resolving overflows */
+	for (lp=zacc; lp<zacc+iacc; lp++) {
+	  if (*lp<FASTBASE) continue;	     /* it fits */
+	  lcarry=*lp/FASTBASE;		     /* top part [slow divide] */
+	  /* lcarry can exceed 2**32-1, so check again; this check */
+	  /* and occasional extra divide (slow) is well worth it, as */
+	  /* it allows FASTLAZY to be increased to 18 rather than 4 */
+	  /* in the FASTDIGS=9 case */
+	  if (lcarry<FASTBASE) carry=(uInt)lcarry;  /* [usual] */
+	   else { /* two-place carry [fairly rare] */
+	    uInt carry2=(uInt)(lcarry/FASTBASE);    /* top top part */
+	    *(lp+2)+=carry2;			    /* add to item+2 */
+	    *lp-=((uLong)FASTBASE*FASTBASE*carry2); /* [slow] */
+	    carry=(uInt)(lcarry-((uLong)FASTBASE*carry2)); /* [inline] */
 	    }
-	  acc = allocacc;	/* use the allocated space */
+	  *(lp+1)+=carry;		     /* add to item above [inline] */
+	  *lp-=((uLong)FASTBASE*carry);	     /* [inline] */
+	  } /* carry resolution */
+	} /* rip loop */
+
+      /* The multiplication is complete; time to convert back into */
+      /* units.	 This can be done in-place in the accumulator and in */
+      /* 32-bit operations, because carries were resolved after the */
+      /* final add.  This needs N-1 divides and multiplies for */
+      /* each item in the accumulator (which will become up to N */
+      /* units, where 2<=N<=9). */
+      for (lp=zacc, up=acc; lp<zacc+iacc; lp++) {
+	uInt item=(uInt)*lp;		     /* decapitate to uInt */
+	for (p=0; p<FASTDIGS-DECDPUN; p+=DECDPUN, up++) {
+	  uInt part=item/(DECDPUNMAX+1);
+	  *up=(Unit)(item-(part*(DECDPUNMAX+1)));
+	  item=part;
+	  } /* p */
+	*up=(Unit)item; up++;		     /* [final needs no division] */
+	} /* lp */
+      accunits=up-acc;			     /* count of units */
+      }
+     else { /* here to use units directly, without chunking ['old code'] */
+    #endif
+
+      /* if accumulator will be too long for local storage, then allocate */
+      acc=accbuff;		   /* -> assume buffer for accumulator */
+      needbytes=(D2U(lhs->digits)+D2U(rhs->digits))*sizeof(Unit);
+      if (needbytes>(Int)sizeof(accbuff)) {
+	allocacc=(Unit *)malloc(needbytes);
+	if (allocacc==NULL) {*status|=DEC_Insufficient_storage; break;}
+	acc=(Unit *)allocacc;		     /* use the allocated space */
 	}
 
       /* Now the main long multiplication loop */
       /* Unlike the equivalent in the IBM Java implementation, there */
-      /* is no advantage in calculating from msu to lsu.  So we do it */
+      /* is no advantage in calculating from msu to lsu.  So, do it */
       /* by the book, as it were. */
       /* Each iteration calculates ACC=ACC+MULTAND*MULT */
-      accunits = 1;		/* accumulator starts at '0' */
-      *acc = 0;			/* .. (lsu=0) */
-      shift = 0;		/* no multiplicand shift at first */
-      madlength = D2U (lhs->digits);	/* we know this won't change */
-      mermsup = rhs->lsu + D2U (rhs->digits);	/* -> msu+1 of multiplier */
-
-      for (mer = rhs->lsu; mer < mermsup; mer++)
-	{
-	  /* Here, *mer is the next Unit in the multiplier to use */
-	  /* If non-zero [optimization] add it... */
-	  if (*mer != 0)
-	    {
-	      accunits =
-		decUnitAddSub (&acc[shift], accunits - shift, lhs->lsu,
-			       madlength, 0, &acc[shift], *mer) + shift;
-	    }
-	  else
-	    {			/* extend acc with a 0; we'll use it shortly */
-	      /* [this avoids length of <=0 later] */
-	      *(acc + accunits) = 0;
-	      accunits++;
-	    }
-	  /* multiply multiplicand by 10**DECDPUN for next Unit to left */
-	  shift++;		/* add this for 'logical length' */
-	}			/* n */
-#if DECTRACE
-      /* Show exact result */
-      decDumpAr ('*', acc, accunits);
-#endif
+      accunits=1;		   /* accumulator starts at '0' */
+      *acc=0;			   /* .. (lsu=0) */
+      shift=0;			   /* no multiplicand shift at first */
+      madlength=D2U(lhs->digits);  /* this won't change */
+      mermsup=rhs->lsu+D2U(rhs->digits); /* -> msu+1 of multiplier */
+
+      for (mer=rhs->lsu; mer<mermsup; mer++) {
+	/* Here, *mer is the next Unit in the multiplier to use */
+	/* If non-zero [optimization] add it... */
+	if (*mer!=0) accunits=decUnitAddSub(&acc[shift], accunits-shift,
+					    lhs->lsu, madlength, 0,
+					    &acc[shift], *mer)
+					    + shift;
+	 else { /* extend acc with a 0; it will be used shortly */
+	  *(acc+accunits)=0;	   /* [this avoids length of <=0 later] */
+	  accunits++;
+	  }
+	/* multiply multiplicand by 10**DECDPUN for next Unit to left */
+	shift++;		   /* add this for 'logical length' */
+	} /* n */
+    #if FASTMUL
+      } /* unchunked units */
+    #endif
+    /* common end-path */
+    #if DECTRACE
+      decDumpAr('*', acc, accunits);	     /* Show exact result */
+    #endif
+
+    /* acc now contains the exact result of the multiplication, */
+    /* possibly with a leading zero unit; build the decNumber from */
+    /* it, noting if any residue */
+    res->bits=bits;			     /* set sign */
+    res->digits=decGetDigits(acc, accunits); /* count digits exactly */
+
+    /* There can be a 31-bit wrap in calculating the exponent. */
+    /* This can only happen if both input exponents are negative and */
+    /* both their magnitudes are large.	 If there was a wrap, set a */
+    /* safe very negative exponent, from which decFinalize() will */
+    /* raise a hard underflow shortly. */
+    exponent=lhs->exponent+rhs->exponent;    /* calculate exponent */
+    if (lhs->exponent<0 && rhs->exponent<0 && exponent>0)
+      exponent=-2*DECNUMMAXE;		     /* force underflow */
+    res->exponent=exponent;		     /* OK to overwrite now */
+
+
+    /* Set the coefficient.  If any rounding, residue records */
+    decSetCoeff(res, set, acc, res->digits, &residue, status);
+    decFinish(res, set, &residue, status);   /* final cleanup */
+    } while(0);				/* end protected */
+
+  if (allocacc!=NULL) free(allocacc);	/* drop any storage used */
+  #if DECSUBSET
+  if (allocrhs!=NULL) free(allocrhs);	/* .. */
+  if (alloclhs!=NULL) free(alloclhs);	/* .. */
+  #endif
+  #if FASTMUL
+  if (allocrhi!=NULL) free(allocrhi);	/* .. */
+  if (alloclhi!=NULL) free(alloclhi);	/* .. */
+  #endif
+  return res;
+  } /* decMultiplyOp */
+
+/* ------------------------------------------------------------------ */
+/* decExpOp -- effect exponentiation				      */
+/*								      */
+/*   This computes C = exp(A)					      */
+/*								      */
+/*   res is C, the result.  C may be A				      */
+/*   rhs is A							      */
+/*   set is the context; note that rounding mode has no effect	      */
+/*								      */
+/* C must have space for set->digits digits. status is updated but    */
+/* not set.							      */
+/*								      */
+/* Restrictions:						      */
+/*								      */
+/*   digits, emax, and -emin in the context must be less than	      */
+/*   2*DEC_MAX_MATH (1999998), and the rhs must be within these	      */
+/*   bounds or a zero.	This is an internal routine, so these	      */
+/*   restrictions are contractual and not enforced.		      */
+/*								      */
+/* A finite result is rounded using DEC_ROUND_HALF_EVEN; it will      */
+/* almost always be correctly rounded, but may be up to 1 ulp in      */
+/* error in rare cases.						      */
+/*								      */
+/* Finite results will always be full precision and Inexact, except   */
+/* when A is a zero or -Infinity (giving 1 or 0 respectively).	      */
+/* ------------------------------------------------------------------ */
+/* This approach used here is similar to the algorithm described in   */
+/*								      */
+/*   Variable Precision Exponential Function, T. E. Hull and	      */
+/*   A. Abrham, ACM Transactions on Mathematical Software, Vol 12 #2, */
+/*   pp79-91, ACM, June 1986.					      */
+/*								      */
+/* with the main difference being that the iterations in the series   */
+/* evaluation are terminated dynamically (which does not require the  */
+/* extra variable-precision variables which are expensive in this     */
+/* context).							      */
+/*								      */
+/* The error analysis in Hull & Abrham's paper applies except for the */
+/* round-off error accumulation during the series evaluation.  This   */
+/* code does not precalculate the number of iterations and so cannot  */
+/* use Horner's scheme.	 Instead, the accumulation is done at double- */
+/* precision, which ensures that the additions of the terms are exact */
+/* and do not accumulate round-off (and any round-off errors in the   */
+/* terms themselves move 'to the right' faster than they can	      */
+/* accumulate).	 This code also extends the calculation by allowing,  */
+/* in the spirit of other decNumber operators, the input to be more   */
+/* precise than the result (the precision used is based on the more   */
+/* precise of the input or requested result).			      */
+/*								      */
+/* Implementation notes:					      */
+/*								      */
+/* 1. This is separated out as decExpOp so it can be called from      */
+/*    other Mathematical functions (notably Ln) with a wider range    */
+/*    than normal.  In particular, it can handle the slightly wider   */
+/*    (double) range needed by Ln (which has to be able to calculate  */
+/*    exp(-x) where x can be the tiniest number (Ntiny).	      */
+/*								      */
+/* 2. Normalizing x to be <=0.1 (instead of <=1) reduces loop	      */
+/*    iterations by appoximately a third with additional (although    */
+/*    diminishing) returns as the range is reduced to even smaller    */
+/*    fractions.  However, h (the power of 10 used to correct the     */
+/*    result at the end, see below) must be kept <=8 as otherwise     */
+/*    the final result cannot be computed.  Hence the leverage is a   */
+/*    sliding value (8-h), where potentially the range is reduced     */
+/*    more for smaller values.					      */
+/*								      */
+/*    The leverage that can be applied in this way is severely	      */
+/*    limited by the cost of the raise-to-the power at the end,	      */
+/*    which dominates when the number of iterations is small (less    */
+/*    than ten) or when rhs is short.  As an example, the adjustment  */
+/*    x**10,000,000 needs 31 multiplications, all but one full-width. */
+/*								      */
+/* 3. The restrictions (especially precision) could be raised with    */
+/*    care, but the full decNumber range seems very hard within the   */
+/*    32-bit limits.						      */
+/*								      */
+/* 4. The working precisions for the static buffers are twice the     */
+/*    obvious size to allow for calls from decNumberPower.	      */
+/* ------------------------------------------------------------------ */
+decNumber * decExpOp(decNumber *res, const decNumber *rhs,
+			 decContext *set, uInt *status) {
+  uInt ignore=0;		   /* working status */
+  Int h;			   /* adjusted exponent for 0.xxxx */
+  Int p;			   /* working precision */
+  Int residue;			   /* rounding residue */
+  uInt needbytes;		   /* for space calculations */
+  const decNumber *x=rhs;	   /* (may point to safe copy later) */
+  decContext aset, tset, dset;	   /* working contexts */
+  Int comp;			   /* work */
+
+  /* the argument is often copied to normalize it, so (unusually) it */
+  /* is treated like other buffers, using DECBUFFER, +1 in case */
+  /* DECBUFFER is 0 */
+  decNumber bufr[D2N(DECBUFFER*2+1)];
+  decNumber *allocrhs=NULL;	   /* non-NULL if rhs buffer allocated */
+
+  /* the working precision will be no more than set->digits+8+1 */
+  /* so for on-stack buffers DECBUFFER+9 is used, +1 in case DECBUFFER */
+  /* is 0 (and twice that for the accumulator) */
+
+  /* buffer for t, term (working precision plus) */
+  decNumber buft[D2N(DECBUFFER*2+9+1)];
+  decNumber *allocbuft=NULL;	   /* -> allocated buft, iff allocated */
+  decNumber *t=buft;		   /* term */
+  /* buffer for a, accumulator (working precision * 2), at least 9 */
+  decNumber bufa[D2N(DECBUFFER*4+18+1)];
+  decNumber *allocbufa=NULL;	   /* -> allocated bufa, iff allocated */
+  decNumber *a=bufa;		   /* accumulator */
+  /* decNumber for the divisor term; this needs at most 9 digits */
+  /* and so can be fixed size [16 so can use standard context] */
+  decNumber bufd[D2N(16)];
+  decNumber *d=bufd;		   /* divisor */
+  decNumber numone;		   /* constant 1 */
+
+  #if DECCHECK
+  Int iterations=0;		   /* for later sanity check */
+  if (decCheckOperands(res, DECUNUSED, rhs, set)) return res;
+  #endif
+
+  do {					/* protect allocated storage */
+    if (SPECIALARG) {			/* handle infinities and NaNs */
+      if (decNumberIsInfinite(rhs)) {	/* an infinity */
+	if (decNumberIsNegative(rhs))	/* -Infinity -> +0 */
+	  decNumberZero(res);
+	 else decNumberCopy(res, rhs);	/* +Infinity -> self */
+	}
+       else decNaNs(res, rhs, NULL, set, status); /* a NaN */
+      break;}
+
+    if (ISZERO(rhs)) {			/* zeros -> exact 1 */
+      decNumberZero(res);		/* make clean 1 */
+      *res->lsu=1;			/* .. */
+      break;}				/* [no status to set] */
+
+    /* e**x when 0 < x < 0.66 is < 1+3x/2, hence can fast-path */
+    /* positive and negative tiny cases which will result in inexact */
+    /* 1.  This also allows the later add-accumulate to always be */
+    /* exact (because its length will never be more than twice the */
+    /* working precision). */
+    /* The comparator (tiny) needs just one digit, so use the */
+    /* decNumber d for it (reused as the divisor, etc., below); its */
+    /* exponent is such that if x is positive it will have */
+    /* set->digits-1 zeros between the decimal point and the digit, */
+    /* which is 4, and if x is negative one more zero there as the */
+    /* more precise result will be of the form 0.9999999 rather than */
+    /* 1.0000001.  Hence, tiny will be 0.0000004  if digits=7 and x>0 */
+    /* or 0.00000004 if digits=7 and x<0.  If RHS not larger than */
+    /* this then the result will be 1.000000 */
+    decNumberZero(d);			/* clean */
+    *d->lsu=4;				/* set 4 .. */
+    d->exponent=-set->digits;		/* * 10**(-d) */
+    if (decNumberIsNegative(rhs)) d->exponent--;  /* negative case */
+    comp=decCompare(d, rhs, 1);		/* signless compare */
+    if (comp==BADINT) {
+      *status|=DEC_Insufficient_storage;
+      break;}
+    if (comp>=0) {			/* rhs < d */
+      Int shift=set->digits-1;
+      decNumberZero(res);		/* set 1 */
+      *res->lsu=1;			/* .. */
+      res->digits=decShiftToMost(res->lsu, 1, shift);
+      res->exponent=-shift;		     /* make 1.0000... */
+      *status|=DEC_Inexact | DEC_Rounded;    /* .. inexactly */
+      break;} /* tiny */
+
+    /* set up the context to be used for calculating a, as this is */
+    /* used on both paths below */
+    decContextDefault(&aset, DEC_INIT_DECIMAL64);
+    /* accumulator bounds are as requested (could underflow) */
+    aset.emax=set->emax;		/* usual bounds */
+    aset.emin=set->emin;		/* .. */
+    aset.clamp=0;			/* and no concrete format */
+
+    /* calculate the adjusted (Hull & Abrham) exponent (where the */
+    /* decimal point is just to the left of the coefficient msd) */
+    h=rhs->exponent+rhs->digits;
+    /* if h>8 then 10**h cannot be calculated safely; however, when */
+    /* h=8 then exp(|rhs|) will be at least exp(1E+7) which is at */
+    /* least 6.59E+4342944, so (due to the restriction on Emax/Emin) */
+    /* overflow (or underflow to 0) is guaranteed -- so this case can */
+    /* be handled by simply forcing the appropriate excess */
+    if (h>8) {				/* overflow/underflow */
+      /* set up here so Power call below will over or underflow to */
+      /* zero; set accumulator to either 2 or 0.02 */
+      /* [stack buffer for a is always big enough for this] */
+      decNumberZero(a);
+      *a->lsu=2;			/* not 1 but < exp(1) */
+      if (decNumberIsNegative(rhs)) a->exponent=-2; /* make 0.02 */
+      h=8;				/* clamp so 10**h computable */
+      p=9;				/* set a working precision */
+      }
+     else {				/* h<=8 */
+      Int maxlever=(rhs->digits>8?1:0);
+      /* [could/should increase this for precisions >40 or so, too] */
+
+      /* if h is 8, cannot normalize to a lower upper limit because */
+      /* the final result will not be computable (see notes above), */
+      /* but leverage can be applied whenever h is less than 8. */
+      /* Apply as much as possible, up to a MAXLEVER digits, which */
+      /* sets the tradeoff against the cost of the later a**(10**h). */
+      /* As h is increased, the working precision below also */
+      /* increases to compensate for the "constant digits at the */
+      /* front" effect. */
+      Int lever=MINI(8-h, maxlever);	/* leverage attainable */
+      Int use=-rhs->digits-lever;	/* exponent to use for RHS */
+      h+=lever;				/* apply leverage selected */
+      if (h<0) {			/* clamp */
+	use+=h;				/* [may end up subnormal] */
+	h=0;
+	}
+      /* Take a copy of RHS if it needs normalization (true whenever x>=1) */
+      if (rhs->exponent!=use) {
+	decNumber *newrhs=bufr;		/* assume will fit on stack */
+	needbytes=sizeof(decNumber)+(D2U(rhs->digits)-1)*sizeof(Unit);
+	if (needbytes>sizeof(bufr)) {	/* need malloc space */
+	  allocrhs=(decNumber *)malloc(needbytes);
+	  if (allocrhs==NULL) {		/* hopeless -- abandon */
+	    *status|=DEC_Insufficient_storage;
+	    break;}
+	  newrhs=allocrhs;		/* use the allocated space */
+	  }
+	decNumberCopy(newrhs, rhs);	/* copy to safe space */
+	newrhs->exponent=use;		/* normalize; now <1 */
+	x=newrhs;			/* ready for use */
+	/* decNumberShow(x); */
+	}
 
-      /* acc now contains the exact result of the multiplication */
-      /* Build a decNumber from it, noting if any residue */
-      res->bits = bits;		/* set sign */
-      res->digits = decGetDigits (acc, accunits);	/* count digits exactly */
-
-      /* We might have a 31-bit wrap in calculating the exponent. */
-      /* This can only happen if both input exponents are negative and */
-      /* both their magnitudes are large.  If we did wrap, we set a safe */
-      /* very negative exponent, from which decFinalize() will raise a */
-      /* hard underflow. */
-      exponent = lhs->exponent + rhs->exponent;	/* calculate exponent */
-      if (lhs->exponent < 0 && rhs->exponent < 0 && exponent > 0)
-	exponent = -2 * DECNUMMAXE;	/* force underflow */
-      res->exponent = exponent;	/* OK to overwrite now */
-
-      /* Set the coefficient.  If any rounding, residue records */
-      decSetCoeff (res, set, acc, res->digits, &residue, status);
-
-      decFinish (res, set, &residue, status);	/* final cleanup */
-    }
-  while (0);			/* end protected */
-
-  if (allocacc != NULL)
-    free (allocacc);		/* drop any storage we used */
-  if (allocrhs != NULL)
-    free (allocrhs);		/* .. */
-  if (alloclhs != NULL)
-    free (alloclhs);		/* .. */
+      /* Now use the usual power series to evaluate exp(x).  The */
+      /* series starts as 1 + x + x^2/2 ... so prime ready for the */
+      /* third term by setting the term variable t=x, the accumulator */
+      /* a=1, and the divisor d=2. */
+
+      /* First determine the working precision.	 From Hull & Abrham */
+      /* this is set->digits+h+2.  However, if x is 'over-precise' we */
+      /* need to allow for all its digits to potentially participate */
+      /* (consider an x where all the excess digits are 9s) so in */
+      /* this case use x->digits+h+2 */
+      p=MAXI(x->digits, set->digits)+h+2;    /* [h<=8] */
+
+      /* a and t are variable precision, and depend on p, so space */
+      /* must be allocated for them if necessary */
+
+      /* the accumulator needs to be able to hold 2p digits so that */
+      /* the additions on the second and subsequent iterations are */
+      /* sufficiently exact. */
+      needbytes=sizeof(decNumber)+(D2U(p*2)-1)*sizeof(Unit);
+      if (needbytes>sizeof(bufa)) {	/* need malloc space */
+	allocbufa=(decNumber *)malloc(needbytes);
+	if (allocbufa==NULL) {		/* hopeless -- abandon */
+	  *status|=DEC_Insufficient_storage;
+	  break;}
+	a=allocbufa;			/* use the allocated space */
+	}
+      /* the term needs to be able to hold p digits (which is */
+      /* guaranteed to be larger than x->digits, so the initial copy */
+      /* is safe); it may also be used for the raise-to-power */
+      /* calculation below, which needs an extra two digits */
+      needbytes=sizeof(decNumber)+(D2U(p+2)-1)*sizeof(Unit);
+      if (needbytes>sizeof(buft)) {	/* need malloc space */
+	allocbuft=(decNumber *)malloc(needbytes);
+	if (allocbuft==NULL) {		/* hopeless -- abandon */
+	  *status|=DEC_Insufficient_storage;
+	  break;}
+	t=allocbuft;			/* use the allocated space */
+	}
+
+      decNumberCopy(t, x);		/* term=x */
+      decNumberZero(a); *a->lsu=1;	/* accumulator=1 */
+      decNumberZero(d); *d->lsu=2;	/* divisor=2 */
+      decNumberZero(&numone); *numone.lsu=1; /* constant 1 for increment */
+
+      /* set up the contexts for calculating a, t, and d */
+      decContextDefault(&tset, DEC_INIT_DECIMAL64);
+      dset=tset;
+      /* accumulator bounds are set above, set precision now */
+      aset.digits=p*2;			/* double */
+      /* term bounds avoid any underflow or overflow */
+      tset.digits=p;
+      tset.emin=DEC_MIN_EMIN;		/* [emax is plenty] */
+      /* [dset.digits=16, etc., are sufficient] */
+
+      /* finally ready to roll */
+      for (;;) {
+	#if DECCHECK
+	iterations++;
+	#endif
+	/* only the status from the accumulation is interesting */
+	/* [but it should remain unchanged after first add] */
+	decAddOp(a, a, t, &aset, 0, status);	       /* a=a+t */
+	decMultiplyOp(t, t, x, &tset, &ignore);	       /* t=t*x */
+	decDivideOp(t, t, d, &tset, DIVIDE, &ignore);  /* t=t/d */
+	/* the iteration ends when the term cannot affect the result, */
+	/* if rounded to p digits, which is when its value is smaller */
+	/* than the accumulator by p+1 digits.	There must also be */
+	/* full precision in a. */
+	if (((a->digits+a->exponent)>=(t->digits+t->exponent+p+1))
+	    && (a->digits>=p)) break;
+	decAddOp(d, d, &numone, &dset, 0, &ignore);    /* d=d+1 */
+	} /* iterate */
+
+      #if DECCHECK
+      /* just a sanity check; comment out test to show always */
+      if (iterations>p+3)
+	printf("Exp iterations=%ld, status=%08lx, p=%ld, d=%ld\n",
+	       iterations, *status, p, x->digits);
+      #endif
+      } /* h<=8 */
+
+    /* apply postconditioning: a=a**(10**h) -- this is calculated */
+    /* at a slightly higher precision than Hull & Abrham suggest */
+    if (h>0) {
+      Int seenbit=0;		   /* set once a 1-bit is seen */
+      Int i;			   /* counter */
+      Int n=powers[h];		   /* always positive */
+      aset.digits=p+2;		   /* sufficient precision */
+      /* avoid the overhead and many extra digits of decNumberPower */
+      /* as all that is needed is the short 'multipliers' loop; here */
+      /* accumulate the answer into t */
+      decNumberZero(t); *t->lsu=1; /* acc=1 */
+      for (i=1;;i++){		   /* for each bit [top bit ignored] */
+	/* abandon if have had overflow or terminal underflow */
+	if (*status & (DEC_Overflow|DEC_Underflow)) { /* interesting? */
+	  if (*status&DEC_Overflow || ISZERO(t)) break;}
+	n=n<<1;			   /* move next bit to testable position */
+	if (n<0) {		   /* top bit is set */
+	  seenbit=1;		   /* OK, have a significant bit */
+	  decMultiplyOp(t, t, a, &aset, status); /* acc=acc*x */
+	  }
+	if (i==31) break;	   /* that was the last bit */
+	if (!seenbit) continue;	   /* no need to square 1 */
+	decMultiplyOp(t, t, t, &aset, status); /* acc=acc*acc [square] */
+	} /*i*/ /* 32 bits */
+      /* decNumberShow(t); */
+      a=t;			   /* and carry on using t instead of a */
+      }
+
+    /* Copy and round the result to res */
+    residue=1;				/* indicate dirt to right .. */
+    if (ISZERO(a)) residue=0;		/* .. unless underflowed to 0 */
+    aset.digits=set->digits;		/* [use default rounding] */
+    decCopyFit(res, a, &aset, &residue, status); /* copy & shorten */
+    decFinish(res, set, &residue, status);	 /* cleanup/set flags */
+    } while(0);				/* end protected */
+
+  if (allocrhs !=NULL) free(allocrhs);	/* drop any storage used */
+  if (allocbufa!=NULL) free(allocbufa); /* .. */
+  if (allocbuft!=NULL) free(allocbuft); /* .. */
+  /* [status is handled by caller] */
+  return res;
+  } /* decExpOp */
+
+/* ------------------------------------------------------------------ */
+/* Initial-estimate natural logarithm table			      */
+/*								      */
+/*   LNnn -- 90-entry 16-bit table for values from .10 through .99.   */
+/*	     The result is a 4-digit encode of the coefficient (c=the */
+/*	     top 14 bits encoding 0-9999) and a 2-digit encode of the */
+/*	     exponent (e=the bottom 2 bits encoding 0-3)	      */
+/*								      */
+/*	     The resulting value is given by:			      */
+/*								      */
+/*	       v = -c * 10**(-e-3)				      */
+/*								      */
+/*	     where e and c are extracted from entry k = LNnn[x-10]    */
+/*	     where x is truncated (NB) into the range 10 through 99,  */
+/*	     and then c = k>>2 and e = k&3.			      */
+/* ------------------------------------------------------------------ */
+const uShort LNnn[90]={9016,  8652,  8316,  8008,  7724,  7456,	 7208,
+  6972,	 6748,	6540,  6340,  6148,  5968,  5792,  5628,  5464,	 5312,
+  5164,	 5020,	4884,  4748,  4620,  4496,  4376,  4256,  4144,	 4032,
+ 39233, 38181, 37157, 36157, 35181, 34229, 33297, 32389, 31501, 30629,
+ 29777, 28945, 28129, 27329, 26545, 25777, 25021, 24281, 23553, 22837,
+ 22137, 21445, 20769, 20101, 19445, 18801, 18165, 17541, 16925, 16321,
+ 15721, 15133, 14553, 13985, 13421, 12865, 12317, 11777, 11241, 10717,
+ 10197,	 9685,	9177,  8677,  8185,  7697,  7213,  6737,  6269,	 5801,
+  5341,	 4889,	4437, 39930, 35534, 31186, 26886, 22630, 18418, 14254,
+ 10130,	 6046, 20055};
+
+/* ------------------------------------------------------------------ */
+/* decLnOp -- effect natural logarithm				      */
+/*								      */
+/*   This computes C = ln(A)					      */
+/*								      */
+/*   res is C, the result.  C may be A				      */
+/*   rhs is A							      */
+/*   set is the context; note that rounding mode has no effect	      */
+/*								      */
+/* C must have space for set->digits digits.			      */
+/*								      */
+/* Notable cases:						      */
+/*   A<0 -> Invalid						      */
+/*   A=0 -> -Infinity (Exact)					      */
+/*   A=+Infinity -> +Infinity (Exact)				      */
+/*   A=1 exactly -> 0 (Exact)					      */
+/*								      */
+/* Restrictions (as for Exp):					      */
+/*								      */
+/*   digits, emax, and -emin in the context must be less than	      */
+/*   DEC_MAX_MATH+11 (1000010), and the rhs must be within these      */
+/*   bounds or a zero.	This is an internal routine, so these	      */
+/*   restrictions are contractual and not enforced.		      */
+/*								      */
+/* A finite result is rounded using DEC_ROUND_HALF_EVEN; it will      */
+/* almost always be correctly rounded, but may be up to 1 ulp in      */
+/* error in rare cases.						      */
+/* ------------------------------------------------------------------ */
+/* The result is calculated using Newton's method, with each	      */
+/* iteration calculating a' = a + x * exp(-a) - 1.  See, for example, */
+/* Epperson 1989.						      */
+/*								      */
+/* The iteration ends when the adjustment x*exp(-a)-1 is tiny enough. */
+/* This has to be calculated at the sum of the precision of x and the */
+/* working precision.						      */
+/*								      */
+/* Implementation notes:					      */
+/*								      */
+/* 1. This is separated out as decLnOp so it can be called from	      */
+/*    other Mathematical functions (e.g., Log 10) with a wider range  */
+/*    than normal.  In particular, it can handle the slightly wider   */
+/*    (+9+2) range needed by a power function.			      */
+/*								      */
+/* 2. The speed of this function is about 10x slower than exp, as     */
+/*    it typically needs 4-6 iterations for short numbers, and the    */
+/*    extra precision needed adds a squaring effect, twice.	      */
+/*								      */
+/* 3. Fastpaths are included for ln(10) and ln(2), up to length 40,   */
+/*    as these are common requests.  ln(10) is used by log10(x).      */
+/*								      */
+/* 4. An iteration might be saved by widening the LNnn table, and     */
+/*    would certainly save at least one if it were made ten times     */
+/*    bigger, too (for truncated fractions 0.100 through 0.999).      */
+/*    However, for most practical evaluations, at least four or five  */
+/*    iterations will be neede -- so this would only speed up by      */
+/*    20-25% and that probably does not justify increasing the table  */
+/*    size.							      */
+/*								      */
+/* 5. The static buffers are larger than might be expected to allow   */
+/*    for calls from decNumberPower.				      */
+/* ------------------------------------------------------------------ */
+decNumber * decLnOp(decNumber *res, const decNumber *rhs,
+		    decContext *set, uInt *status) {
+  uInt ignore=0;		   /* working status accumulator */
+  uInt needbytes;		   /* for space calculations */
+  Int residue;			   /* rounding residue */
+  Int r;			   /* rhs=f*10**r [see below] */
+  Int p;			   /* working precision */
+  Int pp;			   /* precision for iteration */
+  Int t;			   /* work */
+
+  /* buffers for a (accumulator, typically precision+2) and b */
+  /* (adjustment calculator, same size) */
+  decNumber bufa[D2N(DECBUFFER+12)];
+  decNumber *allocbufa=NULL;	   /* -> allocated bufa, iff allocated */
+  decNumber *a=bufa;		   /* accumulator/work */
+  decNumber bufb[D2N(DECBUFFER*2+2)];
+  decNumber *allocbufb=NULL;	   /* -> allocated bufa, iff allocated */
+  decNumber *b=bufb;		   /* adjustment/work */
+
+  decNumber  numone;		   /* constant 1 */
+  decNumber  cmp;		   /* work */
+  decContext aset, bset;	   /* working contexts */
+
+  #if DECCHECK
+  Int iterations=0;		   /* for later sanity check */
+  if (decCheckOperands(res, DECUNUSED, rhs, set)) return res;
+  #endif
+
+  do {					/* protect allocated storage */
+    if (SPECIALARG) {			/* handle infinities and NaNs */
+      if (decNumberIsInfinite(rhs)) {	/* an infinity */
+	if (decNumberIsNegative(rhs))	/* -Infinity -> error */
+	  *status|=DEC_Invalid_operation;
+	 else decNumberCopy(res, rhs);	/* +Infinity -> self */
+	}
+       else decNaNs(res, rhs, NULL, set, status); /* a NaN */
+      break;}
+
+    if (ISZERO(rhs)) {			/* +/- zeros -> -Infinity */
+      decNumberZero(res);		/* make clean */
+      res->bits=DECINF|DECNEG;		/* set - infinity */
+      break;}				/* [no status to set] */
+
+    /* Non-zero negatives are bad... */
+    if (decNumberIsNegative(rhs)) {	/* -x -> error */
+      *status|=DEC_Invalid_operation;
+      break;}
+
+    /* Here, rhs is positive, finite, and in range */
+
+    /* lookaside fastpath code for ln(2) and ln(10) at common lengths */
+    if (rhs->exponent==0 && set->digits<=40) {
+      #if DECDPUN==1
+      if (rhs->lsu[0]==0 && rhs->lsu[1]==1 && rhs->digits==2) { /* ln(10) */
+      #else
+      if (rhs->lsu[0]==10 && rhs->digits==2) {			/* ln(10) */
+      #endif
+	aset=*set; aset.round=DEC_ROUND_HALF_EVEN;
+	#define LN10 "2.302585092994045684017991454684364207601"
+	decNumberFromString(res, LN10, &aset);
+	*status|=(DEC_Inexact | DEC_Rounded); /* is inexact */
+	break;}
+      if (rhs->lsu[0]==2 && rhs->digits==1) { /* ln(2) */
+	aset=*set; aset.round=DEC_ROUND_HALF_EVEN;
+	#define LN2 "0.6931471805599453094172321214581765680755"
+	decNumberFromString(res, LN2, &aset);
+	*status|=(DEC_Inexact | DEC_Rounded);
+	break;}
+      } /* integer and short */
+
+    /* Determine the working precision.	 This is normally the */
+    /* requested precision + 2, with a minimum of 9.  However, if */
+    /* the rhs is 'over-precise' then allow for all its digits to */
+    /* potentially participate (consider an rhs where all the excess */
+    /* digits are 9s) so in this case use rhs->digits+2. */
+    p=MAXI(rhs->digits, MAXI(set->digits, 7))+2;
+
+    /* Allocate space for the accumulator and the high-precision */
+    /* adjustment calculator, if necessary.  The accumulator must */
+    /* be able to hold p digits, and the adjustment up to */
+    /* rhs->digits+p digits.  They are also made big enough for 16 */
+    /* digits so that they can be used for calculating the initial */
+    /* estimate. */
+    needbytes=sizeof(decNumber)+(D2U(MAXI(p,16))-1)*sizeof(Unit);
+    if (needbytes>sizeof(bufa)) {     /* need malloc space */
+      allocbufa=(decNumber *)malloc(needbytes);
+      if (allocbufa==NULL) {	      /* hopeless -- abandon */
+	*status|=DEC_Insufficient_storage;
+	break;}
+      a=allocbufa;		      /* use the allocated space */
+      }
+    pp=p+rhs->digits;
+    needbytes=sizeof(decNumber)+(D2U(MAXI(pp,16))-1)*sizeof(Unit);
+    if (needbytes>sizeof(bufb)) {     /* need malloc space */
+      allocbufb=(decNumber *)malloc(needbytes);
+      if (allocbufb==NULL) {	      /* hopeless -- abandon */
+	*status|=DEC_Insufficient_storage;
+	break;}
+      b=allocbufb;		      /* use the allocated space */
+      }
+
+    /* Prepare an initial estimate in acc. Calculate this by */
+    /* considering the coefficient of x to be a normalized fraction, */
+    /* f, with the decimal point at far left and multiplied by */
+    /* 10**r.  Then, rhs=f*10**r and 0.1<=f<1, and */
+    /*	 ln(x) = ln(f) + ln(10)*r */
+    /* Get the initial estimate for ln(f) from a small lookup */
+    /* table (see above) indexed by the first two digits of f, */
+    /* truncated. */
+
+    decContextDefault(&aset, DEC_INIT_DECIMAL64); /* 16-digit extended */
+    r=rhs->exponent+rhs->digits;	/* 'normalised' exponent */
+    decNumberFromInt32(a, r);		/* a=r */
+    decNumberFromInt32(b, 2302585);	/* b=ln(10) (2.302585) */
+    b->exponent=-6;			/*  .. */
+    decMultiplyOp(a, a, b, &aset, &ignore);  /* a=a*b */
+    /* now get top two digits of rhs into b by simple truncate and */
+    /* force to integer */
+    residue=0;				/* (no residue) */
+    aset.digits=2; aset.round=DEC_ROUND_DOWN;
+    decCopyFit(b, rhs, &aset, &residue, &ignore); /* copy & shorten */
+    b->exponent=0;			/* make integer */
+    t=decGetInt(b);			/* [cannot fail] */
+    if (t<10) t=X10(t);			/* adjust single-digit b */
+    t=LNnn[t-10];			/* look up ln(b) */
+    decNumberFromInt32(b, t>>2);	/* b=ln(b) coefficient */
+    b->exponent=-(t&3)-3;		/* set exponent */
+    b->bits=DECNEG;			/* ln(0.10)->ln(0.99) always -ve */
+    aset.digits=16; aset.round=DEC_ROUND_HALF_EVEN; /* restore */
+    decAddOp(a, a, b, &aset, 0, &ignore); /* acc=a+b */
+    /* the initial estimate is now in a, with up to 4 digits correct. */
+    /* When rhs is at or near Nmax the estimate will be low, so we */
+    /* will approach it from below, avoiding overflow when calling exp. */
+
+    decNumberZero(&numone); *numone.lsu=1;   /* constant 1 for adjustment */
+
+    /* accumulator bounds are as requested (could underflow, but */
+    /* cannot overflow) */
+    aset.emax=set->emax;
+    aset.emin=set->emin;
+    aset.clamp=0;			/* no concrete format */
+    /* set up a context to be used for the multiply and subtract */
+    bset=aset;
+    bset.emax=DEC_MAX_MATH*2;		/* use double bounds for the */
+    bset.emin=-DEC_MAX_MATH*2;		/* adjustment calculation */
+					/* [see decExpOp call below] */
+    /* for each iteration double the number of digits to calculate, */
+    /* up to a maximum of p */
+    pp=9;				/* initial precision */
+    /* [initially 9 as then the sequence starts 7+2, 16+2, and */
+    /* 34+2, which is ideal for standard-sized numbers] */
+    aset.digits=pp;			/* working context */
+    bset.digits=pp+rhs->digits;		/* wider context */
+    for (;;) {				/* iterate */
+      #if DECCHECK
+      iterations++;
+      if (iterations>24) break;		/* consider 9 * 2**24 */
+      #endif
+      /* calculate the adjustment (exp(-a)*x-1) into b.	 This is a */
+      /* catastrophic subtraction but it really is the difference */
+      /* from 1 that is of interest. */
+      /* Use the internal entry point to Exp as it allows the double */
+      /* range for calculating exp(-a) when a is the tiniest subnormal. */
+      a->bits^=DECNEG;			/* make -a */
+      decExpOp(b, a, &bset, &ignore);	/* b=exp(-a) */
+      a->bits^=DECNEG;			/* restore sign of a */
+      /* now multiply by rhs and subtract 1, at the wider precision */
+      decMultiplyOp(b, b, rhs, &bset, &ignore);	       /* b=b*rhs */
+      decAddOp(b, b, &numone, &bset, DECNEG, &ignore); /* b=b-1 */
+
+      /* the iteration ends when the adjustment cannot affect the */
+      /* result by >=0.5 ulp (at the requested digits), which */
+      /* is when its value is smaller than the accumulator by */
+      /* set->digits+1 digits (or it is zero) -- this is a looser */
+      /* requirement than for Exp because all that happens to the */
+      /* accumulator after this is the final rounding (but note that */
+      /* there must also be full precision in a, or a=0). */
+
+      if (decNumberIsZero(b) ||
+	  (a->digits+a->exponent)>=(b->digits+b->exponent+set->digits+1)) {
+	if (a->digits==p) break;
+	if (decNumberIsZero(a)) {
+	  decCompareOp(&cmp, rhs, &numone, &aset, COMPARE, &ignore); /* rhs=1 ? */
+	  if (cmp.lsu[0]==0) a->exponent=0;	       /* yes, exact 0 */
+	   else *status|=(DEC_Inexact | DEC_Rounded);  /* no, inexact */
+	  break;
+	  }
+	/* force padding if adjustment has gone to 0 before full length */
+	if (decNumberIsZero(b)) b->exponent=a->exponent-p;
+	}
+
+      /* not done yet ... */
+      decAddOp(a, a, b, &aset, 0, &ignore);  /* a=a+b for next estimate */
+      if (pp==p) continue;		     /* precision is at maximum */
+      /* lengthen the next calculation */
+      pp=pp*2;				     /* double precision */
+      if (pp>p) pp=p;			     /* clamp to maximum */
+      aset.digits=pp;			     /* working context */
+      bset.digits=pp+rhs->digits;	     /* wider context */
+      } /* Newton's iteration */
+
+    #if DECCHECK
+    /* just a sanity check; remove the test to show always */
+    if (iterations>24)
+      printf("Ln iterations=%ld, status=%08lx, p=%ld, d=%ld\n",
+	    iterations, *status, p, rhs->digits);
+    #endif
+
+    /* Copy and round the result to res */
+    residue=1;				/* indicate dirt to right */
+    if (ISZERO(a)) residue=0;		/* .. unless underflowed to 0 */
+    aset.digits=set->digits;		/* [use default rounding] */
+    decCopyFit(res, a, &aset, &residue, status); /* copy & shorten */
+    decFinish(res, set, &residue, status);	 /* cleanup/set flags */
+    } while(0);				/* end protected */
+
+  if (allocbufa!=NULL) free(allocbufa); /* drop any storage used */
+  if (allocbufb!=NULL) free(allocbufb); /* .. */
+  /* [status is handled by caller] */
   return res;
-}
+  } /* decLnOp */
 
 /* ------------------------------------------------------------------ */
-/* decQuantizeOp  -- force exponent to requested value                */
-/*                                                                    */
+/* decQuantizeOp  -- force exponent to requested value		      */
+/*								      */
 /*   This computes C = op(A, B), where op adjusts the coefficient     */
 /*   of C (by rounding or shifting) such that the exponent (-scale)   */
-/*   of C has the value B or matches the exponent of B.               */
+/*   of C has the value B or matches the exponent of B.		      */
 /*   The numerical value of C will equal A, except for the effects of */
-/*   any rounding that occurred.                                      */
-/*                                                                    */
-/*   res is C, the result.  C may be A or B                           */
-/*   lhs is A, the number to adjust                                   */
-/*   rhs is B, the requested exponent                                 */
-/*   set is the context                                               */
-/*   quant is 1 for quantize or 0 for rescale                         */
+/*   any rounding that occurred.				      */
+/*								      */
+/*   res is C, the result.  C may be A or B			      */
+/*   lhs is A, the number to adjust				      */
+/*   rhs is B, the requested exponent				      */
+/*   set is the context						      */
+/*   quant is 1 for quantize or 0 for rescale			      */
 /*   status is the status accumulator (this can be called without     */
-/*          risk of control loss)                                     */
-/*                                                                    */
-/* C must have space for set->digits digits.                          */
-/*                                                                    */
+/*	    risk of control loss)				      */
+/*								      */
+/* C must have space for set->digits digits.			      */
+/*								      */
 /* Unless there is an error or the result is infinite, the exponent   */
-/* after the operation is guaranteed to be that requested.            */
-/* ------------------------------------------------------------------ */
-static decNumber *
-decQuantizeOp (decNumber * res, const decNumber * lhs,
-	       const decNumber * rhs, decContext * set, Flag quant, uInt * status)
-{
-  decNumber *alloclhs = NULL;	/* non-NULL if rounded lhs allocated */
-  decNumber *allocrhs = NULL;	/* .., rhs */
-  const decNumber *inrhs = rhs;	/* save original rhs */
-  Int reqdigits = set->digits;	/* requested DIGITS */
-  Int reqexp;			/* requested exponent [-scale] */
-  Int residue = 0;		/* rounding residue */
-  uByte merged;			/* merged flags */
-  Int etiny = set->emin - (set->digits - 1);
-
-#if DECCHECK
-  if (decCheckOperands (res, lhs, rhs, set))
-    return res;
-#endif
-
-  do
-    {				/* protect allocated storage */
-#if DECSUBSET
-      if (!set->extended)
-	{
-	  /* reduce operands and set lostDigits status, as needed */
-	  if (lhs->digits > reqdigits)
-	    {
-	      alloclhs = decRoundOperand (lhs, set, status);
-	      if (alloclhs == NULL)
-		break;
-	      lhs = alloclhs;
-	    }
-	  if (rhs->digits > reqdigits)
-	    {			/* [this only checks lostDigits] */
-	      allocrhs = decRoundOperand (rhs, set, status);
-	      if (allocrhs == NULL)
-		break;
-	      rhs = allocrhs;
-	    }
+/* after the operation is guaranteed to be that requested.	      */
+/* ------------------------------------------------------------------ */
+static decNumber * decQuantizeOp(decNumber *res, const decNumber *lhs,
+				 const decNumber *rhs, decContext *set,
+				 Flag quant, uInt *status) {
+  #if DECSUBSET
+  decNumber *alloclhs=NULL;	   /* non-NULL if rounded lhs allocated */
+  decNumber *allocrhs=NULL;	   /* .., rhs */
+  #endif
+  const decNumber *inrhs=rhs;	   /* save original rhs */
+  Int	reqdigits=set->digits;	   /* requested DIGITS */
+  Int	reqexp;			   /* requested exponent [-scale] */
+  Int	residue=0;		   /* rounding residue */
+  Int	etiny=set->emin-(reqdigits-1);
+
+  #if DECCHECK
+  if (decCheckOperands(res, lhs, rhs, set)) return res;
+  #endif
+
+  do {				   /* protect allocated storage */
+    #if DECSUBSET
+    if (!set->extended) {
+      /* reduce operands and set lostDigits status, as needed */
+      if (lhs->digits>reqdigits) {
+	alloclhs=decRoundOperand(lhs, set, status);
+	if (alloclhs==NULL) break;
+	lhs=alloclhs;
 	}
-#endif
-      /* [following code does not require input rounding] */
-
-      /* Handle special values */
-      merged = (lhs->bits | rhs->bits) & DECSPECIAL;
-      if ((lhs->bits | rhs->bits) & DECSPECIAL)
-	{
-	  /* NaNs get usual processing */
-	  if (merged & (DECSNAN | DECNAN))
-	    decNaNs (res, lhs, rhs, status);
-	  /* one infinity but not both is bad */
-	  else if ((lhs->bits ^ rhs->bits) & DECINF)
-	    *status |= DEC_Invalid_operation;
-	  /* both infinity: return lhs */
-	  else
-	    decNumberCopy (res, lhs);	/* [nop if in place] */
-	  break;
-	}
-
-      /* set requested exponent */
-      if (quant)
-	reqexp = inrhs->exponent;	/* quantize -- match exponents */
-      else
-	{			/* rescale -- use value of rhs */
-	  /* Original rhs must be an integer that fits and is in range */
-#if DECSUBSET
-	  reqexp = decGetInt (inrhs, set);
-#else
-	  reqexp = decGetInt (inrhs);
-#endif
+      if (rhs->digits>reqdigits) { /* [this only checks lostDigits] */
+	allocrhs=decRoundOperand(rhs, set, status);
+	if (allocrhs==NULL) break;
+	rhs=allocrhs;
 	}
+      }
+    #endif
+    /* [following code does not require input rounding] */
+
+    /* Handle special values */
+    if (SPECIALARGS) {
+      /* NaNs get usual processing */
+      if (SPECIALARGS & (DECSNAN | DECNAN))
+	decNaNs(res, lhs, rhs, set, status);
+      /* one infinity but not both is bad */
+      else if ((lhs->bits ^ rhs->bits) & DECINF)
+	*status|=DEC_Invalid_operation;
+      /* both infinity: return lhs */
+      else decNumberCopy(res, lhs);	     /* [nop if in place] */
+      break;
+      }
 
-#if DECSUBSET
-      if (!set->extended)
-	etiny = set->emin;	/* no subnormals */
-#endif
+    /* set requested exponent */
+    if (quant) reqexp=inrhs->exponent;	/* quantize -- match exponents */
+     else {				/* rescale -- use value of rhs */
+      /* Original rhs must be an integer that fits and is in range, */
+      /* which could be from -1999999997 to +999999999, thanks to */
+      /* subnormals */
+      reqexp=decGetInt(inrhs);		     /* [cannot fail] */
+      }
 
-      if (reqexp == BADINT	/* bad (rescale only) or .. */
-	  || (reqexp < etiny)	/* < lowest */
-	  || (reqexp > set->emax))
-	{			/* > Emax */
-	  *status |= DEC_Invalid_operation;
-	  break;
+    #if DECSUBSET
+    if (!set->extended) etiny=set->emin;     /* no subnormals */
+    #endif
+
+    if (reqexp==BADINT			     /* bad (rescale only) or .. */
+     || reqexp==BIGODD || reqexp==BIGEVEN    /* very big (ditto) or .. */
+     || (reqexp<etiny)			     /* < lowest */
+     || (reqexp>set->emax)) {		     /* > emax */
+      *status|=DEC_Invalid_operation;
+      break;}
+
+    /* the RHS has been processed, so it can be overwritten now if necessary */
+    if (ISZERO(lhs)) {			     /* zero coefficient unchanged */
+      decNumberCopy(res, lhs);		     /* [nop if in place] */
+      res->exponent=reqexp;		     /* .. just set exponent */
+      #if DECSUBSET
+      if (!set->extended) res->bits=0;	     /* subset specification; no -0 */
+      #endif
+      }
+     else {				     /* non-zero lhs */
+      Int adjust=reqexp-lhs->exponent;	     /* digit adjustment needed */
+      /* if adjusted coefficient will definitely not fit, give up now */
+      if ((lhs->digits-adjust)>reqdigits) {
+	*status|=DEC_Invalid_operation;
+	break;
 	}
 
-      /* we've processed the RHS, so we can overwrite it now if necessary */
-      if (ISZERO (lhs))
-	{			/* zero coefficient unchanged */
-	  decNumberCopy (res, lhs);	/* [nop if in place] */
-	  res->exponent = reqexp;	/* .. just set exponent */
-#if DECSUBSET
-	  if (!set->extended)
-	    res->bits = 0;	/* subset specification; no -0 */
-#endif
-	}
-      else
-	{			/* non-zero lhs */
-	  Int adjust = reqexp - lhs->exponent;	/* digit adjustment needed */
-	  /* if adjusted coefficient will not fit, give up now */
-	  if ((lhs->digits - adjust) > reqdigits)
-	    {
-	      *status |= DEC_Invalid_operation;
-	      break;
+      if (adjust>0) {			     /* increasing exponent */
+	/* this will decrease the length of the coefficient by adjust */
+	/* digits, and must round as it does so */
+	decContext workset;		     /* work */
+	workset=*set;			     /* clone rounding, etc. */
+	workset.digits=lhs->digits-adjust;   /* set requested length */
+	/* [note that the latter can be <1, here] */
+	decCopyFit(res, lhs, &workset, &residue, status); /* fit to result */
+	decApplyRound(res, &workset, residue, status);	  /* .. and round */
+	residue=0;					  /* [used] */
+	/* If just rounded a 999s case, exponent will be off by one; */
+	/* adjust back (after checking space), if so. */
+	if (res->exponent>reqexp) {
+	  /* re-check needed, e.g., for quantize(0.9999, 0.001) under */
+	  /* set->digits==3 */
+	  if (res->digits==reqdigits) {	     /* cannot shift by 1 */
+	    *status&=~(DEC_Inexact | DEC_Rounded); /* [clean these] */
+	    *status|=DEC_Invalid_operation;
+	    break;
 	    }
+	  res->digits=decShiftToMost(res->lsu, res->digits, 1); /* shift */
+	  res->exponent--;		     /* (re)adjust the exponent. */
+	  }
+	#if DECSUBSET
+	if (ISZERO(res) && !set->extended) res->bits=0; /* subset; no -0 */
+	#endif
+	} /* increase */
+       else /* adjust<=0 */ {		     /* decreasing or = exponent */
+	/* this will increase the length of the coefficient by -adjust */
+	/* digits, by adding zero or more trailing zeros; this is */
+	/* already checked for fit, above */
+	decNumberCopy(res, lhs);	     /* [it will fit] */
+	/* if padding needed (adjust<0), add it now... */
+	if (adjust<0) {
+	  res->digits=decShiftToMost(res->lsu, res->digits, -adjust);
+	  res->exponent+=adjust;	     /* adjust the exponent */
+	  }
+	} /* decrease */
+      } /* non-zero */
 
-	  if (adjust > 0)
-	    {			/* increasing exponent */
-	      /* this will decrease the length of the coefficient by adjust */
-	      /* digits, and must round as it does so */
-	      decContext workset;	/* work */
-	      workset = *set;	/* clone rounding, etc. */
-	      workset.digits = lhs->digits - adjust;	/* set requested length */
-	      /* [note that the latter can be <1, here] */
-	      decCopyFit (res, lhs, &workset, &residue, status);	/* fit to result */
-	      decApplyRound (res, &workset, residue, status);	/* .. and round */
-	      residue = 0;	/* [used] */
-	      /* If we rounded a 999s case, exponent will be off by one; */
-	      /* adjust back if so. */
-	      if (res->exponent > reqexp)
-		{
-		  res->digits = decShiftToMost (res->lsu, res->digits, 1);	/* shift */
-		  res->exponent--;	/* (re)adjust the exponent. */
-		}
-#if DECSUBSET
-	      if (ISZERO (res) && !set->extended)
-		res->bits = 0;	/* subset; no -0 */
-#endif
-	    }			/* increase */
-	  else			/* adjust<=0 */
-	    {			/* decreasing or = exponent */
-	      /* this will increase the length of the coefficient by -adjust */
-	      /* digits, by adding trailing zeros. */
-	      decNumberCopy (res, lhs);	/* [it will fit] */
-	      /* if padding needed (adjust<0), add it now... */
-	      if (adjust < 0)
-		{
-		  res->digits =
-		    decShiftToMost (res->lsu, res->digits, -adjust);
-		  res->exponent += adjust;	/* adjust the exponent */
-		}
-	    }			/* decrease */
-	}			/* non-zero */
-
-      /* Check for overflow [do not use Finalize in this case, as an */
-      /* overflow here is a "don't fit" situation] */
-      if (res->exponent > set->emax - res->digits + 1)
-	{			/* too big */
-	  *status |= DEC_Invalid_operation;
-	  break;
-	}
-      else
-	{
-	  decFinalize (res, set, &residue, status);	/* set subnormal flags */
-	  *status &= ~DEC_Underflow;	/* suppress Underflow [754r] */
-	}
-    }
-  while (0);			/* end protected */
+    /* Check for overflow [do not use Finalize in this case, as an */
+    /* overflow here is a "don't fit" situation] */
+    if (res->exponent>set->emax-res->digits+1) {  /* too big */
+      *status|=DEC_Invalid_operation;
+      break;
+      }
+     else {
+      decFinalize(res, set, &residue, status);	  /* set subnormal flags */
+      *status&=~DEC_Underflow;		/* suppress Underflow [754r] */
+      }
+    } while(0);				/* end protected */
 
-  if (allocrhs != NULL)
-    free (allocrhs);		/* drop any storage we used */
-  if (alloclhs != NULL)
-    free (alloclhs);		/* .. */
+  #if DECSUBSET
+  if (allocrhs!=NULL) free(allocrhs);	/* drop any storage used */
+  if (alloclhs!=NULL) free(alloclhs);	/* .. */
+  #endif
   return res;
-}
-
-/* ------------------------------------------------------------------ */
-/* decCompareOp -- compare, min, or max two Numbers                   */
-/*                                                                    */
-/*   This computes C = A ? B and returns the signum (as a Number)     */
-/*   for COMPARE or the maximum or minimum (for COMPMAX and COMPMIN). */
-/*                                                                    */
-/*   res is C, the result.  C may be A and/or B (e.g., X=X?X)         */
-/*   lhs is A                                                         */
-/*   rhs is B                                                         */
-/*   set is the context                                               */
-/*   op  is the operation flag                                        */
-/*   status is the usual accumulator                                  */
-/*                                                                    */
+  } /* decQuantizeOp */
+
+/* ------------------------------------------------------------------ */
+/* decCompareOp -- compare, min, or max two Numbers		      */
+/*								      */
+/*   This computes C = A ? B and carries out one of four operations:  */
+/*     COMPARE	  -- returns the signum (as a number) giving the      */
+/*		     result of a comparison unless one or both	      */
+/*		     operands is a NaN (in which case a NaN results)  */
+/*     COMPSIG	  -- as COMPARE except that a quiet NaN raises	      */
+/*		     Invalid operation.				      */
+/*     COMPMAX	  -- returns the larger of the operands, using the    */
+/*		     754r maxnum operation			      */
+/*     COMPMAXMAG -- ditto, comparing absolute values		      */
+/*     COMPMIN	  -- the 754r minnum operation			      */
+/*     COMPMINMAG -- ditto, comparing absolute values		      */
+/*     COMTOTAL	  -- returns the signum (as a number) giving the      */
+/*		     result of a comparison using 754r total ordering */
+/*								      */
+/*   res is C, the result.  C may be A and/or B (e.g., X=X?X)	      */
+/*   lhs is A							      */
+/*   rhs is B							      */
+/*   set is the context						      */
+/*   op	 is the operation flag					      */
+/*   status is the usual accumulator				      */
+/*								      */
 /* C must have space for one digit for COMPARE or set->digits for     */
-/* COMPMAX and COMPMIN.                                               */
-/* ------------------------------------------------------------------ */
-/* The emphasis here is on speed for common cases, and avoiding       */
-/* coefficient comparison if possible.                                */
-/* ------------------------------------------------------------------ */
-decNumber *
-decCompareOp (decNumber * res, const decNumber * lhs, const decNumber * rhs,
-	      decContext * set, Flag op, uInt * status)
-{
-  decNumber *alloclhs = NULL;	/* non-NULL if rounded lhs allocated */
-  decNumber *allocrhs = NULL;	/* .., rhs */
-  Int result = 0;		/* default result value */
-  uByte merged;			/* merged flags */
-  uByte bits = 0;		/* non-0 for NaN */
-
-#if DECCHECK
-  if (decCheckOperands (res, lhs, rhs, set))
-    return res;
-#endif
-
-  do
-    {				/* protect allocated storage */
-#if DECSUBSET
-      if (!set->extended)
-	{
-	  /* reduce operands and set lostDigits status, as needed */
-	  if (lhs->digits > set->digits)
-	    {
-	      alloclhs = decRoundOperand (lhs, set, status);
-	      if (alloclhs == NULL)
-		{
-		  result = BADINT;
-		  break;
-		}
-	      lhs = alloclhs;
-	    }
-	  if (rhs->digits > set->digits)
-	    {
-	      allocrhs = decRoundOperand (rhs, set, status);
-	      if (allocrhs == NULL)
-		{
-		  result = BADINT;
-		  break;
-		}
-	      rhs = allocrhs;
-	    }
+/* COMPMAX, COMPMIN, COMPMAXMAG, or COMPMINMAG.			      */
+/* ------------------------------------------------------------------ */
+/* The emphasis here is on speed for common cases, and avoiding	      */
+/* coefficient comparison if possible.				      */
+/* ------------------------------------------------------------------ */
+decNumber * decCompareOp(decNumber *res, const decNumber *lhs,
+			 const decNumber *rhs, decContext *set,
+			 Flag op, uInt *status) {
+  #if DECSUBSET
+  decNumber *alloclhs=NULL;	   /* non-NULL if rounded lhs allocated */
+  decNumber *allocrhs=NULL;	   /* .., rhs */
+  #endif
+  Int	result=0;		   /* default result value */
+  uByte merged;			   /* work */
+
+  #if DECCHECK
+  if (decCheckOperands(res, lhs, rhs, set)) return res;
+  #endif
+
+  do {				   /* protect allocated storage */
+    #if DECSUBSET
+    if (!set->extended) {
+      /* reduce operands and set lostDigits status, as needed */
+      if (lhs->digits>set->digits) {
+	alloclhs=decRoundOperand(lhs, set, status);
+	if (alloclhs==NULL) {result=BADINT; break;}
+	lhs=alloclhs;
 	}
-#endif
-      /* [following code does not require input rounding] */
-
-      /* handle NaNs now; let infinities drop through */
-      /* +++ review sNaN handling with 754r, for now assumes sNaN */
-      /* (even just one) leads to NaN. */
-      merged = (lhs->bits | rhs->bits) & (DECSNAN | DECNAN);
-      if (merged)
-	{			/* a NaN bit set */
-	  if (op == COMPARE);
-	  else if (merged & DECSNAN);
-	  else
-	    {			/* 754r rules for MIN and MAX ignore single NaN */
-	      /* here if MIN or MAX, and one or two quiet NaNs */
-	      if (lhs->bits & rhs->bits & DECNAN);
-	      else
-		{		/* just one quiet NaN */
-		  /* force choice to be the non-NaN operand */
-		  op = COMPMAX;
-		  if (lhs->bits & DECNAN)
-		    result = -1;	/* pick rhs */
-		  else
-		    result = +1;	/* pick lhs */
-		  break;
-		}
-	    }
-	  op = COMPNAN;		/* use special path */
-	  decNaNs (res, lhs, rhs, status);
-	  break;
+      if (rhs->digits>set->digits) {
+	allocrhs=decRoundOperand(rhs, set, status);
+	if (allocrhs==NULL) {result=BADINT; break;}
+	rhs=allocrhs;
 	}
+      }
+    #endif
+    /* [following code does not require input rounding] */
 
-      result = decCompare (lhs, rhs);	/* we have numbers */
-    }
-  while (0);			/* end protected */
-
-  if (result == BADINT)
-    *status |= DEC_Insufficient_storage;	/* rare */
-  else
-    {
-      if (op == COMPARE)
-	{			/* return signum */
-	  decNumberZero (res);	/* [always a valid result] */
-	  if (result == 0)
-	    res->bits = bits;	/* (maybe qNaN) */
-	  else
-	    {
-	      *res->lsu = 1;
-	      if (result < 0)
-		res->bits = DECNEG;
-	    }
+    /* If total ordering then handle differing signs 'up front' */
+    if (op==COMPTOTAL) {		/* total ordering */
+      if (decNumberIsNegative(lhs) & !decNumberIsNegative(rhs)) {
+	result=-1;
+	break;
 	}
-      else if (op == COMPNAN);	/* special, drop through */
-      else
-	{			/* MAX or MIN, non-NaN result */
-	  Int residue = 0;	/* rounding accumulator */
-	  /* choose the operand for the result */
-	  const decNumber *choice;
-	  if (result == 0)
-	    {			/* operands are numerically equal */
-	      /* choose according to sign then exponent (see 754r) */
-	      uByte slhs = (lhs->bits & DECNEG);
-	      uByte srhs = (rhs->bits & DECNEG);
-#if DECSUBSET
-	      if (!set->extended)
-		{		/* subset: force left-hand */
-		  op = COMPMAX;
-		  result = +1;
-		}
-	      else
-#endif
-	      if (slhs != srhs)
-		{		/* signs differ */
-		  if (slhs)
-		    result = -1;	/* rhs is max */
-		  else
-		    result = +1;	/* lhs is max */
-		}
-	      else if (slhs && srhs)
-		{		/* both negative */
-		  if (lhs->exponent < rhs->exponent)
-		    result = +1;
-		  else
-		    result = -1;
-		  /* [if equal, we use lhs, technically identical] */
-		}
-	      else
-		{		/* both positive */
-		  if (lhs->exponent > rhs->exponent)
-		    result = +1;
-		  else
-		    result = -1;
-		  /* [ditto] */
-		}
-	    }			/* numerically equal */
-	  /* here result will be non-0 */
-	  if (op == COMPMIN)
-	    result = -result;	/* reverse if looking for MIN */
-	  choice = (result > 0 ? lhs : rhs);	/* choose */
-	  /* copy chosen to result, rounding if need be */
-	  decCopyFit (res, choice, set, &residue, status);
-	  decFinish (res, set, &residue, status);
+      if (!decNumberIsNegative(lhs) & decNumberIsNegative(rhs)) {
+	result=+1;
+	break;
+	}
+      }
+
+    /* handle NaNs specially; let infinities drop through */
+    /* This assumes sNaN (even just one) leads to NaN. */
+    merged=(lhs->bits | rhs->bits) & (DECSNAN | DECNAN);
+    if (merged) {			/* a NaN bit set */
+      if (op==COMPARE);			/* result will be NaN */
+       else if (op==COMPSIG)		/* treat qNaN as sNaN */
+	*status|=DEC_Invalid_operation | DEC_sNaN;
+       else if (op==COMPTOTAL) {	/* total ordering, always finite */
+	/* signs are known to be the same; compute the ordering here */
+	/* as if the signs are both positive, then invert for negatives */
+	if (!decNumberIsNaN(lhs)) result=-1;
+	 else if (!decNumberIsNaN(rhs)) result=+1;
+	 /* here if both NaNs */
+	 else if (decNumberIsSNaN(lhs) && decNumberIsQNaN(rhs)) result=-1;
+	 else if (decNumberIsQNaN(lhs) && decNumberIsSNaN(rhs)) result=+1;
+	 else { /* both NaN or both sNaN */
+	  /* now it just depends on the payload */
+	  result=decUnitCompare(lhs->lsu, D2U(lhs->digits),
+				rhs->lsu, D2U(rhs->digits), 0);
+	  /* [Error not possible, as these are 'aligned'] */
+	  } /* both same NaNs */
+	if (decNumberIsNegative(lhs)) result=-result;
+	break;
+	} /* total order */
+
+       else if (merged & DECSNAN);	     /* sNaN -> qNaN */
+       else { /* here if MIN or MAX and one or two quiet NaNs */
+	/* min or max -- 754r rules ignore single NaN */
+	if (!decNumberIsNaN(lhs) || !decNumberIsNaN(rhs)) {
+	  /* just one NaN; force choice to be the non-NaN operand */
+	  op=COMPMAX;
+	  if (lhs->bits & DECNAN) result=-1; /* pick rhs */
+			     else result=+1; /* pick lhs */
+	  break;
+	  }
+	} /* max or min */
+      op=COMPNAN;			     /* use special path */
+      decNaNs(res, lhs, rhs, set, status);   /* propagate NaN */
+      break;
+      }
+    /* have numbers */
+    if (op==COMPMAXMAG || op==COMPMINMAG) result=decCompare(lhs, rhs, 1);
+     else result=decCompare(lhs, rhs, 0);    /* sign matters */
+    } while(0);				     /* end protected */
+
+  if (result==BADINT) *status|=DEC_Insufficient_storage; /* rare */
+   else {
+    if (op==COMPARE || op==COMPSIG ||op==COMPTOTAL) { /* returning signum */
+      if (op==COMPTOTAL && result==0) {
+	/* operands are numerically equal or same NaN (and same sign, */
+	/* tested first); if identical, leave result 0 */
+	if (lhs->exponent!=rhs->exponent) {
+	  if (lhs->exponent<rhs->exponent) result=-1;
+	   else result=+1;
+	  if (decNumberIsNegative(lhs)) result=-result;
+	  } /* lexp!=rexp */
+	} /* total-order by exponent */
+      decNumberZero(res);		/* [always a valid result] */
+      if (result!=0) {			/* must be -1 or +1 */
+	*res->lsu=1;
+	if (result<0) res->bits=DECNEG;
 	}
+      }
+     else if (op==COMPNAN);		/* special, drop through */
+     else {				/* MAX or MIN, non-NaN result */
+      Int residue=0;			/* rounding accumulator */
+      /* choose the operand for the result */
+      const decNumber *choice;
+      if (result==0) { /* operands are numerically equal */
+	/* choose according to sign then exponent (see 754r) */
+	uByte slhs=(lhs->bits & DECNEG);
+	uByte srhs=(rhs->bits & DECNEG);
+	#if DECSUBSET
+	if (!set->extended) {		/* subset: force left-hand */
+	  op=COMPMAX;
+	  result=+1;
+	  }
+	else
+	#endif
+	if (slhs!=srhs) {	   /* signs differ */
+	  if (slhs) result=-1;	   /* rhs is max */
+	       else result=+1;	   /* lhs is max */
+	  }
+	 else if (slhs && srhs) {  /* both negative */
+	  if (lhs->exponent<rhs->exponent) result=+1;
+				      else result=-1;
+	  /* [if equal, use lhs, technically identical] */
+	  }
+	 else {			   /* both positive */
+	  if (lhs->exponent>rhs->exponent) result=+1;
+				      else result=-1;
+	  /* [ditto] */
+	  }
+	} /* numerically equal */
+      /* here result will be non-0; reverse if looking for MIN */
+      if (op==COMPMIN || op==COMPMINMAG) result=-result;
+      choice=(result>0 ? lhs : rhs);	/* choose */
+      /* copy chosen to result, rounding if need be */
+      decCopyFit(res, choice, set, &residue, status);
+      decFinish(res, set, &residue, status);
+      }
     }
-  if (allocrhs != NULL)
-    free (allocrhs);		/* free any storage we used */
-  if (alloclhs != NULL)
-    free (alloclhs);		/* .. */
+  #if DECSUBSET
+  if (allocrhs!=NULL) free(allocrhs);	/* free any storage used */
+  if (alloclhs!=NULL) free(alloclhs);	/* .. */
+  #endif
   return res;
-}
+  } /* decCompareOp */
 
 /* ------------------------------------------------------------------ */
-/* decCompare -- compare two decNumbers by numerical value            */
-/*                                                                    */
-/*  This routine compares A ? B without altering them.                */
-/*                                                                    */
-/*  Arg1 is A, a decNumber which is not a NaN                         */
-/*  Arg2 is B, a decNumber which is not a NaN                         */
-/*                                                                    */
+/* decCompare -- compare two decNumbers by numerical value	      */
+/*								      */
+/*  This routine compares A ? B without altering them.		      */
+/*								      */
+/*  Arg1 is A, a decNumber which is not a NaN			      */
+/*  Arg2 is B, a decNumber which is not a NaN			      */
+/*  Arg3 is 1 for a sign-independent compare, 0 otherwise	      */
+/*								      */
 /*  returns -1, 0, or 1 for A<B, A==B, or A>B, or BADINT if failure   */
-/*  (the only possible failure is an allocation error)                */
-/* ------------------------------------------------------------------ */
-/* This could be merged into decCompareOp */
-static Int
-decCompare (const decNumber * lhs, const decNumber * rhs)
-{
-  Int result;			/* result value */
-  Int sigr;			/* rhs signum */
-  Int compare;			/* work */
-  result = 1;			/* assume signum(lhs) */
-  if (ISZERO (lhs))
-    result = 0;
-  else if (decNumberIsNegative (lhs))
-    result = -1;
-  sigr = 1;			/* compute signum(rhs) */
-  if (ISZERO (rhs))
-    sigr = 0;
-  else if (decNumberIsNegative (rhs))
-    sigr = -1;
-  if (result > sigr)
-    return +1;			/* L > R, return 1 */
-  if (result < sigr)
-    return -1;			/* R < L, return -1 */
-
-  /* signums are the same */
-  if (result == 0)
-    return 0;			/* both 0 */
-  /* Both non-zero */
-  if ((lhs->bits | rhs->bits) & DECINF)
-    {				/* one or more infinities */
-      if (lhs->bits == rhs->bits)
-	result = 0;		/* both the same */
-      else if (decNumberIsInfinite (rhs))
-	result = -result;
-      return result;
+/*  (the only possible failure is an allocation error)		      */
+/* ------------------------------------------------------------------ */
+static Int decCompare(const decNumber *lhs, const decNumber *rhs,
+		      Flag abs) {
+  Int	result;			   /* result value */
+  Int	sigr;			   /* rhs signum */
+  Int	compare;		   /* work */
+
+  result=1;				     /* assume signum(lhs) */
+  if (ISZERO(lhs)) result=0;
+  if (abs) {
+    if (ISZERO(rhs)) return result;	     /* LHS wins or both 0 */
+    /* RHS is non-zero */
+    if (result==0) return -1;		     /* LHS is 0; RHS wins */
+    /* [here, both non-zero, result=1] */
     }
-
-  /* we must compare the coefficients, allowing for exponents */
-  if (lhs->exponent > rhs->exponent)
-    {				/* LHS exponent larger */
-      /* swap sides, and sign */
-      const decNumber *temp = lhs;
-      lhs = rhs;
-      rhs = temp;
-      result = -result;
+   else {				     /* signs matter */
+    if (result && decNumberIsNegative(lhs)) result=-1;
+    sigr=1;				     /* compute signum(rhs) */
+    if (ISZERO(rhs)) sigr=0;
+     else if (decNumberIsNegative(rhs)) sigr=-1;
+    if (result > sigr) return +1;	     /* L > R, return 1 */
+    if (result < sigr) return -1;	     /* L < R, return -1 */
+    if (result==0) return 0;		       /* both 0 */
     }
 
-  compare = decUnitCompare (lhs->lsu, D2U (lhs->digits),
-			    rhs->lsu, D2U (rhs->digits),
-			    rhs->exponent - lhs->exponent);
-
-  if (compare != BADINT)
-    compare *= result;		/* comparison succeeded */
-  return compare;		/* what we got */
-}
+  /* signums are the same; both are non-zero */
+  if ((lhs->bits | rhs->bits) & DECINF) {    /* one or more infinities */
+    if (decNumberIsInfinite(rhs)) {
+      if (decNumberIsInfinite(lhs)) result=0;/* both infinite */
+       else result=-result;		     /* only rhs infinite */
+      }
+    return result;
+    }
+  /* must compare the coefficients, allowing for exponents */
+  if (lhs->exponent>rhs->exponent) {	     /* LHS exponent larger */
+    /* swap sides, and sign */
+    const decNumber *temp=lhs;
+    lhs=rhs;
+    rhs=temp;
+    result=-result;
+    }
+  compare=decUnitCompare(lhs->lsu, D2U(lhs->digits),
+			 rhs->lsu, D2U(rhs->digits),
+			 rhs->exponent-lhs->exponent);
+  if (compare!=BADINT) compare*=result;	     /* comparison succeeded */
+  return compare;
+  } /* decCompare */
 
 /* ------------------------------------------------------------------ */
-/* decUnitCompare -- compare two >=0 integers in Unit arrays          */
-/*                                                                    */
+/* decUnitCompare -- compare two >=0 integers in Unit arrays	      */
+/*								      */
 /*  This routine compares A ? B*10**E where A and B are unit arrays   */
-/*  A is a plain integer                                              */
-/*  B has an exponent of E (which must be non-negative)               */
-/*                                                                    */
-/*  Arg1 is A first Unit (lsu)                                        */
-/*  Arg2 is A length in Units                                         */
-/*  Arg3 is B first Unit (lsu)                                        */
-/*  Arg4 is B length in Units                                         */
-/*  Arg5 is E                                                         */
-/*                                                                    */
+/*  A is a plain integer					      */
+/*  B has an exponent of E (which must be non-negative)		      */
+/*								      */
+/*  Arg1 is A first Unit (lsu)					      */
+/*  Arg2 is A length in Units					      */
+/*  Arg3 is B first Unit (lsu)					      */
+/*  Arg4 is B length in Units					      */
+/*  Arg5 is E (0 if the units are aligned)			      */
+/*								      */
 /*  returns -1, 0, or 1 for A<B, A==B, or A>B, or BADINT if failure   */
-/*  (the only possible failure is an allocation error)                */
-/* ------------------------------------------------------------------ */
-static Int
-decUnitCompare (const Unit * a, Int alength, const Unit * b, Int blength, Int exp)
-{
-  Unit *acc;			/* accumulator for result */
-  Unit accbuff[D2U (DECBUFFER + 1)];	/* local buffer */
-  Unit *allocacc = NULL;	/* -> allocated acc buffer, iff allocated */
-  Int accunits, need;		/* units in use or needed for acc */
-  const Unit *l, *r, *u;	/* work */
-  Int expunits, exprem, result;	/* .. */
-
-  if (exp == 0)
-    {				/* aligned; fastpath */
-      if (alength > blength)
-	return 1;
-      if (alength < blength)
-	return -1;
-      /* same number of units in both -- need unit-by-unit compare */
-      l = a + alength - 1;
-      r = b + alength - 1;
-      for (; l >= a; l--, r--)
-	{
-	  if (*l > *r)
-	    return 1;
-	  if (*l < *r)
-	    return -1;
-	}
-      return 0;			/* all units match */
-    }				/* aligned */
-
-  /* Unaligned.  If one is >1 unit longer than the other, padded */
-  /* approximately, then we can return easily */
-  if (alength > blength + (Int) D2U (exp))
-    return 1;
-  if (alength + 1 < blength + (Int) D2U (exp))
-    return -1;
-
-  /* We need to do a real subtract.  For this, we need a result buffer */
-  /* even though we only are interested in the sign.  Its length needs */
+/*  (the only possible failure is an allocation error, which can      */
+/*  only occur if E!=0)						      */
+/* ------------------------------------------------------------------ */
+static Int decUnitCompare(const Unit *a, Int alength,
+			  const Unit *b, Int blength, Int exp) {
+  Unit	*acc;			   /* accumulator for result */
+  Unit	accbuff[SD2U(DECBUFFER*2+1)]; /* local buffer */
+  Unit	*allocacc=NULL;		   /* -> allocated acc buffer, iff allocated */
+  Int	accunits, need;		   /* units in use or needed for acc */
+  const Unit *l, *r, *u;	   /* work */
+  Int	expunits, exprem, result;  /* .. */
+
+  if (exp==0) {			   /* aligned; fastpath */
+    if (alength>blength) return 1;
+    if (alength<blength) return -1;
+    /* same number of units in both -- need unit-by-unit compare */
+    l=a+alength-1;
+    r=b+alength-1;
+    for (;l>=a; l--, r--) {
+      if (*l>*r) return 1;
+      if (*l<*r) return -1;
+      }
+    return 0;			   /* all units match */
+    } /* aligned */
+
+  /* Unaligned.	 If one is >1 unit longer than the other, padded */
+  /* approximately, then can return easily */
+  if (alength>blength+(Int)D2U(exp)) return 1;
+  if (alength+1<blength+(Int)D2U(exp)) return -1;
+
+  /* Need to do a real subtract.  For this, a result buffer is needed */
+  /* even though only the sign is of interest.	Its length needs */
   /* to be the larger of alength and padded blength, +2 */
-  need = blength + D2U (exp);	/* maximum real length of B */
-  if (need < alength)
-    need = alength;
-  need += 2;
-  acc = accbuff;		/* assume use local buffer */
-  if (need * sizeof (Unit) > sizeof (accbuff))
-    {
-      allocacc = (Unit *) malloc (need * sizeof (Unit));
-      if (allocacc == NULL)
-	return BADINT;		/* hopeless -- abandon */
-      acc = allocacc;
+  need=blength+D2U(exp);		/* maximum real length of B */
+  if (need<alength) need=alength;
+  need+=2;
+  acc=accbuff;				/* assume use local buffer */
+  if (need*sizeof(Unit)>sizeof(accbuff)) {
+    allocacc=(Unit *)malloc(need*sizeof(Unit));
+    if (allocacc==NULL) return BADINT;	/* hopeless -- abandon */
+    acc=allocacc;
     }
   /* Calculate units and remainder from exponent. */
-  expunits = exp / DECDPUN;
-  exprem = exp % DECDPUN;
+  expunits=exp/DECDPUN;
+  exprem=exp%DECDPUN;
   /* subtract [A+B*(-m)] */
-  accunits = decUnitAddSub (a, alength, b, blength, expunits, acc,
-			    -(Int) powers[exprem]);
+  accunits=decUnitAddSub(a, alength, b, blength, expunits, acc,
+			 -(Int)powers[exprem]);
   /* [UnitAddSub result may have leading zeros, even on zero] */
-  if (accunits < 0)
-    result = -1;		/* negative result */
-  else
-    {				/* non-negative result */
-      /* check units of the result before freeing any storage */
-      for (u = acc; u < acc + accunits - 1 && *u == 0;)
-	u++;
-      result = (*u == 0 ? 0 : +1);
+  if (accunits<0) result=-1;		/* negative result */
+   else {				/* non-negative result */
+    /* check units of the result before freeing any storage */
+    for (u=acc; u<acc+accunits-1 && *u==0;) u++;
+    result=(*u==0 ? 0 : +1);
     }
   /* clean up and return the result */
-  if (allocacc != NULL)
-    free (allocacc);		/* drop any storage we used */
+  if (allocacc!=NULL) free(allocacc);	/* drop any storage used */
   return result;
-}
+  } /* decUnitCompare */
 
 /* ------------------------------------------------------------------ */
 /* decUnitAddSub -- add or subtract two >=0 integers in Unit arrays   */
-/*                                                                    */
-/*  This routine performs the calculation:                            */
-/*                                                                    */
-/*  C=A+(B*M)                                                         */
-/*                                                                    */
-/*  Where M is in the range -DECDPUNMAX through +DECDPUNMAX.          */
-/*                                                                    */
-/*  A may be shorter or longer than B.                                */
-/*                                                                    */
-/*  Leading zeros are not removed after a calculation.  The result is */
-/*  either the same length as the longer of A and B (adding any       */
+/*								      */
+/*  This routine performs the calculation:			      */
+/*								      */
+/*  C=A+(B*M)							      */
+/*								      */
+/*  Where M is in the range -DECDPUNMAX through +DECDPUNMAX.	      */
+/*								      */
+/*  A may be shorter or longer than B.				      */
+/*								      */
+/*  Leading zeros are not removed after a calculation.	The result is */
+/*  either the same length as the longer of A and B (adding any	      */
 /*  shift), or one Unit longer than that (if a Unit carry occurred).  */
-/*                                                                    */
-/*  A and B content are not altered unless C is also A or B.          */
+/*								      */
+/*  A and B content are not altered unless C is also A or B.	      */
 /*  C may be the same array as A or B, but only if no zero padding is */
-/*  requested (that is, C may be B only if bshift==0).                */
+/*  requested (that is, C may be B only if bshift==0).		      */
 /*  C is filled from the lsu; only those units necessary to complete  */
-/*  the calculation are referenced.                                   */
-/*                                                                    */
-/*  Arg1 is A first Unit (lsu)                                        */
-/*  Arg2 is A length in Units                                         */
-/*  Arg3 is B first Unit (lsu)                                        */
-/*  Arg4 is B length in Units                                         */
+/*  the calculation are referenced.				      */
+/*								      */
+/*  Arg1 is A first Unit (lsu)					      */
+/*  Arg2 is A length in Units					      */
+/*  Arg3 is B first Unit (lsu)					      */
+/*  Arg4 is B length in Units					      */
 /*  Arg5 is B shift in Units  (>=0; pads with 0 units if positive)    */
-/*  Arg6 is C first Unit (lsu)                                        */
-/*  Arg7 is M, the multiplier                                         */
-/*                                                                    */
+/*  Arg6 is C first Unit (lsu)					      */
+/*  Arg7 is M, the multiplier					      */
+/*								      */
 /*  returns the count of Units written to C, which will be non-zero   */
 /*  and negated if the result is negative.  That is, the sign of the  */
 /*  returned Int is the sign of the result (positive for zero) and    */
-/*  the absolute value of the Int is the count of Units.              */
-/*                                                                    */
+/*  the absolute value of the Int is the count of Units.	      */
+/*								      */
 /*  It is the caller's responsibility to make sure that C size is     */
-/*  safe, allowing space if necessary for a one-Unit carry.           */
-/*                                                                    */
+/*  safe, allowing space if necessary for a one-Unit carry.	      */
+/*								      */
 /*  This routine is severely performance-critical; *any* change here  */
 /*  must be measured (timed) to assure no performance degradation.    */
 /*  In particular, trickery here tends to be counter-productive, as   */
 /*  increased complexity of code hurts register optimizations on      */
-/*  register-poor architectures.  Avoiding divisions is nearly        */
-/*  always a Good Idea, however.                                      */
-/*                                                                    */
+/*  register-poor architectures.  Avoiding divisions is nearly	      */
+/*  always a Good Idea, however.				      */
+/*								      */
 /* Special thanks to Rick McGuire (IBM Cambridge, MA) and Dave Clark  */
 /* (IBM Warwick, UK) for some of the ideas used in this routine.      */
 /* ------------------------------------------------------------------ */
-static Int
-decUnitAddSub (const Unit * a, Int alength,
-	       const Unit * b, Int blength, Int bshift, Unit * c, Int m)
-{
-  const Unit *alsu = a;		/* A lsu [need to remember it] */
-  Unit *clsu = c;		/* C ditto */
-  Unit *minC;			/* low water mark for C */
-  Unit *maxC;			/* high water mark for C */
-  eInt carry = 0;		/* carry integer (could be Long) */
-  Int add;			/* work */
-#if DECDPUN==4			/* myriadal */
-  Int est;			/* estimated quotient */
-#endif
-
-#if DECTRACE
-  if (alength < 1 || blength < 1)
-    printf ("decUnitAddSub: alen blen m %d %d [%d]\n", alength, blength, m);
-#endif
-
-  maxC = c + alength;		/* A is usually the longer */
-  minC = c + blength;		/* .. and B the shorter */
-  if (bshift != 0)
-    {				/* B is shifted; low As copy across */
-      minC += bshift;
-      /* if in place [common], skip copy unless there's a gap [rare] */
-      if (a == c && bshift <= alength)
-	{
-	  c += bshift;
-	  a += bshift;
-	}
-      else
-	for (; c < clsu + bshift; a++, c++)
-	  {			/* copy needed */
-	    if (a < alsu + alength)
-	      *c = *a;
-	    else
-	      *c = 0;
-	  }
+static Int decUnitAddSub(const Unit *a, Int alength,
+			 const Unit *b, Int blength, Int bshift,
+			 Unit *c, Int m) {
+  const Unit *alsu=a;		   /* A lsu [need to remember it] */
+  Unit *clsu=c;			   /* C ditto */
+  Unit *minC;			   /* low water mark for C */
+  Unit *maxC;			   /* high water mark for C */
+  eInt carry=0;			   /* carry integer (could be Long) */
+  Int  add;			   /* work */
+  #if DECDPUN<=4		   /* myriadal, millenary, etc. */
+  Int  est;			   /* estimated quotient */
+  #endif
+
+  #if DECTRACE
+  if (alength<1 || blength<1)
+    printf("decUnitAddSub: alen blen m %ld %ld [%ld]\n", alength, blength, m);
+  #endif
+
+  maxC=c+alength;		   /* A is usually the longer */
+  minC=c+blength;		   /* .. and B the shorter */
+  if (bshift!=0) {		   /* B is shifted; low As copy across */
+    minC+=bshift;
+    /* if in place [common], skip copy unless there's a gap [rare] */
+    if (a==c && bshift<=alength) {
+      c+=bshift;
+      a+=bshift;
+      }
+     else for (; c<clsu+bshift; a++, c++) {  /* copy needed */
+      if (a<alsu+alength) *c=*a;
+       else *c=0;
+      }
     }
-  if (minC > maxC)
-    {				/* swap */
-      Unit *hold = minC;
-      minC = maxC;
-      maxC = hold;
+  if (minC>maxC) { /* swap */
+    Unit *hold=minC;
+    minC=maxC;
+    maxC=hold;
     }
 
-  /* For speed, we do the addition as two loops; the first where both A */
+  /* For speed, do the addition as two loops; the first where both A */
   /* and B contribute, and the second (if necessary) where only one or */
   /* other of the numbers contribute. */
   /* Carry handling is the same (i.e., duplicated) in each case. */
-  for (; c < minC; c++)
-    {
-      carry += *a;
-      a++;
-      carry += ((eInt) * b) * m;	/* [special-casing m=1/-1 */
-      b++;			/* here is not a win] */
-      /* here carry is new Unit of digits; it could be +ve or -ve */
-      if ((ueInt) carry <= DECDPUNMAX)
-	{			/* fastpath 0-DECDPUNMAX */
-	  *c = (Unit) carry;
-	  carry = 0;
-	  continue;
+  for (; c<minC; c++) {
+    carry+=*a;
+    a++;
+    carry+=((eInt)*b)*m;		/* [special-casing m=1/-1 */
+    b++;				/* here is not a win] */
+    /* here carry is new Unit of digits; it could be +ve or -ve */
+    if ((ueInt)carry<=DECDPUNMAX) {	/* fastpath 0-DECDPUNMAX */
+      *c=(Unit)carry;
+      carry=0;
+      continue;
+      }
+    #if DECDPUN==4			     /* use divide-by-multiply */
+      if (carry>=0) {
+	est=(((ueInt)carry>>11)*53687)>>18;
+	*c=(Unit)(carry-est*(DECDPUNMAX+1)); /* remainder */
+	carry=est;			     /* likely quotient [89%] */
+	if (*c<DECDPUNMAX+1) continue;	     /* estimate was correct */
+	carry++;
+	*c-=DECDPUNMAX+1;
+	continue;
 	}
-      /* remainder operator is undefined if negative, so we must test */
-#if DECDPUN==4			/* use divide-by-multiply */
-      if (carry >= 0)
-	{
-	  est = (((ueInt) carry >> 11) * 53687) >> 18;
-	  *c = (Unit) (carry - est * (DECDPUNMAX + 1));	/* remainder */
-	  carry = est;		/* likely quotient [89%] */
-	  if (*c < DECDPUNMAX + 1)
-	    continue;		/* estimate was correct */
-	  carry++;
-	  *c -= DECDPUNMAX + 1;
-	  continue;
+      /* negative case */
+      carry=carry+(eInt)(DECDPUNMAX+1)*(DECDPUNMAX+1); /* make positive */
+      est=(((ueInt)carry>>11)*53687)>>18;
+      *c=(Unit)(carry-est*(DECDPUNMAX+1));
+      carry=est-(DECDPUNMAX+1);		     /* correctly negative */
+      if (*c<DECDPUNMAX+1) continue;	     /* was OK */
+      carry++;
+      *c-=DECDPUNMAX+1;
+    #elif DECDPUN==3
+      if (carry>=0) {
+	est=(((ueInt)carry>>3)*16777)>>21;
+	*c=(Unit)(carry-est*(DECDPUNMAX+1)); /* remainder */
+	carry=est;			     /* likely quotient [99%] */
+	if (*c<DECDPUNMAX+1) continue;	     /* estimate was correct */
+	carry++;
+	*c-=DECDPUNMAX+1;
+	continue;
 	}
       /* negative case */
-      carry = carry + (eInt) (DECDPUNMAX + 1) * (DECDPUNMAX + 1);	/* make positive */
-      est = (((ueInt) carry >> 11) * 53687) >> 18;
-      *c = (Unit) (carry - est * (DECDPUNMAX + 1));
-      carry = est - (DECDPUNMAX + 1);	/* correctly negative */
-      if (*c < DECDPUNMAX + 1)
-	continue;		/* was OK */
+      carry=carry+(eInt)(DECDPUNMAX+1)*(DECDPUNMAX+1); /* make positive */
+      est=(((ueInt)carry>>3)*16777)>>21;
+      *c=(Unit)(carry-est*(DECDPUNMAX+1));
+      carry=est-(DECDPUNMAX+1);		     /* correctly negative */
+      if (*c<DECDPUNMAX+1) continue;	     /* was OK */
       carry++;
-      *c -= DECDPUNMAX + 1;
-#else
-      if ((ueInt) carry < (DECDPUNMAX + 1) * 2)
-	{			/* fastpath carry +1 */
-	  *c = (Unit) (carry - (DECDPUNMAX + 1));	/* [helps additions] */
-	  carry = 1;
-	  continue;
+      *c-=DECDPUNMAX+1;
+    #elif DECDPUN<=2
+      /* Can use QUOT10 as carry <= 4 digits */
+      if (carry>=0) {
+	est=QUOT10(carry, DECDPUN);
+	*c=(Unit)(carry-est*(DECDPUNMAX+1)); /* remainder */
+	carry=est;			     /* quotient */
+	continue;
+	}
+      /* negative case */
+      carry=carry+(eInt)(DECDPUNMAX+1)*(DECDPUNMAX+1); /* make positive */
+      est=QUOT10(carry, DECDPUN);
+      *c=(Unit)(carry-est*(DECDPUNMAX+1));
+      carry=est-(DECDPUNMAX+1);		     /* correctly negative */
+    #else
+      /* remainder operator is undefined if negative, so must test */
+      if ((ueInt)carry<(DECDPUNMAX+1)*2) {   /* fastpath carry +1 */
+	*c=(Unit)(carry-(DECDPUNMAX+1));     /* [helps additions] */
+	carry=1;
+	continue;
 	}
-      if (carry >= 0)
-	{
-	  *c = (Unit) (carry % (DECDPUNMAX + 1));
-	  carry = carry / (DECDPUNMAX + 1);
-	  continue;
+      if (carry>=0) {
+	*c=(Unit)(carry%(DECDPUNMAX+1));
+	carry=carry/(DECDPUNMAX+1);
+	continue;
 	}
       /* negative case */
-      carry = carry + (eInt) (DECDPUNMAX + 1) * (DECDPUNMAX + 1);	/* make positive */
-      *c = (Unit) (carry % (DECDPUNMAX + 1));
-      carry = carry / (DECDPUNMAX + 1) - (DECDPUNMAX + 1);
-#endif
-    }				/* c */
+      carry=carry+(eInt)(DECDPUNMAX+1)*(DECDPUNMAX+1); /* make positive */
+      *c=(Unit)(carry%(DECDPUNMAX+1));
+      carry=carry/(DECDPUNMAX+1)-(DECDPUNMAX+1);
+    #endif
+    } /* c */
 
-  /* we now may have one or other to complete */
+  /* now may have one or other to complete */
   /* [pretest to avoid loop setup/shutdown] */
-  if (c < maxC)
-    for (; c < maxC; c++)
-      {
-	if (a < alsu + alength)
-	  {			/* still in A */
-	    carry += *a;
-	    a++;
-	  }
-	else
-	  {			/* inside B */
-	    carry += ((eInt) * b) * m;
-	    b++;
-	  }
-	/* here carry is new Unit of digits; it could be +ve or -ve and */
-	/* magnitude up to DECDPUNMAX squared */
-	if ((ueInt) carry <= DECDPUNMAX)
-	  {			/* fastpath 0-DECDPUNMAX */
-	    *c = (Unit) carry;
-	    carry = 0;
-	    continue;
-	  }
-	/* result for this unit is negative or >DECDPUNMAX */
-#if DECDPUN==4			/* use divide-by-multiply */
-	/* remainder is undefined if negative, so we must test */
-	if (carry >= 0)
-	  {
-	    est = (((ueInt) carry >> 11) * 53687) >> 18;
-	    *c = (Unit) (carry - est * (DECDPUNMAX + 1));	/* remainder */
-	    carry = est;	/* likely quotient [79.7%] */
-	    if (*c < DECDPUNMAX + 1)
-	      continue;		/* estimate was correct */
-	    carry++;
-	    *c -= DECDPUNMAX + 1;
-	    continue;
-	  }
-	/* negative case */
-	carry = carry + (eInt) (DECDPUNMAX + 1) * (DECDPUNMAX + 1);	/* make positive */
-	est = (((ueInt) carry >> 11) * 53687) >> 18;
-	*c = (Unit) (carry - est * (DECDPUNMAX + 1));
-	carry = est - (DECDPUNMAX + 1);	/* correctly negative */
-	if (*c < DECDPUNMAX + 1)
-	  continue;		/* was OK */
+  if (c<maxC) for (; c<maxC; c++) {
+    if (a<alsu+alength) {		/* still in A */
+      carry+=*a;
+      a++;
+      }
+     else {				/* inside B */
+      carry+=((eInt)*b)*m;
+      b++;
+      }
+    /* here carry is new Unit of digits; it could be +ve or -ve and */
+    /* magnitude up to DECDPUNMAX squared */
+    if ((ueInt)carry<=DECDPUNMAX) {	/* fastpath 0-DECDPUNMAX */
+      *c=(Unit)carry;
+      carry=0;
+      continue;
+      }
+    /* result for this unit is negative or >DECDPUNMAX */
+    #if DECDPUN==4			     /* use divide-by-multiply */
+      if (carry>=0) {
+	est=(((ueInt)carry>>11)*53687)>>18;
+	*c=(Unit)(carry-est*(DECDPUNMAX+1)); /* remainder */
+	carry=est;			     /* likely quotient [79.7%] */
+	if (*c<DECDPUNMAX+1) continue;	     /* estimate was correct */
 	carry++;
-	*c -= DECDPUNMAX + 1;
-#else
-	if ((ueInt) carry < (DECDPUNMAX + 1) * 2)
-	  {			/* fastpath carry 1 */
-	    *c = (Unit) (carry - (DECDPUNMAX + 1));
-	    carry = 1;
-	    continue;
-	  }
-	/* remainder is undefined if negative, so we must test */
-	if (carry >= 0)
-	  {
-	    *c = (Unit) (carry % (DECDPUNMAX + 1));
-	    carry = carry / (DECDPUNMAX + 1);
-	    continue;
-	  }
-	/* negative case */
-	carry = carry + (eInt) (DECDPUNMAX + 1) * (DECDPUNMAX + 1);	/* make positive */
-	*c = (Unit) (carry % (DECDPUNMAX + 1));
-	carry = carry / (DECDPUNMAX + 1) - (DECDPUNMAX + 1);
-#endif
-      }				/* c */
+	*c-=DECDPUNMAX+1;
+	continue;
+	}
+      /* negative case */
+      carry=carry+(eInt)(DECDPUNMAX+1)*(DECDPUNMAX+1); /* make positive */
+      est=(((ueInt)carry>>11)*53687)>>18;
+      *c=(Unit)(carry-est*(DECDPUNMAX+1));
+      carry=est-(DECDPUNMAX+1);		     /* correctly negative */
+      if (*c<DECDPUNMAX+1) continue;	     /* was OK */
+      carry++;
+      *c-=DECDPUNMAX+1;
+    #elif DECDPUN==3
+      if (carry>=0) {
+	est=(((ueInt)carry>>3)*16777)>>21;
+	*c=(Unit)(carry-est*(DECDPUNMAX+1)); /* remainder */
+	carry=est;			     /* likely quotient [99%] */
+	if (*c<DECDPUNMAX+1) continue;	     /* estimate was correct */
+	carry++;
+	*c-=DECDPUNMAX+1;
+	continue;
+	}
+      /* negative case */
+      carry=carry+(eInt)(DECDPUNMAX+1)*(DECDPUNMAX+1); /* make positive */
+      est=(((ueInt)carry>>3)*16777)>>21;
+      *c=(Unit)(carry-est*(DECDPUNMAX+1));
+      carry=est-(DECDPUNMAX+1);		     /* correctly negative */
+      if (*c<DECDPUNMAX+1) continue;	     /* was OK */
+      carry++;
+      *c-=DECDPUNMAX+1;
+    #elif DECDPUN<=2
+      if (carry>=0) {
+	est=QUOT10(carry, DECDPUN);
+	*c=(Unit)(carry-est*(DECDPUNMAX+1)); /* remainder */
+	carry=est;			     /* quotient */
+	continue;
+	}
+      /* negative case */
+      carry=carry+(eInt)(DECDPUNMAX+1)*(DECDPUNMAX+1); /* make positive */
+      est=QUOT10(carry, DECDPUN);
+      *c=(Unit)(carry-est*(DECDPUNMAX+1));
+      carry=est-(DECDPUNMAX+1);		     /* correctly negative */
+    #else
+      if ((ueInt)carry<(DECDPUNMAX+1)*2){    /* fastpath carry 1 */
+	*c=(Unit)(carry-(DECDPUNMAX+1));
+	carry=1;
+	continue;
+	}
+      /* remainder operator is undefined if negative, so must test */
+      if (carry>=0) {
+	*c=(Unit)(carry%(DECDPUNMAX+1));
+	carry=carry/(DECDPUNMAX+1);
+	continue;
+	}
+      /* negative case */
+      carry=carry+(eInt)(DECDPUNMAX+1)*(DECDPUNMAX+1); /* make positive */
+      *c=(Unit)(carry%(DECDPUNMAX+1));
+      carry=carry/(DECDPUNMAX+1)-(DECDPUNMAX+1);
+    #endif
+    } /* c */
 
   /* OK, all A and B processed; might still have carry or borrow */
   /* return number of Units in the result, negated if a borrow */
-  if (carry == 0)
-    return c - clsu;		/* no carry, we're done */
-  if (carry > 0)
-    {				/* positive carry */
-      *c = (Unit) carry;	/* place as new unit */
-      c++;			/* .. */
-      return c - clsu;
+  if (carry==0) return c-clsu;	   /* no carry, so no more to do */
+  if (carry>0) {		   /* positive carry */
+    *c=(Unit)carry;		   /* place as new unit */
+    c++;			   /* .. */
+    return c-clsu;
     }
   /* -ve carry: it's a borrow; complement needed */
-  add = 1;			/* temporary carry... */
-  for (c = clsu; c < maxC; c++)
-    {
-      add = DECDPUNMAX + add - *c;
-      if (add <= DECDPUNMAX)
-	{
-	  *c = (Unit) add;
-	  add = 0;
-	}
-      else
-	{
-	  *c = 0;
-	  add = 1;
-	}
+  add=1;			   /* temporary carry... */
+  for (c=clsu; c<maxC; c++) {
+    add=DECDPUNMAX+add-*c;
+    if (add<=DECDPUNMAX) {
+      *c=(Unit)add;
+      add=0;
+      }
+     else {
+      *c=0;
+      add=1;
+      }
     }
   /* add an extra unit iff it would be non-zero */
-#if DECTRACE
-  printf ("UAS borrow: add %d, carry %d\n", add, carry);
-#endif
-  if ((add - carry - 1) != 0)
-    {
-      *c = (Unit) (add - carry - 1);
-      c++;			/* interesting, include it */
+  #if DECTRACE
+    printf("UAS borrow: add %ld, carry %ld\n", add, carry);
+  #endif
+  if ((add-carry-1)!=0) {
+    *c=(Unit)(add-carry-1);
+    c++;		      /* interesting, include it */
     }
-  return clsu - c;		/* -ve result indicates borrowed */
-}
+  return clsu-c;	      /* -ve result indicates borrowed */
+  } /* decUnitAddSub */
 
 /* ------------------------------------------------------------------ */
-/* decTrim -- trim trailing zeros or normalize                        */
-/*                                                                    */
-/*   dn is the number to trim or normalize                            */
+/* decTrim -- trim trailing zeros or normalize			      */
+/*								      */
+/*   dn is the number to trim or normalize			      */
+/*   set is the context to use to check for clamp		      */
 /*   all is 1 to remove all trailing zeros, 0 for just fraction ones  */
-/*   dropped returns the number of discarded trailing zeros           */
-/*   returns dn                                                       */
-/*                                                                    */
-/* All fields are updated as required.  This is a utility operation,  */
-/* so special values are unchanged and no error is possible.          */
-/* ------------------------------------------------------------------ */
-static decNumber *
-decTrim (decNumber * dn, Flag all, Int * dropped)
-{
-  Int d, exp;			/* work */
-  uInt cut;			/* .. */
-  Unit *up;			/* -> current Unit */
-
-#if DECCHECK
-  if (decCheckOperands (dn, DECUNUSED, DECUNUSED, DECUNUSED))
+/*   dropped returns the number of discarded trailing zeros	      */
+/*   returns dn							      */
+/*								      */
+/* If clamp is set in the context then the number of zeros trimmed    */
+/* may be limited if the exponent is high.			      */
+/* All fields are updated as required.	This is a utility operation,  */
+/* so special values are unchanged and no error is possible.	      */
+/* ------------------------------------------------------------------ */
+static decNumber * decTrim(decNumber *dn, decContext *set, Flag all,
+			   Int *dropped) {
+  Int	d, exp;			   /* work */
+  uInt	cut;			   /* .. */
+  Unit	*up;			   /* -> current Unit */
+
+  #if DECCHECK
+  if (decCheckOperands(dn, DECUNUSED, DECUNUSED, DECUNCONT)) return dn;
+  #endif
+
+  *dropped=0;				/* assume no zeros dropped */
+  if ((dn->bits & DECSPECIAL)		/* fast exit if special .. */
+    || (*dn->lsu & 0x01)) return dn;	/* .. or odd */
+  if (ISZERO(dn)) {			/* .. or 0 */
+    dn->exponent=0;			/* (sign is preserved) */
     return dn;
-#endif
-
-  *dropped = 0;			/* assume no zeros dropped */
-  if ((dn->bits & DECSPECIAL)	/* fast exit if special .. */
-      || (*dn->lsu & 0x01))
-    return dn;			/* .. or odd */
-  if (ISZERO (dn))
-    {				/* .. or 0 */
-      dn->exponent = 0;		/* (sign is preserved) */
-      return dn;
     }
 
-  /* we have a finite number which is even */
-  exp = dn->exponent;
-  cut = 1;			/* digit (1-DECDPUN) in Unit */
-  up = dn->lsu;			/* -> current Unit */
-  for (d = 0; d < dn->digits - 1; d++)
-    {				/* [don't strip the final digit] */
-      /* slice by powers */
-#if DECDPUN<=4
-      uInt quot = QUOT10 (*up, cut);
-      if ((*up - quot * powers[cut]) != 0)
-	break;			/* found non-0 digit */
-#else
-      if (*up % powers[cut] != 0)
-	break;			/* found non-0 digit */
-#endif
-      /* have a trailing 0 */
-      if (!all)
-	{			/* trimming */
-	  /* [if exp>0 then all trailing 0s are significant for trim] */
-	  if (exp <= 0)
-	    {			/* if digit might be significant */
-	      if (exp == 0)
-		break;		/* then quit */
-	      exp++;		/* next digit might be significant */
-	    }
+  /* have a finite number which is even */
+  exp=dn->exponent;
+  cut=1;			   /* digit (1-DECDPUN) in Unit */
+  up=dn->lsu;			   /* -> current Unit */
+  for (d=0; d<dn->digits-1; d++) { /* [don't strip the final digit] */
+    /* slice by powers */
+    #if DECDPUN<=4
+      uInt quot=QUOT10(*up, cut);
+      if ((*up-quot*powers[cut])!=0) break;  /* found non-0 digit */
+    #else
+      if (*up%powers[cut]!=0) break;	     /* found non-0 digit */
+    #endif
+    /* have a trailing 0 */
+    if (!all) {			   /* trimming */
+      /* [if exp>0 then all trailing 0s are significant for trim] */
+      if (exp<=0) {		   /* if digit might be significant */
+	if (exp==0) break;	   /* then quit */
+	exp++;			   /* next digit might be significant */
 	}
-      cut++;			/* next power */
-      if (cut > DECDPUN)
-	{			/* need new Unit */
-	  up++;
-	  cut = 1;
-	}
-    }				/* d */
-  if (d == 0)
-    return dn;			/* none dropped */
+      }
+    cut++;			   /* next power */
+    if (cut>DECDPUN) {		   /* need new Unit */
+      up++;
+      cut=1;
+      }
+    } /* d */
+  if (d==0) return dn;		   /* none to drop */
+
+  /* may need to limit drop if clamping */
+  if (set->clamp) {
+    Int maxd=set->emax-set->digits+1-dn->exponent;
+    if (maxd<=0) return dn;	   /* nothing possible */
+    if (d>maxd) d=maxd;
+    }
 
   /* effect the drop */
-  decShiftToLeast (dn->lsu, D2U (dn->digits), d);
-  dn->exponent += d;		/* maintain numerical value */
-  dn->digits -= d;		/* new length */
-  *dropped = d;			/* report the count */
+  decShiftToLeast(dn->lsu, D2U(dn->digits), d);
+  dn->exponent+=d;		   /* maintain numerical value */
+  dn->digits-=d;		   /* new length */
+  *dropped=d;			   /* report the count */
   return dn;
-}
+  } /* decTrim */
+
+/* ------------------------------------------------------------------ */
+/* decReverse -- reverse a Unit array in place			      */
+/*								      */
+/*   ulo    is the start of the array				      */
+/*   uhi    is the end of the array (highest Unit to include)	      */
+/*								      */
+/* The units ulo through uhi are reversed in place (if the number     */
+/* of units is odd, the middle one is untouched).  Note that the      */
+/* digit(s) in each unit are unaffected.			      */
+/* ------------------------------------------------------------------ */
+static void decReverse(Unit *ulo, Unit *uhi) {
+  Unit temp;
+  for (; ulo<uhi; ulo++, uhi--) {
+    temp=*ulo;
+    *ulo=*uhi;
+    *uhi=temp;
+    }
+  return;
+  } /* decReverse */
 
 /* ------------------------------------------------------------------ */
 /* decShiftToMost -- shift digits in array towards most significant   */
-/*                                                                    */
-/*   uar    is the array                                              */
-/*   digits is the count of digits in use in the array                */
+/*								      */
+/*   uar    is the array					      */
+/*   digits is the count of digits in use in the array		      */
 /*   shift  is the number of zeros to pad with (least significant);   */
-/*     it must be zero or positive                                    */
-/*                                                                    */
+/*     it must be zero or positive				      */
+/*								      */
 /*   returns the new length of the integer in the array, in digits    */
-/*                                                                    */
+/*								      */
 /* No overflow is permitted (that is, the uar array must be known to  */
-/* be large enough to hold the result, after shifting).               */
-/* ------------------------------------------------------------------ */
-static Int
-decShiftToMost (Unit * uar, Int digits, Int shift)
-{
-  Unit *target, *source, *first;	/* work */
-  uInt rem;			/* for division */
-  Int cut;			/* odd 0's to add */
-  uInt next;			/* work */
-
-  if (shift == 0)
-    return digits;		/* [fastpath] nothing to do */
-  if ((digits + shift) <= DECDPUN)
-    {				/* [fastpath] single-unit case */
-      *uar = (Unit) (*uar * powers[shift]);
-      return digits + shift;
-    }
+/* be large enough to hold the result, after shifting).		      */
+/* ------------------------------------------------------------------ */
+static Int decShiftToMost(Unit *uar, Int digits, Int shift) {
+  Unit	*target, *source, *first;  /* work */
+  Int	cut;			   /* odd 0's to add */
+  uInt	next;			   /* work */
 
-  cut = (DECDPUN - shift % DECDPUN) % DECDPUN;
-  source = uar + D2U (digits) - 1;	/* where msu comes from */
-  first = uar + D2U (digits + shift) - 1;	/* where msu of source will end up */
-  target = source + D2U (shift);	/* where upper part of first cut goes */
-  next = 0;
+  if (shift==0) return digits;	   /* [fastpath] nothing to do */
+  if ((digits+shift)<=DECDPUN) {   /* [fastpath] single-unit case */
+    *uar=(Unit)(*uar*powers[shift]);
+    return digits+shift;
+    }
 
-  for (; source >= uar; source--, target--)
-    {
-      /* split the source Unit and accumulate remainder for next */
-#if DECDPUN<=4
-      uInt quot = QUOT10 (*source, cut);
-      rem = *source - quot * powers[cut];
-      next += quot;
-#else
-      rem = *source % powers[cut];
-      next += *source / powers[cut];
-#endif
-      if (target <= first)
-	*target = (Unit) next;	/* write to target iff valid */
-      next = rem * powers[DECDPUN - cut];	/* save remainder for next Unit */
+  next=0;			   /* all paths */
+  source=uar+D2U(digits)-1;	   /* where msu comes from */
+  target=source+D2U(shift);	   /* where upper part of first cut goes */
+  cut=DECDPUN-MSUDIGITS(shift);	   /* where to slice */
+  if (cut==0) {			   /* unit-boundary case */
+    for (; source>=uar; source--, target--) *target=*source;
     }
-  /* propagate to one below and clear the rest */
-  for (; target >= uar; target--)
-    {
-      *target = (Unit) next;
-      next = 0;
+   else {
+    first=uar+D2U(digits+shift)-1; /* where msu of source will end up */
+    for (; source>=uar; source--, target--) {
+      /* split the source Unit and accumulate remainder for next */
+      #if DECDPUN<=4
+	uInt quot=QUOT10(*source, cut);
+	uInt rem=*source-quot*powers[cut];
+	next+=quot;
+      #else
+	uInt rem=*source%powers[cut];
+	next+=*source/powers[cut];
+      #endif
+      if (target<=first) *target=(Unit)next;   /* write to target iff valid */
+      next=rem*powers[DECDPUN-cut];	       /* save remainder for next Unit */
+      }
+    } /* shift-move */
+
+  /* propagate any partial unit to one below and clear the rest */
+  for (; target>=uar; target--) {
+    *target=(Unit)next;
+    next=0;
     }
-  return digits + shift;
-}
+  return digits+shift;
+  } /* decShiftToMost */
 
 /* ------------------------------------------------------------------ */
 /* decShiftToLeast -- shift digits in array towards least significant */
-/*                                                                    */
-/*   uar   is the array                                               */
-/*   units is length of the array, in units                           */
+/*								      */
+/*   uar   is the array						      */
+/*   units is length of the array, in units			      */
 /*   shift is the number of digits to remove from the lsu end; it     */
-/*     must be zero or positive and less than units*DECDPUN.          */
-/*                                                                    */
+/*     must be zero or positive and <= than units*DECDPUN.	      */
+/*								      */
 /*   returns the new length of the integer in the array, in units     */
-/*                                                                    */
-/* Removed digits are discarded (lost).  Units not required to hold   */
-/* the final result are unchanged.                                    */
-/* ------------------------------------------------------------------ */
-static Int
-decShiftToLeast (Unit * uar, Int units, Int shift)
-{
-  Unit *target, *up;		/* work */
-  Int cut, count;		/* work */
-  Int quot, rem;		/* for division */
-
-  if (shift == 0)
-    return units;		/* [fastpath] nothing to do */
-
-  up = uar + shift / DECDPUN;	/* source; allow for whole Units */
-  cut = shift % DECDPUN;	/* odd 0's to drop */
-  target = uar;			/* both paths */
-  if (cut == 0)
-    {				/* whole units shift */
-      for (; up < uar + units; target++, up++)
-	*target = *up;
-      return target - uar;
+/*								      */
+/* Removed digits are discarded (lost).	 Units not required to hold   */
+/* the final result are unchanged.				      */
+/* ------------------------------------------------------------------ */
+static Int decShiftToLeast(Unit *uar, Int units, Int shift) {
+  Unit	*target, *up;		   /* work */
+  Int	cut, count;		   /* work */
+  Int	quot, rem;		   /* for division */
+
+  if (shift==0) return units;	   /* [fastpath] nothing to do */
+  if (shift==units*DECDPUN) {	   /* [fastpath] little to do */
+    *uar=0;			   /* all digits cleared gives zero */
+    return 1;			   /* leaves just the one */
+    }
+
+  target=uar;			   /* both paths */
+  cut=MSUDIGITS(shift);
+  if (cut==DECDPUN) {		   /* unit-boundary case; easy */
+    up=uar+D2U(shift);
+    for (; up<uar+units; target++, up++) *target=*up;
+    return target-uar;
     }
+
   /* messier */
-  count = units * DECDPUN - shift;	/* the maximum new length */
-#if DECDPUN<=4
-  quot = QUOT10 (*up, cut);
-#else
-  quot = *up / powers[cut];
-#endif
-  for (;; target++)
-    {
-      *target = (Unit) quot;
-      count -= (DECDPUN - cut);
-      if (count <= 0)
-	break;
-      up++;
-      quot = *up;
-#if DECDPUN<=4
-      quot = QUOT10 (quot, cut);
-      rem = *up - quot * powers[cut];
-#else
-      rem = quot % powers[cut];
-      quot = quot / powers[cut];
-#endif
-      *target = (Unit) (*target + rem * powers[DECDPUN - cut]);
-      count -= cut;
-      if (count <= 0)
-	break;
+  up=uar+D2U(shift-cut);	   /* source; correct to whole Units */
+  count=units*DECDPUN-shift;	   /* the maximum new length */
+  #if DECDPUN<=4
+    quot=QUOT10(*up, cut);
+  #else
+    quot=*up/powers[cut];
+  #endif
+  for (; ; target++) {
+    *target=(Unit)quot;
+    count-=(DECDPUN-cut);
+    if (count<=0) break;
+    up++;
+    quot=*up;
+    #if DECDPUN<=4
+      quot=QUOT10(quot, cut);
+      rem=*up-quot*powers[cut];
+    #else
+      rem=quot%powers[cut];
+      quot=quot/powers[cut];
+    #endif
+    *target=(Unit)(*target+rem*powers[DECDPUN-cut]);
+    count-=cut;
+    if (count<=0) break;
     }
-  return target - uar + 1;
-}
+  return target-uar+1;
+  } /* decShiftToLeast */
 
 #if DECSUBSET
 /* ------------------------------------------------------------------ */
-/* decRoundOperand -- round an operand  [used for subset only]        */
-/*                                                                    */
-/*   dn is the number to round (dn->digits is > set->digits)          */
-/*   set is the relevant context                                      */
-/*   status is the status accumulator                                 */
-/*                                                                    */
-/*   returns an allocated decNumber with the rounded result.          */
-/*                                                                    */
-/* lostDigits and other status may be set by this.                    */
-/*                                                                    */
-/* Since the input is an operand, we are not permitted to modify it.  */
-/* We therefore return an allocated decNumber, rounded as required.   */
+/* decRoundOperand -- round an operand	[used for subset only]	      */
+/*								      */
+/*   dn is the number to round (dn->digits is > set->digits)	      */
+/*   set is the relevant context				      */
+/*   status is the status accumulator				      */
+/*								      */
+/*   returns an allocated decNumber with the rounded result.	      */
+/*								      */
+/* lostDigits and other status may be set by this.		      */
+/*								      */
+/* Since the input is an operand, it must not be modified.	      */
+/* Instead, return an allocated decNumber, rounded as required.	      */
 /* It is the caller's responsibility to free the allocated storage.   */
-/*                                                                    */
+/*								      */
 /* If no storage is available then the result cannot be used, so NULL */
-/* is returned.                                                       */
+/* is returned.							      */
 /* ------------------------------------------------------------------ */
-static decNumber *
-decRoundOperand (const decNumber * dn, decContext * set, uInt * status)
-{
-  decNumber *res;		/* result structure */
-  uInt newstatus = 0;		/* status from round */
-  Int residue = 0;		/* rounding accumulator */
+static decNumber *decRoundOperand(const decNumber *dn, decContext *set,
+				  uInt *status) {
+  decNumber *res;			/* result structure */
+  uInt newstatus=0;			/* status from round */
+  Int  residue=0;			/* rounding accumulator */
 
   /* Allocate storage for the returned decNumber, big enough for the */
   /* length specified by the context */
-  res = (decNumber *) malloc (sizeof (decNumber)
-			      + (D2U (set->digits) - 1) * sizeof (Unit));
-  if (res == NULL)
-    {
-      *status |= DEC_Insufficient_storage;
-      return NULL;
+  res=(decNumber *)malloc(sizeof(decNumber)
+			  +(D2U(set->digits)-1)*sizeof(Unit));
+  if (res==NULL) {
+    *status|=DEC_Insufficient_storage;
+    return NULL;
     }
-  decCopyFit (res, dn, set, &residue, &newstatus);
-  decApplyRound (res, set, residue, &newstatus);
+  decCopyFit(res, dn, set, &residue, &newstatus);
+  decApplyRound(res, set, residue, &newstatus);
 
-  /* If that set Inexact then we "lost digits" */
-  if (newstatus & DEC_Inexact)
-    newstatus |= DEC_Lost_digits;
-  *status |= newstatus;
+  /* If that set Inexact then "lost digits" is raised... */
+  if (newstatus & DEC_Inexact) newstatus|=DEC_Lost_digits;
+  *status|=newstatus;
   return res;
-}
+  } /* decRoundOperand */
 #endif
 
 /* ------------------------------------------------------------------ */
-/* decCopyFit -- copy a number, shortening the coefficient if needed  */
-/*                                                                    */
-/*   dest is the target decNumber                                     */
-/*   src  is the source decNumber                                     */
+/* decCopyFit -- copy a number, truncating the coefficient if needed  */
+/*								      */
+/*   dest is the target decNumber				      */
+/*   src  is the source decNumber				      */
 /*   set is the context [used for length (digits) and rounding mode]  */
-/*   residue is the residue accumulator                               */
-/*   status contains the current status to be updated                 */
-/*                                                                    */
-/* (dest==src is allowed and will be a no-op if fits)                 */
-/* All fields are updated as required.                                */
-/* ------------------------------------------------------------------ */
-static void
-decCopyFit (decNumber * dest, const decNumber * src, decContext * set,
-	    Int * residue, uInt * status)
-{
-  dest->bits = src->bits;
-  dest->exponent = src->exponent;
-  decSetCoeff (dest, set, src->lsu, src->digits, residue, status);
-}
-
-/* ------------------------------------------------------------------ */
-/* decSetCoeff -- set the coefficient of a number                     */
-/*                                                                    */
-/*   dn    is the number whose coefficient array is to be set.        */
-/*         It must have space for set->digits digits                  */
-/*   set   is the context [for size]                                  */
-/*   lsu   -> lsu of the source coefficient [may be dn->lsu]          */
+/*   residue is the residue accumulator				      */
+/*   status contains the current status to be updated		      */
+/*								      */
+/* (dest==src is allowed and will be a no-op if fits)		      */
+/* All fields are updated as required.				      */
+/* ------------------------------------------------------------------ */
+static void decCopyFit(decNumber *dest, const decNumber *src,
+		       decContext *set, Int *residue, uInt *status) {
+  dest->bits=src->bits;
+  dest->exponent=src->exponent;
+  decSetCoeff(dest, set, src->lsu, src->digits, residue, status);
+  } /* decCopyFit */
+
+/* ------------------------------------------------------------------ */
+/* decSetCoeff -- set the coefficient of a number		      */
+/*								      */
+/*   dn	   is the number whose coefficient array is to be set.	      */
+/*	   It must have space for set->digits digits		      */
+/*   set   is the context [for size]				      */
+/*   lsu   -> lsu of the source coefficient [may be dn->lsu]	      */
 /*   len   is digits in the source coefficient [may be dn->digits]    */
-/*   residue is the residue accumulator.  This has values as in       */
-/*         decApplyRound, and will be unchanged unless the            */
-/*         target size is less than len.  In this case, the           */
-/*         coefficient is truncated and the residue is updated to     */
-/*         reflect the previous residue and the dropped digits.       */
-/*   status is the status accumulator, as usual                       */
-/*                                                                    */
+/*   residue is the residue accumulator.  This has values as in	      */
+/*	   decApplyRound, and will be unchanged unless the	      */
+/*	   target size is less than len.  In this case, the	      */
+/*	   coefficient is truncated and the residue is updated to     */
+/*	   reflect the previous residue and the dropped digits.	      */
+/*   status is the status accumulator, as usual			      */
+/*								      */
 /* The coefficient may already be in the number, or it can be an      */
-/* external intermediate array.  If it is in the number, lsu must ==  */
-/* dn->lsu and len must == dn->digits.                                */
-/*                                                                    */
+/* external intermediate array.	 If it is in the number, lsu must ==  */
+/* dn->lsu and len must == dn->digits.				      */
+/*								      */
 /* Note that the coefficient length (len) may be < set->digits, and   */
 /* in this case this merely copies the coefficient (or is a no-op     */
-/* if dn->lsu==lsu).                                                  */
-/*                                                                    */
-/* Note also that (only internally, from decNumberRescale and         */
+/* if dn->lsu==lsu).						      */
+/*								      */
+/* Note also that (only internally, from decQuantizeOp and	      */
 /* decSetSubnormal) the value of set->digits may be less than one,    */
-/* indicating a round to left.                                        */
-/* This routine handles that case correctly; caller ensures space.    */
-/*                                                                    */
-/* dn->digits, dn->lsu (and as required), and dn->exponent are        */
-/* updated as necessary.   dn->bits (sign) is unchanged.              */
-/*                                                                    */
-/* DEC_Rounded status is set if any digits are discarded.             */
+/* indicating a round to left.	This routine handles that case	      */
+/* correctly; caller ensures space.				      */
+/*								      */
+/* dn->digits, dn->lsu (and as required), and dn->exponent are	      */
+/* updated as necessary.   dn->bits (sign) is unchanged.	      */
+/*								      */
+/* DEC_Rounded status is set if any digits are discarded.	      */
 /* DEC_Inexact status is set if any non-zero digits are discarded, or */
-/*                       incoming residue was non-0 (implies rounded) */
-/* ------------------------------------------------------------------ */
-/* mapping array: maps 0-9 to canonical residues, so that we can */
-/* adjust by a residue in range [-1, +1] and achieve correct rounding */
-/*                             0  1  2  3  4  5  6  7  8  9 */
-static const uByte resmap[10] = { 0, 3, 3, 3, 3, 5, 7, 7, 7, 7 };
-static void
-decSetCoeff (decNumber * dn, decContext * set, const Unit * lsu,
-	     Int len, Int * residue, uInt * status)
-{
-  Int discard;			/* number of digits to discard */
-  uInt discard1;		/* first discarded digit */
-  uInt cut;			/* cut point in Unit */
-  uInt quot, rem;		/* for divisions */
-  Unit *target;			/* work */
-  const Unit *up;		/* work */
-  Int count;			/* .. */
-#if DECDPUN<=4
-  uInt temp;			/* .. */
-#endif
-
-  discard = len - set->digits;	/* digits to discard */
-  if (discard <= 0)
-    {				/* no digits are being discarded */
-      if (dn->lsu != lsu)
-	{			/* copy needed */
-	  /* copy the coefficient array to the result number; no shift needed */
-	  up = lsu;
-	  for (target = dn->lsu; target < dn->lsu + D2U (len); target++, up++)
-	    {
-	      *target = *up;
-	    }
-	  dn->digits = len;	/* set the new length */
-	}
-      /* dn->exponent and residue are unchanged */
-      if (*residue != 0)
-	*status |= (DEC_Inexact | DEC_Rounded);	/* record inexactitude */
-      return;
+/*			 incoming residue was non-0 (implies rounded) */
+/* ------------------------------------------------------------------ */
+/* mapping array: maps 0-9 to canonical residues, so that a residue */
+/* can be adjusted in the range [-1, +1] and achieve correct rounding */
+/*			       0  1  2	3  4  5	 6  7  8  9 */
+static const uByte resmap[10]={0, 3, 3, 3, 3, 5, 7, 7, 7, 7};
+static void decSetCoeff(decNumber *dn, decContext *set, const Unit *lsu,
+			Int len, Int *residue, uInt *status) {
+  Int	discard;	      /* number of digits to discard */
+  uInt	cut;		      /* cut point in Unit */
+  const Unit *up;	      /* work */
+  Unit	*target;	      /* .. */
+  Int	count;		      /* .. */
+  #if DECDPUN<=4
+  uInt	temp;		      /* .. */
+  #endif
+
+  discard=len-set->digits;    /* digits to discard */
+  if (discard<=0) {	      /* no digits are being discarded */
+    if (dn->lsu!=lsu) {	      /* copy needed */
+      /* copy the coefficient array to the result number; no shift needed */
+      count=len;	      /* avoids D2U */
+      up=lsu;
+      for (target=dn->lsu; count>0; target++, up++, count-=DECDPUN)
+	*target=*up;
+      dn->digits=len;	      /* set the new length */
+      }
+    /* dn->exponent and residue are unchanged, record any inexactitude */
+    if (*residue!=0) *status|=(DEC_Inexact | DEC_Rounded);
+    return;
     }
 
-  /* we have to discard some digits */
-  *status |= DEC_Rounded;	/* accumulate Rounded status */
-  if (*residue > 1)
-    *residue = 1;		/* previous residue now to right, so -1 to +1 */
-
-  if (discard > len)
-    {				/* everything, +1, is being discarded */
-      /* guard digit is 0 */
-      /* residue is all the number [NB could be all 0s] */
-      if (*residue <= 0)
-	for (up = lsu + D2U (len) - 1; up >= lsu; up--)
-	  {
-	    if (*up != 0)
-	      {			/* found a non-0 */
-		*residue = 1;
-		break;		/* no need to check any others */
-	      }
-	  }
-      if (*residue != 0)
-	*status |= DEC_Inexact;	/* record inexactitude */
-      *dn->lsu = 0;		/* coefficient will now be 0 */
-      dn->digits = 1;		/* .. */
-      dn->exponent += discard;	/* maintain numerical value */
-      return;
-    }				/* total discard */
+  /* some digits must be discarded ... */
+  dn->exponent+=discard;      /* maintain numerical value */
+  *status|=DEC_Rounded;	      /* accumulate Rounded status */
+  if (*residue>1) *residue=1; /* previous residue now to right, so reduce */
+
+  if (discard>len) {	      /* everything, +1, is being discarded */
+    /* guard digit is 0 */
+    /* residue is all the number [NB could be all 0s] */
+    if (*residue<=0) {	      /* not already positive */
+      count=len;	      /* avoids D2U */
+      for (up=lsu; count>0; up++, count-=DECDPUN) if (*up!=0) { /* found non-0 */
+	*residue=1;
+	break;		      /* no need to check any others */
+	}
+      }
+    if (*residue!=0) *status|=DEC_Inexact; /* record inexactitude */
+    *dn->lsu=0;		      /* coefficient will now be 0 */
+    dn->digits=1;	      /* .. */
+    return;
+    } /* total discard */
 
   /* partial discard [most common case] */
   /* here, at least the first (most significant) discarded digit exists */
 
-  /* spin up the number, noting residue as we pass, until we get to */
-  /* the Unit with the first discarded digit.  When we get there, */
-  /* extract it and remember where we're at */
-  count = 0;
-  for (up = lsu;; up++)
-    {
-      count += DECDPUN;
-      if (count >= discard)
-	break;			/* full ones all checked */
-      if (*up != 0)
-	*residue = 1;
-    }				/* up */
-
-  /* here up -> Unit with discarded digit */
-  cut = discard - (count - DECDPUN) - 1;
-  if (cut == DECDPUN - 1)
-    {				/* discard digit is at top */
-#if DECDPUN<=4
-      discard1 = QUOT10 (*up, DECDPUN - 1);
-      rem = *up - discard1 * powers[DECDPUN - 1];
-#else
-      rem = *up % powers[DECDPUN - 1];
-      discard1 = *up / powers[DECDPUN - 1];
-#endif
-      if (rem != 0)
-	*residue = 1;
-      up++;			/* move to next */
-      cut = 0;			/* bottom digit of result */
-      quot = 0;			/* keep a certain compiler happy */
-    }
-  else
-    {
-      /* discard digit is in low digit(s), not top digit */
-      if (cut == 0)
-	quot = *up;
-      else			/* cut>0 */
-	{			/* it's not at bottom of Unit */
-#if DECDPUN<=4
-	  quot = QUOT10 (*up, cut);
-	  rem = *up - quot * powers[cut];
-#else
-	  rem = *up % powers[cut];
-	  quot = *up / powers[cut];
-#endif
-	  if (rem != 0)
-	    *residue = 1;
-	}
-      /* discard digit is now at bottom of quot */
-#if DECDPUN<=4
-      temp = (quot * 6554) >> 16;	/* fast /10 */
+  /* spin up the number, noting residue during the spin, until get to */
+  /* the Unit with the first discarded digit.  When reach it, extract */
+  /* it and remember its position */
+  count=0;
+  for (up=lsu;; up++) {
+    count+=DECDPUN;
+    if (count>=discard) break; /* full ones all checked */
+    if (*up!=0) *residue=1;
+    } /* up */
+
+  /* here up -> Unit with first discarded digit */
+  cut=discard-(count-DECDPUN)-1;
+  if (cut==DECDPUN-1) {	      /* unit-boundary case (fast) */
+    Unit half=(Unit)powers[DECDPUN]>>1;
+    /* set residue directly */
+    if (*up>=half) {
+      if (*up>half) *residue=7;
+      else *residue+=5;	      /* add sticky bit */
+      }
+     else { /* <half */
+      if (*up!=0) *residue=3; /* [else is 0, leave as sticky bit] */
+      }
+    if (set->digits<=0) {     /* special for Quantize/Subnormal :-( */
+      *dn->lsu=0;	      /* .. result is 0 */
+      dn->digits=1;	      /* .. */
+      }
+     else {		      /* shift to least */
+      count=set->digits;      /* now digits to end up with */
+      dn->digits=count;	      /* set the new length */
+      up++;		      /* move to next */
+      /* on unit boundary, so shift-down copy loop is simple */
+      for (target=dn->lsu; count>0; target++, up++, count-=DECDPUN)
+	*target=*up;
+      }
+    } /* unit-boundary case */
+
+   else { /* discard digit is in low digit(s), and not top digit */
+    uInt  discard1;		   /* first discarded digit */
+    uInt  quot, rem;		   /* for divisions */
+    if (cut==0) quot=*up;	   /* is at bottom of unit */
+     else /* cut>0 */ {		   /* it's not at bottom of unit */
+      #if DECDPUN<=4
+	quot=QUOT10(*up, cut);
+	rem=*up-quot*powers[cut];
+      #else
+	rem=*up%powers[cut];
+	quot=*up/powers[cut];
+      #endif
+      if (rem!=0) *residue=1;
+      }
+    /* discard digit is now at bottom of quot */
+    #if DECDPUN<=4
+      temp=(quot*6554)>>16;	   /* fast /10 */
       /* Vowels algorithm here not a win (9 instructions) */
-      discard1 = quot - X10 (temp);
-      quot = temp;
-#else
-      discard1 = quot % 10;
-      quot = quot / 10;
-#endif
-      cut++;			/* update cut */
-    }
-
-  /* here: up -> Unit of the array with discarded digit */
-  /*       cut is the division point for each Unit */
-  /*       quot holds the uncut high-order digits for the current */
-  /*            Unit, unless cut==0 in which case it's still in *up */
-  /* copy the coefficient array to the result number, shifting as we go */
-  count = set->digits;		/* digits to end up with */
-  if (count <= 0)
-    {				/* special for Rescale/Subnormal :-( */
-      *dn->lsu = 0;		/* .. result is 0 */
-      dn->digits = 1;		/* .. */
-    }
-  else
-    {				/* shift to least */
-      /* [this is similar to decShiftToLeast code, with copy] */
-      dn->digits = count;	/* set the new length */
-      if (cut == 0)
-	{
-	  /* on unit boundary, so simple shift down copy loop suffices */
-	  for (target = dn->lsu; target < dn->lsu + D2U (count);
-	       target++, up++)
-	    {
-	      *target = *up;
-	    }
-	}
-      else
-	for (target = dn->lsu;; target++)
-	  {
-	    *target = (Unit) quot;
-	    count -= (DECDPUN - cut);
-	    if (count <= 0)
-	      break;
-	    up++;
-	    quot = *up;
-#if DECDPUN<=4
-	    quot = QUOT10 (quot, cut);
-	    rem = *up - quot * powers[cut];
-#else
-	    rem = quot % powers[cut];
-	    quot = quot / powers[cut];
-#endif
-	    *target = (Unit) (*target + rem * powers[DECDPUN - cut]);
-	    count -= cut;
-	    if (count <= 0)
-	      break;
-	  }
-    }				/* shift to least needed */
-  dn->exponent += discard;	/* maintain numerical value */
-
-  /* here, discard1 is the guard digit, and residue is everything else */
-  /* [use mapping to accumulate residue safely] */
-  *residue += resmap[discard1];
-
-  if (*residue != 0)
-    *status |= DEC_Inexact;	/* record inexactitude */
+      discard1=quot-X10(temp);
+      quot=temp;
+    #else
+      discard1=quot%10;
+      quot=quot/10;
+    #endif
+    /* here, discard1 is the guard digit, and residue is everything */
+    /* else [use mapping array to accumulate residue safely] */
+    *residue+=resmap[discard1];
+    cut++;			   /* update cut */
+    /* here: up -> Unit of the array with bottom digit */
+    /*	     cut is the division point for each Unit */
+    /*	     quot holds the uncut high-order digits for the current unit */
+    if (set->digits<=0) {	   /* special for Quantize/Subnormal :-( */
+      *dn->lsu=0;		   /* .. result is 0 */
+      dn->digits=1;		   /* .. */
+      }
+     else {			   /* shift to least needed */
+      count=set->digits;	   /* now digits to end up with */
+      dn->digits=count;		   /* set the new length */
+      /* shift-copy the coefficient array to the result number */
+      for (target=dn->lsu; ; target++) {
+	*target=(Unit)quot;
+	count-=(DECDPUN-cut);
+	if (count<=0) break;
+	up++;
+	quot=*up;
+	#if DECDPUN<=4
+	  quot=QUOT10(quot, cut);
+	  rem=*up-quot*powers[cut];
+	#else
+	  rem=quot%powers[cut];
+	  quot=quot/powers[cut];
+	#endif
+	*target=(Unit)(*target+rem*powers[DECDPUN-cut]);
+	count-=cut;
+	if (count<=0) break;
+	} /* shift-copy loop */
+      } /* shift to least */
+    } /* not unit boundary */
+
+  if (*residue!=0) *status|=DEC_Inexact; /* record inexactitude */
   return;
-}
-
-/* ------------------------------------------------------------------ */
-/* decApplyRound -- apply pending rounding to a number                */
-/*                                                                    */
-/*   dn    is the number, with space for set->digits digits           */
-/*   set   is the context [for size and rounding mode]                */
-/*   residue indicates pending rounding, being any accumulated        */
-/*         guard and sticky information.  It may be:                  */
-/*         6-9: rounding digit is >5                                  */
-/*         5:   rounding digit is exactly half-way                    */
-/*         1-4: rounding digit is <5 and >0                           */
-/*         0:   the coefficient is exact                              */
-/*        -1:   as 1, but the hidden digits are subtractive, that     */
-/*              is, of the opposite sign to dn.  In this case the     */
-/*              coefficient must be non-0.                            */
-/*   status is the status accumulator, as usual                       */
-/*                                                                    */
+  } /* decSetCoeff */
+
+/* ------------------------------------------------------------------ */
+/* decApplyRound -- apply pending rounding to a number		      */
+/*								      */
+/*   dn	   is the number, with space for set->digits digits	      */
+/*   set   is the context [for size and rounding mode]		      */
+/*   residue indicates pending rounding, being any accumulated	      */
+/*	   guard and sticky information.  It may be:		      */
+/*	   6-9: rounding digit is >5				      */
+/*	   5:	rounding digit is exactly half-way		      */
+/*	   1-4: rounding digit is <5 and >0			      */
+/*	   0:	the coefficient is exact			      */
+/*	  -1:	as 1, but the hidden digits are subtractive, that     */
+/*		is, of the opposite sign to dn.	 In this case the     */
+/*		coefficient must be non-0.  This case occurs when     */
+/*		subtracting a small number (which can be reduced to   */
+/*		a sticky bit); see decAddOp.			      */
+/*   status is the status accumulator, as usual			      */
+/*								      */
 /* This routine applies rounding while keeping the length of the      */
-/* coefficient constant.  The exponent and status are unchanged       */
-/* except if:                                                         */
-/*                                                                    */
+/* coefficient constant.  The exponent and status are unchanged	      */
+/* except if:							      */
+/*								      */
 /*   -- the coefficient was increased and is all nines (in which      */
-/*      case Overflow could occur, and is handled directly here so    */
-/*      the caller does not need to re-test for overflow)             */
-/*                                                                    */
+/*	case Overflow could occur, and is handled directly here so    */
+/*	the caller does not need to re-test for overflow)	      */
+/*								      */
 /*   -- the coefficient was decreased and becomes all nines (in which */
-/*      case Underflow could occur, and is also handled directly).    */
-/*                                                                    */
-/* All fields in dn are updated as required.                          */
-/*                                                                    */
+/*	case Underflow could occur, and is also handled directly).    */
+/*								      */
+/* All fields in dn are updated as required.			      */
+/*								      */
 /* ------------------------------------------------------------------ */
-static void
-decApplyRound (decNumber * dn, decContext * set, Int residue, uInt * status)
-{
-  Int bump;			/* 1 if coefficient needs to be incremented */
-  /* -1 if coefficient needs to be decremented */
+static void decApplyRound(decNumber *dn, decContext *set, Int residue,
+			  uInt *status) {
+  Int  bump;		      /* 1 if coefficient needs to be incremented */
+			      /* -1 if coefficient needs to be decremented */
 
-  if (residue == 0)
-    return;			/* nothing to apply */
+  if (residue==0) return;     /* nothing to apply */
 
-  bump = 0;			/* assume a smooth ride */
+  bump=0;		      /* assume a smooth ride */
 
   /* now decide whether, and how, to round, depending on mode */
-  switch (set->round)
-    {
-    case DEC_ROUND_DOWN:
-      {
-	/* no change, except if negative residue */
-	if (residue < 0)
-	  bump = -1;
-	break;
-      }				/* r-d */
+  switch (set->round) {
+    case DEC_ROUND_05UP: {    /* round zero or five up (for reround) */
+      /* This is the same as DEC_ROUND_DOWN unless there is a */
+      /* positive residue and the lsd of dn is 0 or 5, in which case */
+      /* it is bumped; when residue is <0, the number is therefore */
+      /* bumped down unless the final digit was 1 or 6 (in which */
+      /* case it is bumped down and then up -- a no-op) */
+      Int lsd5=*dn->lsu%5;     /* get lsd and quintate */
+      if (residue<0 && lsd5!=1) bump=-1;
+       else if (residue>0 && lsd5==0) bump=1;
+      /* [bump==1 could be applied directly; use common path for clarity] */
+      break;} /* r-05 */
+
+    case DEC_ROUND_DOWN: {
+      /* no change, except if negative residue */
+      if (residue<0) bump=-1;
+      break;} /* r-d */
+
+    case DEC_ROUND_HALF_DOWN: {
+      if (residue>5) bump=1;
+      break;} /* r-h-d */
+
+    case DEC_ROUND_HALF_EVEN: {
+      if (residue>5) bump=1;		/* >0.5 goes up */
+       else if (residue==5) {		/* exactly 0.5000... */
+	/* 0.5 goes up iff [new] lsd is odd */
+	if (*dn->lsu & 0x01) bump=1;
+	}
+      break;} /* r-h-e */
 
-    case DEC_ROUND_HALF_DOWN:
-      {
-	if (residue > 5)
-	  bump = 1;
-	break;
-      }				/* r-h-d */
-
-    case DEC_ROUND_HALF_EVEN:
-      {
-	if (residue > 5)
-	  bump = 1;		/* >0.5 goes up */
-	else if (residue == 5)
-	  {			/* exactly 0.5000... */
-	    /* 0.5 goes up iff [new] lsd is odd */
-	    if (*dn->lsu & 0x01)
-	      bump = 1;
-	  }
-	break;
-      }				/* r-h-e */
+    case DEC_ROUND_HALF_UP: {
+      if (residue>=5) bump=1;
+      break;} /* r-h-u */
 
-    case DEC_ROUND_HALF_UP:
-      {
-	if (residue >= 5)
-	  bump = 1;
-	break;
-      }				/* r-h-u */
+    case DEC_ROUND_UP: {
+      if (residue>0) bump=1;
+      break;} /* r-u */
 
-    case DEC_ROUND_UP:
-      {
-	if (residue > 0)
-	  bump = 1;
-	break;
-      }				/* r-u */
-
-    case DEC_ROUND_CEILING:
-      {
-	/* same as _UP for positive numbers, and as _DOWN for negatives */
-	/* [negative residue cannot occur on 0] */
-	if (decNumberIsNegative (dn))
-	  {
-	    if (residue < 0)
-	      bump = -1;
-	  }
-	else
-	  {
-	    if (residue > 0)
-	      bump = 1;
-	  }
-	break;
-      }				/* r-c */
-
-    case DEC_ROUND_FLOOR:
-      {
-	/* same as _UP for negative numbers, and as _DOWN for positive */
-	/* [negative residue cannot occur on 0] */
-	if (!decNumberIsNegative (dn))
-	  {
-	    if (residue < 0)
-	      bump = -1;
-	  }
-	else
-	  {
-	    if (residue > 0)
-	      bump = 1;
-	  }
-	break;
-      }				/* r-f */
+    case DEC_ROUND_CEILING: {
+      /* same as _UP for positive numbers, and as _DOWN for negatives */
+      /* [negative residue cannot occur on 0] */
+      if (decNumberIsNegative(dn)) {
+	if (residue<0) bump=-1;
+	}
+       else {
+	if (residue>0) bump=1;
+	}
+      break;} /* r-c */
 
-    default:
-      {				/* e.g., DEC_ROUND_MAX */
-	*status |= DEC_Invalid_context;
-#if DECTRACE
-	printf ("Unknown rounding mode: %d\n", set->round);
-#endif
-	break;
-      }
-    }				/* switch */
+    case DEC_ROUND_FLOOR: {
+      /* same as _UP for negative numbers, and as _DOWN for positive */
+      /* [negative residue cannot occur on 0] */
+      if (!decNumberIsNegative(dn)) {
+	if (residue<0) bump=-1;
+	}
+       else {
+	if (residue>0) bump=1;
+	}
+      break;} /* r-f */
+
+    default: {	    /* e.g., DEC_ROUND_MAX */
+      *status|=DEC_Invalid_context;
+      #if DECTRACE || (DECCHECK && DECVERB)
+      printf("Unknown rounding mode: %d\n", set->round);
+      #endif
+      break;}
+    } /* switch */
 
   /* now bump the number, up or down, if need be */
-  if (bump == 0)
-    return;			/* no action required */
+  if (bump==0) return;			     /* no action required */
 
-  /* Simply use decUnitAddSub unless we are bumping up and the number */
-  /* is all nines.  In this special case we set to 1000... and adjust */
-  /* the exponent by one (as otherwise we could overflow the array) */
+  /* Simply use decUnitAddSub unless bumping up and the number is */
+  /* all nines.	 In this special case set to 100... explicitly */
+  /* and adjust the exponent by one (as otherwise could overflow */
+  /* the array) */
   /* Similarly handle all-nines result if bumping down. */
-  if (bump > 0)
-    {
-      Unit *up;			/* work */
-      uInt count = dn->digits;	/* digits to be checked */
-      for (up = dn->lsu;; up++)
-	{
-	  if (count <= DECDPUN)
-	    {
-	      /* this is the last Unit (the msu) */
-	      if (*up != powers[count] - 1)
-		break;		/* not still 9s */
-	      /* here if it, too, is all nines */
-	      *up = (Unit) powers[count - 1];	/* here 999 -> 100 etc. */
-	      for (up = up - 1; up >= dn->lsu; up--)
-		*up = 0;	/* others all to 0 */
-	      dn->exponent++;	/* and bump exponent */
-	      /* [which, very rarely, could cause Overflow...] */
-	      if ((dn->exponent + dn->digits) > set->emax + 1)
-		{
-		  decSetOverflow (dn, set, status);
-		}
-	      return;		/* done */
-	    }
-	  /* a full unit to check, with more to come */
-	  if (*up != DECDPUNMAX)
-	    break;		/* not still 9s */
-	  count -= DECDPUN;
-	}			/* up */
-    }				/* bump>0 */
-  else
-    {				/* -1 */
-      /* here we are lookng for a pre-bump of 1000... (leading 1, */
-      /* all other digits zero) */
-      Unit *up, *sup;		/* work */
-      uInt count = dn->digits;	/* digits to be checked */
-      for (up = dn->lsu;; up++)
-	{
-	  if (count <= DECDPUN)
-	    {
-	      /* this is the last Unit (the msu) */
-	      if (*up != powers[count - 1])
-		break;		/* not 100.. */
-	      /* here if we have the 1000... case */
-	      sup = up;		/* save msu pointer */
-	      *up = (Unit) powers[count] - 1;	/* here 100 in msu -> 999 */
-	      /* others all to all-nines, too */
-	      for (up = up - 1; up >= dn->lsu; up--)
-		*up = (Unit) powers[DECDPUN] - 1;
-	      dn->exponent--;	/* and bump exponent */
-
-	      /* iff the number was at the subnormal boundary (exponent=etiny) */
-	      /* then the exponent is now out of range, so it will in fact get */
-	      /* clamped to etiny and the final 9 dropped. */
-	      /* printf(">> emin=%d exp=%d sdig=%d\n", set->emin, */
-	      /*        dn->exponent, set->digits); */
-	      if (dn->exponent + 1 == set->emin - set->digits + 1)
-		{
-		  if (count == 1 && dn->digits == 1)
-		    *sup = 0;	/* here 9 -> 0[.9] */
-		  else
-		    {
-		      *sup = (Unit) powers[count - 1] - 1;	/* here 999.. in msu -> 99.. */
-		      dn->digits--;
-		    }
-		  dn->exponent++;
-		  *status |=
-		    DEC_Underflow | DEC_Subnormal | DEC_Inexact | DEC_Rounded;
-		}
-	      return;		/* done */
+  if (bump>0) {
+    Unit *up;				     /* work */
+    uInt count=dn->digits;		     /* digits to be checked */
+    for (up=dn->lsu; ; up++) {
+      if (count<=DECDPUN) {
+	/* this is the last Unit (the msu) */
+	if (*up!=powers[count]-1) break;     /* not still 9s */
+	/* here if it, too, is all nines */
+	*up=(Unit)powers[count-1];	     /* here 999 -> 100 etc. */
+	for (up=up-1; up>=dn->lsu; up--) *up=0; /* others all to 0 */
+	dn->exponent++;			     /* and bump exponent */
+	/* [which, very rarely, could cause Overflow...] */
+	if ((dn->exponent+dn->digits)>set->emax+1) {
+	  decSetOverflow(dn, set, status);
+	  }
+	return;				     /* done */
+	}
+      /* a full unit to check, with more to come */
+      if (*up!=DECDPUNMAX) break;	     /* not still 9s */
+      count-=DECDPUN;
+      } /* up */
+    } /* bump>0 */
+   else {				     /* -1 */
+    /* here checking for a pre-bump of 1000... (leading 1, all */
+    /* other digits zero) */
+    Unit *up, *sup;			     /* work */
+    uInt count=dn->digits;		     /* digits to be checked */
+    for (up=dn->lsu; ; up++) {
+      if (count<=DECDPUN) {
+	/* this is the last Unit (the msu) */
+	if (*up!=powers[count-1]) break;     /* not 100.. */
+	/* here if have the 1000... case */
+	sup=up;				     /* save msu pointer */
+	*up=(Unit)powers[count]-1;	     /* here 100 in msu -> 999 */
+	/* others all to all-nines, too */
+	for (up=up-1; up>=dn->lsu; up--) *up=(Unit)powers[DECDPUN]-1;
+	dn->exponent--;			     /* and bump exponent */
+
+	/* iff the number was at the subnormal boundary (exponent=etiny) */
+	/* then the exponent is now out of range, so it will in fact get */
+	/* clamped to etiny and the final 9 dropped. */
+	/* printf(">> emin=%d exp=%d sdig=%d\n", set->emin, */
+	/*	  dn->exponent, set->digits); */
+	if (dn->exponent+1==set->emin-set->digits+1) {
+	  if (count==1 && dn->digits==1) *sup=0;  /* here 9 -> 0[.9] */
+	   else {
+	    *sup=(Unit)powers[count-1]-1;    /* here 999.. in msu -> 99.. */
+	    dn->digits--;
 	    }
+	  dn->exponent++;
+	  *status|=DEC_Underflow | DEC_Subnormal | DEC_Inexact | DEC_Rounded;
+	  }
+	return;				     /* done */
+	}
 
-	  /* a full unit to check, with more to come */
-	  if (*up != 0)
-	    break;		/* not still 0s */
-	  count -= DECDPUN;
-	}			/* up */
+      /* a full unit to check, with more to come */
+      if (*up!=0) break;		     /* not still 0s */
+      count-=DECDPUN;
+      } /* up */
 
-    }				/* bump<0 */
+    } /* bump<0 */
 
   /* Actual bump needed.  Do it. */
-  decUnitAddSub (dn->lsu, D2U (dn->digits), one, 1, 0, dn->lsu, bump);
-}
+  decUnitAddSub(dn->lsu, D2U(dn->digits), uarrone, 1, 0, dn->lsu, bump);
+  } /* decApplyRound */
 
 #if DECSUBSET
 /* ------------------------------------------------------------------ */
-/* decFinish -- finish processing a number                            */
-/*                                                                    */
-/*   dn is the number                                                 */
-/*   set is the context                                               */
-/*   residue is the rounding accumulator (as in decApplyRound)        */
-/*   status is the accumulator                                        */
-/*                                                                    */
-/* This finishes off the current number by:                           */
-/*    1. If not extended:                                             */
-/*       a. Converting a zero result to clean '0'                     */
-/*       b. Reducing positive exponents to 0, if would fit in digits  */
-/*    2. Checking for overflow and subnormals (always)                */
-/* Note this is just Finalize when no subset arithmetic.              */
-/* All fields are updated as required.                                */
-/* ------------------------------------------------------------------ */
-static void
-decFinish (decNumber * dn, decContext * set, Int * residue, uInt * status)
-{
-  if (!set->extended)
-    {
-      if ISZERO
-	(dn)
-	{			/* value is zero */
-	  dn->exponent = 0;	/* clean exponent .. */
-	  dn->bits = 0;		/* .. and sign */
-	  return;		/* no error possible */
-	}
-      if (dn->exponent >= 0)
-	{			/* non-negative exponent */
-	  /* >0; reduce to integer if possible */
-	  if (set->digits >= (dn->exponent + dn->digits))
-	    {
-	      dn->digits = decShiftToMost (dn->lsu, dn->digits, dn->exponent);
-	      dn->exponent = 0;
-	    }
+/* decFinish -- finish processing a number			      */
+/*								      */
+/*   dn is the number						      */
+/*   set is the context						      */
+/*   residue is the rounding accumulator (as in decApplyRound)	      */
+/*   status is the accumulator					      */
+/*								      */
+/* This finishes off the current number by:			      */
+/*    1. If not extended:					      */
+/*	 a. Converting a zero result to clean '0'		      */
+/*	 b. Reducing positive exponents to 0, if would fit in digits  */
+/*    2. Checking for overflow and subnormals (always)		      */
+/* Note this is just Finalize when no subset arithmetic.	      */
+/* All fields are updated as required.				      */
+/* ------------------------------------------------------------------ */
+static void decFinish(decNumber *dn, decContext *set, Int *residue,
+		      uInt *status) {
+  if (!set->extended) {
+    if ISZERO(dn) {		   /* value is zero */
+      dn->exponent=0;		   /* clean exponent .. */
+      dn->bits=0;		   /* .. and sign */
+      return;			   /* no error possible */
+      }
+    if (dn->exponent>=0) {	   /* non-negative exponent */
+      /* >0; reduce to integer if possible */
+      if (set->digits >= (dn->exponent+dn->digits)) {
+	dn->digits=decShiftToMost(dn->lsu, dn->digits, dn->exponent);
+	dn->exponent=0;
 	}
-    }				/* !extended */
+      }
+    } /* !extended */
 
-  decFinalize (dn, set, residue, status);
-}
+  decFinalize(dn, set, residue, status);
+  } /* decFinish */
 #endif
 
 /* ------------------------------------------------------------------ */
-/* decFinalize -- final check, clamp, and round of a number           */
-/*                                                                    */
-/*   dn is the number                                                 */
-/*   set is the context                                               */
-/*   residue is the rounding accumulator (as in decApplyRound)        */
-/*   status is the status accumulator                                 */
-/*                                                                    */
+/* decFinalize -- final check, clamp, and round of a number	      */
+/*								      */
+/*   dn is the number						      */
+/*   set is the context						      */
+/*   residue is the rounding accumulator (as in decApplyRound)	      */
+/*   status is the status accumulator				      */
+/*								      */
 /* This finishes off the current number by checking for subnormal     */
 /* results, applying any pending rounding, checking for overflow,     */
-/* and applying any clamping.                                         */
-/* Underflow and overflow conditions are raised as appropriate.       */
-/* All fields are updated as required.                                */
+/* and applying any clamping.					      */
+/* Underflow and overflow conditions are raised as appropriate.	      */
+/* All fields are updated as required.				      */
 /* ------------------------------------------------------------------ */
-static void
-decFinalize (decNumber * dn, decContext * set, Int * residue, uInt * status)
-{
-  Int shift;			/* shift needed if clamping */
+static void decFinalize(decNumber *dn, decContext *set, Int *residue,
+			uInt *status) {
+  Int shift;				/* shift needed if clamping */
+  Int tinyexp=set->emin-dn->digits+1;	/* precalculate subnormal boundary */
 
-  /* We have to be careful when checking the exponent as the adjusted */
-  /* exponent could overflow 31 bits [because it may already be up */
-  /* to twice the expected]. */
+  /* Must be careful, here, when checking the exponent as the */
+  /* adjusted exponent could overflow 31 bits [because it may already */
+  /* be up to twice the expected]. */
 
-  /* First test for subnormal.  This must be done before any final */
+  /* First test for subnormal.	This must be done before any final */
   /* round as the result could be rounded to Nmin or 0. */
-  if (dn->exponent < 0		/* negative exponent */
-      && (dn->exponent < set->emin - dn->digits + 1))
-    {
+  if (dn->exponent<=tinyexp) {		/* prefilter */
+    Int comp;
+    decNumber nmin;
+    /* A very nasty case here is dn == Nmin and residue<0 */
+    if (dn->exponent<tinyexp) {
       /* Go handle subnormals; this will apply round if needed. */
-      decSetSubnormal (dn, set, residue, status);
+      decSetSubnormal(dn, set, residue, status);
+      return;
+      }
+    /* Equals case: only subnormal if dn=Nmin and negative residue */
+    decNumberZero(&nmin);
+    nmin.lsu[0]=1;
+    nmin.exponent=set->emin;
+    comp=decCompare(dn, &nmin, 1);		  /* (signless compare) */
+    if (comp==BADINT) {				  /* oops */
+      *status|=DEC_Insufficient_storage;	  /* abandon... */
+      return;
+      }
+    if (*residue<0 && comp==0) {		  /* neg residue and dn==Nmin */
+      decApplyRound(dn, set, *residue, status);	  /* might force down */
+      decSetSubnormal(dn, set, residue, status);
       return;
+      }
     }
 
   /* now apply any pending round (this could raise overflow). */
-  if (*residue != 0)
-    decApplyRound (dn, set, *residue, status);
+  if (*residue!=0) decApplyRound(dn, set, *residue, status);
 
   /* Check for overflow [redundant in the 'rare' case] or clamp */
-  if (dn->exponent <= set->emax - set->digits + 1)
-    return;			/* neither needed */
+  if (dn->exponent<=set->emax-set->digits+1) return;   /* neither needed */
 
-  /* here when we might have an overflow or clamp to do */
-  if (dn->exponent > set->emax - dn->digits + 1)
-    {				/* too big */
-      decSetOverflow (dn, set, status);
-      return;
+
+  /* here when might have an overflow or clamp to do */
+  if (dn->exponent>set->emax-dn->digits+1) {	       /* too big */
+    decSetOverflow(dn, set, status);
+    return;
     }
   /* here when the result is normal but in clamp range */
-  if (!set->clamp)
-    return;
+  if (!set->clamp) return;
 
-  /* here when we need to apply the IEEE exponent clamp (fold-down) */
-  shift = dn->exponent - (set->emax - set->digits + 1);
+  /* here when need to apply the IEEE exponent clamp (fold-down) */
+  shift=dn->exponent-(set->emax-set->digits+1);
 
   /* shift coefficient (if non-zero) */
-  if (!ISZERO (dn))
-    {
-      dn->digits = decShiftToMost (dn->lsu, dn->digits, shift);
+  if (!ISZERO(dn)) {
+    dn->digits=decShiftToMost(dn->lsu, dn->digits, shift);
     }
-  dn->exponent -= shift;	/* adjust the exponent to match */
-  *status |= DEC_Clamped;	/* and record the dirty deed */
+  dn->exponent-=shift;	 /* adjust the exponent to match */
+  *status|=DEC_Clamped;	 /* and record the dirty deed */
   return;
-}
+  } /* decFinalize */
 
 /* ------------------------------------------------------------------ */
-/* decSetOverflow -- set number to proper overflow value              */
-/*                                                                    */
-/*   dn is the number (used for sign [only] and result)               */
-/*   set is the context [used for the rounding mode]                  */
-/*   status contains the current status to be updated                 */
-/*                                                                    */
-/* This sets the sign of a number and sets its value to either        */
+/* decSetOverflow -- set number to proper overflow value	      */
+/*								      */
+/*   dn is the number (used for sign [only] and result)		      */
+/*   set is the context [used for the rounding mode, etc.]	      */
+/*   status contains the current status to be updated		      */
+/*								      */
+/* This sets the sign of a number and sets its value to either	      */
 /* Infinity or the maximum finite value, depending on the sign of     */
-/* dn and therounding mode, following IEEE 854 rules.                 */
-/* ------------------------------------------------------------------ */
-static void
-decSetOverflow (decNumber * dn, decContext * set, uInt * status)
-{
-  Flag needmax = 0;		/* result is maximum finite value */
-  uByte sign = dn->bits & DECNEG;	/* clean and save sign bit */
-
-  if (ISZERO (dn))
-    {				/* zero does not overflow magnitude */
-      Int emax = set->emax;	/* limit value */
-      if (set->clamp)
-	emax -= set->digits - 1;	/* lower if clamping */
-      if (dn->exponent > emax)
-	{			/* clamp required */
-	  dn->exponent = emax;
-	  *status |= DEC_Clamped;
-	}
-      return;
+/* dn and the rounding mode, following IEEE 854 rules.		      */
+/* ------------------------------------------------------------------ */
+static void decSetOverflow(decNumber *dn, decContext *set, uInt *status) {
+  Flag needmax=0;		   /* result is maximum finite value */
+  uByte sign=dn->bits&DECNEG;	   /* clean and save sign bit */
+
+  if (ISZERO(dn)) {		   /* zero does not overflow magnitude */
+    Int emax=set->emax;			     /* limit value */
+    if (set->clamp) emax-=set->digits-1;     /* lower if clamping */
+    if (dn->exponent>emax) {		     /* clamp required */
+      dn->exponent=emax;
+      *status|=DEC_Clamped;
+      }
+    return;
     }
 
-  decNumberZero (dn);
-  switch (set->round)
-    {
-    case DEC_ROUND_DOWN:
-      {
-	needmax = 1;		/* never Infinity */
-	break;
-      }				/* r-d */
-    case DEC_ROUND_CEILING:
-      {
-	if (sign)
-	  needmax = 1;		/* Infinity if non-negative */
-	break;
-      }				/* r-c */
-    case DEC_ROUND_FLOOR:
-      {
-	if (!sign)
-	  needmax = 1;		/* Infinity if negative */
-	break;
-      }				/* r-f */
-    default:
-      break;			/* Infinity in all other cases */
+  decNumberZero(dn);
+  switch (set->round) {
+    case DEC_ROUND_DOWN: {
+      needmax=1;		   /* never Infinity */
+      break;} /* r-d */
+    case DEC_ROUND_05UP: {
+      needmax=1;		   /* never Infinity */
+      break;} /* r-05 */
+    case DEC_ROUND_CEILING: {
+      if (sign) needmax=1;	   /* Infinity if non-negative */
+      break;} /* r-c */
+    case DEC_ROUND_FLOOR: {
+      if (!sign) needmax=1;	   /* Infinity if negative */
+      break;} /* r-f */
+    default: break;		   /* Infinity in all other cases */
     }
-  if (needmax)
-    {
-      Unit *up;			/* work */
-      Int count = set->digits;	/* nines to add */
-      dn->digits = count;
-      /* fill in all nines to set maximum value */
-      for (up = dn->lsu;; up++)
-	{
-	  if (count > DECDPUN)
-	    *up = DECDPUNMAX;	/* unit full o'nines */
-	  else
-	    {			/* this is the msu */
-	      *up = (Unit) (powers[count] - 1);
-	      break;
-	    }
-	  count -= DECDPUN;	/* we filled those digits */
-	}			/* up */
-      dn->bits = sign;		/* sign */
-      dn->exponent = set->emax - set->digits + 1;
+  if (needmax) {
+    decSetMaxValue(dn, set);
+    dn->bits=sign;		   /* set sign */
     }
-  else
-    dn->bits = sign | DECINF;	/* Value is +/-Infinity */
-  *status |= DEC_Overflow | DEC_Inexact | DEC_Rounded;
-}
+   else dn->bits=sign|DECINF;	   /* Value is +/-Infinity */
+  *status|=DEC_Overflow | DEC_Inexact | DEC_Rounded;
+  } /* decSetOverflow */
+
+/* ------------------------------------------------------------------ */
+/* decSetMaxValue -- set number to +Nmax (maximum normal value)	      */
+/*								      */
+/*   dn is the number to set					      */
+/*   set is the context [used for digits and emax]		      */
+/*								      */
+/* This sets the number to the maximum positive value.		      */
+/* ------------------------------------------------------------------ */
+static void decSetMaxValue(decNumber *dn, decContext *set) {
+  Unit *up;			   /* work */
+  Int count=set->digits;	   /* nines to add */
+  dn->digits=count;
+  /* fill in all nines to set maximum value */
+  for (up=dn->lsu; ; up++) {
+    if (count>DECDPUN) *up=DECDPUNMAX;	/* unit full o'nines */
+     else {				/* this is the msu */
+      *up=(Unit)(powers[count]-1);
+      break;
+      }
+    count-=DECDPUN;		   /* filled those digits */
+    } /* up */
+  dn->bits=0;			   /* + sign */
+  dn->exponent=set->emax-set->digits+1;
+  } /* decSetMaxValue */
 
 /* ------------------------------------------------------------------ */
-/* decSetSubnormal -- process value whose exponent is <Emin           */
-/*                                                                    */
+/* decSetSubnormal -- process value whose exponent is <Emin	      */
+/*								      */
 /*   dn is the number (used as input as well as output; it may have   */
-/*         an allowed subnormal value, which may need to be rounded)  */
-/*   set is the context [used for the rounding mode]                  */
-/*   residue is any pending residue                                   */
-/*   status contains the current status to be updated                 */
-/*                                                                    */
-/* If subset mode, set result to zero and set Underflow flags.        */
-/*                                                                    */
+/*	   an allowed subnormal value, which may need to be rounded)  */
+/*   set is the context [used for the rounding mode]		      */
+/*   residue is any pending residue				      */
+/*   status contains the current status to be updated		      */
+/*								      */
+/* If subset mode, set result to zero and set Underflow flags.	      */
+/*								      */
 /* Value may be zero with a low exponent; this does not set Subnormal */
-/* but the exponent will be clamped to Etiny.                         */
-/*                                                                    */
-/* Otherwise ensure exponent is not out of range, and round as        */
-/* necessary.  Underflow is set if the result is Inexact.             */
-/* ------------------------------------------------------------------ */
-static void
-decSetSubnormal (decNumber * dn, decContext * set,
-		 Int * residue, uInt * status)
-{
-  decContext workset;		/* work */
-  Int etiny, adjust;		/* .. */
-
-#if DECSUBSET
+/* but the exponent will be clamped to Etiny.			      */
+/*								      */
+/* Otherwise ensure exponent is not out of range, and round as	      */
+/* necessary.  Underflow is set if the result is Inexact.	      */
+/* ------------------------------------------------------------------ */
+static void decSetSubnormal(decNumber *dn, decContext *set, Int *residue,
+			    uInt *status) {
+  Int	     dnexp;	      /* saves original exponent */
+  decContext workset;	      /* work */
+  Int	     etiny, adjust;   /* .. */
+
+  #if DECSUBSET
   /* simple set to zero and 'hard underflow' for subset */
-  if (!set->extended)
-    {
-      decNumberZero (dn);
-      /* always full overflow */
-      *status |= DEC_Underflow | DEC_Subnormal | DEC_Inexact | DEC_Rounded;
-      return;
+  if (!set->extended) {
+    decNumberZero(dn);
+    /* always full overflow */
+    *status|=DEC_Underflow | DEC_Subnormal | DEC_Inexact | DEC_Rounded;
+    return;
     }
-#endif
+  #endif
 
   /* Full arithmetic -- allow subnormals, rounded to minimum exponent */
   /* (Etiny) if needed */
-  etiny = set->emin - (set->digits - 1);	/* smallest allowed exponent */
-
-  if ISZERO
-    (dn)
-    {				/* value is zero */
-      /* residue can never be non-zero here */
-#if DECCHECK
-      if (*residue != 0)
-	{
-	  printf ("++ Subnormal 0 residue %d\n", *residue);
-	  *status |= DEC_Invalid_operation;
-	}
-#endif
-      if (dn->exponent < etiny)
-	{			/* clamp required */
-	  dn->exponent = etiny;
-	  *status |= DEC_Clamped;
+  etiny=set->emin-(set->digits-1);	/* smallest allowed exponent */
+
+  if ISZERO(dn) {			/* value is zero */
+    /* residue can never be non-zero here */
+    #if DECCHECK
+      if (*residue!=0) {
+	printf("++ Subnormal 0 residue %ld\n", (LI)*residue);
+	*status|=DEC_Invalid_operation;
 	}
-      return;
+    #endif
+    if (dn->exponent<etiny) {		/* clamp required */
+      dn->exponent=etiny;
+      *status|=DEC_Clamped;
+      }
+    return;
     }
 
-  *status |= DEC_Subnormal;	/* we have a non-zero subnormal */
-
-  adjust = etiny - dn->exponent;	/* calculate digits to remove */
-  if (adjust <= 0)
-    {				/* not out of range; unrounded */
-      /* residue can never be non-zero here, so fast-path out */
-#if DECCHECK
-      if (*residue != 0)
-	{
-	  printf ("++ Subnormal no-adjust residue %d\n", *residue);
-	  *status |= DEC_Invalid_operation;
-	}
-#endif
-      /* it may already be inexact (from setting the coefficient) */
-      if (*status & DEC_Inexact)
-	*status |= DEC_Underflow;
-      return;
+  *status|=DEC_Subnormal;		/* have a non-zero subnormal */
+  adjust=etiny-dn->exponent;		/* calculate digits to remove */
+  if (adjust<=0) {			/* not out of range; unrounded */
+    /* residue can never be non-zero here, except in the Nmin-residue */
+    /* case (which is a subnormal result), so can take fast-path here */
+    /* it may already be inexact (from setting the coefficient) */
+    if (*status&DEC_Inexact) *status|=DEC_Underflow;
+    return;
     }
 
-  /* adjust>0.  we need to rescale the result so exponent becomes Etiny */
+  /* adjust>0, so need to rescale the result so exponent becomes Etiny */
   /* [this code is similar to that in rescale] */
-  workset = *set;		/* clone rounding, etc. */
-  workset.digits = dn->digits - adjust;	/* set requested length */
-  workset.emin -= adjust;	/* and adjust emin to match */
+  dnexp=dn->exponent;			/* save exponent */
+  workset=*set;				/* clone rounding, etc. */
+  workset.digits=dn->digits-adjust;	/* set requested length */
+  workset.emin-=adjust;			/* and adjust emin to match */
   /* [note that the latter can be <1, here, similar to Rescale case] */
-  decSetCoeff (dn, &workset, dn->lsu, dn->digits, residue, status);
-  decApplyRound (dn, &workset, *residue, status);
+  decSetCoeff(dn, &workset, dn->lsu, dn->digits, residue, status);
+  decApplyRound(dn, &workset, *residue, status);
 
   /* Use 754R/854 default rule: Underflow is set iff Inexact */
   /* [independent of whether trapped] */
-  if (*status & DEC_Inexact)
-    *status |= DEC_Underflow;
-
-  /* if we rounded up a 999s case, exponent will be off by one; adjust */
-  /* back if so [it will fit, because we shortened] */
-  if (dn->exponent > etiny)
-    {
-      dn->digits = decShiftToMost (dn->lsu, dn->digits, 1);
-      dn->exponent--;		/* (re)adjust the exponent. */
+  if (*status&DEC_Inexact) *status|=DEC_Underflow;
+
+  /* if rounded up a 999s case, exponent will be off by one; adjust */
+  /* back if so [it will fit, because it was shortened earlier] */
+  if (dn->exponent>etiny) {
+    dn->digits=decShiftToMost(dn->lsu, dn->digits, 1);
+    dn->exponent--;			/* (re)adjust the exponent. */
     }
-}
 
-/* ------------------------------------------------------------------ */
-/* decGetInt -- get integer from a number                             */
-/*                                                                    */
-/*   dn is the number [which will not be altered]                     */
-/*   set is the context [requested digits], subset only               */
-/*   returns the converted integer, or BADINT if error                */
-/*                                                                    */
+  /* if rounded to zero, it is by definition clamped... */
+  if (ISZERO(dn)) *status|=DEC_Clamped;
+  } /* decSetSubnormal */
+
+/* ------------------------------------------------------------------ */
+/* decCheckMath - check entry conditions for a math function	      */
+/*								      */
+/*   This checks the context and the operand			      */
+/*								      */
+/*   rhs is the operand to check				      */
+/*   set is the context to check				      */
+/*   status is unchanged if both are good			      */
+/*								      */
+/* returns non-zero if status is changed, 0 otherwise		      */
+/*								      */
+/* Restrictions enforced:					      */
+/*								      */
+/*   digits, emax, and -emin in the context must be less than	      */
+/*   DEC_MAX_MATH (999999), and A must be within these bounds if      */
+/*   non-zero.	Invalid_operation is set in the status if a	      */
+/*   restriction is violated.					      */
+/* ------------------------------------------------------------------ */
+static uInt decCheckMath(const decNumber *rhs, decContext *set,
+			 uInt *status) {
+  uInt save=*status;			     /* record */
+  if (set->digits>DEC_MAX_MATH
+   || set->emax>DEC_MAX_MATH
+   || -set->emin>DEC_MAX_MATH) *status|=DEC_Invalid_context;
+   else if ((rhs->digits>DEC_MAX_MATH
+     || rhs->exponent+rhs->digits>DEC_MAX_MATH+1
+     || rhs->exponent+rhs->digits<2*(1-DEC_MAX_MATH))
+     && !ISZERO(rhs)) *status|=DEC_Invalid_operation;
+  return (*status!=save);
+  } /* decCheckMath */
+
+/* ------------------------------------------------------------------ */
+/* decGetInt -- get integer from a number			      */
+/*								      */
+/*   dn is the number [which will not be altered]		      */
+/*								      */
+/*   returns one of:						      */
+/*     BADINT if there is a non-zero fraction			      */
+/*     the converted integer					      */
+/*     BIGEVEN if the integer is even and magnitude > 2*10**9	      */
+/*     BIGODD  if the integer is odd  and magnitude > 2*10**9	      */
+/*								      */
 /* This checks and gets a whole number from the input decNumber.      */
-/* The magnitude of the integer must be <2^31.                        */
-/* Any discarded fractional part must be 0.                           */
-/* If subset it must also fit in set->digits                          */
+/* The sign can be determined from dn by the caller when BIGEVEN or   */
+/* BIGODD is returned.						      */
 /* ------------------------------------------------------------------ */
-#if DECSUBSET
-static Int
-decGetInt (const decNumber * dn, decContext * set)
-{
-#else
-static Int
-decGetInt (const decNumber * dn)
-{
-#endif
-  Int theInt;			/* result accumulator */
-  const Unit *up;		/* work */
-  Int got;			/* digits (real or not) processed */
-  Int ilength = dn->digits + dn->exponent;	/* integral length */
+static Int decGetInt(const decNumber *dn) {
+  Int  theInt;				/* result accumulator */
+  const Unit *up;			/* work */
+  Int  got;				/* digits (real or not) processed */
+  Int  ilength=dn->digits+dn->exponent; /* integral length */
+  Flag neg=decNumberIsNegative(dn);	/* 1 if -ve */
 
   /* The number must be an integer that fits in 10 digits */
   /* Assert, here, that 10 is enough for any rescale Etiny */
-#if DEC_MAX_EMAX > 999999999
-#error GetInt may need updating [for Emax]
-#endif
-#if DEC_MIN_EMIN < -999999999
-#error GetInt may need updating [for Emin]
-#endif
-  if (ISZERO (dn))
-    return 0;			/* zeros are OK, with any exponent */
-  if (ilength > 10)
-    return BADINT;		/* always too big */
-#if DECSUBSET
-  if (!set->extended && ilength > set->digits)
-    return BADINT;
-#endif
-
-  up = dn->lsu;			/* ready for lsu */
-  theInt = 0;			/* ready to accumulate */
-  if (dn->exponent >= 0)
-    {				/* relatively easy */
-      /* no fractional part [usual]; allow for positive exponent */
-      got = dn->exponent;
+  #if DEC_MAX_EMAX > 999999999
+    #error GetInt may need updating [for Emax]
+  #endif
+  #if DEC_MIN_EMIN < -999999999
+    #error GetInt may need updating [for Emin]
+  #endif
+  if (ISZERO(dn)) return 0;		/* zeros are OK, with any exponent */
+
+  up=dn->lsu;				/* ready for lsu */
+  theInt=0;				/* ready to accumulate */
+  if (dn->exponent>=0) {		/* relatively easy */
+    /* no fractional part [usual]; allow for positive exponent */
+    got=dn->exponent;
     }
-  else
-    {				/* -ve exponent; some fractional part to check and discard */
-      Int count = -dn->exponent;	/* digits to discard */
-      /* spin up whole units until we get to the Unit with the unit digit */
-      for (; count >= DECDPUN; up++)
-	{
-	  if (*up != 0)
-	    return BADINT;	/* non-zero Unit to discard */
-	  count -= DECDPUN;
-	}
-      if (count == 0)
-	got = 0;		/* [a multiple of DECDPUN] */
-      else
-	{			/* [not multiple of DECDPUN] */
-	  Int rem;		/* work */
-	  /* slice off fraction digits and check for non-zero */
-#if DECDPUN<=4
-	  theInt = QUOT10 (*up, count);
-	  rem = *up - theInt * powers[count];
-#else
-	  rem = *up % powers[count];	/* slice off discards */
-	  theInt = *up / powers[count];
-#endif
-	  if (rem != 0)
-	    return BADINT;	/* non-zero fraction */
-	  /* OK, we're good */
-	  got = DECDPUN - count;	/* number of digits so far */
-	  up++;			/* ready for next */
-	}
+   else { /* -ve exponent; some fractional part to check and discard */
+    Int count=-dn->exponent;		/* digits to discard */
+    /* spin up whole units until reach the Unit with the unit digit */
+    for (; count>=DECDPUN; up++) {
+      if (*up!=0) return BADINT;	/* non-zero Unit to discard */
+      count-=DECDPUN;
+      }
+    if (count==0) got=0;		/* [a multiple of DECDPUN] */
+     else {				/* [not multiple of DECDPUN] */
+      Int rem;				/* work */
+      /* slice off fraction digits and check for non-zero */
+      #if DECDPUN<=4
+	theInt=QUOT10(*up, count);
+	rem=*up-theInt*powers[count];
+      #else
+	rem=*up%powers[count];		/* slice off discards */
+	theInt=*up/powers[count];
+      #endif
+      if (rem!=0) return BADINT;	/* non-zero fraction */
+      /* it looks good */
+      got=DECDPUN-count;		/* number of digits so far */
+      up++;				/* ready for next */
+      }
     }
-  /* collect the rest */
-  for (; got < ilength; up++)
-    {
-      theInt += *up * powers[got];
-      got += DECDPUN;
+  /* now it's known there's no fractional part */
+
+  /* tricky code now, to accumulate up to 9.3 digits */
+  if (got==0) {theInt=*up; got+=DECDPUN; up++;} /* ensure lsu is there */
+
+  if (ilength<11) {
+    Int save=theInt;
+    /* collect any remaining unit(s) */
+    for (; got<ilength; up++) {
+      theInt+=*up*powers[got];
+      got+=DECDPUN;
+      }
+    if (ilength==10) {			/* need to check for wrap */
+      if (theInt/(Int)powers[got-DECDPUN]!=(Int)*(up-1)) ilength=11;
+	 /* [that test also disallows the BADINT result case] */
+       else if (neg && theInt>1999999997) ilength=11;
+       else if (!neg && theInt>999999999) ilength=11;
+      if (ilength==11) theInt=save;	/* restore correct low bit */
+      }
+    }
+
+  if (ilength>10) {			/* too big */
+    if (theInt&1) return BIGODD;	/* bottom bit 1 */
+    return BIGEVEN;			/* bottom bit 0 */
     }
-  if ((ilength == 10)		/* check no wrap */
-      && (theInt / (Int) powers[got - DECDPUN] != *(up - 1)))
-    return BADINT;
-  /* [that test also disallows the BADINT result case] */
-
-  /* apply any sign and return */
-  if (decNumberIsNegative (dn))
-    theInt = -theInt;
+
+  if (neg) theInt=-theInt;		/* apply sign */
   return theInt;
-}
-
-/* ------------------------------------------------------------------ */
-/* decStrEq -- caseless comparison of strings                         */
-/*                                                                    */
-/*   str1 is one of the strings to compare                            */
-/*   str2 is the other                                                */
-/*                                                                    */
-/*   returns 1 if strings caseless-compare equal, 0 otherwise         */
-/*                                                                    */
-/* Note that the strings must be the same length if they are to       */
-/* compare equal; there is no padding.                                */
-/* ------------------------------------------------------------------ */
-/* [strcmpi is not in ANSI C] */
-static Flag
-decStrEq (const char *str1, const char *str2)
-{
-  for (;; str1++, str2++)
-    {
-      unsigned char u1 = (unsigned char) *str1;
-      unsigned char u2 = (unsigned char) *str2;
-      if (u1 == u2)
-	{
-	  if (u1 == '\0')
-	    break;
-	}
-      else
-	{
-	  if (tolower (u1) != tolower (u2))
-	    return 0;
-	}
-    }				/* stepping */
+  } /* decGetInt */
+
+/* ------------------------------------------------------------------ */
+/* decDecap -- decapitate the coefficient of a number		      */
+/*								      */
+/*   dn	  is the number to be decapitated			      */
+/*   drop is the number of digits to be removed from the left of dn;  */
+/*     this must be <= dn->digits (if equal, the coefficient is	      */
+/*     set to 0)						      */
+/*								      */
+/* Returns dn; dn->digits will be <= the initial digits less drop     */
+/* (after removing drop digits there may be leading zero digits	      */
+/* which will also be removed).	 Only dn->lsu and dn->digits change.  */
+/* ------------------------------------------------------------------ */
+static decNumber *decDecap(decNumber *dn, Int drop) {
+  Unit *msu;				/* -> target cut point */
+  Int cut;				/* work */
+  if (drop>=dn->digits) {		/* losing the whole thing */
+    #if DECCHECK
+    if (drop>dn->digits)
+      printf("decDecap called with drop>digits [%ld>%ld]\n",
+	     (LI)drop, (LI)dn->digits);
+    #endif
+    dn->lsu[0]=0;
+    dn->digits=1;
+    return dn;
+    }
+  msu=dn->lsu+D2U(dn->digits-drop)-1;	/* -> likely msu */
+  cut=MSUDIGITS(dn->digits-drop);	/* digits to be in use in msu */
+  if (cut!=DECDPUN) *msu%=powers[cut];	/* clear left digits */
+  /* that may have left leading zero digits, so do a proper count... */
+  dn->digits=decGetDigits(dn->lsu, msu-dn->lsu+1);
+  return dn;
+  } /* decDecap */
+
+/* ------------------------------------------------------------------ */
+/* decBiStr -- compare string with pairwise options		      */
+/*								      */
+/*   targ is the string to compare				      */
+/*   str1 is one of the strings to compare against (length may be 0)  */
+/*   str2 is the other; it must be the same length as str1	      */
+/*								      */
+/*   returns 1 if strings compare equal, (that is, it is the same     */
+/*   length as str1 and str2, and each character of targ is in either */
+/*   str1 or str2 in the corresponding position), or 0 otherwise      */
+/*								      */
+/* This is used for generic caseless compare, including the awkward   */
+/* case of the Turkish dotted and dotless Is.  Use as (for example):  */
+/*   if (decBiStr(test, "mike", "MIKE")) ...			      */
+/* ------------------------------------------------------------------ */
+static Flag decBiStr(const char *targ, const char *str1, const char *str2) {
+  for (;;targ++, str1++, str2++) {
+    if (*targ!=*str1 && *targ!=*str2) return 0;
+    /* *targ has a match in one (or both, if terminator) */
+    if (*targ=='\0') break;
+    } /* forever */
   return 1;
-}
-
-/* ------------------------------------------------------------------ */
-/* decNaNs -- handle NaN operand or operands                          */
-/*                                                                    */
-/*   res    is the result number                                      */
-/*   lhs    is the first operand                                      */
-/*   rhs    is the second operand, or NULL if none                    */
-/*   status contains the current status                               */
-/*   returns res in case convenient                                   */
-/*                                                                    */
+  } /* decBiStr */
+
+/* ------------------------------------------------------------------ */
+/* decNaNs -- handle NaN operand or operands			      */
+/*								      */
+/*   res     is the result number				      */
+/*   lhs     is the first operand				      */
+/*   rhs     is the second operand, or NULL if none		      */
+/*   context is used to limit payload length			      */
+/*   status  contains the current status			      */
+/*   returns res in case convenient				      */
+/*								      */
 /* Called when one or both operands is a NaN, and propagates the      */
 /* appropriate result to res.  When an sNaN is found, it is changed   */
-/* to a qNaN and Invalid operation is set.                            */
+/* to a qNaN and Invalid operation is set.			      */
 /* ------------------------------------------------------------------ */
-static decNumber *
-decNaNs (decNumber * res, const decNumber * lhs, const decNumber * rhs, uInt * status)
-{
+static decNumber * decNaNs(decNumber *res, const decNumber *lhs,
+			   const decNumber *rhs, decContext *set,
+			   uInt *status) {
   /* This decision tree ends up with LHS being the source pointer, */
   /* and status updated if need be */
   if (lhs->bits & DECSNAN)
-    *status |= DEC_Invalid_operation | DEC_sNaN;
-  else if (rhs == NULL);
-  else if (rhs->bits & DECSNAN)
-    {
-      lhs = rhs;
-      *status |= DEC_Invalid_operation | DEC_sNaN;
+    *status|=DEC_Invalid_operation | DEC_sNaN;
+   else if (rhs==NULL);
+   else if (rhs->bits & DECSNAN) {
+    lhs=rhs;
+    *status|=DEC_Invalid_operation | DEC_sNaN;
     }
-  else if (lhs->bits & DECNAN);
-  else
-    lhs = rhs;
-
-  decNumberCopy (res, lhs);
-  res->bits &= ~DECSNAN;	/* convert any sNaN to NaN, while */
-  res->bits |= DECNAN;		/* .. preserving sign */
-  res->exponent = 0;		/* clean exponent */
-  /* [coefficient was copied] */
+   else if (lhs->bits & DECNAN);
+   else lhs=rhs;
+
+  /* propagate the payload */
+  if (lhs->digits<=set->digits) decNumberCopy(res, lhs); /* easy */
+   else { /* too long */
+    const Unit *ul;
+    Unit *ur, *uresp1;
+    /* copy safe number of units, then decapitate */
+    res->bits=lhs->bits;		/* need sign etc. */
+    uresp1=res->lsu+D2U(set->digits);
+    for (ur=res->lsu, ul=lhs->lsu; ur<uresp1; ur++, ul++) *ur=*ul;
+    res->digits=D2U(set->digits)*DECDPUN;
+    /* maybe still too long */
+    if (res->digits>set->digits) decDecap(res, res->digits-set->digits);
+    }
+
+  res->bits&=~DECSNAN;	      /* convert any sNaN to NaN, while */
+  res->bits|=DECNAN;	      /* .. preserving sign */
+  res->exponent=0;	      /* clean exponent */
+			      /* [coefficient was copied/decapitated] */
   return res;
-}
+  } /* decNaNs */
 
 /* ------------------------------------------------------------------ */
-/* decStatus -- apply non-zero status                                 */
-/*                                                                    */
-/*   dn     is the number to set if error                             */
-/*   status contains the current status (not yet in context)          */
-/*   set    is the context                                            */
-/*                                                                    */
+/* decStatus -- apply non-zero status				      */
+/*								      */
+/*   dn	    is the number to set if error			      */
+/*   status contains the current status (not yet in context)	      */
+/*   set    is the context					      */
+/*								      */
 /* If the status is an error status, the number is set to a NaN,      */
 /* unless the error was an overflow, divide-by-zero, or underflow,    */
-/* in which case the number will have already been set.               */
-/*                                                                    */
+/* in which case the number will have already been set.		      */
+/*								      */
 /* The context status is then updated with the new status.  Note that */
 /* this may raise a signal, so control may never return from this     */
 /* routine (hence resources must be recovered before it is called).   */
 /* ------------------------------------------------------------------ */
-static void
-decStatus (decNumber * dn, uInt status, decContext * set)
-{
-  if (status & DEC_NaNs)
-    {				/* error status -> NaN */
-      /* if cause was an sNaN, clear and propagate [NaN is already set up] */
-      if (status & DEC_sNaN)
-	status &= ~DEC_sNaN;
-      else
-	{
-	  decNumberZero (dn);	/* other error: clean throughout */
-	  dn->bits = DECNAN;	/* and make a quiet NaN */
-	}
+static void decStatus(decNumber *dn, uInt status, decContext *set) {
+  if (status & DEC_NaNs) {		/* error status -> NaN */
+    /* if cause was an sNaN, clear and propagate [NaN is already set up] */
+    if (status & DEC_sNaN) status&=~DEC_sNaN;
+     else {
+      decNumberZero(dn);		/* other error: clean throughout */
+      dn->bits=DECNAN;			/* and make a quiet NaN */
+      }
     }
-  decContextSetStatus (set, status);
+  decContextSetStatus(set, status);	/* [may not return] */
   return;
-}
+  } /* decStatus */
 
 /* ------------------------------------------------------------------ */
-/* decGetDigits -- count digits in a Units array                      */
-/*                                                                    */
-/*   uar is the Unit array holding the number [this is often an       */
-/*          accumulator of some sort]                                 */
-/*   len is the length of the array in units                          */
-/*                                                                    */
-/*   returns the number of (significant) digits in the array          */
-/*                                                                    */
+/* decGetDigits -- count digits in a Units array		      */
+/*								      */
+/*   uar is the Unit array holding the number (this is often an	      */
+/*	    accumulator of some sort)				      */
+/*   len is the length of the array in units [>=1]		      */
+/*								      */
+/*   returns the number of (significant) digits in the array	      */
+/*								      */
 /* All leading zeros are excluded, except the last if the array has   */
-/* only zero Units.                                                   */
+/* only zero Units.						      */
 /* ------------------------------------------------------------------ */
 /* This may be called twice during some operations. */
-static Int
-decGetDigits (const Unit * uar, Int len)
-{
-  const Unit *up = uar + len - 1;	/* -> msu */
-  Int digits = len * DECDPUN;	/* maximum possible digits */
-  uInt const *pow;		/* work */
-
-  for (; up >= uar; up--)
-    {
-      digits -= DECDPUN;
-      if (*up == 0)
-	{			/* unit is 0 */
-	  if (digits != 0)
-	    continue;		/* more to check */
-	  /* all units were 0 */
-	  digits++;		/* .. so bump digits to 1 */
-	  break;
-	}
-      /* found the first non-zero Unit */
-      digits++;
-      if (*up < 10)
-	break;			/* fastpath 1-9 */
-      digits++;
-      for (pow = &powers[2]; *up >= *pow; pow++)
-	digits++;
-      break;
-    }				/* up */
-
+static Int decGetDigits(Unit *uar, Int len) {
+  Unit *up=uar+(len-1);		   /* -> msu */
+  Int  digits=(len-1)*DECDPUN+1;   /* possible digits excluding msu */
+  #if DECDPUN>4
+  uInt const *pow;		   /* work */
+  #endif
+				   /* (at least 1 in final msu) */
+  #if DECCHECK
+  if (len<1) printf("decGetDigits called with len<1 [%ld]\n", (LI)len);
+  #endif
+
+  for (; up>=uar; up--) {
+    if (*up==0) {		   /* unit is all 0s */
+      if (digits==1) break;	   /* a zero has one digit */
+      digits-=DECDPUN;		   /* adjust for 0 unit */
+      continue;}
+    /* found the first (most significant) non-zero Unit */
+    #if DECDPUN>1		   /* not done yet */
+    if (*up<10) break;		   /* is 1-9 */
+    digits++;
+    #if DECDPUN>2		   /* not done yet */
+    if (*up<100) break;		   /* is 10-99 */
+    digits++;
+    #if DECDPUN>3		   /* not done yet */
+    if (*up<1000) break;	   /* is 100-999 */
+    digits++;
+    #if DECDPUN>4		   /* count the rest ... */
+    for (pow=&powers[4]; *up>=*pow; pow++) digits++;
+    #endif
+    #endif
+    #endif
+    #endif
+    break;
+    } /* up */
   return digits;
-}
-
+  } /* decGetDigits */
 
 #if DECTRACE | DECCHECK
 /* ------------------------------------------------------------------ */
-/* decNumberShow -- display a number [debug aid]                      */
-/*   dn is the number to show                                         */
-/*                                                                    */
-/* Shows: sign, exponent, coefficient (msu first), digits             */
-/*    or: sign, special-value                                         */
+/* decNumberShow -- display a number [debug aid]		      */
+/*   dn is the number to show					      */
+/*								      */
+/* Shows: sign, exponent, coefficient (msu first), digits	      */
+/*    or: sign, special-value					      */
 /* ------------------------------------------------------------------ */
 /* this is public so other modules can use it */
-void
-decNumberShow (const decNumber * dn)
-{
-  const Unit *up;		/* work */
-  uInt u, d;			/* .. */
-  Int cut;			/* .. */
-  char isign = '+';		/* main sign */
-  if (dn == NULL)
-    {
-      printf ("NULL\n");
-      return;
-    }
-  if (decNumberIsNegative (dn))
-    isign = '-';
-  printf (" >> %c ", isign);
-  if (dn->bits & DECSPECIAL)
-    {				/* Is a special value */
-      if (decNumberIsInfinite (dn))
-	printf ("Infinity");
-      else
-	{			/* a NaN */
-	  if (dn->bits & DECSNAN)
-	    printf ("sNaN");	/* signalling NaN */
-	  else
-	    printf ("NaN");
-	}
-      /* if coefficient and exponent are 0, we're done */
-      if (dn->exponent == 0 && dn->digits == 1 && *dn->lsu == 0)
-	{
-	  printf ("\n");
-	  return;
-	}
-      /* drop through to report other information */
-      printf (" ");
+void decNumberShow(const decNumber *dn) {
+  const Unit *up;		   /* work */
+  uInt u, d;			   /* .. */
+  Int cut;			   /* .. */
+  char isign='+';		   /* main sign */
+  if (dn==NULL) {
+    printf("NULL\n");
+    return;}
+  if (decNumberIsNegative(dn)) isign='-';
+  printf(" >> %c ", isign);
+  if (dn->bits&DECSPECIAL) {	   /* Is a special value */
+    if (decNumberIsInfinite(dn)) printf("Infinity");
+     else {				     /* a NaN */
+      if (dn->bits&DECSNAN) printf("sNaN");  /* signalling NaN */
+       else printf("NaN");
+      }
+    /* if coefficient and exponent are 0, no more to do */
+    if (dn->exponent==0 && dn->digits==1 && *dn->lsu==0) {
+      printf("\n");
+      return;}
+    /* drop through to report other information */
+    printf(" ");
     }
 
   /* now carefully display the coefficient */
-  up = dn->lsu + D2U (dn->digits) - 1;	/* msu */
-  printf ("%d", *up);
-  for (up = up - 1; up >= dn->lsu; up--)
-    {
-      u = *up;
-      printf (":");
-      for (cut = DECDPUN - 1; cut >= 0; cut--)
-	{
-	  d = u / powers[cut];
-	  u -= d * powers[cut];
-	  printf ("%d", d);
-	}			/* cut */
-    }				/* up */
-  if (dn->exponent != 0)
-    {
-      char esign = '+';
-      if (dn->exponent < 0)
-	esign = '-';
-      printf (" E%c%d", esign, abs (dn->exponent));
+  up=dn->lsu+D2U(dn->digits)-1;		/* msu */
+  printf("%ld", (LI)*up);
+  for (up=up-1; up>=dn->lsu; up--) {
+    u=*up;
+    printf(":");
+    for (cut=DECDPUN-1; cut>=0; cut--) {
+      d=u/powers[cut];
+      u-=d*powers[cut];
+      printf("%ld", (LI)d);
+      } /* cut */
+    } /* up */
+  if (dn->exponent!=0) {
+    char esign='+';
+    if (dn->exponent<0) esign='-';
+    printf(" E%c%ld", esign, (LI)abs(dn->exponent));
     }
-  printf (" [%d]\n", dn->digits);
-}
+  printf(" [%ld]\n", (LI)dn->digits);
+  } /* decNumberShow */
 #endif
 
 #if DECTRACE || DECCHECK
 /* ------------------------------------------------------------------ */
-/* decDumpAr -- display a unit array [debug aid]                      */
-/*   name is a single-character tag name                              */
-/*   ar   is the array to display                                     */
-/*   len  is the length of the array in Units                         */
+/* decDumpAr -- display a unit array [debug/check aid]		      */
+/*   name is a single-character tag name			      */
+/*   ar	  is the array to display				      */
+/*   len  is the length of the array in Units			      */
 /* ------------------------------------------------------------------ */
-static void
-decDumpAr (char name, const Unit * ar, Int len)
-{
+static void decDumpAr(char name, const Unit *ar, Int len) {
   Int i;
-#if DECDPUN==4
-  const char *spec = "%04d ";
-#else
-  const char *spec = "%d ";
-#endif
-  printf ("  :%c: ", name);
-  for (i = len - 1; i >= 0; i--)
-    {
-      if (i == len - 1)
-	printf ("%d ", ar[i]);
-      else
-	printf (spec, ar[i]);
+  const char *spec;
+  #if DECDPUN==9
+    spec="%09d ";
+  #elif DECDPUN==8
+    spec="%08d ";
+  #elif DECDPUN==7
+    spec="%07d ";
+  #elif DECDPUN==6
+    spec="%06d ";
+  #elif DECDPUN==5
+    spec="%05d ";
+  #elif DECDPUN==4
+    spec="%04d ";
+  #elif DECDPUN==3
+    spec="%03d ";
+  #elif DECDPUN==2
+    spec="%02d ";
+  #else
+    spec="%d ";
+  #endif
+  printf("  :%c: ", name);
+  for (i=len-1; i>=0; i--) {
+    if (i==len-1) printf("%ld ", (LI)ar[i]);
+     else printf(spec, ar[i]);
     }
-  printf ("\n");
-  return;
-}
+  printf("\n");
+  return;}
 #endif
 
 #if DECCHECK
 /* ------------------------------------------------------------------ */
-/* decCheckOperands -- check operand(s) to a routine                  */
+/* decCheckOperands -- check operand(s) to a routine		      */
 /*   res is the result structure (not checked; it will be set to      */
-/*          quiet NaN if error found (and it is not NULL))            */
-/*   lhs is the first operand (may be DECUNUSED)                      */
-/*   rhs is the second (may be DECUNUSED)                             */
-/*   set is the context (may be DECUNUSED)                            */
+/*	    quiet NaN if error found (and it is not NULL))	      */
+/*   lhs is the first operand (may be DECUNRESU)		      */
+/*   rhs is the second (may be DECUNUSED)			      */
+/*   set is the context (may be DECUNCONT)			      */
 /*   returns 0 if both operands, and the context are clean, or 1      */
-/*     otherwise (in which case the context will show an error,       */
+/*     otherwise (in which case the context will show an error,	      */
 /*     unless NULL).  Note that res is not cleaned; caller should     */
-/*     handle this so res=NULL case is safe.                          */
+/*     handle this so res=NULL case is safe.			      */
 /* The caller is expected to abandon immediately if 1 is returned.    */
 /* ------------------------------------------------------------------ */
-static Flag
-decCheckOperands (decNumber * res, const decNumber * lhs,
-		  const decNumber * rhs, decContext * set)
-{
-  Flag bad = 0;
-  if (set == NULL)
-    {				/* oops; hopeless */
-#if DECTRACE
-      printf ("Context is NULL.\n");
-#endif
-      bad = 1;
-      return 1;
-    }
-  else if (set != DECUNUSED
-	   && (set->digits < 1 || set->round < 0
-	       || set->round >= DEC_ROUND_MAX))
-    {
-      bad = 1;
-#if DECTRACE
-      printf ("Bad context [digits=%d round=%d].\n", set->digits, set->round);
-#endif
+static Flag decCheckOperands(decNumber *res, const decNumber *lhs,
+			     const decNumber *rhs, decContext *set) {
+  Flag bad=0;
+  if (set==NULL) {		   /* oops; hopeless */
+    #if DECTRACE || DECVERB
+    printf("Reference to context is NULL.\n");
+    #endif
+    bad=1;
+    return 1;}
+   else if (set!=DECUNCONT
+     && (set->digits<1 || set->round>=DEC_ROUND_MAX)) {
+    bad=1;
+    #if DECTRACE || DECVERB
+    printf("Bad context [digits=%ld round=%ld].\n",
+	   (LI)set->digits, (LI)set->round);
+    #endif
     }
-  else
-    {
-      if (res == NULL)
-	{
-	  bad = 1;
-#if DECTRACE
-	  printf ("Bad result [is NULL].\n");
-#endif
-	}
-      if (!bad && lhs != DECUNUSED)
-	bad = (decCheckNumber (lhs, set));
-      if (!bad && rhs != DECUNUSED)
-	bad = (decCheckNumber (rhs, set));
+   else {
+    if (res==NULL) {
+      bad=1;
+      #if DECTRACE
+      /* this one not DECVERB as standard tests include NULL */
+      printf("Reference to result is NULL.\n");
+      #endif
+      }
+    if (!bad && lhs!=DECUNUSED) bad=(decCheckNumber(lhs));
+    if (!bad && rhs!=DECUNUSED) bad=(decCheckNumber(rhs));
     }
-  if (bad)
-    {
-      if (set != DECUNUSED)
-	decContextSetStatus (set, DEC_Invalid_operation);
-      if (res != DECUNUSED && res != NULL)
-	{
-	  decNumberZero (res);
-	  res->bits = DECNAN;	/* qNaN */
-	}
+  if (bad) {
+    if (set!=DECUNCONT) decContextSetStatus(set, DEC_Invalid_operation);
+    if (res!=DECUNRESU && res!=NULL) {
+      decNumberZero(res);
+      res->bits=DECNAN;	      /* qNaN */
+      }
     }
   return bad;
-}
+  } /* decCheckOperands */
 
 /* ------------------------------------------------------------------ */
-/* decCheckNumber -- check a number                                   */
-/*   dn is the number to check                                        */
-/*   set is the context (may be DECUNUSED)                            */
-/*   returns 0 if the number is clean, or 1 otherwise                 */
-/*                                                                    */
+/* decCheckNumber -- check a number				      */
+/*   dn is the number to check					      */
+/*   returns 0 if the number is clean, or 1 otherwise		      */
+/*								      */
 /* The number is considered valid if it could be a result from some   */
-/* operation in some valid context (not necessarily the current one). */
-/* ------------------------------------------------------------------ */
-Flag
-decCheckNumber (const decNumber * dn, decContext * set)
-{
-  const Unit *up;		/* work */
-  uInt maxuint;			/* .. */
-  Int ae, d, digits;		/* .. */
-  Int emin, emax;		/* .. */
-
-  if (dn == NULL)
-    {				/* hopeless */
-#if DECTRACE
-      printf ("Reference to decNumber is NULL.\n");
-#endif
-      return 1;
-    }
+/* operation in some valid context.				      */
+/* ------------------------------------------------------------------ */
+static Flag decCheckNumber(const decNumber *dn) {
+  const Unit *up;	      /* work */
+  uInt maxuint;		      /* .. */
+  Int ae, d, digits;	      /* .. */
+  Int emin, emax;	      /* .. */
 
-  /* check special values */
-  if (dn->bits & DECSPECIAL)
-    {
-      if (dn->exponent != 0)
-	{
-#if DECTRACE
-	  printf ("Exponent %d (not 0) for a special value.\n", dn->exponent);
-#endif
-	  return 1;
-	}
+  if (dn==NULL) {	      /* hopeless */
+    #if DECTRACE
+    /* this one not DECVERB as standard tests include NULL */
+    printf("Reference to decNumber is NULL.\n");
+    #endif
+    return 1;}
 
-      /* 2003.09.08: NaNs may now have coefficients, so next tests Inf only */
-      if (decNumberIsInfinite (dn))
-	{
-	  if (dn->digits != 1)
-	    {
-#if DECTRACE
-	      printf ("Digits %d (not 1) for an infinity.\n", dn->digits);
-#endif
-	      return 1;
-	    }
-	  if (*dn->lsu != 0)
-	    {
-#if DECTRACE
-	      printf ("LSU %d (not 0) for an infinity.\n", *dn->lsu);
-#endif
-	      return 1;
-	    }
-	}			/* Inf */
-      /* 2002.12.26: negative NaNs can now appear through proposed IEEE */
-      /*             concrete formats (decimal64, etc.), though they are */
-      /*             never visible in strings. */
-      return 0;
-
-      /* if ((dn->bits & DECINF) || (dn->bits & DECNEG)==0) return 0; */
-      /* #if DECTRACE */
-      /* printf("Negative NaN in number.\n"); */
-      /* #endif */
-      /* return 1; */
+  /* check special values */
+  if (dn->bits & DECSPECIAL) {
+    if (dn->exponent!=0) {
+      #if DECTRACE || DECVERB
+      printf("Exponent %ld (not 0) for a special value [%02x].\n",
+	     (LI)dn->exponent, dn->bits);
+      #endif
+      return 1;}
+
+    /* 2003.09.08: NaNs may now have coefficients, so next tests Inf only */
+    if (decNumberIsInfinite(dn)) {
+      if (dn->digits!=1) {
+	#if DECTRACE || DECVERB
+	printf("Digits %ld (not 1) for an infinity.\n", (LI)dn->digits);
+	#endif
+	return 1;}
+      if (*dn->lsu!=0) {
+	#if DECTRACE || DECVERB
+	printf("LSU %ld (not 0) for an infinity.\n", (LI)*dn->lsu);
+	#endif
+	decDumpAr('I', dn->lsu, D2U(dn->digits));
+	return 1;}
+      } /* Inf */
+    /* 2002.12.26: negative NaNs can now appear through proposed IEEE */
+    /*		   concrete formats (decimal64, etc.). */
+    return 0;
     }
 
   /* check the coefficient */
-  if (dn->digits < 1 || dn->digits > DECNUMMAXP)
-    {
-#if DECTRACE
-      printf ("Digits %d in number.\n", dn->digits);
-#endif
-      return 1;
-    }
-
-  d = dn->digits;
-
-  for (up = dn->lsu; d > 0; up++)
-    {
-      if (d > DECDPUN)
-	maxuint = DECDPUNMAX;
-      else
-	{			/* we are at the msu */
-	  maxuint = powers[d] - 1;
-	  if (dn->digits > 1 && *up < powers[d - 1])
-	    {
-#if DECTRACE
-	      printf ("Leading 0 in number.\n");
-	      decNumberShow (dn);
-#endif
-	      return 1;
-	    }
-	}
-      if (*up > maxuint)
-	{
-#if DECTRACE
-	  printf ("Bad Unit [%08x] in number at offset %d [maxuint %d].\n",
-		  *up, up - dn->lsu, maxuint);
-#endif
-	  return 1;
-	}
-      d -= DECDPUN;
+  if (dn->digits<1 || dn->digits>DECNUMMAXP) {
+    #if DECTRACE || DECVERB
+    printf("Digits %ld in number.\n", (LI)dn->digits);
+    #endif
+    return 1;}
+
+  d=dn->digits;
+
+  for (up=dn->lsu; d>0; up++) {
+    if (d>DECDPUN) maxuint=DECDPUNMAX;
+     else {		      /* reached the msu */
+      maxuint=powers[d]-1;
+      if (dn->digits>1 && *up<powers[d-1]) {
+	#if DECTRACE || DECVERB
+	printf("Leading 0 in number.\n");
+	decNumberShow(dn);
+	#endif
+	return 1;}
+      }
+    if (*up>maxuint) {
+      #if DECTRACE || DECVERB
+      printf("Bad Unit [%08lx] in %ld-digit number at offset %ld [maxuint %ld].\n",
+	      (LI)*up, (LI)dn->digits, (LI)(up-dn->lsu), (LI)maxuint);
+      #endif
+      return 1;}
+    d-=DECDPUN;
     }
 
   /* check the exponent.  Note that input operands can have exponents */
   /* which are out of the set->emin/set->emax and set->digits range */
   /* (just as they can have more digits than set->digits). */
-  ae = dn->exponent + dn->digits - 1;	/* adjusted exponent */
-  emax = DECNUMMAXE;
-  emin = DECNUMMINE;
-  digits = DECNUMMAXP;
-  if (ae < emin - (digits - 1))
-    {
-#if DECTRACE
-      printf ("Adjusted exponent underflow [%d].\n", ae);
-      decNumberShow (dn);
-#endif
-      return 1;
-    }
-  if (ae > +emax)
-    {
-#if DECTRACE
-      printf ("Adjusted exponent overflow [%d].\n", ae);
-      decNumberShow (dn);
-#endif
-      return 1;
-    }
-
-  return 0;			/* it's OK */
-}
+  ae=dn->exponent+dn->digits-1;	   /* adjusted exponent */
+  emax=DECNUMMAXE;
+  emin=DECNUMMINE;
+  digits=DECNUMMAXP;
+  if (ae<emin-(digits-1)) {
+    #if DECTRACE || DECVERB
+    printf("Adjusted exponent underflow [%ld].\n", (LI)ae);
+    decNumberShow(dn);
+    #endif
+    return 1;}
+  if (ae>+emax) {
+    #if DECTRACE || DECVERB
+    printf("Adjusted exponent overflow [%ld].\n", (LI)ae);
+    decNumberShow(dn);
+    #endif
+    return 1;}
+
+  return 0;		 /* it's OK */
+  } /* decCheckNumber */
+
+/* ------------------------------------------------------------------ */
+/* decCheckInexact -- check a normal finite inexact result has digits */
+/*   dn is the number to check					      */
+/*   set is the context (for status and precision)		      */
+/*   sets Invalid operation, etc., if some digits are missing	      */
+/* [this check is not made for DECSUBSET compilation or when	      */
+/* subnormal is not set]					      */
+/* ------------------------------------------------------------------ */
+static void decCheckInexact(const decNumber *dn, decContext *set) {
+  #if !DECSUBSET && DECEXTFLAG
+    if ((set->status & (DEC_Inexact|DEC_Subnormal))==DEC_Inexact
+     && (set->digits!=dn->digits) && !(dn->bits & DECSPECIAL)) {
+      #if DECTRACE || DECVERB
+      printf("Insufficient digits [%ld] on normal Inexact result.\n",
+	     (LI)dn->digits);
+      decNumberShow(dn);
+      #endif
+      decContextSetStatus(set, DEC_Invalid_operation);
+      }
+  #else
+    /* next is a noop for quiet compiler */
+    if (dn!=NULL && dn->digits==0) set->status|=DEC_Invalid_operation;
+  #endif
+  return;
+  } /* decCheckInexact */
 #endif
 
 #if DECALLOC
 #undef malloc
 #undef free
 /* ------------------------------------------------------------------ */
-/* decMalloc -- accountable allocation routine                        */
-/*   n is the number of bytes to allocate                             */
-/*                                                                    */
+/* decMalloc -- accountable allocation routine			      */
+/*   n is the number of bytes to allocate			      */
+/*								      */
 /* Semantics is the same as the stdlib malloc routine, but bytes      */
 /* allocated are accounted for globally, and corruption fences are    */
-/* added before and after the 'actual' storage.                       */
+/* added before and after the 'actual' storage.			      */
 /* ------------------------------------------------------------------ */
 /* This routine allocates storage with an extra twelve bytes; 8 are   */
-/* at the start and hold:                                             */
-/*   0-3 the original length requested                                */
-/*   4-7 buffer corruption detection fence (DECFENCE, x4)             */
+/* at the start and hold:					      */
+/*   0-3 the original length requested				      */
+/*   4-7 buffer corruption detection fence (DECFENCE, x4)	      */
 /* The 4 bytes at the end also hold a corruption fence (DECFENCE, x4) */
 /* ------------------------------------------------------------------ */
-static void *
-decMalloc (uInt n)
-{
-  uInt size = n + 12;		/* true size */
-  void *alloc;			/* -> allocated storage */
-  uInt *j;			/* work */
-  uByte *b, *b0;		/* .. */
-
-  alloc = malloc (size);	/* -> allocated storage */
-  if (alloc == NULL)
-    return NULL;		/* out of strorage */
-  b0 = (uByte *) alloc;		/* as bytes */
-  decAllocBytes += n;		/* account for storage */
-  j = (uInt *) alloc;		/* -> first four bytes */
-  *j = n;			/* save n */
-  /* printf("++ alloc(%d)\n", n); */
-  for (b = b0 + 4; b < b0 + 8; b++)
-    *b = DECFENCE;
-  for (b = b0 + n + 8; b < b0 + n + 12; b++)
-    *b = DECFENCE;
-  return b0 + 8;		/* -> play area */
-}
-
-/* ------------------------------------------------------------------ */
-/* decFree -- accountable free routine                                */
-/*   alloc is the storage to free                                     */
-/*                                                                    */
+static void *decMalloc(size_t n) {
+  uInt	size=n+12;		   /* true size */
+  void	*alloc;			   /* -> allocated storage */
+  uInt	*j;			   /* work */
+  uByte *b, *b0;		   /* .. */
+
+  alloc=malloc(size);		   /* -> allocated storage */
+  if (alloc==NULL) return NULL;	   /* out of strorage */
+  b0=(uByte *)alloc;		   /* as bytes */
+  decAllocBytes+=n;		   /* account for storage */
+  j=(uInt *)alloc;		   /* -> first four bytes */
+  *j=n;				   /* save n */
+  /* printf(" alloc ++ dAB: %ld (%d)\n", decAllocBytes, n); */
+  for (b=b0+4; b<b0+8; b++) *b=DECFENCE;
+  for (b=b0+n+8; b<b0+n+12; b++) *b=DECFENCE;
+  return b0+8;			   /* -> play area */
+  } /* decMalloc */
+
+/* ------------------------------------------------------------------ */
+/* decFree -- accountable free routine				      */
+/*   alloc is the storage to free				      */
+/*								      */
 /* Semantics is the same as the stdlib malloc routine, except that    */
-/* the global storage accounting is updated and the fences are        */
+/* the global storage accounting is updated and the fences are	      */
 /* checked to ensure that no routine has written 'out of bounds'.     */
 /* ------------------------------------------------------------------ */
 /* This routine first checks that the fences have not been corrupted. */
 /* It then frees the storage using the 'truw' storage address (that   */
-/* is, offset by 8).                                                  */
-/* ------------------------------------------------------------------ */
-static void
-decFree (void *alloc)
-{
-  uInt *j, n;			/* pointer, original length */
-  uByte *b, *b0;		/* work */
-
-  if (alloc == NULL)
-    return;			/* allowed; it's a nop */
-  b0 = (uByte *) alloc;		/* as bytes */
-  b0 -= 8;			/* -> true start of storage */
-  j = (uInt *) b0;		/* -> first four bytes */
-  n = *j;			/* lift */
-  for (b = b0 + 4; b < b0 + 8; b++)
-    if (*b != DECFENCE)
-      printf ("=== Corrupt byte [%02x] at offset %d from %d ===\n", *b,
-	      b - b0 - 8, (Int) b0);
-  for (b = b0 + n + 8; b < b0 + n + 12; b++)
-    if (*b != DECFENCE)
-      printf ("=== Corrupt byte [%02x] at offset +%d from %d, n=%d ===\n", *b,
-	      b - b0 - 8, (Int) b0, n);
-  free (b0);			/* drop the storage */
-  decAllocBytes -= n;		/* account for storage */
-}
+/* is, offset by 8).						      */
+/* ------------------------------------------------------------------ */
+static void decFree(void *alloc) {
+  uInt	*j, n;			   /* pointer, original length */
+  uByte *b, *b0;		   /* work */
+
+  if (alloc==NULL) return;	   /* allowed; it's a nop */
+  b0=(uByte *)alloc;		   /* as bytes */
+  b0-=8;			   /* -> true start of storage */
+  j=(uInt *)b0;			   /* -> first four bytes */
+  n=*j;				   /* lift */
+  for (b=b0+4; b<b0+8; b++) if (*b!=DECFENCE)
+    printf("=== Corrupt byte [%02x] at offset %d from %ld ===\n", *b,
+	   b-b0-8, (Int)b0);
+  for (b=b0+n+8; b<b0+n+12; b++) if (*b!=DECFENCE)
+    printf("=== Corrupt byte [%02x] at offset +%d from %ld, n=%ld ===\n", *b,
+	   b-b0-8, (Int)b0, n);
+  free(b0);			   /* drop the storage */
+  decAllocBytes-=n;		   /* account for storage */
+  /* printf(" free -- dAB: %d (%d)\n", decAllocBytes, -n); */
+  } /* decFree */
+#define malloc(a) decMalloc(a)
+#define free(a) decFree(a)
 #endif
diff --git a/libdecnumber/decNumber.h b/libdecnumber/decNumber.h
index 05a2d869e3e..0a9fdced8b3 100644
--- a/libdecnumber/decNumber.h
+++ b/libdecnumber/decNumber.h
@@ -1,5 +1,5 @@
-/* Decimal Number module header for the decNumber C Library
-   Copyright (C) 2005 Free Software Foundation, Inc.
+/* Decimal number arithmetic module header for the decNumber C Library.
+   Copyright (C) 2005, 2007 Free Software Foundation, Inc.
    Contributed by IBM Corporation.  Author Mike Cowlishaw.
 
    This file is part of GCC.
@@ -28,167 +28,173 @@
    Software Foundation, 51 Franklin Street, Fifth Floor, Boston, MA
    02110-1301, USA.  */
 
-#if !defined(DECNUMBER)
-#define DECNUMBER
-#define DECNAME     "decNumber"	/* Short name */
-#define DECVERSION  "decNumber 3.24"	/* Version [16 max.] */
-#define DECFULLNAME "Decimal Number Module"	/* Verbose name */
-#define DECAUTHOR   "Mike Cowlishaw"	/* Who to blame */
-
-#if !defined(DECCONTEXT)
-#include "decContext.h"
-#endif
-
-
-  /* Bit settings for decNumber.bits */
-#define DECNEG    0x80		/* Sign; 1=negative, 0=positive or zero */
-#define DECINF    0x40		/* 1=Infinity */
-#define DECNAN    0x20		/* 1=NaN */
-#define DECSNAN   0x10		/* 1=sNaN */
-  /* The remaining bits are reserved; they must be 0 */
-#define DECSPECIAL (DECINF|DECNAN|DECSNAN)	/* any special value */
-
-  /* DECNUMDIGITS is the default number of digits we can hold in the */
-  /* structure.  If undefined, 1 is assumed and it is assumed that the */
-  /* structure will be immediately followed by extra space (if */
-  /* required).  DECNUMDIGITS is always >0. */
-#if !defined(DECNUMDIGITS)
-#define DECNUMDIGITS 1
-#endif
-
+/* ------------------------------------------------------------------ */
+/* Decimal Number arithmetic module header			      */
+/* ------------------------------------------------------------------ */
 
-  /* Define the decNumber data structure.  The size and shape of the */
-  /* units array in the structure is determined by the following */
-  /* constant.  This must not be changed without recompiling the */
+#if !defined(DECNUMBER)
+  #define DECNUMBER
+  #define DECNAME     "decNumber"			/* Short name */
+  #define DECFULLNAME "Decimal Number Module"	      /* Verbose name */
+  #define DECAUTHOR   "Mike Cowlishaw"		      /* Who to blame */
+
+  #if !defined(DECCONTEXT)
+    #include "decContext.h"
+  #endif
+
+  /* Bit settings for decNumber.bits				      */
+  #define DECNEG    0x80      /* Sign; 1=negative, 0=positive or zero */
+  #define DECINF    0x40      /* 1=Infinity			      */
+  #define DECNAN    0x20      /* 1=NaN				      */
+  #define DECSNAN   0x10      /* 1=sNaN				      */
+  /* The remaining bits are reserved; they must be 0		      */
+  #define DECSPECIAL (DECINF|DECNAN|DECSNAN) /* any special value     */
+
+  /* Define the decNumber data structure.  The size and shape of the  */
+  /* units array in the structure is determined by the following      */
+  /* constant.	This must not be changed without recompiling the      */
   /* decNumber library modules. */
-#define DECDPUN 4		/* Decimal Digits Per UNit [must be in */
-				   /* range 1-9; power of 2 recommended]. */
-  /* The size (integer data type) of each unit is determined by the */
-  /* number of digits it will hold. */
-#if   DECDPUN<=2
-#define decNumberUnit uint8_t
-#elif DECDPUN<=4
-#define decNumberUnit uint16_t
-#else
-#define decNumberUnit uint32_t
-#endif
-  /* The number of decNumberUnits we need is ceiling of DECNUMDIGITS/DECDPUN */
-#define DECNUMUNITS ((DECNUMDIGITS+DECDPUN-1)/DECDPUN)
 
-  /* The data structure... */
-typedef struct
-{
-  int32_t digits;		/* Count of digits in the coefficient; >0 */
-  int32_t exponent;		/* Unadjusted exponent, unbiased, in */
-  /* range: -1999999997 through 999999999 */
-  uint8_t bits;			/* Indicator bits (see above) */
-  decNumberUnit lsu[DECNUMUNITS];	/* Coefficient, from least significant unit */
-} decNumber;
-
-  /* Notes: */
-  /* 1. If digits is > DECDPUN then there will be more than one */
-  /*    decNumberUnits immediately following the first element of lsu. */
-  /*    These contain the remaining (more significant) digits of the */
-  /*    number, and may be in the lsu array, or may be guaranteed by */
-  /*    some other mechanism (such as being contained in another */
-  /*    structure, or being overlaid on dynamically allocated storage). */
-  /* */
-  /*    Each integer of the coefficient (except the possibly the last) */
-  /*    contains DECDPUN digits (e.g., a value in the range 0 through */
-  /*    99999999 if DECDPUN is 8, or 0 through 9999 if DECDPUN is 4). */
-  /* */
-  /* 2. A decNumber converted to a string may need up to digits+14 */
-  /*    characters.  The worst cases (non-exponential and exponential */
-  /*    formats) are: -0.00000{9...}# */
-  /*             and: -9.{9...}E+999999999#   (where # is '\0') */
-
-
-  /* ------------------------------------------------------------------ */
-  /* decNumber public functions and macros                              */
-  /* ------------------------------------------------------------------ */
-
-#ifdef IN_LIBGCC2
-#define decNumberFromString __decNumberFromString
-#define decNumberToString __decNumberToString
-#define decNumberToEngString __decNumberToEngString
-#define decNumberAbs __decNumberAbs
-#define decNumberAdd __decNumberAdd
-#define decNumberCompare __decNumberCompare
-#define decNumberDivide __decNumberDivide
-#define decNumberDivideInteger __decNumberDivideInteger
-#define decNumberMax __decNumberMax
-#define decNumberMin __decNumberMin
-#define decNumberMinus __decNumberMinus
-#define decNumberMultiply __decNumberMultiply
-#define decNumberNormalize __decNumberNormalize
-#define decNumberPlus __decNumberPlus
-#define decNumberPower __decNumberPower
-#define decNumberQuantize __decNumberQuantize
-#define decNumberRemainder __decNumberRemainder
-#define decNumberRemainderNear __decNumberRemainderNear
-#define decNumberRescale __decNumberRescale
-#define decNumberSameQuantum __decNumberSameQuantum
-#define decNumberSquareRoot __decNumberSquareRoot
-#define decNumberSubtract __decNumberSubtract
-#define decNumberToIntegralValue __decNumberToIntegralValue
-#define decNumberCopy __decNumberCopy
-#define decNumberTrim __decNumberTrim
-#define decNumberVersion __decNumberVersion
-#define decNumberZero __decNumberZero
-#endif
+  #define DECDPUN 3	      /* DECimal Digits Per UNit [must be >0  */
+			      /* and <10; 3 or powers of 2 are best]. */
+
+  /* DECNUMDIGITS is the default number of digits that can be held in */
+  /* the structure.  If undefined, 1 is assumed and it is assumed     */
+  /* that the structure will be immediately followed by extra space,  */
+  /* as required.  DECNUMDIGITS is always >0.			      */
+  #if !defined(DECNUMDIGITS)
+    #define DECNUMDIGITS 1
+  #endif
+
+  /* The size (integer data type) of each unit is determined by the   */
+  /* number of digits it will hold.				      */
+  #if	DECDPUN<=2
+    #define decNumberUnit uint8_t
+  #elif DECDPUN<=4
+    #define decNumberUnit uint16_t
+  #else
+    #define decNumberUnit uint32_t
+  #endif
+  /* The number of units needed is ceil(DECNUMDIGITS/DECDPUN)	      */
+  #define DECNUMUNITS ((DECNUMDIGITS+DECDPUN-1)/DECDPUN)
 
-  /* Conversions */
-decNumber *decNumberFromString (decNumber *, const char *, decContext *);
-char *decNumberToString (const decNumber *, char *);
-char *decNumberToEngString (const decNumber *, char *);
-
-  /* Operators */
-decNumber *decNumberAbs (decNumber *, const decNumber *, decContext *);
-decNumber *decNumberAdd (decNumber *, const decNumber *,
-			 const decNumber *, decContext *);
-decNumber *decNumberCompare (decNumber *, const decNumber *,
-			     const decNumber *, decContext *);
-decNumber *decNumberDivide (decNumber *, const decNumber *,
-			    const decNumber *, decContext *);
-decNumber *decNumberDivideInteger (decNumber *, const decNumber *,
-				   const decNumber *, decContext *);
-decNumber *decNumberMax (decNumber *, const decNumber *,
-			 const decNumber *, decContext *);
-decNumber *decNumberMin (decNumber *, const decNumber *,
-			 const decNumber *, decContext *);
-decNumber *decNumberMinus (decNumber *, const decNumber *, decContext *);
-decNumber *decNumberMultiply (decNumber *, const decNumber *,
-			      const decNumber *, decContext *);
-decNumber *decNumberNormalize (decNumber *, const decNumber *, decContext *);
-decNumber *decNumberPlus (decNumber *, const decNumber *, decContext *);
-decNumber *decNumberPower (decNumber *, const decNumber *,
-			   const decNumber *, decContext *);
-decNumber *decNumberQuantize (decNumber *, const decNumber *,
-			      const decNumber *, decContext *);
-decNumber *decNumberRemainder (decNumber *, const decNumber *,
-			       const decNumber *, decContext *);
-decNumber *decNumberRemainderNear (decNumber *, const decNumber *,
-				   const decNumber *, decContext *);
-decNumber *decNumberRescale (decNumber *, const decNumber *,
-			     const decNumber *, decContext *);
-decNumber *decNumberSameQuantum (decNumber *, const decNumber *, const decNumber *);
-decNumber *decNumberSquareRoot (decNumber *, const decNumber *, decContext *);
-decNumber *decNumberSubtract (decNumber *, const decNumber *,
-			      const decNumber *, decContext *);
-decNumber *decNumberToIntegralValue (decNumber *, const decNumber *, decContext *);
-
-  /* Utilities */
-decNumber *decNumberCopy (decNumber *, const decNumber *);
-decNumber *decNumberTrim (decNumber *);
-const char *decNumberVersion (void);
-decNumber *decNumberZero (decNumber *);
-
-  /* Macros */
-#define decNumberIsZero(dn)     (*(dn)->lsu==0 \
-                                   && (dn)->digits==1 \
-                                   && (((dn)->bits&DECSPECIAL)==0))
-#define decNumberIsNegative(dn) (((dn)->bits&DECNEG)!=0)
-#define decNumberIsNaN(dn)      (((dn)->bits&(DECNAN|DECSNAN))!=0)
-#define decNumberIsInfinite(dn) (((dn)->bits&DECINF)!=0)
+  /* The data structure... */
+  typedef struct {
+    int32_t digits;	 /* Count of digits in the coefficient; >0    */
+    int32_t exponent;	 /* Unadjusted exponent, unbiased, in	      */
+			 /* range: -1999999997 through 999999999      */
+    uint8_t bits;	 /* Indicator bits (see above)		      */
+			 /* Coefficient, from least significant unit  */
+    decNumberUnit lsu[DECNUMUNITS];
+    } decNumber;
+
+  /* Notes:							      */
+  /* 1. If digits is > DECDPUN then there will one or more	      */
+  /*	decNumberUnits immediately following the first element of lsu.*/
+  /*	These contain the remaining (more significant) digits of the  */
+  /*	number, and may be in the lsu array, or may be guaranteed by  */
+  /*	some other mechanism (such as being contained in another      */
+  /*	structure, or being overlaid on dynamically allocated	      */
+  /*	storage).						      */
+  /*								      */
+  /*	Each integer of the coefficient (except potentially the last) */
+  /*	contains DECDPUN digits (e.g., a value in the range 0 through */
+  /*	99999999 if DECDPUN is 8, or 0 through 999 if DECDPUN is 3).  */
+  /*								      */
+  /* 2. A decNumber converted to a string may need up to digits+14    */
+  /*	characters.  The worst cases (non-exponential and exponential */
+  /*	formats) are -0.00000{9...}# and -9.{9...}E+999999999#	      */
+  /*	(where # is '\0')					      */
+
+
+  /* ---------------------------------------------------------------- */
+  /* decNumber public functions and macros			      */
+  /* ---------------------------------------------------------------- */
+
+  #include "decNumberSymbols.h"
+
+  /* Conversions						      */
+  decNumber * decNumberFromInt32(decNumber *, int32_t);
+  decNumber * decNumberFromUInt32(decNumber *, uint32_t);
+  decNumber * decNumberFromString(decNumber *, const char *, decContext *);
+  char	    * decNumberToString(const decNumber *, char *);
+  char	    * decNumberToEngString(const decNumber *, char *);
+  uint32_t    decNumberToUInt32(const decNumber *, decContext *);
+  int32_t     decNumberToInt32(const decNumber *, decContext *);
+  uint8_t   * decNumberGetBCD(const decNumber *, uint8_t *);
+  decNumber * decNumberSetBCD(decNumber *, const uint8_t *, uint32_t);
+
+  /* Operators and elementary functions				      */
+  decNumber * decNumberAbs(decNumber *, const decNumber *, decContext *);
+  decNumber * decNumberAdd(decNumber *, const decNumber *, const decNumber *, decContext *);
+  decNumber * decNumberAnd(decNumber *, const decNumber *, const decNumber *, decContext *);
+  decNumber * decNumberCompare(decNumber *, const decNumber *, const decNumber *, decContext *);
+  decNumber * decNumberCompareSignal(decNumber *, const decNumber *, const decNumber *, decContext *);
+  decNumber * decNumberCompareTotal(decNumber *, const decNumber *, const decNumber *, decContext *);
+  decNumber * decNumberCompareTotalMag(decNumber *, const decNumber *, const decNumber *, decContext *);
+  decNumber * decNumberDivide(decNumber *, const decNumber *, const decNumber *, decContext *);
+  decNumber * decNumberDivideInteger(decNumber *, const decNumber *, const decNumber *, decContext *);
+  decNumber * decNumberExp(decNumber *, const decNumber *, decContext *);
+  decNumber * decNumberFMA(decNumber *, const decNumber *, const decNumber *, const decNumber *, decContext *);
+  decNumber * decNumberInvert(decNumber *, const decNumber *, decContext *);
+  decNumber * decNumberLn(decNumber *, const decNumber *, decContext *);
+  decNumber * decNumberLogB(decNumber *, const decNumber *, decContext *);
+  decNumber * decNumberLog10(decNumber *, const decNumber *, decContext *);
+  decNumber * decNumberMax(decNumber *, const decNumber *, const decNumber *, decContext *);
+  decNumber * decNumberMaxMag(decNumber *, const decNumber *, const decNumber *, decContext *);
+  decNumber * decNumberMin(decNumber *, const decNumber *, const decNumber *, decContext *);
+  decNumber * decNumberMinMag(decNumber *, const decNumber *, const decNumber *, decContext *);
+  decNumber * decNumberMinus(decNumber *, const decNumber *, decContext *);
+  decNumber * decNumberMultiply(decNumber *, const decNumber *, const decNumber *, decContext *);
+  decNumber * decNumberNormalize(decNumber *, const decNumber *, decContext *);
+  decNumber * decNumberOr(decNumber *, const decNumber *, const decNumber *, decContext *);
+  decNumber * decNumberPlus(decNumber *, const decNumber *, decContext *);
+  decNumber * decNumberPower(decNumber *, const decNumber *, const decNumber *, decContext *);
+  decNumber * decNumberQuantize(decNumber *, const decNumber *, const decNumber *, decContext *);
+  decNumber * decNumberReduce(decNumber *, const decNumber *, decContext *);
+  decNumber * decNumberRemainder(decNumber *, const decNumber *, const decNumber *, decContext *);
+  decNumber * decNumberRemainderNear(decNumber *, const decNumber *, const decNumber *, decContext *);
+  decNumber * decNumberRescale(decNumber *, const decNumber *, const decNumber *, decContext *);
+  decNumber * decNumberRotate(decNumber *, const decNumber *, const decNumber *, decContext *);
+  decNumber * decNumberSameQuantum(decNumber *, const decNumber *, const decNumber *);
+  decNumber * decNumberScaleB(decNumber *, const decNumber *, const decNumber *, decContext *);
+  decNumber * decNumberShift(decNumber *, const decNumber *, const decNumber *, decContext *);
+  decNumber * decNumberSquareRoot(decNumber *, const decNumber *, decContext *);
+  decNumber * decNumberSubtract(decNumber *, const decNumber *, const decNumber *, decContext *);
+  decNumber * decNumberToIntegralExact(decNumber *, const decNumber *, decContext *);
+  decNumber * decNumberToIntegralValue(decNumber *, const decNumber *, decContext *);
+  decNumber * decNumberXor(decNumber *, const decNumber *, const decNumber *, decContext *);
+
+  /* Utilities							      */
+  enum decClass decNumberClass(const decNumber *, decContext *);
+  const char * decNumberClassToString(enum decClass);
+  decNumber  * decNumberCopy(decNumber *, const decNumber *);
+  decNumber  * decNumberCopyAbs(decNumber *, const decNumber *);
+  decNumber  * decNumberCopyNegate(decNumber *, const decNumber *);
+  decNumber  * decNumberCopySign(decNumber *, const decNumber *, const decNumber *);
+  decNumber  * decNumberNextMinus(decNumber *, const decNumber *, decContext *);
+  decNumber  * decNumberNextPlus(decNumber *, const decNumber *, decContext *);
+  decNumber  * decNumberNextToward(decNumber *, const decNumber *, const decNumber *, decContext *);
+  decNumber  * decNumberTrim(decNumber *);
+  const char * decNumberVersion(void);
+  decNumber  * decNumberZero(decNumber *);
+
+  /* Functions for testing decNumbers (normality depends on context)  */
+  int32_t decNumberIsNormal(const decNumber *, decContext *);
+  int32_t decNumberIsSubnormal(const decNumber *, decContext *);
+
+  /* Macros for testing decNumber *dn				      */
+  #define decNumberIsCanonical(dn) (1)	/* All decNumbers are saintly */
+  #define decNumberIsFinite(dn)	   (((dn)->bits&DECSPECIAL)==0)
+  #define decNumberIsInfinite(dn)  (((dn)->bits&DECINF)!=0)
+  #define decNumberIsNaN(dn)	   (((dn)->bits&(DECNAN|DECSNAN))!=0)
+  #define decNumberIsNegative(dn)  (((dn)->bits&DECNEG)!=0)
+  #define decNumberIsQNaN(dn)	   (((dn)->bits&(DECNAN))!=0)
+  #define decNumberIsSNaN(dn)	   (((dn)->bits&(DECSNAN))!=0)
+  #define decNumberIsSpecial(dn)   (((dn)->bits&DECSPECIAL)!=0)
+  #define decNumberIsZero(dn)	   (*(dn)->lsu==0 \
+				    && (dn)->digits==1 \
+				    && (((dn)->bits&DECSPECIAL)==0))
+  #define decNumberRadix(dn)	   (10)
 
 #endif
diff --git a/libdecnumber/decNumberLocal.h b/libdecnumber/decNumberLocal.h
index 0386736c6f0..c07e8cd6ef4 100644
--- a/libdecnumber/decNumberLocal.h
+++ b/libdecnumber/decNumberLocal.h
@@ -1,5 +1,5 @@
-/* decNumber package local type, tuning, and macro definitions.
-   Copyright (C) 2005 Free Software Foundation, Inc.
+/* Local definitions for the decNumber C Library.
+   Copyright (C) 2007 Free Software Foundation, Inc.
    Contributed by IBM Corporation.  Author Mike Cowlishaw.
 
    This file is part of GCC.
@@ -29,108 +29,639 @@
    02110-1301, USA.  */
 
 /* ------------------------------------------------------------------ */
-/* This header file is included by all modules in the decNumber       */
+/* decNumber package local type, tuning, and macro definitions	      */
+/* ------------------------------------------------------------------ */
+/* This header file is included by all modules in the decNumber	      */
 /* library, and contains local type definitions, tuning parameters,   */
-/* etc.  It must only be included once, and should not need to be     */
-/* used by application programs.  decNumber.h must be included first. */
+/* etc.	 It should not need to be used by application programs.	      */
+/* decNumber.h or one of decDouble (etc.) must be included first.     */
 /* ------------------------------------------------------------------ */
 
 #if !defined(DECNUMBERLOC)
-#define DECNUMBERLOC
-#define DECNLAUTHOR   "Mike Cowlishaw"	/* Who to blame */
-
-  /* Local names for common types -- decNumber modules do not use int or
-     long directly */
-#define Flag   uint8_t
-#define Byte   int8_t
-#define uByte  uint8_t
-#define Short  int16_t
-#define uShort uint16_t
-#define Int    int32_t
-#define uInt   uint32_t
-#define Unit   decNumberUnit
-
-
-  /* Tuning parameter */
-#define DECBUFFER 36		/* Maximum size basis for local buffers. */
-			      /* Should be a common maximum precision */
-			      /* rounded up to a multiple of 4; must */
-			      /* be non-negative. */
-
-  /* Conditional code flags -- set these to 0 for best performance */
-#define DECCHECK  0		/* 1 to enable robust checking */
-#define DECALLOC  0		/* 1 to enable memory allocation accounting */
-#define DECTRACE  0		/* 1 to trace critical intermediates, etc. */
-
-
-  /* Development use defines */
-#if DECALLOC
-     /* if these interfere with your C includes, just comment them out */
-#define  int ?			/* enable to ensure we do not use plain C */
-#define  long ??		/* .. 'int' or 'long' types from here on */
-#endif
+  #define DECNUMBERLOC
+  #define DECVERSION	"decNumber 3.53" /* Package Version [16 max.] */
+  #define DECNLAUTHOR	"Mike Cowlishaw"	      /* Who to blame */
 
-  /* Limits and constants */
-#define DECNUMMAXP 999999999	/* maximum precision we can handle (9 digits) */
-#define DECNUMMAXE 999999999	/* maximum adjusted exponent ditto (9 digits) */
-#define DECNUMMINE -999999999	/* minimum adjusted exponent ditto (9 digits) */
-#if (DECNUMMAXP != DEC_MAX_DIGITS)
-#error Maximum digits mismatch
-#endif
-#if (DECNUMMAXE != DEC_MAX_EMAX)
-#error Maximum exponent mismatch
-#endif
-#if (DECNUMMINE != DEC_MIN_EMIN)
-#error Minimum exponent mismatch
-#endif
+  #include <stdlib.h>	      /* for abs			      */
+  #include <string.h>	      /* for memset, strcpy		      */
+  #include "config.h"	      /* for WORDS_BIGENDIAN                  */
 
-  /* Set DECDPUNMAX -- the maximum integer that fits in DECDPUN digits */
-#if   DECDPUN==1
-#define DECDPUNMAX 9
-#elif DECDPUN==2
-#define DECDPUNMAX 99
-#elif DECDPUN==3
-#define DECDPUNMAX 999
-#elif DECDPUN==4
-#define DECDPUNMAX 9999
-#elif DECDPUN==5
-#define DECDPUNMAX 99999
-#elif DECDPUN==6
-#define DECDPUNMAX 999999
-#elif DECDPUN==7
-#define DECDPUNMAX 9999999
-#elif DECDPUN==8
-#define DECDPUNMAX 99999999
-#elif DECDPUN==9
-#define DECDPUNMAX 999999999
-#elif defined(DECDPUN)
-#error DECDPUN must be in the range 1-9
-#endif
+  /* Conditional code flag -- set this to match hardware platform     */
+  /* 1=little-endian, 0=big-endian	                              */
+  #if WORDS_BIGENDIAN
+  #define DECLITEND 0
+  #else
+  #define DECLITEND 1
+  #endif
+
+  /* Conditional code flag -- set this to 1 for best performance      */
+  #define DECUSE64  1	      /* 1=use int64s, 0=int32 & smaller only */
+
+  /* Conditional check flags -- set these to 0 for best performance   */
+  #define DECCHECK  0	      /* 1 to enable robust checking	      */
+  #define DECALLOC  0	      /* 1 to enable memory accounting	      */
+  #define DECTRACE  0	      /* 1 to trace certain internals, etc.   */
+
+  /* Tuning parameter for decNumber (arbitrary precision) module      */
+  #define DECBUFFER 36	      /* Size basis for local buffers.	This  */
+			      /* should be a common maximum precision */
+			      /* rounded up to a multiple of 4; must  */
+			      /* be zero or positive.		      */
+
+  /* ---------------------------------------------------------------- */
+  /* Definitions for all modules (general-purpose)		      */
+  /* ---------------------------------------------------------------- */
+
+  /* Local names for common types -- for safety, decNumber modules do */
+  /* not use int or long directly.				      */
+  #define Flag	 uint8_t
+  #define Byte	 int8_t
+  #define uByte	 uint8_t
+  #define Short	 int16_t
+  #define uShort uint16_t
+  #define Int	 int32_t
+  #define uInt	 uint32_t
+  #define Unit	 decNumberUnit
+  #if DECUSE64
+  #define Long	 int64_t
+  #define uLong	 uint64_t
+  #endif
+
+  /* Development-use definitions				      */
+  typedef long int LI;	      /* for printf arguments only	      */
+  #define DECNOINT  0	      /* 1 to check no internal use of 'int'  */
+  #if DECNOINT
+    /* if these interfere with your C includes, do not set DECNOINT   */
+    #define  int ?	      /* enable to ensure that plain C 'int'  */
+    #define  long ??	      /* .. or 'long' types are not used      */
+  #endif
+
+  /* Shared lookup tables					      */
+  extern const uByte  DECSTICKYTAB[10]; /* re-round digits if sticky  */
+  extern const uInt   DECPOWERS[10];	/* powers of ten table	      */
+  /* The following are included from decDPD.h			      */
+#include "decDPDSymbols.h"
+  extern const uShort DPD2BIN[1024];	/* DPD -> 0-999		      */
+  extern const uShort BIN2DPD[1000];	/* 0-999 -> DPD		      */
+  extern const uInt   DPD2BINK[1024];	/* DPD -> 0-999000	      */
+  extern const uInt   DPD2BINM[1024];	/* DPD -> 0-999000000	      */
+  extern const uByte  DPD2BCD8[4096];	/* DPD -> ddd + len	      */
+  extern const uByte  BIN2BCD8[4000];	/* 0-999 -> ddd + len	      */
+  extern const uShort BCD2DPD[2458];	/* 0-0x999 -> DPD (0x999=2457)*/
+
+  /* LONGMUL32HI -- set w=(u*v)>>32, where w, u, and v are uInts      */
+  /* (that is, sets w to be the high-order word of the 64-bit result; */
+  /* the low-order word is simply u*v.)				      */
+  /* This version is derived from Knuth via Hacker's Delight;	      */
+  /* it seems to optimize better than some others tried		      */
+  #define LONGMUL32HI(w, u, v) {	     \
+    uInt u0, u1, v0, v1, w0, w1, w2, t;	     \
+    u0=u & 0xffff; u1=u>>16;		     \
+    v0=v & 0xffff; v1=v>>16;		     \
+    w0=u0*v0;				     \
+    t=u1*v0 + (w0>>16);			     \
+    w1=t & 0xffff; w2=t>>16;		     \
+    w1=u0*v1 + w1;			     \
+    (w)=u1*v1 + w2 + (w1>>16);}
+
+  /* ROUNDUP -- round an integer up to a multiple of n		      */
+  #define ROUNDUP(i, n) ((((i)+(n)-1)/n)*n)
+
+  /* ROUNDDOWN -- round an integer down to a multiple of n	      */
+  #define ROUNDDOWN(i, n) (((i)/n)*n)
+  #define ROUNDDOWN4(i)	  ((i)&~3)	/* special for n=4	      */
+
+  /* References to multi-byte sequences under different sizes	      */
+  /* Refer to a uInt from four bytes starting at a char* or uByte*,   */
+  /* etc.							      */
+  #define UINTAT(b)   (*((uInt	 *)(b)))
+  #define USHORTAT(b) (*((uShort *)(b)))
+  #define UBYTEAT(b)  (*((uByte	 *)(b)))
 
+  /* X10 and X100 -- multiply integer i by 10 or 100		      */
+  /* [shifts are usually faster than multiply; could be conditional]  */
+  #define X10(i)  (((i)<<1)+((i)<<3))
+  #define X100(i) (((i)<<2)+((i)<<5)+((i)<<6))
 
-  /* ----- Shared data ----- */
-  /* The powers of of ten array (powers[n]==10**n, 0<=n<=10) */
-extern const uInt powers[];
+  /* MAXI and MINI -- general max & min (not in ANSI) for integers    */
+  #define MAXI(x,y) ((x)<(y)?(y):(x))
+  #define MINI(x,y) ((x)>(y)?(y):(x))
+
+  /* Useful constants						      */
+  #define BILLION      1000000000	     /* 10**9		      */
+  /* CHARMASK: 0x30303030 for ASCII/UTF8; 0xF0F0F0F0 for EBCDIC	      */
+  #define CHARMASK ((((((((uInt)'0')<<8)+'0')<<8)+'0')<<8)+'0')
+
+
+  /* ---------------------------------------------------------------- */
+  /* Definitions for arbitary-precision modules (only valid after     */
+  /* decNumber.h has been included)				      */
+  /* ---------------------------------------------------------------- */
+
+  /* Limits and constants					      */
+  #define DECNUMMAXP 999999999	/* maximum precision code can handle  */
+  #define DECNUMMAXE 999999999	/* maximum adjusted exponent ditto    */
+  #define DECNUMMINE -999999999 /* minimum adjusted exponent ditto    */
+  #if (DECNUMMAXP != DEC_MAX_DIGITS)
+    #error Maximum digits mismatch
+  #endif
+  #if (DECNUMMAXE != DEC_MAX_EMAX)
+    #error Maximum exponent mismatch
+  #endif
+  #if (DECNUMMINE != DEC_MIN_EMIN)
+    #error Minimum exponent mismatch
+  #endif
+
+  /* Set DECDPUNMAX -- the maximum integer that fits in DECDPUN	      */
+  /* digits, and D2UTABLE -- the initializer for the D2U table	      */
+  #if	DECDPUN==1
+    #define DECDPUNMAX 9
+    #define D2UTABLE {0,1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9,10,11,12,13,14,15,16,17,  \
+		      18,19,20,21,22,23,24,25,26,27,28,29,30,31,32, \
+		      33,34,35,36,37,38,39,40,41,42,43,44,45,46,47, \
+		      48,49}
+  #elif DECDPUN==2
+    #define DECDPUNMAX 99
+    #define D2UTABLE {0,1,1,2,2,3,3,4,4,5,5,6,6,7,7,8,8,9,9,10,10,  \
+		      11,11,12,12,13,13,14,14,15,15,16,16,17,17,18, \
+		      18,19,19,20,20,21,21,22,22,23,23,24,24,25}
+  #elif DECDPUN==3
+    #define DECDPUNMAX 999
+    #define D2UTABLE {0,1,1,1,2,2,2,3,3,3,4,4,4,5,5,5,6,6,6,7,7,7,  \
+		      8,8,8,9,9,9,10,10,10,11,11,11,12,12,12,13,13, \
+		      13,14,14,14,15,15,15,16,16,16,17}
+  #elif DECDPUN==4
+    #define DECDPUNMAX 9999
+    #define D2UTABLE {0,1,1,1,1,2,2,2,2,3,3,3,3,4,4,4,4,5,5,5,5,6,  \
+		      6,6,6,7,7,7,7,8,8,8,8,9,9,9,9,10,10,10,10,11, \
+		      11,11,11,12,12,12,12,13}
+  #elif DECDPUN==5
+    #define DECDPUNMAX 99999
+    #define D2UTABLE {0,1,1,1,1,1,2,2,2,2,2,3,3,3,3,3,4,4,4,4,4,5,  \
+		      5,5,5,5,6,6,6,6,6,7,7,7,7,7,8,8,8,8,8,9,9,9,  \
+		      9,9,10,10,10,10}
+  #elif DECDPUN==6
+    #define DECDPUNMAX 999999
+    #define D2UTABLE {0,1,1,1,1,1,1,2,2,2,2,2,2,3,3,3,3,3,3,4,4,4,  \
+		      4,4,4,5,5,5,5,5,5,6,6,6,6,6,6,7,7,7,7,7,7,8,  \
+		      8,8,8,8,8,9}
+  #elif DECDPUN==7
+    #define DECDPUNMAX 9999999
+    #define D2UTABLE {0,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,2,2,2,2,2,2,2,3,3,3,3,3,3,3,  \
+		      4,4,4,4,4,4,4,5,5,5,5,5,5,5,6,6,6,6,6,6,6,7,  \
+		      7,7,7,7,7,7}
+  #elif DECDPUN==8
+    #define DECDPUNMAX 99999999
+    #define D2UTABLE {0,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,2,2,2,2,2,2,2,2,3,3,3,3,3,  \
+		      3,3,3,4,4,4,4,4,4,4,4,5,5,5,5,5,5,5,5,6,6,6,  \
+		      6,6,6,6,6,7}
+  #elif DECDPUN==9
+    #define DECDPUNMAX 999999999
+    #define D2UTABLE {0,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,2,2,2,2,2,2,2,2,2,3,3,3,  \
+		      3,3,3,3,3,3,4,4,4,4,4,4,4,4,4,5,5,5,5,5,5,5,  \
+		      5,5,6,6,6,6}
+  #elif defined(DECDPUN)
+    #error DECDPUN must be in the range 1-9
+  #endif
+
+  /* ----- Shared data (in decNumber.c) ----- */
+  /* Public lookup table used by the D2U macro (see below)	      */
+  #define DECMAXD2U 49
+  extern const uByte d2utable[DECMAXD2U+1];
 
   /* ----- Macros ----- */
-  /* ISZERO -- return true if decNumber dn is a zero */
-  /* [performance-critical in some situations] */
-#define ISZERO(dn) decNumberIsZero(dn)	/* now just a local name */
-
-  /* X10 and X100 -- multiply integer i by 10 or 100 */
-  /* [shifts are usually faster than multiply; could be conditional] */
-#define X10(i)  (((i)<<1)+((i)<<3))
-#define X100(i) (((i)<<2)+((i)<<5)+((i)<<6))
-
-  /* D2U -- return the number of Units needed to hold d digits */
-#if DECDPUN==8
-#define D2U(d) ((unsigned)((d)+7)>>3)
-#elif DECDPUN==4
-#define D2U(d) ((unsigned)((d)+3)>>2)
-#else
-#define D2U(d) (((d)+DECDPUN-1)/DECDPUN)
-#endif
+  /* ISZERO -- return true if decNumber dn is a zero		      */
+  /* [performance-critical in some situations]			      */
+  #define ISZERO(dn) decNumberIsZero(dn)     /* now just a local name */
+
+  /* D2U -- return the number of Units needed to hold d digits	      */
+  /* (runtime version, with table lookaside for small d)	      */
+  #if DECDPUN==8
+    #define D2U(d) ((unsigned)((d)<=DECMAXD2U?d2utable[d]:((d)+7)>>3))
+  #elif DECDPUN==4
+    #define D2U(d) ((unsigned)((d)<=DECMAXD2U?d2utable[d]:((d)+3)>>2))
+  #else
+    #define D2U(d) ((d)<=DECMAXD2U?d2utable[d]:((d)+DECDPUN-1)/DECDPUN)
+  #endif
+  /* SD2U -- static D2U macro (for compile-time calculation)	      */
+  #define SD2U(d) (((d)+DECDPUN-1)/DECDPUN)
+
+  /* MSUDIGITS -- returns digits in msu, from digits, calculated      */
+  /* using D2U							      */
+  #define MSUDIGITS(d) ((d)-(D2U(d)-1)*DECDPUN)
+
+  /* D2N -- return the number of decNumber structs that would be      */
+  /* needed to contain that number of digits (and the initial	      */
+  /* decNumber struct) safely.	Note that one Unit is included in the */
+  /* initial structure.	 Used for allocating space that is aligned on */
+  /* a decNumber struct boundary. */
+  #define D2N(d) \
+    ((((SD2U(d)-1)*sizeof(Unit))+sizeof(decNumber)*2-1)/sizeof(decNumber))
+
+  /* TODIGIT -- macro to remove the leading digit from the unsigned   */
+  /* integer u at column cut (counting from the right, LSD=0) and     */
+  /* place it as an ASCII character into the character pointed to by  */
+  /* c.	 Note that cut must be <= 9, and the maximum value for u is   */
+  /* 2,000,000,000 (as is needed for negative exponents of	      */
+  /* subnormals).  The unsigned integer pow is used as a temporary    */
+  /* variable. */
+  #define TODIGIT(u, cut, c, pow) {	  \
+    *(c)='0';				  \
+    pow=DECPOWERS[cut]*2;		  \
+    if ((u)>pow) {			  \
+      pow*=4;				  \
+      if ((u)>=pow) {(u)-=pow; *(c)+=8;}  \
+      pow/=2;				  \
+      if ((u)>=pow) {(u)-=pow; *(c)+=4;}  \
+      pow/=2;				  \
+      }					  \
+    if ((u)>=pow) {(u)-=pow; *(c)+=2;}	  \
+    pow/=2;				  \
+    if ((u)>=pow) {(u)-=pow; *(c)+=1;}	  \
+    }
+
+  /* ---------------------------------------------------------------- */
+  /* Definitions for fixed-precision modules (only valid after	      */
+  /* decSingle.h, decDouble.h, or decQuad.h has been included)	      */
+  /* ---------------------------------------------------------------- */
+
+  /* bcdnum -- a structure describing a format-independent finite     */
+  /* number, whose coefficient is a string of bcd8 uBytes	      */
+  typedef struct {
+    uByte   *msd;	      /* -> most significant digit	      */
+    uByte   *lsd;	      /* -> least ditto			      */
+    uInt     sign;	      /* 0=positive, DECFLOAT_Sign=negative   */
+    Int	     exponent;	      /* Unadjusted signed exponent (q), or   */
+			      /* DECFLOAT_NaN etc. for a special      */
+    } bcdnum;
+
+  /* Test if exponent or bcdnum exponent must be a special, etc.      */
+  #define EXPISSPECIAL(exp) ((exp)>=DECFLOAT_MinSp)
+  #define EXPISINF(exp) (exp==DECFLOAT_Inf)
+  #define EXPISNAN(exp) (exp==DECFLOAT_qNaN || exp==DECFLOAT_sNaN)
+  #define NUMISSPECIAL(num) (EXPISSPECIAL((num)->exponent))
+
+  /* Refer to a 32-bit word or byte in a decFloat (df) by big-endian  */
+  /* (array) notation (the 0 word or byte contains the sign bit),     */
+  /* automatically adjusting for endianness; similarly address a word */
+  /* in the next-wider format (decFloatWider, or dfw)		      */
+  #define DECWORDS  (DECBYTES/4)
+  #define DECWWORDS (DECWBYTES/4)
+  #if DECLITEND
+    #define DFWORD(df, off) UINTAT((df)->bytes+(DECWORDS-1-(off))*4)
+    #define DFBYTE(df, off) UBYTEAT((df)->bytes+(DECBYTES-1-(off)))
+    #define DFWWORD(dfw, off) UINTAT((dfw)->bytes+(DECWWORDS-1-(off))*4)
+  #else
+    #define DFWORD(df, off) UINTAT((df)->bytes+(off)*4)
+    #define DFBYTE(df, off) UBYTEAT((df)->bytes+(off))
+    #define DFWWORD(dfw, off) UINTAT((dfw)->bytes+(off)*4)
+  #endif
+
+  /* Tests for sign or specials, directly on DECFLOATs		      */
+  #define DFISSIGNED(df)   (DFWORD(df, 0)&0x80000000)
+  #define DFISSPECIAL(df) ((DFWORD(df, 0)&0x78000000)==0x78000000)
+  #define DFISINF(df)	  ((DFWORD(df, 0)&0x7c000000)==0x78000000)
+  #define DFISNAN(df)	  ((DFWORD(df, 0)&0x7c000000)==0x7c000000)
+  #define DFISQNAN(df)	  ((DFWORD(df, 0)&0x7e000000)==0x7c000000)
+  #define DFISSNAN(df)	  ((DFWORD(df, 0)&0x7e000000)==0x7e000000)
+
+  /* Shared lookup tables					      */
+#include "decCommonSymbols.h"
+  extern const uInt   DECCOMBMSD[64];	/* Combination field -> MSD   */
+  extern const uInt   DECCOMBFROM[48];	/* exp+msd -> Combination     */
+
+  /* Private generic (utility) routine				      */
+  #if DECCHECK || DECTRACE
+    extern void decShowNum(const bcdnum *, const char *);
+  #endif
+
+  /* Format-dependent macros and constants			      */
+  #if defined(DECPMAX)
+
+    /* Useful constants						      */
+    #define DECPMAX9  (ROUNDUP(DECPMAX, 9)/9)  /* 'Pmax' in 10**9s    */
+    /* Top words for a zero					      */
+    #define SINGLEZERO	 0x22500000
+    #define DOUBLEZERO	 0x22380000
+    #define QUADZERO	 0x22080000
+    /* [ZEROWORD is defined to be one of these in the DFISZERO macro] */
+
+    /* Format-dependent common tests:				      */
+    /*	 DFISZERO   -- test for (any) zero			      */
+    /*	 DFISCCZERO -- test for coefficient continuation being zero   */
+    /*	 DFISCC01   -- test for coefficient contains only 0s and 1s   */
+    /*	 DFISINT    -- test for finite and exponent q=0		      */
+    /*	 DFISUINT01 -- test for sign=0, finite, exponent q=0, and     */
+    /*		       MSD=0 or 1				      */
+    /*	 ZEROWORD is also defined here.				      */
+    /* In DFISZERO the first test checks the least-significant word   */
+    /* (most likely to be non-zero); the penultimate tests MSD and    */
+    /* DPDs in the signword, and the final test excludes specials and */
+    /* MSD>7.  DFISINT similarly has to allow for the two forms of    */
+    /* MSD codes.  DFISUINT01 only has to allow for one form of MSD   */
+    /* code.							      */
+    #if DECPMAX==7
+      #define ZEROWORD SINGLEZERO
+      /* [test macros not needed except for Zero]		      */
+      #define DFISZERO(df)  ((DFWORD(df, 0)&0x1c0fffff)==0	   \
+			  && (DFWORD(df, 0)&0x60000000)!=0x60000000)
+    #elif DECPMAX==16
+      #define ZEROWORD DOUBLEZERO
+      #define DFISZERO(df)  ((DFWORD(df, 1)==0			   \
+			  && (DFWORD(df, 0)&0x1c03ffff)==0	   \
+			  && (DFWORD(df, 0)&0x60000000)!=0x60000000))
+      #define DFISINT(df) ((DFWORD(df, 0)&0x63fc0000)==0x22380000  \
+			 ||(DFWORD(df, 0)&0x7bfc0000)==0x6a380000)
+      #define DFISUINT01(df) ((DFWORD(df, 0)&0xfbfc0000)==0x22380000)
+      #define DFISCCZERO(df) (DFWORD(df, 1)==0			   \
+			  && (DFWORD(df, 0)&0x0003ffff)==0)
+      #define DFISCC01(df)  ((DFWORD(df, 0)&~0xfffc9124)==0	   \
+			  && (DFWORD(df, 1)&~0x49124491)==0)
+    #elif DECPMAX==34
+      #define ZEROWORD QUADZERO
+      #define DFISZERO(df)  ((DFWORD(df, 3)==0			   \
+			  &&  DFWORD(df, 2)==0			   \
+			  &&  DFWORD(df, 1)==0			   \
+			  && (DFWORD(df, 0)&0x1c003fff)==0	   \
+			  && (DFWORD(df, 0)&0x60000000)!=0x60000000))
+      #define DFISINT(df) ((DFWORD(df, 0)&0x63ffc000)==0x22080000  \
+			 ||(DFWORD(df, 0)&0x7bffc000)==0x6a080000)
+      #define DFISUINT01(df) ((DFWORD(df, 0)&0xfbffc000)==0x22080000)
+      #define DFISCCZERO(df) (DFWORD(df, 3)==0			   \
+			  &&  DFWORD(df, 2)==0			   \
+			  &&  DFWORD(df, 1)==0			   \
+			  && (DFWORD(df, 0)&0x00003fff)==0)
+
+      #define DFISCC01(df)   ((DFWORD(df, 0)&~0xffffc912)==0	   \
+			  &&  (DFWORD(df, 1)&~0x44912449)==0	   \
+			  &&  (DFWORD(df, 2)&~0x12449124)==0	   \
+			  &&  (DFWORD(df, 3)&~0x49124491)==0)
+    #endif
+
+    /* Macros to test if a certain 10 bits of a uInt or pair of uInts */
+    /* are a canonical declet [higher or lower bits are ignored].     */
+    /* declet is at offset 0 (from the right) in a uInt:	      */
+    #define CANONDPD(dpd) (((dpd)&0x300)==0 || ((dpd)&0x6e)!=0x6e)
+    /* declet is at offset k (a multiple of 2) in a uInt:	      */
+    #define CANONDPDOFF(dpd, k) (((dpd)&(0x300<<(k)))==0	    \
+      || ((dpd)&(((uInt)0x6e)<<(k)))!=(((uInt)0x6e)<<(k)))
+    /* declet is at offset k (a multiple of 2) in a pair of uInts:    */
+    /* [the top 2 bits will always be in the more-significant uInt]   */
+    #define CANONDPDTWO(hi, lo, k) (((hi)&(0x300>>(32-(k))))==0	    \
+      || ((hi)&(0x6e>>(32-(k))))!=(0x6e>>(32-(k)))		    \
+      || ((lo)&(((uInt)0x6e)<<(k)))!=(((uInt)0x6e)<<(k)))
+
+    /* Macro to test whether a full-length (length DECPMAX) BCD8      */
+    /* coefficient is zero					      */
+    /* test just the LSWord first, then the remainder		      */
+    #if DECPMAX==7
+      #define ISCOEFFZERO(u) (UINTAT((u)+DECPMAX-4)==0		    \
+	&& UINTAT((u)+DECPMAX-7)==0)
+    #elif DECPMAX==16
+      #define ISCOEFFZERO(u) (UINTAT((u)+DECPMAX-4)==0		    \
+	&& (UINTAT((u)+DECPMAX-8)+UINTAT((u)+DECPMAX-12)	    \
+	   +UINTAT((u)+DECPMAX-16))==0)
+    #elif DECPMAX==34
+      #define ISCOEFFZERO(u) (UINTAT((u)+DECPMAX-4)==0		    \
+	&& (UINTAT((u)+DECPMAX-8) +UINTAT((u)+DECPMAX-12)	    \
+	   +UINTAT((u)+DECPMAX-16)+UINTAT((u)+DECPMAX-20)	    \
+	   +UINTAT((u)+DECPMAX-24)+UINTAT((u)+DECPMAX-28)	    \
+	   +UINTAT((u)+DECPMAX-32)+USHORTAT((u)+DECPMAX-34))==0)
+    #endif
+
+    /* Macros and masks for the exponent continuation field and MSD   */
+    /* Get the exponent continuation from a decFloat *df as an Int    */
+    #define GETECON(df) ((Int)((DFWORD((df), 0)&0x03ffffff)>>(32-6-DECECONL)))
+    /* Ditto, from the next-wider format			      */
+    #define GETWECON(df) ((Int)((DFWWORD((df), 0)&0x03ffffff)>>(32-6-DECWECONL)))
+    /* Get the biased exponent similarly			      */
+    #define GETEXP(df)	((Int)(DECCOMBEXP[DFWORD((df), 0)>>26]+GETECON(df)))
+    /* Get the unbiased exponent similarly			      */
+    #define GETEXPUN(df) ((Int)GETEXP(df)-DECBIAS)
+    /* Get the MSD similarly (as uInt)				      */
+    #define GETMSD(df)	 (DECCOMBMSD[DFWORD((df), 0)>>26])
+
+    /* Compile-time computes of the exponent continuation field masks */
+    /* full exponent continuation field:			      */
+    #define ECONMASK ((0x03ffffff>>(32-6-DECECONL))<<(32-6-DECECONL))
+    /* same, not including its first digit (the qNaN/sNaN selector):  */
+    #define ECONNANMASK ((0x01ffffff>>(32-6-DECECONL))<<(32-6-DECECONL))
+
+    /* Macros to decode the coefficient in a finite decFloat *df into */
+    /* a BCD string (uByte *bcdin) of length DECPMAX uBytes	      */
+
+    /* In-line sequence to convert 10 bits at right end of uInt dpd   */
+    /* to three BCD8 digits starting at uByte u.  Note that an extra  */
+    /* byte is written to the right of the three digits because this  */
+    /* moves four at a time for speed; the alternative macro moves    */
+    /* exactly three bytes					      */
+    #define dpd2bcd8(u, dpd) {				 \
+      UINTAT(u)=UINTAT(&DPD2BCD8[((dpd)&0x3ff)*4]);}
+
+    #define dpd2bcd83(u, dpd) {				 \
+      *(u)=DPD2BCD8[((dpd)&0x3ff)*4];			 \
+      *(u+1)=DPD2BCD8[((dpd)&0x3ff)*4+1];		 \
+      *(u+2)=DPD2BCD8[((dpd)&0x3ff)*4+2];}
+
+    /* Decode the declets.  After extracting each one, it is decoded  */
+    /* to BCD8 using a table lookup (also used for variable-length    */
+    /* decode).	 Each DPD decode is 3 bytes BCD8 plus a one-byte      */
+    /* length which is not used, here).	 Fixed-length 4-byte moves    */
+    /* are fast, however, almost everywhere, and so are used except   */
+    /* for the final three bytes (to avoid overrun).  The code below  */
+    /* is 36 instructions for Doubles and about 70 for Quads, even    */
+    /* on IA32.							      */
+
+    /* Two macros are defined for each format:			      */
+    /*	 GETCOEFF extracts the coefficient of the current format      */
+    /*	 GETWCOEFF extracts the coefficient of the next-wider format. */
+    /* The latter is a copy of the next-wider GETCOEFF using DFWWORD. */
+
+    #if DECPMAX==7
+    #define GETCOEFF(df, bcd) {				 \
+      uInt sourhi=DFWORD(df, 0);			 \
+      *(bcd)=(uByte)DECCOMBMSD[sourhi>>26];		 \
+      dpd2bcd8(bcd+1, sourhi>>10);			 \
+      dpd2bcd83(bcd+4, sourhi);}
+    #define GETWCOEFF(df, bcd) {			 \
+      uInt sourhi=DFWWORD(df, 0);			 \
+      uInt sourlo=DFWWORD(df, 1);			 \
+      *(bcd)=(uByte)DECCOMBMSD[sourhi>>26];		 \
+      dpd2bcd8(bcd+1, sourhi>>8);			 \
+      dpd2bcd8(bcd+4, (sourhi<<2) | (sourlo>>30));	 \
+      dpd2bcd8(bcd+7, sourlo>>20);			 \
+      dpd2bcd8(bcd+10, sourlo>>10);			 \
+      dpd2bcd83(bcd+13, sourlo);}
+
+    #elif DECPMAX==16
+    #define GETCOEFF(df, bcd) {				 \
+      uInt sourhi=DFWORD(df, 0);			 \
+      uInt sourlo=DFWORD(df, 1);			 \
+      *(bcd)=(uByte)DECCOMBMSD[sourhi>>26];		 \
+      dpd2bcd8(bcd+1, sourhi>>8);			 \
+      dpd2bcd8(bcd+4, (sourhi<<2) | (sourlo>>30));	 \
+      dpd2bcd8(bcd+7, sourlo>>20);			 \
+      dpd2bcd8(bcd+10, sourlo>>10);			 \
+      dpd2bcd83(bcd+13, sourlo);}
+    #define GETWCOEFF(df, bcd) {			 \
+      uInt sourhi=DFWWORD(df, 0);			 \
+      uInt sourmh=DFWWORD(df, 1);			 \
+      uInt sourml=DFWWORD(df, 2);			 \
+      uInt sourlo=DFWWORD(df, 3);			 \
+      *(bcd)=(uByte)DECCOMBMSD[sourhi>>26];		 \
+      dpd2bcd8(bcd+1, sourhi>>4);			 \
+      dpd2bcd8(bcd+4, ((sourhi)<<6) | (sourmh>>26));	 \
+      dpd2bcd8(bcd+7, sourmh>>16);			 \
+      dpd2bcd8(bcd+10, sourmh>>6);			 \
+      dpd2bcd8(bcd+13, ((sourmh)<<4) | (sourml>>28));	 \
+      dpd2bcd8(bcd+16, sourml>>18);			 \
+      dpd2bcd8(bcd+19, sourml>>8);			 \
+      dpd2bcd8(bcd+22, ((sourml)<<2) | (sourlo>>30));	 \
+      dpd2bcd8(bcd+25, sourlo>>20);			 \
+      dpd2bcd8(bcd+28, sourlo>>10);			 \
+      dpd2bcd83(bcd+31, sourlo);}
+
+    #elif DECPMAX==34
+    #define GETCOEFF(df, bcd) {				 \
+      uInt sourhi=DFWORD(df, 0);			 \
+      uInt sourmh=DFWORD(df, 1);			 \
+      uInt sourml=DFWORD(df, 2);			 \
+      uInt sourlo=DFWORD(df, 3);			 \
+      *(bcd)=(uByte)DECCOMBMSD[sourhi>>26];		 \
+      dpd2bcd8(bcd+1, sourhi>>4);			 \
+      dpd2bcd8(bcd+4, ((sourhi)<<6) | (sourmh>>26));	 \
+      dpd2bcd8(bcd+7, sourmh>>16);			 \
+      dpd2bcd8(bcd+10, sourmh>>6);			 \
+      dpd2bcd8(bcd+13, ((sourmh)<<4) | (sourml>>28));	 \
+      dpd2bcd8(bcd+16, sourml>>18);			 \
+      dpd2bcd8(bcd+19, sourml>>8);			 \
+      dpd2bcd8(bcd+22, ((sourml)<<2) | (sourlo>>30));	 \
+      dpd2bcd8(bcd+25, sourlo>>20);			 \
+      dpd2bcd8(bcd+28, sourlo>>10);			 \
+      dpd2bcd83(bcd+31, sourlo);}
+
+      #define GETWCOEFF(df, bcd) {??} /* [should never be used]	      */
+    #endif
+
+    /* Macros to decode the coefficient in a finite decFloat *df into */
+    /* a base-billion uInt array, with the least-significant	      */
+    /* 0-999999999 'digit' at offset 0.				      */
+
+    /* Decode the declets.  After extracting each one, it is decoded  */
+    /* to binary using a table lookup.	Three tables are used; one    */
+    /* the usual DPD to binary, the other two pre-multiplied by 1000  */
+    /* and 1000000 to avoid multiplication during decode.  These      */
+    /* tables can also be used for multiplying up the MSD as the DPD  */
+    /* code for 0 through 9 is the identity.			      */
+    #define DPD2BIN0 DPD2BIN	     /* for prettier code	      */
+
+    #if DECPMAX==7
+    #define GETCOEFFBILL(df, buf) {			      \
+      uInt sourhi=DFWORD(df, 0);			      \
+      (buf)[0]=DPD2BIN0[sourhi&0x3ff]			      \
+	      +DPD2BINK[(sourhi>>10)&0x3ff]		      \
+	      +DPD2BINM[DECCOMBMSD[sourhi>>26]];}
+
+    #elif DECPMAX==16
+    #define GETCOEFFBILL(df, buf) {			      \
+      uInt sourhi, sourlo;				      \
+      sourlo=DFWORD(df, 1);				      \
+      (buf)[0]=DPD2BIN0[sourlo&0x3ff]			      \
+	      +DPD2BINK[(sourlo>>10)&0x3ff]		      \
+	      +DPD2BINM[(sourlo>>20)&0x3ff];		      \
+      sourhi=DFWORD(df, 0);				      \
+      (buf)[1]=DPD2BIN0[((sourhi<<2) | (sourlo>>30))&0x3ff]   \
+	      +DPD2BINK[(sourhi>>8)&0x3ff]		      \
+	      +DPD2BINM[DECCOMBMSD[sourhi>>26]];}
+
+    #elif DECPMAX==34
+    #define GETCOEFFBILL(df, buf) {			      \
+      uInt sourhi, sourmh, sourml, sourlo;		      \
+      sourlo=DFWORD(df, 3);				      \
+      (buf)[0]=DPD2BIN0[sourlo&0x3ff]			      \
+	      +DPD2BINK[(sourlo>>10)&0x3ff]		      \
+	      +DPD2BINM[(sourlo>>20)&0x3ff];		      \
+      sourml=DFWORD(df, 2);				      \
+      (buf)[1]=DPD2BIN0[((sourml<<2) | (sourlo>>30))&0x3ff]   \
+	      +DPD2BINK[(sourml>>8)&0x3ff]		      \
+	      +DPD2BINM[(sourml>>18)&0x3ff];		      \
+      sourmh=DFWORD(df, 1);				      \
+      (buf)[2]=DPD2BIN0[((sourmh<<4) | (sourml>>28))&0x3ff]   \
+	      +DPD2BINK[(sourmh>>6)&0x3ff]		      \
+	      +DPD2BINM[(sourmh>>16)&0x3ff];		      \
+      sourhi=DFWORD(df, 0);				      \
+      (buf)[3]=DPD2BIN0[((sourhi<<6) | (sourmh>>26))&0x3ff]   \
+	      +DPD2BINK[(sourhi>>4)&0x3ff]		      \
+	      +DPD2BINM[DECCOMBMSD[sourhi>>26]];}
+
+    #endif
+
+    /* Macros to decode the coefficient in a finite decFloat *df into */
+    /* a base-thousand uInt array, with the least-significant 0-999   */
+    /* 'digit' at offset 0.					      */
+
+    /* Decode the declets.  After extracting each one, it is decoded  */
+    /* to binary using a table lookup.				      */
+    #if DECPMAX==7
+    #define GETCOEFFTHOU(df, buf) {			      \
+      uInt sourhi=DFWORD(df, 0);			      \
+      (buf)[0]=DPD2BIN[sourhi&0x3ff];			      \
+      (buf)[1]=DPD2BIN[(sourhi>>10)&0x3ff];		      \
+      (buf)[2]=DECCOMBMSD[sourhi>>26];}
+
+    #elif DECPMAX==16
+    #define GETCOEFFTHOU(df, buf) {			      \
+      uInt sourhi, sourlo;				      \
+      sourlo=DFWORD(df, 1);				      \
+      (buf)[0]=DPD2BIN[sourlo&0x3ff];			      \
+      (buf)[1]=DPD2BIN[(sourlo>>10)&0x3ff];		      \
+      (buf)[2]=DPD2BIN[(sourlo>>20)&0x3ff];		      \
+      sourhi=DFWORD(df, 0);				      \
+      (buf)[3]=DPD2BIN[((sourhi<<2) | (sourlo>>30))&0x3ff];   \
+      (buf)[4]=DPD2BIN[(sourhi>>8)&0x3ff];		      \
+      (buf)[5]=DECCOMBMSD[sourhi>>26];}
+
+    #elif DECPMAX==34
+    #define GETCOEFFTHOU(df, buf) {			      \
+      uInt sourhi, sourmh, sourml, sourlo;		      \
+      sourlo=DFWORD(df, 3);				      \
+      (buf)[0]=DPD2BIN[sourlo&0x3ff];			      \
+      (buf)[1]=DPD2BIN[(sourlo>>10)&0x3ff];		      \
+      (buf)[2]=DPD2BIN[(sourlo>>20)&0x3ff];		      \
+      sourml=DFWORD(df, 2);				      \
+      (buf)[3]=DPD2BIN[((sourml<<2) | (sourlo>>30))&0x3ff];   \
+      (buf)[4]=DPD2BIN[(sourml>>8)&0x3ff];		      \
+      (buf)[5]=DPD2BIN[(sourml>>18)&0x3ff];		      \
+      sourmh=DFWORD(df, 1);				      \
+      (buf)[6]=DPD2BIN[((sourmh<<4) | (sourml>>28))&0x3ff];   \
+      (buf)[7]=DPD2BIN[(sourmh>>6)&0x3ff];		      \
+      (buf)[8]=DPD2BIN[(sourmh>>16)&0x3ff];		      \
+      sourhi=DFWORD(df, 0);				      \
+      (buf)[9]=DPD2BIN[((sourhi<<6) | (sourmh>>26))&0x3ff];   \
+      (buf)[10]=DPD2BIN[(sourhi>>4)&0x3ff];		      \
+      (buf)[11]=DECCOMBMSD[sourhi>>26];}
+
+    #endif
+
+    /* Set a decFloat to the maximum positive finite number (Nmax)    */
+    #if DECPMAX==7
+    #define DFSETNMAX(df)	     \
+      {DFWORD(df, 0)=0x77f3fcff;}
+    #elif DECPMAX==16
+    #define DFSETNMAX(df)	     \
+      {DFWORD(df, 0)=0x77fcff3f;     \
+       DFWORD(df, 1)=0xcff3fcff;}
+    #elif DECPMAX==34
+    #define DFSETNMAX(df)	     \
+      {DFWORD(df, 0)=0x77ffcff3;     \
+       DFWORD(df, 1)=0xfcff3fcf;     \
+       DFWORD(df, 2)=0xf3fcff3f;     \
+       DFWORD(df, 3)=0xcff3fcff;}
+    #endif
+
+  /* [end of format-dependent macros and constants]		      */
+  #endif
 
 #else
-#error decNumberLocal included more than once
+  #error decNumberLocal included more than once
 #endif
diff --git a/libdecnumber/decNumberSymbols.h b/libdecnumber/decNumberSymbols.h
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000..93558961bcd
--- /dev/null
+++ b/libdecnumber/decNumberSymbols.h
@@ -0,0 +1,71 @@
+#if !defined(DECNUMBERSYMBOLS)
+#define DECNUMBERSYMBOLS
+
+#ifdef IN_LIBGCC2
+#define decNumberAbs __decNumberAbs
+#define decNumberAdd __decNumberAdd
+#define decNumberAnd __decNumberAnd
+#define decNumberClass __decNumberClass
+#define decNumberClassToString __decNumberClassToString
+#define decNumberCompare __decNumberCompare
+#define decNumberCompareSignal __decNumberCompareSignal
+#define decNumberCompareTotal __decNumberCompareTotal
+#define decNumberCompareTotalMag __decNumberCompareTotalMag
+#define decNumberCopy __decNumberCopy
+#define decNumberCopyAbs __decNumberCopyAbs
+#define decNumberCopyNegate __decNumberCopyNegate
+#define decNumberCopySign __decNumberCopySign
+#define decNumberDivide __decNumberDivide
+#define decNumberDivideInteger __decNumberDivideInteger
+#define decNumberExp __decNumberExp
+#define decNumberFMA __decNumberFMA
+#define decNumberFromInt32 __decNumberFromInt32
+#define decNumberFromString __decNumberFromString
+#define decNumberFromUInt32 __decNumberFromUInt32
+#define decNumberGetBCD __decNumberGetBCD
+#define decNumberInvert __decNumberInvert
+#define decNumberIsNormal __decNumberIsNormal
+#define decNumberIsSubnormal __decNumberIsSubnormal
+#define decNumberLn __decNumberLn
+#define decNumberLog10 __decNumberLog10
+#define decNumberLogB __decNumberLogB
+#define decNumberMax __decNumberMax
+#define decNumberMaxMag __decNumberMaxMag
+#define decNumberMin __decNumberMin
+#define decNumberMinMag __decNumberMinMag
+#define decNumberMinus __decNumberMinus
+#define decNumberMultiply __decNumberMultiply
+#define decNumberNextMinus __decNumberNextMinus
+#define decNumberNextPlus __decNumberNextPlus
+#define decNumberNextToward __decNumberNextToward
+#define decNumberNormalize __decNumberNormalize
+#define decNumberOr __decNumberOr
+#define decNumberPlus __decNumberPlus
+#define decNumberPower __decNumberPower
+#define decNumberQuantize __decNumberQuantize
+#define decNumberReduce __decNumberReduce
+#define decNumberRemainder __decNumberRemainder
+#define decNumberRemainderNear __decNumberRemainderNear
+#define decNumberRescale __decNumberRescale
+#define decNumberRotate __decNumberRotate
+#define decNumberSameQuantum __decNumberSameQuantum
+#define decNumberScaleB __decNumberScaleB
+#define decNumberSetBCD __decNumberSetBCD
+#define decNumberShift __decNumberShift
+#define decNumberSquareRoot __decNumberSquareRoot
+#define decNumberSubtract __decNumberSubtract
+#define decNumberToEngString __decNumberToEngString
+#define decNumberToInt32 __decNumberToInt32
+#define decNumberToIntegralExact __decNumberToIntegralExact
+#define decNumberToIntegralValue __decNumberToIntegralValue
+#define decNumberToString __decNumberToString
+#define decNumberToUInt32 __decNumberToUInt32
+#define decNumberTrim __decNumberTrim
+#define decNumberVersion __decNumberVersion
+#define decNumberXor __decNumberXor
+#define decNumberZero __decNumberZero
+#define LNnn __decLNnn
+#define d2utable __decd2utable
+#endif
+
+#endif
diff --git a/libdecnumber/decPacked.c b/libdecnumber/decPacked.c
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000..2b912fe13bc
--- /dev/null
+++ b/libdecnumber/decPacked.c
@@ -0,0 +1,235 @@
+/* Packed decimal conversion module for the decNumber C Library.
+   Copyright (C) 2007 Free Software Foundation, Inc.
+   Contributed by IBM Corporation.  Author Mike Cowlishaw.
+
+   This file is part of GCC.
+
+   GCC is free software; you can redistribute it and/or modify it under
+   the terms of the GNU General Public License as published by the Free
+   Software Foundation; either version 2, or (at your option) any later
+   version.
+
+   In addition to the permissions in the GNU General Public License,
+   the Free Software Foundation gives you unlimited permission to link
+   the compiled version of this file into combinations with other
+   programs, and to distribute those combinations without any
+   restriction coming from the use of this file.  (The General Public
+   License restrictions do apply in other respects; for example, they
+   cover modification of the file, and distribution when not linked
+   into a combine executable.)
+
+   GCC is distributed in the hope that it will be useful, but WITHOUT ANY
+   WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of MERCHANTABILITY or
+   FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE.  See the GNU General Public License
+   for more details.
+
+   You should have received a copy of the GNU General Public License
+   along with GCC; see the file COPYING.  If not, write to the Free
+   Software Foundation, 51 Franklin Street, Fifth Floor, Boston, MA
+   02110-1301, USA.  */
+
+/* ------------------------------------------------------------------ */
+/* Packed Decimal conversion module				      */
+/* ------------------------------------------------------------------ */
+/* This module comprises the routines for Packed Decimal format	      */
+/* numbers.  Conversions are supplied to and from decNumber, which in */
+/* turn supports:						      */
+/*   conversions to and from string				      */
+/*   arithmetic routines					      */
+/*   utilities.							      */
+/* Conversions from decNumber to and from densely packed decimal      */
+/* formats are provided by the decimal32 through decimal128 modules.  */
+/* ------------------------------------------------------------------ */
+
+#include <string.h>	      /* for NULL */
+#include "decNumber.h"	      /* base number library */
+#include "decPacked.h"	      /* packed decimal */
+#include "decNumberLocal.h"   /* decNumber local types, etc. */
+
+/* ------------------------------------------------------------------ */
+/* decPackedFromNumber -- convert decNumber to BCD Packed Decimal     */
+/*								      */
+/*   bcd    is the BCD bytes					      */
+/*   length is the length of the BCD array			      */
+/*   scale  is the scale result					      */
+/*   dn	    is the decNumber					      */
+/*   returns bcd, or NULL if error				      */
+/*								      */
+/* The number is converted to a BCD packed decimal byte array,	      */
+/* right aligned in the bcd array, whose length is indicated by the   */
+/* second parameter.  The final 4-bit nibble in the array will be a   */
+/* sign nibble, C (1100) for + and D (1101) for -.  Unused bytes and  */
+/* nibbles to the left of the number are set to 0.		      */
+/*								      */
+/* scale is set to the scale of the number (this is the exponent,     */
+/* negated).  To force the number to a specified scale, first use the */
+/* decNumberRescale routine, which will round and change the exponent */
+/* as necessary.						      */
+/*								      */
+/* If there is an error (that is, the decNumber has too many digits   */
+/* to fit in length bytes, or it is a NaN or Infinity), NULL is	      */
+/* returned and the bcd and scale results are unchanged.  Otherwise   */
+/* bcd is returned.						      */
+/* ------------------------------------------------------------------ */
+uByte * decPackedFromNumber(uByte *bcd, Int length, Int *scale,
+			    const decNumber *dn) {
+  const Unit *up=dn->lsu;     /* Unit array pointer */
+  uByte obyte, *out;	      /* current output byte, and where it goes */
+  Int indigs=dn->digits;      /* digits processed */
+  uInt cut=DECDPUN;	      /* downcounter per Unit */
+  uInt u=*up;		      /* work */
+  uInt nib;		      /* .. */
+  #if DECDPUN<=4
+  uInt temp;		      /* .. */
+  #endif
+
+  if (dn->digits>length*2-1		     /* too long .. */
+   ||(dn->bits & DECSPECIAL)) return NULL;   /* .. or special -- hopeless */
+
+  if (dn->bits&DECNEG) obyte=DECPMINUS;	     /* set the sign .. */
+   else		       obyte=DECPPLUS;
+  *scale=-dn->exponent;			     /* .. and scale */
+
+  /* loop from lowest (rightmost) byte */
+  out=bcd+length-1;			     /* -> final byte */
+  for (; out>=bcd; out--) {
+    if (indigs>0) {
+      if (cut==0) {
+	up++;
+	u=*up;
+	cut=DECDPUN;
+	}
+      #if DECDPUN<=4
+	temp=(u*6554)>>16;	   /* fast /10 */
+	nib=u-X10(temp);
+	u=temp;
+      #else
+	nib=u%10;		   /* cannot use *6554 trick :-( */
+	u=u/10;
+      #endif
+      obyte|=(nib<<4);
+      indigs--;
+      cut--;
+      }
+    *out=obyte;
+    obyte=0;			   /* assume 0 */
+    if (indigs>0) {
+      if (cut==0) {
+	up++;
+	u=*up;
+	cut=DECDPUN;
+	}
+      #if DECDPUN<=4
+	temp=(u*6554)>>16;	   /* as above */
+	obyte=(uByte)(u-X10(temp));
+	u=temp;
+      #else
+	obyte=(uByte)(u%10);
+	u=u/10;
+      #endif
+      indigs--;
+      cut--;
+      }
+    } /* loop */
+
+  return bcd;
+  } /* decPackedFromNumber */
+
+/* ------------------------------------------------------------------ */
+/* decPackedToNumber -- convert BCD Packed Decimal to a decNumber     */
+/*								      */
+/*   bcd    is the BCD bytes					      */
+/*   length is the length of the BCD array			      */
+/*   scale  is the scale associated with the BCD integer	      */
+/*   dn	    is the decNumber [with space for length*2 digits]	      */
+/*   returns dn, or NULL if error				      */
+/*								      */
+/* The BCD packed decimal byte array, together with an associated     */
+/* scale, is converted to a decNumber.	The BCD array is assumed full */
+/* of digits, and must be ended by a 4-bit sign nibble in the least   */
+/* significant four bits of the final byte.			      */
+/*								      */
+/* The scale is used (negated) as the exponent of the decNumber.      */
+/* Note that zeros may have a sign and/or a scale.		      */
+/*								      */
+/* The decNumber structure is assumed to have sufficient space to     */
+/* hold the converted number (that is, up to length*2-1 digits), so   */
+/* no error is possible unless the adjusted exponent is out of range, */
+/* no sign nibble was found, or a sign nibble was found before the    */
+/* final nibble.  In these error cases, NULL is returned and the      */
+/* decNumber will be 0.						      */
+/* ------------------------------------------------------------------ */
+decNumber * decPackedToNumber(const uByte *bcd, Int length,
+			      const Int *scale, decNumber *dn) {
+  const uByte *last=bcd+length-1;  /* -> last byte */
+  const uByte *first;		   /* -> first non-zero byte */
+  uInt	nib;			   /* work nibble */
+  Unit	*up=dn->lsu;		   /* output pointer */
+  Int	digits;			   /* digits count */
+  Int	cut=0;			   /* phase of output */
+
+  decNumberZero(dn);		   /* default result */
+  last=&bcd[length-1];
+  nib=*last & 0x0f;		   /* get the sign */
+  if (nib==DECPMINUS || nib==DECPMINUSALT) dn->bits=DECNEG;
+   else if (nib<=9) return NULL;   /* not a sign nibble */
+
+  /* skip leading zero bytes [final byte is always non-zero, due to sign] */
+  for (first=bcd; *first==0;) first++;
+  digits=(last-first)*2+1;		/* calculate digits .. */
+  if ((*first & 0xf0)==0) digits--;	/* adjust for leading zero nibble */
+  if (digits!=0) dn->digits=digits;	/* count of actual digits [if 0, */
+					/* leave as 1] */
+
+  /* check the adjusted exponent; note that scale could be unbounded */
+  dn->exponent=-*scale;			/* set the exponent */
+  if (*scale>=0) {			/* usual case */
+    if ((dn->digits-*scale-1)<-DECNUMMAXE) {	  /* underflow */
+      decNumberZero(dn);
+      return NULL;}
+    }
+   else { /* -ve scale; +ve exponent */
+    /* need to be careful to avoid wrap, here, also BADINT case */
+    if ((*scale<-DECNUMMAXE)		/* overflow even without digits */
+	 || ((dn->digits-*scale-1)>DECNUMMAXE)) { /* overflow */
+      decNumberZero(dn);
+      return NULL;}
+    }
+  if (digits==0) return dn;		/* result was zero */
+
+  /* copy the digits to the number's units, starting at the lsu */
+  /* [unrolled] */
+  for (;;) {				/* forever */
+    /* left nibble first */
+    nib=(unsigned)(*last & 0xf0)>>4;
+    /* got a digit, in nib */
+    if (nib>9) {decNumberZero(dn); return NULL;}
+
+    if (cut==0) *up=(Unit)nib;
+     else *up=(Unit)(*up+nib*DECPOWERS[cut]);
+    digits--;
+    if (digits==0) break;		/* got them all */
+    cut++;
+    if (cut==DECDPUN) {
+      up++;
+      cut=0;
+      }
+    last--;				/* ready for next */
+    nib=*last & 0x0f;			/* get right nibble */
+    if (nib>9) {decNumberZero(dn); return NULL;}
+
+    /* got a digit, in nib */
+    if (cut==0) *up=(Unit)nib;
+     else *up=(Unit)(*up+nib*DECPOWERS[cut]);
+    digits--;
+    if (digits==0) break;		/* got them all */
+    cut++;
+    if (cut==DECDPUN) {
+      up++;
+      cut=0;
+      }
+    } /* forever */
+
+  return dn;
+  } /* decPackedToNumber */
+
diff --git a/libdecnumber/decPacked.h b/libdecnumber/decPacked.h
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000..c76aa09631e
--- /dev/null
+++ b/libdecnumber/decPacked.h
@@ -0,0 +1,70 @@
+/* Packed decimal conversion module header for the decNumber C Library.
+   Copyright (C) 2007 Free Software Foundation, Inc.
+   Contributed by IBM Corporation.  Author Mike Cowlishaw.
+
+   This file is part of GCC.
+
+   GCC is free software; you can redistribute it and/or modify it under
+   the terms of the GNU General Public License as published by the Free
+   Software Foundation; either version 2, or (at your option) any later
+   version.
+
+   In addition to the permissions in the GNU General Public License,
+   the Free Software Foundation gives you unlimited permission to link
+   the compiled version of this file into combinations with other
+   programs, and to distribute those combinations without any
+   restriction coming from the use of this file.  (The General Public
+   License restrictions do apply in other respects; for example, they
+   cover modification of the file, and distribution when not linked
+   into a combine executable.)
+
+   GCC is distributed in the hope that it will be useful, but WITHOUT ANY
+   WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of MERCHANTABILITY or
+   FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE.  See the GNU General Public License
+   for more details.
+
+   You should have received a copy of the GNU General Public License
+   along with GCC; see the file COPYING.  If not, write to the Free
+   Software Foundation, 51 Franklin Street, Fifth Floor, Boston, MA
+   02110-1301, USA.  */
+
+/* ------------------------------------------------------------------ */
+/* Packed Decimal conversion module header			      */
+/* ------------------------------------------------------------------ */
+
+#if !defined(DECPACKED)
+  #define DECPACKED
+  #define DECPNAME     "decPacked"			/* Short name */
+  #define DECPFULLNAME "Packed Decimal conversions"   /* Verbose name */
+  #define DECPAUTHOR   "Mike Cowlishaw"		      /* Who to blame */
+
+  #define DECPACKED_DefP 32		/* default precision	      */
+
+  #ifndef  DECNUMDIGITS
+    #define DECNUMDIGITS DECPACKED_DefP /* size if not already defined*/
+  #endif
+  #include "decNumber.h"		/* context and number library */
+
+  /* Sign nibble constants					      */
+  #if !defined(DECPPLUSALT)
+    #define DECPPLUSALT	 0x0A /* alternate plus	 nibble		      */
+    #define DECPMINUSALT 0x0B /* alternate minus nibble		      */
+    #define DECPPLUS	 0x0C /* preferred plus	 nibble		      */
+    #define DECPMINUS	 0x0D /* preferred minus nibble		      */
+    #define DECPPLUSALT2 0x0E /* alternate plus	 nibble		      */
+    #define DECPUNSIGNED 0x0F /* alternate plus	 nibble (unsigned)    */
+  #endif
+
+  /* ---------------------------------------------------------------- */
+  /* decPacked public routines					      */
+  /* ---------------------------------------------------------------- */
+
+  #include "decPackedSymbols.h"
+
+  /* Conversions						      */
+  uint8_t * decPackedFromNumber(uint8_t *, int32_t, int32_t *,
+				const decNumber *);
+  decNumber * decPackedToNumber(const uint8_t *, int32_t, const int32_t *,
+				decNumber *);
+
+#endif
diff --git a/libdecnumber/decPackedSymbols.h b/libdecnumber/decPackedSymbols.h
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000..862db401fc9
--- /dev/null
+++ b/libdecnumber/decPackedSymbols.h
@@ -0,0 +1,9 @@
+#if !defined(DECPACKEDSYMBOLS)
+#define DECPACKEDSYMBOLS
+
+#ifdef IN_LIBGCC2
+#define decPackedFromNumber __decPackedFromNumber
+#define decPackedToNumber __decPackedToNumber
+#endif
+
+#endif
diff --git a/libdecnumber/decQuad.c b/libdecnumber/decQuad.c
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000..6ec9b7f735f
--- /dev/null
+++ b/libdecnumber/decQuad.c
@@ -0,0 +1,146 @@
+/* decQuad module for the decNumber C Library.
+   Copyright (C) 2007 Free Software Foundation, Inc.
+   Contributed by IBM Corporation.  Author Mike Cowlishaw.
+
+   This file is part of GCC.
+
+   GCC is free software; you can redistribute it and/or modify it under
+   the terms of the GNU General Public License as published by the Free
+   Software Foundation; either version 2, or (at your option) any later
+   version.
+
+   In addition to the permissions in the GNU General Public License,
+   the Free Software Foundation gives you unlimited permission to link
+   the compiled version of this file into combinations with other
+   programs, and to distribute those combinations without any
+   restriction coming from the use of this file.  (The General Public
+   License restrictions do apply in other respects; for example, they
+   cover modification of the file, and distribution when not linked
+   into a combine executable.)
+
+   GCC is distributed in the hope that it will be useful, but WITHOUT ANY
+   WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of MERCHANTABILITY or
+   FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE.  See the GNU General Public License
+   for more details.
+
+   You should have received a copy of the GNU General Public License
+   along with GCC; see the file COPYING.  If not, write to the Free
+   Software Foundation, 51 Franklin Street, Fifth Floor, Boston, MA
+   02110-1301, USA.  */
+
+/* ------------------------------------------------------------------ */
+/* decQuad.c -- decQuad operations module			      */
+/* ------------------------------------------------------------------ */
+/* This module comprises decQuad operations (including conversions)   */
+/* ------------------------------------------------------------------ */
+
+#include "decContext.h"	      /* public includes */
+#include "decQuad.h"	      /* .. */
+
+/* Constant mappings for shared code */
+#define DECPMAX	    DECQUAD_Pmax
+#define DECEMIN	    DECQUAD_Emin
+#define DECEMAX	    DECQUAD_Emax
+#define DECEMAXD    DECQUAD_EmaxD
+#define DECBYTES    DECQUAD_Bytes
+#define DECSTRING   DECQUAD_String
+#define DECECONL    DECQUAD_EconL
+#define DECBIAS	    DECQUAD_Bias
+#define DECLETS	    DECQUAD_Declets
+#define DECQTINY   (-DECQUAD_Bias)
+
+/* Type and function mappings for shared code */
+#define decFloat		decQuad		  /* Type name */
+
+/* Utilities and conversions (binary results, extractors, etc.) */
+#define decFloatFromBCD		decQuadFromBCD
+#define decFloatFromInt32	decQuadFromInt32
+#define decFloatFromPacked	decQuadFromPacked
+#define decFloatFromString	decQuadFromString
+#define decFloatFromUInt32	decQuadFromUInt32
+#define decFloatFromWider	decQuadFromWider
+#define decFloatGetCoefficient	decQuadGetCoefficient
+#define decFloatGetExponent	decQuadGetExponent
+#define decFloatSetCoefficient	decQuadSetCoefficient
+#define decFloatSetExponent	decQuadSetExponent
+#define decFloatShow		decQuadShow
+#define decFloatToBCD		decQuadToBCD
+#define decFloatToEngString	decQuadToEngString
+#define decFloatToInt32		decQuadToInt32
+#define decFloatToInt32Exact	decQuadToInt32Exact
+#define decFloatToPacked	decQuadToPacked
+#define decFloatToString	decQuadToString
+#define decFloatToUInt32	decQuadToUInt32
+#define decFloatToUInt32Exact	decQuadToUInt32Exact
+#define decFloatToWider		decQuadToWider
+#define decFloatZero		decQuadZero
+
+/* Computational (result is a decFloat) */
+#define decFloatAbs		decQuadAbs
+#define decFloatAdd		decQuadAdd
+#define decFloatAnd		decQuadAnd
+#define decFloatDivide		decQuadDivide
+#define decFloatDivideInteger	decQuadDivideInteger
+#define decFloatFMA		decQuadFMA
+#define decFloatInvert		decQuadInvert
+#define decFloatLogB		decQuadLogB
+#define decFloatMax		decQuadMax
+#define decFloatMaxMag		decQuadMaxMag
+#define decFloatMin		decQuadMin
+#define decFloatMinMag		decQuadMinMag
+#define decFloatMinus		decQuadMinus
+#define decFloatMultiply	decQuadMultiply
+#define decFloatNextMinus	decQuadNextMinus
+#define decFloatNextPlus	decQuadNextPlus
+#define decFloatNextToward	decQuadNextToward
+#define decFloatOr		decQuadOr
+#define decFloatPlus		decQuadPlus
+#define decFloatQuantize	decQuadQuantize
+#define decFloatReduce		decQuadReduce
+#define decFloatRemainder	decQuadRemainder
+#define decFloatRemainderNear	decQuadRemainderNear
+#define decFloatRotate		decQuadRotate
+#define decFloatScaleB		decQuadScaleB
+#define decFloatShift		decQuadShift
+#define decFloatSubtract	decQuadSubtract
+#define decFloatToIntegralValue decQuadToIntegralValue
+#define decFloatToIntegralExact decQuadToIntegralExact
+#define decFloatXor		decQuadXor
+
+/* Comparisons */
+#define decFloatCompare		decQuadCompare
+#define decFloatCompareSignal	decQuadCompareSignal
+#define decFloatCompareTotal	decQuadCompareTotal
+#define decFloatCompareTotalMag decQuadCompareTotalMag
+
+/* Copies */
+#define decFloatCanonical	decQuadCanonical
+#define decFloatCopy		decQuadCopy
+#define decFloatCopyAbs		decQuadCopyAbs
+#define decFloatCopyNegate	decQuadCopyNegate
+#define decFloatCopySign	decQuadCopySign
+
+/* Non-computational */
+#define decFloatClass		decQuadClass
+#define decFloatClassString	decQuadClassString
+#define decFloatDigits		decQuadDigits
+#define decFloatIsCanonical	decQuadIsCanonical
+#define decFloatIsFinite	decQuadIsFinite
+#define decFloatIsInfinite	decQuadIsInfinite
+#define decFloatIsInteger	decQuadIsInteger
+#define decFloatIsNaN		decQuadIsNaN
+#define decFloatIsNormal	decQuadIsNormal
+#define decFloatIsSignaling	decQuadIsSignaling
+#define decFloatIsSignalling	decQuadIsSignalling
+#define decFloatIsSigned	decQuadIsSigned
+#define decFloatIsSubnormal	decQuadIsSubnormal
+#define decFloatIsZero		decQuadIsZero
+#define decFloatRadix		decQuadRadix
+#define decFloatSameQuantum	decQuadSameQuantum
+#define decFloatVersion		decQuadVersion
+
+
+#include "decNumberLocal.h"   /* local includes (need DECPMAX) */
+#include "decCommon.c"	      /* non-arithmetic decFloat routines */
+#include "decBasic.c"	      /* basic formats routines */
+
diff --git a/libdecnumber/decQuad.h b/libdecnumber/decQuad.h
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000..39f75d33e3a
--- /dev/null
+++ b/libdecnumber/decQuad.h
@@ -0,0 +1,186 @@
+/* decQuad module header for the decNumber C Library.
+   Copyright (C) 2007 Free Software Foundation, Inc.
+   Contributed by IBM Corporation.  Author Mike Cowlishaw.
+
+   This file is part of GCC.
+
+   GCC is free software; you can redistribute it and/or modify it under
+   the terms of the GNU General Public License as published by the Free
+   Software Foundation; either version 2, or (at your option) any later
+   version.
+
+   In addition to the permissions in the GNU General Public License,
+   the Free Software Foundation gives you unlimited permission to link
+   the compiled version of this file into combinations with other
+   programs, and to distribute those combinations without any
+   restriction coming from the use of this file.  (The General Public
+   License restrictions do apply in other respects; for example, they
+   cover modification of the file, and distribution when not linked
+   into a combine executable.)
+
+   GCC is distributed in the hope that it will be useful, but WITHOUT ANY
+   WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of MERCHANTABILITY or
+   FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE.  See the GNU General Public License
+   for more details.
+
+   You should have received a copy of the GNU General Public License
+   along with GCC; see the file COPYING.  If not, write to the Free
+   Software Foundation, 51 Franklin Street, Fifth Floor, Boston, MA
+   02110-1301, USA.  */
+
+/* ------------------------------------------------------------------ */
+/* decQuad.h -- Decimal 128-bit format module header		      */
+/* ------------------------------------------------------------------ */
+/* Please see decFloats.h for an overview and documentation details.  */
+/* ------------------------------------------------------------------ */
+/* This include file is always included by decSingle and decDouble,   */
+/* and therefore also holds useful constants used by all three.	      */
+
+#if !defined(DECQUAD)
+  #define DECQUAD
+
+  #define DECQUADNAME	      "decimalQuad"	      /* Short name   */
+  #define DECQUADTITLE	      "Decimal 128-bit datum" /* Verbose name */
+  #define DECQUADAUTHOR	      "Mike Cowlishaw"	      /* Who to blame */
+
+  /* parameters for decQuads */
+  #define DECQUAD_Bytes	   16	   /* length			      */
+  #define DECQUAD_Pmax	   34	   /* maximum precision (digits)      */
+  #define DECQUAD_Emin	-6143	   /* minimum adjusted exponent	      */
+  #define DECQUAD_Emax	 6144	   /* maximum adjusted exponent	      */
+  #define DECQUAD_EmaxD	    4	   /* maximum exponent digits	      */
+  #define DECQUAD_Bias	 6176	   /* bias for the exponent	      */
+  #define DECQUAD_String   43	   /* maximum string length, +1	      */
+  #define DECQUAD_EconL	   12	   /* exponent continuation length    */
+  #define DECQUAD_Declets  11	   /* count of declets		      */
+  /* highest biased exponent (Elimit-1) */
+  #define DECQUAD_Ehigh (DECQUAD_Emax + DECQUAD_Bias - (DECQUAD_Pmax-1))
+
+  /* Required include						      */
+  #include "decContext.h"
+
+  /* The decQuad decimal 128-bit type, accessible by bytes */
+  typedef struct {
+    uint8_t bytes[DECQUAD_Bytes];  /* fields: 1, 5, 12, 110 bits */
+    } decQuad;
+
+  /* ---------------------------------------------------------------- */
+  /* Shared constants						      */
+  /* ---------------------------------------------------------------- */
+
+  /* sign and special values [top 32-bits; last two bits are don't-care
+     for Infinity on input, last bit don't-care for NaNs] */
+  #define DECFLOAT_Sign	 0x80000000	/* 1 00000 00 Sign */
+  #define DECFLOAT_NaN	 0x7c000000	/* 0 11111 00 NaN generic */
+  #define DECFLOAT_qNaN	 0x7c000000	/* 0 11111 00 qNaN */
+  #define DECFLOAT_sNaN	 0x7e000000	/* 0 11111 10 sNaN */
+  #define DECFLOAT_Inf	 0x78000000	/* 0 11110 00 Infinity */
+  #define DECFLOAT_MinSp 0x78000000	/* minimum special value */
+					/* [specials are all >=MinSp] */
+  /* Sign nibble constants					      */
+  #if !defined(DECPPLUSALT)
+    #define DECPPLUSALT	 0x0A /* alternate plus	 nibble		      */
+    #define DECPMINUSALT 0x0B /* alternate minus nibble		      */
+    #define DECPPLUS	 0x0C /* preferred plus	 nibble		      */
+    #define DECPMINUS	 0x0D /* preferred minus nibble		      */
+    #define DECPPLUSALT2 0x0E /* alternate plus	 nibble		      */
+    #define DECPUNSIGNED 0x0F /* alternate plus	 nibble (unsigned)    */
+  #endif
+
+  /* ---------------------------------------------------------------- */
+  /* Routines -- implemented as decFloat routines in common files     */
+  /* ---------------------------------------------------------------- */
+
+  #include "decQuadSymbols.h"
+
+  /* Utilities and conversions, extractors, etc.) */
+  extern decQuad * decQuadFromBCD(decQuad *, int32_t, const uint8_t *, int32_t);
+  extern decQuad * decQuadFromInt32(decQuad *, int32_t);
+  extern decQuad * decQuadFromPacked(decQuad *, int32_t, const uint8_t *);
+  extern decQuad * decQuadFromString(decQuad *, const char *, decContext *);
+  extern decQuad * decQuadFromUInt32(decQuad *, uint32_t);
+  extern int32_t   decQuadGetCoefficient(const decQuad *, uint8_t *);
+  extern int32_t   decQuadGetExponent(const decQuad *);
+  extern decQuad * decQuadSetCoefficient(decQuad *, const uint8_t *, int32_t);
+  extern decQuad * decQuadSetExponent(decQuad *, decContext *, int32_t);
+  extern void	   decQuadShow(const decQuad *, const char *);
+  extern int32_t   decQuadToBCD(const decQuad *, int32_t *, uint8_t *);
+  extern char	 * decQuadToEngString(const decQuad *, char *);
+  extern int32_t   decQuadToInt32(const decQuad *, decContext *, enum rounding);
+  extern int32_t   decQuadToInt32Exact(const decQuad *, decContext *, enum rounding);
+  extern int32_t   decQuadToPacked(const decQuad *, int32_t *, uint8_t *);
+  extern char	 * decQuadToString(const decQuad *, char *);
+  extern uint32_t  decQuadToUInt32(const decQuad *, decContext *, enum rounding);
+  extern uint32_t  decQuadToUInt32Exact(const decQuad *, decContext *, enum rounding);
+  extern decQuad * decQuadZero(decQuad *);
+
+  /* Computational (result is a decQuad) */
+  extern decQuad * decQuadAbs(decQuad *, const decQuad *, decContext *);
+  extern decQuad * decQuadAdd(decQuad *, const decQuad *, const decQuad *, decContext *);
+  extern decQuad * decQuadAnd(decQuad *, const decQuad *, const decQuad *, decContext *);
+  extern decQuad * decQuadDivide(decQuad *, const decQuad *, const decQuad *, decContext *);
+  extern decQuad * decQuadDivideInteger(decQuad *, const decQuad *, const decQuad *, decContext *);
+  extern decQuad * decQuadFMA(decQuad *, const decQuad *, const decQuad *, const decQuad *, decContext *);
+  extern decQuad * decQuadInvert(decQuad *, const decQuad *, decContext *);
+  extern decQuad * decQuadLogB(decQuad *, const decQuad *, decContext *);
+  extern decQuad * decQuadMax(decQuad *, const decQuad *, const decQuad *, decContext *);
+  extern decQuad * decQuadMaxMag(decQuad *, const decQuad *, const decQuad *, decContext *);
+  extern decQuad * decQuadMin(decQuad *, const decQuad *, const decQuad *, decContext *);
+  extern decQuad * decQuadMinMag(decQuad *, const decQuad *, const decQuad *, decContext *);
+  extern decQuad * decQuadMinus(decQuad *, const decQuad *, decContext *);
+  extern decQuad * decQuadMultiply(decQuad *, const decQuad *, const decQuad *, decContext *);
+  extern decQuad * decQuadNextMinus(decQuad *, const decQuad *, decContext *);
+  extern decQuad * decQuadNextPlus(decQuad *, const decQuad *, decContext *);
+  extern decQuad * decQuadNextToward(decQuad *, const decQuad *, const decQuad *, decContext *);
+  extern decQuad * decQuadOr(decQuad *, const decQuad *, const decQuad *, decContext *);
+  extern decQuad * decQuadPlus(decQuad *, const decQuad *, decContext *);
+  extern decQuad * decQuadQuantize(decQuad *, const decQuad *, const decQuad *, decContext *);
+  extern decQuad * decQuadReduce(decQuad *, const decQuad *, decContext *);
+  extern decQuad * decQuadRemainder(decQuad *, const decQuad *, const decQuad *, decContext *);
+  extern decQuad * decQuadRemainderNear(decQuad *, const decQuad *, const decQuad *, decContext *);
+  extern decQuad * decQuadRotate(decQuad *, const decQuad *, const decQuad *, decContext *);
+  extern decQuad * decQuadScaleB(decQuad *, const decQuad *, const decQuad *, decContext *);
+  extern decQuad * decQuadShift(decQuad *, const decQuad *, const decQuad *, decContext *);
+  extern decQuad * decQuadSubtract(decQuad *, const decQuad *, const decQuad *, decContext *);
+  extern decQuad * decQuadToIntegralValue(decQuad *, const decQuad *, decContext *, enum rounding);
+  extern decQuad * decQuadToIntegralExact(decQuad *, const decQuad *, decContext *);
+  extern decQuad * decQuadXor(decQuad *, const decQuad *, const decQuad *, decContext *);
+
+  /* Comparisons */
+  extern decQuad * decQuadCompare(decQuad *, const decQuad *, const decQuad *, decContext *);
+  extern decQuad * decQuadCompareSignal(decQuad *, const decQuad *, const decQuad *, decContext *);
+  extern decQuad * decQuadCompareTotal(decQuad *, const decQuad *, const decQuad *);
+  extern decQuad * decQuadCompareTotalMag(decQuad *, const decQuad *, const decQuad *);
+
+  /* Copies */
+  extern decQuad * decQuadCanonical(decQuad *, const decQuad *);
+  extern decQuad * decQuadCopy(decQuad *, const decQuad *);
+  extern decQuad * decQuadCopyAbs(decQuad *, const decQuad *);
+  extern decQuad * decQuadCopyNegate(decQuad *, const decQuad *);
+  extern decQuad * decQuadCopySign(decQuad *, const decQuad *, const decQuad *);
+
+  /* Non-computational */
+  extern enum decClass decQuadClass(const decQuad *);
+  extern const char *  decQuadClassString(const decQuad *);
+  extern uint32_t      decQuadDigits(const decQuad *);
+  extern uint32_t      decQuadIsCanonical(const decQuad *);
+  extern uint32_t      decQuadIsFinite(const decQuad *);
+  extern uint32_t      decQuadIsInteger(const decQuad *);
+  extern uint32_t      decQuadIsInfinite(const decQuad *);
+  extern uint32_t      decQuadIsNaN(const decQuad *);
+  extern uint32_t      decQuadIsNormal(const decQuad *);
+  extern uint32_t      decQuadIsSignaling(const decQuad *);
+  extern uint32_t      decQuadIsSignalling(const decQuad *);
+  extern uint32_t      decQuadIsSigned(const decQuad *);
+  extern uint32_t      decQuadIsSubnormal(const decQuad *);
+  extern uint32_t      decQuadIsZero(const decQuad *);
+  extern uint32_t      decQuadRadix(const decQuad *);
+  extern uint32_t      decQuadSameQuantum(const decQuad *, const decQuad *);
+  extern const char *  decQuadVersion(void);
+
+  /* decNumber conversions; these are implemented as macros so as not  */
+  /* to force a dependency on decimal128 and decNumber in decQuad.     */
+  #define decQuadToNumber(dq, dn) decimal128ToNumber((decimal128 *)(dq), dn)
+  #define decQuadFromNumber(dq, dn, set) (decQuad *)decimal128FromNumber((decimal128 *)(dq), dn, set)
+
+#endif
diff --git a/libdecnumber/decQuadSymbols.h b/libdecnumber/decQuadSymbols.h
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000..5f614d40dc4
--- /dev/null
+++ b/libdecnumber/decQuadSymbols.h
@@ -0,0 +1,82 @@
+#if !defined(DECQUADSYMBOLS)
+#define DECQUADSYMBOLS
+
+#ifdef IN_LIBGCC2
+#define decQuadAbs __decQuadAbs
+#define decQuadAdd __decQuadAdd
+#define decQuadAnd __decQuadAnd
+#define decQuadCanonical __decQuadCanonical
+#define decQuadClass __decQuadClass
+#define decQuadClassString __decQuadClassString
+#define decQuadCompare __decQuadCompare
+#define decQuadCompareSignal __decQuadCompareSignal
+#define decQuadCompareTotal __decQuadCompareTotal
+#define decQuadCompareTotalMag __decQuadCompareTotalMag
+#define decQuadCopy __decQuadCopy
+#define decQuadCopyAbs __decQuadCopyAbs
+#define decQuadCopyNegate __decQuadCopyNegate
+#define decQuadCopySign __decQuadCopySign
+#define decQuadDigits __decQuadDigits
+#define decQuadDivide __decQuadDivide
+#define decQuadDivideInteger __decQuadDivideInteger
+#define decQuadFMA __decQuadFMA
+#define decQuadFromBCD __decQuadFromBCD
+#define decQuadFromInt32 __decQuadFromInt32
+#define decQuadFromPacked __decQuadFromPacked
+#define decQuadFromString __decQuadFromString
+#define decQuadFromUInt32 __decQuadFromUInt32
+#define decQuadGetCoefficient __decQuadGetCoefficient
+#define decQuadGetExponent __decQuadGetExponent
+#define decQuadInvert __decQuadInvert
+#define decQuadIsCanonical __decQuadIsCanonical
+#define decQuadIsFinite __decQuadIsFinite
+#define decQuadIsInfinite __decQuadIsInfinite
+#define decQuadIsInteger __decQuadIsInteger
+#define decQuadIsNaN __decQuadIsNaN
+#define decQuadIsNormal __decQuadIsNormal
+#define decQuadIsSignaling __decQuadIsSignaling
+#define decQuadIsSignalling __decQuadIsSignalling
+#define decQuadIsSigned __decQuadIsSigned
+#define decQuadIsSubnormal __decQuadIsSubnormal
+#define decQuadIsZero __decQuadIsZero
+#define decQuadLogB __decQuadLogB
+#define decQuadMax __decQuadMax
+#define decQuadMaxMag __decQuadMaxMag
+#define decQuadMin __decQuadMin
+#define decQuadMinMag __decQuadMinMag
+#define decQuadMinus __decQuadMinus
+#define decQuadMultiply __decQuadMultiply
+#define decQuadNextMinus __decQuadNextMinus
+#define decQuadNextPlus __decQuadNextPlus
+#define decQuadNextToward __decQuadNextToward
+#define decQuadOr __decQuadOr
+#define decQuadPlus __decQuadPlus
+#define decQuadQuantize __decQuadQuantize
+#define decQuadRadix __decQuadRadix
+#define decQuadReduce __decQuadReduce
+#define decQuadRemainder __decQuadRemainder
+#define decQuadRemainderNear __decQuadRemainderNear
+#define decQuadRotate __decQuadRotate
+#define decQuadSameQuantum __decQuadSameQuantum
+#define decQuadScaleB __decQuadScaleB
+#define decQuadSetCoefficient __decQuadSetCoefficient
+#define decQuadSetExponent __decQuadSetExponent
+#define decQuadShift __decQuadShift
+#define decQuadShow __decQuadShow
+#define decQuadSubtract __decQuadSubtract
+#define decQuadToBCD __decQuadToBCD
+#define decQuadToEngString __decQuadToEngString
+#define decQuadToInt32 __decQuadToInt32
+#define decQuadToInt32Exact __decQuadToInt32Exact
+#define decQuadToIntegralExact __decQuadToIntegralExact
+#define decQuadToIntegralValue __decQuadToIntegralValue
+#define decQuadToPacked __decQuadToPacked
+#define decQuadToString __decQuadToString
+#define decQuadToUInt32 __decQuadToUInt32
+#define decQuadToUInt32Exact __decQuadToUInt32Exact
+#define decQuadVersion __decQuadVersion
+#define decQuadXor __decQuadXor
+#define decQuadZero __decQuadZero
+#endif
+
+#endif
diff --git a/libdecnumber/decSingle.c b/libdecnumber/decSingle.c
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000..112395970fe
--- /dev/null
+++ b/libdecnumber/decSingle.c
@@ -0,0 +1,85 @@
+/* decSingle module for the decNumber C Library.
+   Copyright (C) 2007 Free Software Foundation, Inc.
+   Contributed by IBM Corporation.  Author Mike Cowlishaw.
+
+   This file is part of GCC.
+
+   GCC is free software; you can redistribute it and/or modify it under
+   the terms of the GNU General Public License as published by the Free
+   Software Foundation; either version 2, or (at your option) any later
+   version.
+
+   In addition to the permissions in the GNU General Public License,
+   the Free Software Foundation gives you unlimited permission to link
+   the compiled version of this file into combinations with other
+   programs, and to distribute those combinations without any
+   restriction coming from the use of this file.  (The General Public
+   License restrictions do apply in other respects; for example, they
+   cover modification of the file, and distribution when not linked
+   into a combine executable.)
+
+   GCC is distributed in the hope that it will be useful, but WITHOUT ANY
+   WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of MERCHANTABILITY or
+   FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE.  See the GNU General Public License
+   for more details.
+
+   You should have received a copy of the GNU General Public License
+   along with GCC; see the file COPYING.  If not, write to the Free
+   Software Foundation, 51 Franklin Street, Fifth Floor, Boston, MA
+   02110-1301, USA.  */
+
+/* ------------------------------------------------------------------ */
+/* decSingle.c -- decSingle operations module			      */
+/* ------------------------------------------------------------------ */
+/* This module comprises decSingle operations (including conversions) */
+/* ------------------------------------------------------------------ */
+
+#include "decContext.h"	      /* public includes */
+#include "decSingle.h"	      /* public includes */
+
+/* Constant mappings for shared code */
+#define DECPMAX	    DECSINGLE_Pmax
+#define DECEMIN	    DECSINGLE_Emin
+#define DECEMAX	    DECSINGLE_Emax
+#define DECEMAXD    DECSINGLE_EmaxD
+#define DECBYTES    DECSINGLE_Bytes
+#define DECSTRING   DECSINGLE_String
+#define DECECONL    DECSINGLE_EconL
+#define DECBIAS	    DECSINGLE_Bias
+#define DECLETS	    DECSINGLE_Declets
+#define DECQTINY    (-DECSINGLE_Bias)
+/* parameters of next-wider format */
+#define DECWBYTES   DECDOUBLE_Bytes
+#define DECWPMAX    DECDOUBLE_Pmax
+#define DECWECONL   DECDOUBLE_EconL
+#define DECWBIAS    DECDOUBLE_Bias
+
+/* Type and function mappings for shared code */
+#define decFloat		decSingle	  /* Type name */
+#define decFloatWider		decDouble	  /* Type name */
+
+/* Utility (binary results, extractors, etc.) */
+#define decFloatFromBCD		decSingleFromBCD
+#define decFloatFromPacked	decSingleFromPacked
+#define decFloatFromString	decSingleFromString
+#define decFloatFromWider	decSingleFromWider
+#define decFloatGetCoefficient	decSingleGetCoefficient
+#define decFloatGetExponent	decSingleGetExponent
+#define decFloatSetCoefficient	decSingleSetCoefficient
+#define decFloatSetExponent	decSingleSetExponent
+#define decFloatShow		decSingleShow
+#define decFloatToBCD		decSingleToBCD
+#define decFloatToEngString	decSingleToEngString
+#define decFloatToPacked	decSingleToPacked
+#define decFloatToString	decSingleToString
+#define decFloatToWider		decSingleToWider
+#define decFloatZero		decSingleZero
+
+/* Non-computational */
+#define decFloatRadix		decSingleRadix
+#define decFloatVersion		decSingleVersion
+
+#include "decNumberLocal.h"   /* local includes (need DECPMAX) */
+#include "decCommon.c"	      /* non-basic decFloat routines */
+/* [Do not include decBasic.c for decimal32] */
+
diff --git a/libdecnumber/decSingle.h b/libdecnumber/decSingle.h
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000..8dd1bd38ac0
--- /dev/null
+++ b/libdecnumber/decSingle.h
@@ -0,0 +1,101 @@
+/* decSingle module header for the decNumber C Library.
+   Copyright (C) 2005 Free Software Foundation, Inc.
+   Contributed by IBM Corporation.  Author Mike Cowlishaw.
+
+   This file is part of GCC.
+
+   GCC is free software; you can redistribute it and/or modify it under
+   the terms of the GNU General Public License as published by the Free
+   Software Foundation; either version 2, or (at your option) any later
+   version.
+
+   In addition to the permissions in the GNU General Public License,
+   the Free Software Foundation gives you unlimited permission to link
+   the compiled version of this file into combinations with other
+   programs, and to distribute those combinations without any
+   restriction coming from the use of this file.  (The General Public
+   License restrictions do apply in other respects; for example, they
+   cover modification of the file, and distribution when not linked
+   into a combine executable.)
+
+   GCC is distributed in the hope that it will be useful, but WITHOUT ANY
+   WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of MERCHANTABILITY or
+   FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE.  See the GNU General Public License
+   for more details.
+
+   You should have received a copy of the GNU General Public License
+   along with GCC; see the file COPYING.  If not, write to the Free
+   Software Foundation, 51 Franklin Street, Fifth Floor, Boston, MA
+   02110-1301, USA.  */
+
+/* ------------------------------------------------------------------ */
+/* decSingle.h -- Decimal 32-bit format module header		      */
+/* ------------------------------------------------------------------ */
+/* Please see decFloats.h for an overview and documentation details.  */
+/* ------------------------------------------------------------------ */
+
+#if !defined(DECSINGLE)
+  #define DECSINGLE
+
+  #define DECSINGLENAME	      "decSingle"	      /* Short name   */
+  #define DECSINGLETITLE      "Decimal 32-bit datum"  /* Verbose name */
+  #define DECSINGLEAUTHOR     "Mike Cowlishaw"	      /* Who to blame */
+
+  /* parameters for decSingles */
+  #define DECSINGLE_Bytes    4	   /* length			      */
+  #define DECSINGLE_Pmax     7	   /* maximum precision (digits)      */
+  #define DECSINGLE_Emin   -95	   /* minimum adjusted exponent	      */
+  #define DECSINGLE_Emax    96	   /* maximum adjusted exponent	      */
+  #define DECSINGLE_EmaxD    3	   /* maximum exponent digits	      */
+  #define DECSINGLE_Bias   101	   /* bias for the exponent	      */
+  #define DECSINGLE_String  16	   /* maximum string length, +1	      */
+  #define DECSINGLE_EconL    6	   /* exponent continuation length    */
+  #define DECSINGLE_Declets  2	   /* count of declets		      */
+  /* highest biased exponent (Elimit-1) */
+  #define DECSINGLE_Ehigh (DECSINGLE_Emax + DECSINGLE_Bias - (DECSINGLE_Pmax-1))
+
+  /* Required includes						      */
+  #include "decContext.h"
+  #include "decQuad.h"
+  #include "decDouble.h"
+
+  /* The decSingle decimal 32-bit type, accessible by bytes */
+  typedef struct {
+    uint8_t bytes[DECSINGLE_Bytes];	/* fields: 1, 5, 6, 20 bits */
+    } decSingle;
+
+  /* ---------------------------------------------------------------- */
+  /* Routines -- implemented as decFloat routines in common files     */
+  /* ---------------------------------------------------------------- */
+
+  #include "decSingleSymbols.h"
+
+  /* Utilities (binary argument(s) or result, extractors, etc.) */
+  extern decSingle * decSingleFromBCD(decSingle *, int32_t, const uint8_t *, int32_t);
+  extern decSingle * decSingleFromPacked(decSingle *, int32_t, const uint8_t *);
+  extern decSingle * decSingleFromString(decSingle *, const char *, decContext *);
+  extern decSingle * decSingleFromWider(decSingle *, const decDouble *, decContext *);
+  extern int32_t     decSingleGetCoefficient(const decSingle *, uint8_t *);
+  extern int32_t     decSingleGetExponent(const decSingle *);
+  extern decSingle * decSingleSetCoefficient(decSingle *, const uint8_t *, int32_t);
+  extern decSingle * decSingleSetExponent(decSingle *, decContext *, int32_t);
+  extern void	     decSingleShow(const decSingle *, const char *);
+  extern int32_t     decSingleToBCD(const decSingle *, int32_t *, uint8_t *);
+  extern char	   * decSingleToEngString(const decSingle *, char *);
+  extern int32_t     decSingleToPacked(const decSingle *, int32_t *, uint8_t *);
+  extern char	   * decSingleToString(const decSingle *, char *);
+  extern decDouble * decSingleToWider(const decSingle *, decDouble *);
+  extern decSingle * decSingleZero(decSingle *);
+
+  /* (No Arithmetic routines for decSingle) */
+
+  /* Non-computational */
+  extern uint32_t     decSingleRadix(const decSingle *);
+  extern const char * decSingleVersion(void);
+
+  /* decNumber conversions; these are implemented as macros so as not  */
+  /* to force a dependency on decimal32 and decNumber in decSingle.    */
+  #define decSingleToNumber(dq, dn) decimal32ToNumber((decimal32 *)(dq), dn)
+  #define decSingleFromNumber(dq, dn, set) (decSingle *)decimal32FromNumber((decimal32 *)(dq), dn, set)
+
+#endif
diff --git a/libdecnumber/decSingleSymbols.h b/libdecnumber/decSingleSymbols.h
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000..6eee0e5cbbc
--- /dev/null
+++ b/libdecnumber/decSingleSymbols.h
@@ -0,0 +1,24 @@
+#if !defined(DECSINGLESYMBOLS)
+#define DECSINGLESYMBOLS
+
+#ifdef IN_LIBGCC2
+#define decSingleFromBCD __decSingleFromBCD
+#define decSingleFromPacked __decSingleFromPacked
+#define decSingleFromString __decSingleFromString
+#define decSingleFromWider __decSingleFromWider
+#define decSingleGetCoefficient __decSingleGetCoefficient
+#define decSingleGetExponent __decSingleGetExponent
+#define decSingleRadix __decSingleRadix
+#define decSingleSetCoefficient __decSingleSetCoefficient
+#define decSingleSetExponent __decSingleSetExponent
+#define decSingleShow __decSingleShow
+#define decSingleToBCD __decSingleToBCD
+#define decSingleToEngString __decSingleToEngString
+#define decSingleToPacked __decSingleToPacked
+#define decSingleToString __decSingleToString
+#define decSingleToWider __decSingleToWider
+#define decSingleVersion __decSingleVersion
+#define decSingleZero __decSingleZero
+#endif
+
+#endif
diff --git a/libdecnumber/decUtility.c b/libdecnumber/decUtility.c
deleted file mode 100644
index 2cbed947ba7..00000000000
--- a/libdecnumber/decUtility.c
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,360 +0,0 @@
-/* Utility functions for decimal floating point support via decNumber.
-   Copyright (C) 2005 Free Software Foundation, Inc.
-   Contributed by IBM Corporation.  Author Mike Cowlishaw.
-
-   This file is part of GCC.
-
-   GCC is free software; you can redistribute it and/or modify it under
-   the terms of the GNU General Public License as published by the Free
-   Software Foundation; either version 2, or (at your option) any later
-   version.
-
-   In addition to the permissions in the GNU General Public License,
-   the Free Software Foundation gives you unlimited permission to link
-   the compiled version of this file into combinations with other
-   programs, and to distribute those combinations without any
-   restriction coming from the use of this file.  (The General Public
-   License restrictions do apply in other respects; for example, they
-   cover modification of the file, and distribution when not linked
-   into a combine executable.)
-
-   GCC is distributed in the hope that it will be useful, but WITHOUT ANY
-   WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of MERCHANTABILITY or
-   FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE.  See the GNU General Public License
-   for more details.
-
-   You should have received a copy of the GNU General Public License
-   along with GCC; see the file COPYING.  If not, write to the Free
-   Software Foundation, 51 Franklin Street, Fifth Floor, Boston, MA
-   02110-1301, USA.  */
-
-#include "config.h"
-#include "decNumber.h"          /* base number library */
-#include "decNumberLocal.h"     /* decNumber local types, etc. */
-#include "decUtility.h"         /* utility routines */
-
-/* ================================================================== */
-/* Shared utility routines                                            */
-/* ================================================================== */
-
-/* define and include the conversion tables to use */
-#define DEC_BIN2DPD 1		/* used for all sizes */
-#if DECDPUN==3
-#define DEC_DPD2BIN 1
-#else
-#define DEC_DPD2BCD 1
-#endif
-#include "decDPD.h"		/* lookup tables */
-
-/* The maximum number of decNumberUnits we need for a working copy of */
-/* the units array is the ceiling of digits/DECDPUN, where digits is */
-/* the maximum number of digits in any of the formats for which this */
-/* is used.  We do not want to include decimal128.h, so, as a very */
-/* special case, that number is defined here. */
-#define DECMAX754   34
-#define DECMAXUNITS ((DECMAX754+DECDPUN-1)/DECDPUN)
-
-/* ------------------------------------------------------------------ */
-/* decDensePackCoeff -- densely pack coefficient into DPD form        */
-/*                                                                    */
-/*   dn is the source number (assumed valid, max DECMAX754 digits)    */
-/*   bytes is the target's byte array                                 */
-/*   len is length of target format's byte array                      */
-/*   shift is the number of 0 digits to add on the right (normally 0) */
-/*                                                                    */
-/* The coefficient must be known small enough to fit, and is filled   */
-/* in from the right (least significant first).  Note that the full   */
-/* coefficient is copied, including the leading 'odd' digit.  This    */
-/* digit is retrieved and packed into the combination field by the    */
-/* caller.                                                            */
-/*                                                                    */
-/* shift is used for 'fold-down' padding.                             */
-/*                                                                    */
-/* No error is possible.                                              */
-/* ------------------------------------------------------------------ */
-void
-decDensePackCoeff (const decNumber * dn, uByte * bytes, Int len, Int shift)
-{
-  Int cut;			/* work */
-  Int n;			/* output bunch counter */
-  Int digits = dn->digits;	/* digit countdown */
-  uInt dpd;			/* densely packed decimal value */
-  uInt bin;			/* binary value 0-999 */
-  uByte *bout;			/* -> current output byte */
-  const Unit *inu = dn->lsu;	/* -> current input unit */
-  Unit uar[DECMAXUNITS];	/* working copy of units, iff shifted */
-#if DECDPUN!=3			/* not fast path */
-  Unit in;			/* current input unit */
-#endif
-
-  if (shift != 0)
-    {				/* shift towards most significant required */
-      /* shift the units array to the left by pad digits and copy */
-      /* [this code is a special case of decShiftToMost, which could */
-      /* be used instead if exposed and the array were copied first] */
-      Unit *target, *first;	/* work */
-      const Unit *source;	/* work */
-      uInt next = 0;		/* work */
-
-      source = dn->lsu + D2U (digits) - 1;	/* where msu comes from */
-      first = uar + D2U (digits + shift) - 1;	/* where msu will end up */
-      target = uar + D2U (digits) - 1 + D2U (shift);	/* where upper part of first cut goes */
-
-      cut = (DECDPUN - shift % DECDPUN) % DECDPUN;
-      for (; source >= dn->lsu; source--, target--)
-	{
-	  /* split the source Unit and accumulate remainder for next */
-	  uInt rem = *source % powers[cut];
-	  next += *source / powers[cut];
-	  if (target <= first)
-	    *target = (Unit) next;	/* write to target iff valid */
-	  next = rem * powers[DECDPUN - cut];	/* save remainder for next Unit */
-	}
-      /* propagate remainder to one below and clear the rest */
-      for (; target >= uar; target--)
-	{
-	  *target = (Unit) next;
-	  next = 0;
-	}
-      digits += shift;		/* add count (shift) of zeros added */
-      inu = uar;		/* use units in working array */
-    }
-
-  /* densely pack the coefficient into the byte array, starting from
-     the right (optionally padded) */
-  bout = &bytes[len - 1];	/* rightmost result byte for phase */
-
-#if DECDPUN!=3			/* not fast path */
-  in = *inu;			/* prime */
-  cut = 0;			/* at lowest digit */
-  bin = 0;			/* [keep compiler quiet] */
-#endif
-
-  for (n = 0; digits > 0; n++)
-    {				/* each output bunch */
-#if DECDPUN==3			/* fast path, 3-at-a-time */
-      bin = *inu;		/* 3 ready for convert */
-      digits -= 3;		/* [may go negative] */
-      inu++;			/* may need another */
-
-#else /* must collect digit-by-digit */
-      Unit dig;			/* current digit */
-      Int j;			/* digit-in-bunch count */
-      for (j = 0; j < 3; j++)
-	{
-#if DECDPUN<=4
-	  Unit temp = (Unit) ((uInt) (in * 6554) >> 16);
-	  dig = (Unit) (in - X10 (temp));
-	  in = temp;
-#else
-	  dig = in % 10;
-	  in = in / 10;
-#endif
-
-	  if (j == 0)
-	    bin = dig;
-	  else if (j == 1)
-	    bin += X10 (dig);
-	  else			/* j==2 */
-	    bin += X100 (dig);
-
-	  digits--;
-	  if (digits == 0)
-	    break;		/* [also protects *inu below] */
-	  cut++;
-	  if (cut == DECDPUN)
-	    {
-	      inu++;
-	      in = *inu;
-	      cut = 0;
-	    }
-	}
-#endif
-      /* here we have 3 digits in bin, or have used all input digits */
-
-      dpd = BIN2DPD[bin];
-
-      /* write bunch (bcd) to byte array */
-      switch (n & 0x03)
-	{			/* phase 0-3 */
-	case 0:
-	  *bout = (uByte) dpd;	/* [top 2 bits truncated] */
-	  bout--;
-	  *bout = (uByte) (dpd >> 8);
-	  break;
-	case 1:
-	  *bout |= (uByte) (dpd << 2);
-	  bout--;
-	  *bout = (uByte) (dpd >> 6);
-	  break;
-	case 2:
-	  *bout |= (uByte) (dpd << 4);
-	  bout--;
-	  *bout = (uByte) (dpd >> 4);
-	  break;
-	case 3:
-	  *bout |= (uByte) (dpd << 6);
-	  bout--;
-	  *bout = (uByte) (dpd >> 2);
-	  bout--;
-	  break;
-	}			/* switch */
-    }				/* n bunches */
-  return;
-}
-
-/* ------------------------------------------------------------------ */
-/* decDenseUnpackCoeff -- unpack a format's coefficient               */
-/*                                                                    */
-/*   byte is the source's byte array                                  */
-/*   len is length of the source's byte array                         */
-/*   dn is the target number, with 7, 16, or 34-digit space.          */
-/*   bunches is the count of DPD groups in the decNumber (2, 5, or 11)*/
-/*   odd is 1 if there is a non-zero leading 10-bit group containing  */
-/*     a single digit, 0 otherwise                                    */
-/*                                                                    */
-/* (This routine works on a copy of the number, if necessary, where   */
-/* an extra 10-bit group is prefixed to the coefficient continuation  */
-/* to hold the most significant digit if the latter is non-0.)        */
-/*                                                                    */
-/* dn->digits is set, but not the sign or exponent.                   */
-/* No error is possible [the redundant 888 codes are allowed].        */
-/* ------------------------------------------------------------------ */
-void
-decDenseUnpackCoeff (const uByte * bytes, Int len, decNumber * dn,
-		     Int bunches, Int odd)
-{
-  uInt dpd = 0;			/* collector for 10 bits */
-  Int n;			/* counter */
-  const uByte *bin;		/* -> current input byte */
-  Unit *uout = dn->lsu;		/* -> current output unit */
-  Unit out = 0;			/* accumulator */
-  Int cut = 0;			/* power of ten in current unit */
-  Unit *last = uout;		/* will be unit containing msd */
-#if DECDPUN!=3
-  uInt bcd;			/* BCD result */
-  uInt nibble;			/* work */
-#endif
-
-  /* Expand the densely-packed integer, right to left */
-  bin = &bytes[len - 1];	/* next input byte to use */
-  for (n = 0; n < bunches + odd; n++)
-    {				/* N bunches of 10 bits */
-      /* assemble the 10 bits */
-      switch (n & 0x03)
-	{			/* phase 0-3 */
-	case 0:
-	  dpd = *bin;
-	  bin--;
-	  dpd |= (*bin & 0x03) << 8;
-	  break;
-	case 1:
-	  dpd = (unsigned) *bin >> 2;
-	  bin--;
-	  dpd |= (*bin & 0x0F) << 6;
-	  break;
-	case 2:
-	  dpd = (unsigned) *bin >> 4;
-	  bin--;
-	  dpd |= (*bin & 0x3F) << 4;
-	  break;
-	case 3:
-	  dpd = (unsigned) *bin >> 6;
-	  bin--;
-	  dpd |= (*bin) << 2;
-	  bin--;
-	  break;
-	}			/*switch */
-
-#if DECDPUN==3
-      if (dpd == 0)
-	*uout = 0;
-      else
-	{
-	  *uout = DPD2BIN[dpd];	/* convert 10 bits to binary 0-999 */
-	  last = uout;		/* record most significant unit */
-	}
-      uout++;
-
-#else /* DECDPUN!=3 */
-      if (dpd == 0)
-	{			/* fastpath [e.g., leading zeros] */
-	  cut += 3;
-	  for (; cut >= DECDPUN;)
-	    {
-	      cut -= DECDPUN;
-	      *uout = out;
-	      uout++;
-	      out = 0;
-	    }
-	  continue;
-	}
-      bcd = DPD2BCD[dpd];	/* convert 10 bits to 12 bits BCD */
-      /* now split the 3 BCD nibbles into bytes, and accumulate into units */
-      /* If this is the last bunch and it is an odd one, we only have one */
-      /* nibble to handle [extras could overflow a Unit] */
-      nibble = bcd & 0x000f;
-      if (nibble)
-	{
-	  last = uout;
-	  out = (Unit) (out + nibble * powers[cut]);
-	}
-      cut++;
-      if (cut == DECDPUN)
-	{
-	  *uout = out;
-	  uout++;
-	  cut = 0;
-	  out = 0;
-	}
-      if (n < bunches)
-	{
-	  nibble = bcd & 0x00f0;
-	  if (nibble)
-	    {
-	      nibble >>= 4;
-	      last = uout;
-	      out = (Unit) (out + nibble * powers[cut]);
-	    }
-	  cut++;
-	  if (cut == DECDPUN)
-	    {
-	      *uout = out;
-	      uout++;
-	      cut = 0;
-	      out = 0;
-	    }
-	  nibble = bcd & 0x0f00;
-	  if (nibble)
-	    {
-	      nibble >>= 8;
-	      last = uout;
-	      out = (Unit) (out + nibble * powers[cut]);
-	    }
-	  cut++;
-	  if (cut == DECDPUN)
-	    {
-	      *uout = out;
-	      uout++;
-	      cut = 0;
-	      out = 0;
-	    }
-	}
-#endif
-    }				/* n */
-  if (cut != 0)
-    *uout = out;		/* write out final unit */
-
-  /* here, last points to the most significant unit with digits */
-  /* we need to inspect it to get final digits count */
-  dn->digits = (last - dn->lsu) * DECDPUN;	/* floor of digits */
-  for (cut = 0; cut < DECDPUN; cut++)
-    {
-      if (*last < powers[cut])
-	break;
-      dn->digits++;
-    }
-  if (dn->digits == 0)
-    dn->digits++;		/* zero has one digit */
-  return;
-}
diff --git a/libdecnumber/dpd/decimal128.c b/libdecnumber/dpd/decimal128.c
index 92b4f618eff..0e32ceb181c 100644
--- a/libdecnumber/dpd/decimal128.c
+++ b/libdecnumber/dpd/decimal128.c
@@ -1,5 +1,5 @@
-/* Decimal 128-bit format module from the decNumber C Library.
-   Copyright (C) 2005 Free Software Foundation, Inc.
+/* Decimal 128-bit format module for the decNumber C Library.
+   Copyright (C) 2005, 2007 Free Software Foundation, Inc.
    Contributed by IBM Corporation.  Author Mike Cowlishaw.
 
    This file is part of GCC.
@@ -29,26 +29,37 @@
    02110-1301, USA.  */
 
 /* ------------------------------------------------------------------ */
+/* Decimal 128-bit format module				      */
+/* ------------------------------------------------------------------ */
 /* This module comprises the routines for decimal128 format numbers.  */
-/* Conversions are supplied to and from decNumber and String.         */
-/*                                                                    */
-/* No arithmetic routines are included; decNumber provides these.     */
-/*                                                                    */
-/* Error handling is the same as decNumber (qv.).                     */
+/* Conversions are supplied to and from decNumber and String.	      */
+/*								      */
+/* This is used when decNumber provides operations, either for all    */
+/* operations or as a proxy between decNumber and decSingle.	      */
+/*								      */
+/* Error handling is the same as decNumber (qv.).		      */
 /* ------------------------------------------------------------------ */
-#include <string.h>		/* [for memset/memcpy] */
-#include <stdio.h>		/* [for printf] */
+#include <string.h>	      /* [for memset/memcpy] */
+#include <stdio.h>	      /* [for printf] */
+
+#include "config.h"	      /* GCC definitions */
+#define	 DECNUMDIGITS 34      /* make decNumbers with space for 34 */
+#include "decNumber.h"	      /* base number library */
+#include "decNumberLocal.h"   /* decNumber local types, etc. */
+#include "decimal128.h"	      /* our primary include */
 
-#define  DECNUMDIGITS 34	/* we need decNumbers with space for 34 */
-#include "config.h"
-#include "decNumber.h"		/* base number library */
-#include "decNumberLocal.h"	/* decNumber local types, etc. */
-#include "decimal128.h"		/* our primary include */
-#include "decUtility.h"		/* utility routines */
+/* Utility routines and tables [in decimal64.c] */
+extern const uInt   COMBEXP[32], COMBMSD[32];
+extern const uShort DPD2BIN[1024];
+extern const uShort BIN2DPD[1000];	/* [not used] */
+extern const uByte  BIN2CHAR[4001];
+
+extern void decDigitsFromDPD(decNumber *, const uInt *, Int);
+extern void decDigitsToDPD(const decNumber *, uInt *, Int);
 
 #if DECTRACE || DECCHECK
-void decimal128Show (const decimal128 *);	/* for debug */
-void decNumberShow (const decNumber *);	/* .. */
+void decimal128Show(const decimal128 *);	  /* for debug */
+extern void decNumberShow(const decNumber *);	  /* .. */
 #endif
 
 /* Useful macro */
@@ -56,292 +67,500 @@ void decNumberShow (const decNumber *);	/* .. */
 #define DEC_clear(d) memset(d, 0, sizeof(*d))
 
 /* ------------------------------------------------------------------ */
-/* decimal128FromNumber -- convert decNumber to decimal128            */
-/*                                                                    */
-/*   ds is the target decimal128                                      */
-/*   dn is the source number (assumed valid)                          */
-/*   set is the context, used only for reporting errors               */
-/*                                                                    */
+/* decimal128FromNumber -- convert decNumber to decimal128	      */
+/*								      */
+/*   ds is the target decimal128				      */
+/*   dn is the source number (assumed valid)			      */
+/*   set is the context, used only for reporting errors		      */
+/*								      */
 /* The set argument is used only for status reporting and for the     */
 /* rounding mode (used if the coefficient is more than DECIMAL128_Pmax*/
-/* digits or an overflow is detected).  If the exponent is out of the */
-/* valid range then Overflow or Underflow will be raised.             */
-/* After Underflow a subnormal result is possible.                    */
-/*                                                                    */
+/* digits or an overflow is detected).	If the exponent is out of the */
+/* valid range then Overflow or Underflow will be raised.	      */
+/* After Underflow a subnormal result is possible.		      */
+/*								      */
 /* DEC_Clamped is set if the number has to be 'folded down' to fit,   */
 /* by reducing its exponent and multiplying the coefficient by a      */
 /* power of ten, or if the exponent on a zero had to be clamped.      */
 /* ------------------------------------------------------------------ */
-decimal128 *
-decimal128FromNumber (decimal128 * d128, const decNumber * dn, decContext * set)
-{
-  uInt status = 0;		/* status accumulator */
-  Int pad = 0;			/* coefficient pad digits */
-  decNumber dw;			/* work */
-  decContext dc;		/* .. */
-  uByte isneg = dn->bits & DECNEG;	/* non-0 if original sign set */
-  uInt comb, exp;		/* work */
-
-  /* If the number is finite, and has too many digits, or the exponent */
-  /* could be out of range then we reduce the number under the */
-  /* appropriate constraints */
-  if (!(dn->bits & DECSPECIAL))
-    {				/* not a special value */
-      Int ae = dn->exponent + dn->digits - 1;	/* adjusted exponent */
-      if (dn->digits > DECIMAL128_Pmax	/* too many digits */
-	  || ae > DECIMAL128_Emax	/* likely overflow */
-	  || ae < DECIMAL128_Emin)
-	{			/* likely underflow */
-	  decContextDefault (&dc, DEC_INIT_DECIMAL128);	/* [no traps] */
-	  dc.round = set->round;	/* use supplied rounding */
-	  decNumberPlus (&dw, dn, &dc);	/* (round and check) */
-	  /* [this changes -0 to 0, but it will be restored below] */
-	  status |= dc.status;	/* save status */
-	  dn = &dw;		/* use the work number */
-	}
-      /* [this could have pushed number to Infinity or zero, so this */
-      /* rounding must be done before we generate the decimal128] */
-    }
+decimal128 * decimal128FromNumber(decimal128 *d128, const decNumber *dn,
+				  decContext *set) {
+  uInt status=0;		   /* status accumulator */
+  Int ae;			   /* adjusted exponent */
+  decNumber  dw;		   /* work */
+  decContext dc;		   /* .. */
+  uInt *pu;			   /* .. */
+  uInt comb, exp;		   /* .. */
+  uInt targar[4]={0,0,0,0};	   /* target 128-bit */
+  #define targhi targar[3]	   /* name the word with the sign */
+  #define targmh targar[2]	   /* name the words */
+  #define targml targar[1]	   /* .. */
+  #define targlo targar[0]	   /* .. */
+
+  /* If the number has too many digits, or the exponent could be */
+  /* out of range then reduce the number under the appropriate */
+  /* constraints.  This could push the number to Infinity or zero, */
+  /* so this check and rounding must be done before generating the */
+  /* decimal128] */
+  ae=dn->exponent+dn->digits-1;		     /* [0 if special] */
+  if (dn->digits>DECIMAL128_Pmax	     /* too many digits */
+   || ae>DECIMAL128_Emax		     /* likely overflow */
+   || ae<DECIMAL128_Emin) {		     /* likely underflow */
+    decContextDefault(&dc, DEC_INIT_DECIMAL128); /* [no traps] */
+    dc.round=set->round;		     /* use supplied rounding */
+    decNumberPlus(&dw, dn, &dc);	     /* (round and check) */
+    /* [this changes -0 to 0, so enforce the sign...] */
+    dw.bits|=dn->bits&DECNEG;
+    status=dc.status;			     /* save status */
+    dn=&dw;				     /* use the work number */
+    } /* maybe out of range */
 
-  DEC_clear (d128);		/* clean the target */
-  if (dn->bits & DECSPECIAL)
-    {				/* a special value */
-      uByte top;		/* work */
-      if (dn->bits & DECINF)
-	top = DECIMAL_Inf;
-      else
-	{			/* sNaN or qNaN */
-	  if ((*dn->lsu != 0 || dn->digits > 1)	/* non-zero coefficient */
-	      && (dn->digits < DECIMAL128_Pmax))
-	    {			/* coefficient fits */
-	      decDensePackCoeff (dn, d128->bytes, sizeof (d128->bytes), 0);
-	    }
-	  if (dn->bits & DECNAN)
-	    top = DECIMAL_NaN;
-	  else
-	    top = DECIMAL_sNaN;
+  if (dn->bits&DECSPECIAL) {			  /* a special value */
+    if (dn->bits&DECINF) targhi=DECIMAL_Inf<<24;
+     else {					  /* sNaN or qNaN */
+      if ((*dn->lsu!=0 || dn->digits>1)		  /* non-zero coefficient */
+       && (dn->digits<DECIMAL128_Pmax)) {	  /* coefficient fits */
+	decDigitsToDPD(dn, targar, 0);
 	}
-      d128->bytes[0] = top;
-    }
-  else if (decNumberIsZero (dn))
-    {				/* a zero */
+      if (dn->bits&DECNAN) targhi|=DECIMAL_NaN<<24;
+       else targhi|=DECIMAL_sNaN<<24;
+      } /* a NaN */
+    } /* special */
+
+   else { /* is finite */
+    if (decNumberIsZero(dn)) {		     /* is a zero */
       /* set and clamp exponent */
-      if (dn->exponent < -DECIMAL128_Bias)
-	{
-	  exp = 0;
-	  status |= DEC_Clamped;
+      if (dn->exponent<-DECIMAL128_Bias) {
+	exp=0;				     /* low clamp */
+	status|=DEC_Clamped;
 	}
-      else
-	{
-	  exp = dn->exponent + DECIMAL128_Bias;	/* bias exponent */
-	  if (exp > DECIMAL128_Ehigh)
-	    {			/* top clamp */
-	      exp = DECIMAL128_Ehigh;
-	      status |= DEC_Clamped;
-	    }
-	}
-      comb = (exp >> 9) & 0x18;	/* combination field */
-      d128->bytes[0] = (uByte) (comb << 2);
-      exp &= 0xfff;		/* remaining exponent bits */
-      decimal128SetExpCon (d128, exp);
-    }
-  else
-    {				/* non-zero finite number */
-      uInt msd;			/* work */
-
-      /* we have a dn that fits, but it may need to be padded */
-      exp = (uInt) (dn->exponent + DECIMAL128_Bias);	/* bias exponent */
-
-      if (exp > DECIMAL128_Ehigh)
-	{			/* fold-down case */
-	  pad = exp - DECIMAL128_Ehigh;
-	  exp = DECIMAL128_Ehigh;	/* [to maximum] */
-	  status |= DEC_Clamped;
+       else {
+	exp=dn->exponent+DECIMAL128_Bias;    /* bias exponent */
+	if (exp>DECIMAL128_Ehigh) {	     /* top clamp */
+	  exp=DECIMAL128_Ehigh;
+	  status|=DEC_Clamped;
+	  }
 	}
+      comb=(exp>>9) & 0x18;		/* msd=0, exp top 2 bits .. */
+      }
+     else {				/* non-zero finite number */
+      uInt msd;				/* work */
+      Int pad=0;			/* coefficient pad digits */
 
-      decDensePackCoeff (dn, d128->bytes, sizeof (d128->bytes), pad);
+      /* the dn is known to fit, but it may need to be padded */
+      exp=(uInt)(dn->exponent+DECIMAL128_Bias);	   /* bias exponent */
+      if (exp>DECIMAL128_Ehigh) {		   /* fold-down case */
+	pad=exp-DECIMAL128_Ehigh;
+	exp=DECIMAL128_Ehigh;			   /* [to maximum] */
+	status|=DEC_Clamped;
+	}
 
+      /* [fastpath for common case is not a win, here] */
+      decDigitsToDPD(dn, targar, pad);
       /* save and clear the top digit */
-      msd = ((unsigned) d128->bytes[1] << 2) & 0x0c;	/* top 2 bits */
-      msd |= ((unsigned) d128->bytes[2] >> 6);	/* low 2 bits */
-      d128->bytes[1] &= 0xfc;
-      d128->bytes[2] &= 0x3f;
+      msd=targhi>>14;
+      targhi&=0x00003fff;
 
       /* create the combination field */
-      if (msd >= 8)
-	comb = 0x18 | (msd & 0x01) | ((exp >> 11) & 0x06);
-      else
-	comb = (msd & 0x07) | ((exp >> 9) & 0x18);
-      d128->bytes[0] = (uByte) (comb << 2);
-      exp &= 0xfff;		/* remaining exponent bits */
-      decimal128SetExpCon (d128, exp);
-    }
+      if (msd>=8) comb=0x18 | ((exp>>11) & 0x06) | (msd & 0x01);
+	     else comb=((exp>>9) & 0x18) | msd;
+      }
+    targhi|=comb<<26;		   /* add combination field .. */
+    targhi|=(exp&0xfff)<<14;	   /* .. and exponent continuation */
+    } /* finite */
 
-  if (isneg)
-    decimal128SetSign (d128, 1);
-  if (status != 0)
-    decContextSetStatus (set, status);	/* pass on status */
+  if (dn->bits&DECNEG) targhi|=0x80000000; /* add sign bit */
 
+  /* now write to storage; this is endian */
+  pu=(uInt *)d128->bytes;	   /* overlay */
+  if (DECLITEND) {
+    pu[0]=targlo;		   /* directly store the low int */
+    pu[1]=targml;		   /* then the mid-low */
+    pu[2]=targmh;		   /* then the mid-high */
+    pu[3]=targhi;		   /* then the high int */
+    }
+   else {
+    pu[0]=targhi;		   /* directly store the high int */
+    pu[1]=targmh;		   /* then the mid-high */
+    pu[2]=targml;		   /* then the mid-low */
+    pu[3]=targlo;		   /* then the low int */
+    }
+
+  if (status!=0) decContextSetStatus(set, status); /* pass on status */
   /* decimal128Show(d128); */
   return d128;
-}
+  } /* decimal128FromNumber */
 
 /* ------------------------------------------------------------------ */
-/* decimal128ToNumber -- convert decimal128 to decNumber              */
-/*   d128 is the source decimal128                                    */
-/*   dn is the target number, with appropriate space                  */
-/* No error is possible.                                              */
+/* decimal128ToNumber -- convert decimal128 to decNumber	      */
+/*   d128 is the source decimal128				      */
+/*   dn is the target number, with appropriate space		      */
+/* No error is possible.					      */
 /* ------------------------------------------------------------------ */
-decNumber *
-decimal128ToNumber (const decimal128 * d128, decNumber * dn)
-{
-  uInt msd;			/* coefficient MSD */
-  decimal128 wk;		/* working copy, if needed */
-  uInt top = d128->bytes[0] & 0x7f;	/* top byte, less sign bit */
-  decNumberZero (dn);		/* clean target */
-  /* set the sign if negative */
-  if (decimal128Sign (d128))
-    dn->bits = DECNEG;
-
-  if (top >= 0x78)
-    {				/* is a special */
-      if ((top & 0x7c) == (DECIMAL_Inf & 0x7c))
-	dn->bits |= DECINF;
-      else if ((top & 0x7e) == (DECIMAL_NaN & 0x7e))
-	dn->bits |= DECNAN;
-      else
-	dn->bits |= DECSNAN;
-      msd = 0;			/* no top digit */
+decNumber * decimal128ToNumber(const decimal128 *d128, decNumber *dn) {
+  uInt msd;			   /* coefficient MSD */
+  uInt exp;			   /* exponent top two bits */
+  uInt comb;			   /* combination field */
+  const uInt *pu;		   /* work */
+  Int  need;			   /* .. */
+  uInt sourar[4];		   /* source 128-bit */
+  #define sourhi sourar[3]	   /* name the word with the sign */
+  #define sourmh sourar[2]	   /* and the mid-high word */
+  #define sourml sourar[1]	   /* and the mod-low word */
+  #define sourlo sourar[0]	   /* and the lowest word */
+
+  /* load source from storage; this is endian */
+  pu=(const uInt *)d128->bytes;	   /* overlay */
+  if (DECLITEND) {
+    sourlo=pu[0];		   /* directly load the low int */
+    sourml=pu[1];		   /* then the mid-low */
+    sourmh=pu[2];		   /* then the mid-high */
+    sourhi=pu[3];		   /* then the high int */
     }
-  else
-    {				/* have a finite number */
-      uInt comb = top >> 2;	/* combination field */
-      uInt exp;			/* exponent */
-
-      if (comb >= 0x18)
-	{
-	  msd = 8 + (comb & 0x01);
-	  exp = (comb & 0x06) << 11;	/* MSBs */
-	}
-      else
-	{
-	  msd = comb & 0x07;
-	  exp = (comb & 0x18) << 9;
-	}
-      dn->exponent = exp + decimal128ExpCon (d128) - DECIMAL128_Bias;	/* remove bias */
+   else {
+    sourhi=pu[0];		   /* directly load the high int */
+    sourmh=pu[1];		   /* then the mid-high */
+    sourml=pu[2];		   /* then the mid-low */
+    sourlo=pu[3];		   /* then the low int */
     }
 
-  /* get the coefficient, unless infinite */
-  if (!(dn->bits & DECINF))
-    {
-      Int bunches = DECIMAL128_Pmax / 3;	/* coefficient full bunches to convert */
-      Int odd = 0;		/* assume MSD is 0 (no odd bunch) */
-      if (msd != 0)
-	{			/* coefficient has leading non-0 digit */
-	  /* make a copy of the decimal128, with an extra bunch which has */
-	  /* the top digit ready for conversion */
-	  wk = *d128;		/* take a copy */
-	  wk.bytes[0] = 0;	/* clear all but coecon */
-	  wk.bytes[1] = 0;	/* .. */
-	  wk.bytes[2] &= 0x3f;	/* .. */
-	  wk.bytes[1] |= (msd >> 2);	/* and prefix MSD */
-	  wk.bytes[2] |= (msd << 6);	/* .. */
-	  odd++;		/* indicate the extra */
-	  d128 = &wk;		/* use the work copy */
-	}
-      decDenseUnpackCoeff (d128->bytes, sizeof (d128->bytes), dn, bunches,
-			   odd);
+  comb=(sourhi>>26)&0x1f;	   /* combination field */
+
+  decNumberZero(dn);		   /* clean number */
+  if (sourhi&0x80000000) dn->bits=DECNEG; /* set sign if negative */
+
+  msd=COMBMSD[comb];		   /* decode the combination field */
+  exp=COMBEXP[comb];		   /* .. */
+
+  if (exp==3) {			   /* is a special */
+    if (msd==0) {
+      dn->bits|=DECINF;
+      return dn;		   /* no coefficient needed */
+      }
+    else if (sourhi&0x02000000) dn->bits|=DECSNAN;
+    else dn->bits|=DECNAN;
+    msd=0;			   /* no top digit */
+    }
+   else {			   /* is a finite number */
+    dn->exponent=(exp<<12)+((sourhi>>14)&0xfff)-DECIMAL128_Bias; /* unbiased */
     }
 
+  /* get the coefficient */
+  sourhi&=0x00003fff;		   /* clean coefficient continuation */
+  if (msd) {			   /* non-zero msd */
+    sourhi|=msd<<14;		   /* prefix to coefficient */
+    need=12;			   /* process 12 declets */
+    }
+   else { /* msd=0 */
+    if (sourhi) need=11;	   /* declets to process */
+     else if (sourmh) need=10;
+     else if (sourml) need=7;
+     else if (sourlo) need=4;
+     else return dn;		   /* easy: coefficient is 0 */
+    } /*msd=0 */
+
+  decDigitsFromDPD(dn, sourar, need);	/* process declets */
   /* decNumberShow(dn); */
   return dn;
-}
+  } /* decimal128ToNumber */
 
 /* ------------------------------------------------------------------ */
-/* to-scientific-string -- conversion to numeric string               */
-/* to-engineering-string -- conversion to numeric string              */
-/*                                                                    */
-/*   decimal128ToString(d128, string);                                */
-/*   decimal128ToEngString(d128, string);                             */
-/*                                                                    */
-/*  d128 is the decimal128 format number to convert                   */
-/*  string is the string where the result will be laid out            */
-/*                                                                    */
-/*  string must be at least 24 characters                             */
-/*                                                                    */
-/*  No error is possible, and no status can be set.                   */
+/* to-scientific-string -- conversion to numeric string		      */
+/* to-engineering-string -- conversion to numeric string	      */
+/*								      */
+/*   decimal128ToString(d128, string);				      */
+/*   decimal128ToEngString(d128, string);			      */
+/*								      */
+/*  d128 is the decimal128 format number to convert		      */
+/*  string is the string where the result will be laid out	      */
+/*								      */
+/*  string must be at least 24 characters			      */
+/*								      */
+/*  No error is possible, and no status can be set.		      */
 /* ------------------------------------------------------------------ */
-char *
-decimal128ToString (const decimal128 * d128, char *string)
-{
-  decNumber dn;			/* work */
-  decimal128ToNumber (d128, &dn);
-  decNumberToString (&dn, string);
+char * decimal128ToEngString(const decimal128 *d128, char *string){
+  decNumber dn;				/* work */
+  decimal128ToNumber(d128, &dn);
+  decNumberToEngString(&dn, string);
   return string;
-}
-
-char *
-decimal128ToEngString (const decimal128 * d128, char *string)
-{
-  decNumber dn;			/* work */
-  decimal128ToNumber (d128, &dn);
-  decNumberToEngString (&dn, string);
+  } /* decimal128ToEngString */
+
+char * decimal128ToString(const decimal128 *d128, char *string){
+  uInt msd;			   /* coefficient MSD */
+  Int  exp;			   /* exponent top two bits or full */
+  uInt comb;			   /* combination field */
+  char *cstart;			   /* coefficient start */
+  char *c;			   /* output pointer in string */
+  const uInt *pu;		   /* work */
+  char *s, *t;			   /* .. (source, target) */
+  Int  dpd;			   /* .. */
+  Int  pre, e;			   /* .. */
+  const uByte *u;		   /* .. */
+
+  uInt sourar[4];		   /* source 128-bit */
+  #define sourhi sourar[3]	   /* name the word with the sign */
+  #define sourmh sourar[2]	   /* and the mid-high word */
+  #define sourml sourar[1]	   /* and the mod-low word */
+  #define sourlo sourar[0]	   /* and the lowest word */
+
+  /* load source from storage; this is endian */
+  pu=(const uInt *)d128->bytes;	   /* overlay */
+  if (DECLITEND) {
+    sourlo=pu[0];		   /* directly load the low int */
+    sourml=pu[1];		   /* then the mid-low */
+    sourmh=pu[2];		   /* then the mid-high */
+    sourhi=pu[3];		   /* then the high int */
+    }
+   else {
+    sourhi=pu[0];		   /* directly load the high int */
+    sourmh=pu[1];		   /* then the mid-high */
+    sourml=pu[2];		   /* then the mid-low */
+    sourlo=pu[3];		   /* then the low int */
+    }
+
+  c=string;			   /* where result will go */
+  if (((Int)sourhi)<0) *c++='-';   /* handle sign */
+
+  comb=(sourhi>>26)&0x1f;	   /* combination field */
+  msd=COMBMSD[comb];		   /* decode the combination field */
+  exp=COMBEXP[comb];		   /* .. */
+
+  if (exp==3) {
+    if (msd==0) {		   /* infinity */
+      strcpy(c,	  "Inf");
+      strcpy(c+3, "inity");
+      return string;		   /* easy */
+      }
+    if (sourhi&0x02000000) *c++='s'; /* sNaN */
+    strcpy(c, "NaN");		   /* complete word */
+    c+=3;			   /* step past */
+    if (sourlo==0 && sourml==0 && sourmh==0
+     && (sourhi&0x0003ffff)==0) return string; /* zero payload */
+    /* otherwise drop through to add integer; set correct exp */
+    exp=0; msd=0;		   /* setup for following code */
+    }
+   else exp=(exp<<12)+((sourhi>>14)&0xfff)-DECIMAL128_Bias; /* unbiased */
+
+  /* convert 34 digits of significand to characters */
+  cstart=c;			   /* save start of coefficient */
+  if (msd) *c++='0'+(char)msd;	   /* non-zero most significant digit */
+
+  /* Now decode the declets.  After extracting each one, it is */
+  /* decoded to binary and then to a 4-char sequence by table lookup; */
+  /* the 4-chars are a 1-char length (significant digits, except 000 */
+  /* has length 0).  This allows us to left-align the first declet */
+  /* with non-zero content, then remaining ones are full 3-char */
+  /* length.  We use fixed-length memcpys because variable-length */
+  /* causes a subroutine call in GCC.  (These are length 4 for speed */
+  /* and are safe because the array has an extra terminator byte.) */
+  #define dpd2char u=&BIN2CHAR[DPD2BIN[dpd]*4];			  \
+		   if (c!=cstart) {memcpy(c, u+1, 4); c+=3;}	  \
+		    else if (*u)  {memcpy(c, u+4-*u, 4); c+=*u;}
+  dpd=(sourhi>>4)&0x3ff;		     /* declet 1 */
+  dpd2char;
+  dpd=((sourhi&0xf)<<6) | (sourmh>>26);	     /* declet 2 */
+  dpd2char;
+  dpd=(sourmh>>16)&0x3ff;		     /* declet 3 */
+  dpd2char;
+  dpd=(sourmh>>6)&0x3ff;		     /* declet 4 */
+  dpd2char;
+  dpd=((sourmh&0x3f)<<4) | (sourml>>28);     /* declet 5 */
+  dpd2char;
+  dpd=(sourml>>18)&0x3ff;		     /* declet 6 */
+  dpd2char;
+  dpd=(sourml>>8)&0x3ff;		     /* declet 7 */
+  dpd2char;
+  dpd=((sourml&0xff)<<2) | (sourlo>>30);     /* declet 8 */
+  dpd2char;
+  dpd=(sourlo>>20)&0x3ff;		     /* declet 9 */
+  dpd2char;
+  dpd=(sourlo>>10)&0x3ff;		     /* declet 10 */
+  dpd2char;
+  dpd=(sourlo)&0x3ff;			     /* declet 11 */
+  dpd2char;
+
+  if (c==cstart) *c++='0';	   /* all zeros -- make 0 */
+
+  if (exp==0) {			   /* integer or NaN case -- easy */
+    *c='\0';			   /* terminate */
+    return string;
+    }
+
+  /* non-0 exponent */
+  e=0;				   /* assume no E */
+  pre=c-cstart+exp;
+  /* [here, pre-exp is the digits count (==1 for zero)] */
+  if (exp>0 || pre<-5) {	   /* need exponential form */
+    e=pre-1;			   /* calculate E value */
+    pre=1;			   /* assume one digit before '.' */
+    } /* exponential form */
+
+  /* modify the coefficient, adding 0s, '.', and E+nn as needed */
+  s=c-1;			   /* source (LSD) */
+  if (pre>0) {			   /* ddd.ddd (plain), perhaps with E */
+    char *dotat=cstart+pre;
+    if (dotat<c) {		   /* if embedded dot needed... */
+      t=c;				/* target */
+      for (; s>=dotat; s--, t--) *t=*s; /* open the gap; leave t at gap */
+      *t='.';				/* insert the dot */
+      c++;				/* length increased by one */
+      }
+
+    /* finally add the E-part, if needed; it will never be 0, and has */
+    /* a maximum length of 4 digits */
+    if (e!=0) {
+      *c++='E';			   /* starts with E */
+      *c++='+';			   /* assume positive */
+      if (e<0) {
+	*(c-1)='-';		   /* oops, need '-' */
+	e=-e;			   /* uInt, please */
+	}
+      if (e<1000) {		   /* 3 (or fewer) digits case */
+	u=&BIN2CHAR[e*4];	   /* -> length byte */
+	memcpy(c, u+4-*u, 4);	   /* copy fixed 4 characters [is safe] */
+	c+=*u;			   /* bump pointer appropriately */
+	}
+       else {			   /* 4-digits */
+	Int thou=((e>>3)*1049)>>17; /* e/1000 */
+	Int rem=e-(1000*thou);	    /* e%1000 */
+	*c++='0'+(char)thou;
+	u=&BIN2CHAR[rem*4];	   /* -> length byte */
+	memcpy(c, u+1, 4);	   /* copy fixed 3+1 characters [is safe] */
+	c+=3;			   /* bump pointer, always 3 digits */
+	}
+      }
+    *c='\0';			   /* add terminator */
+    /*printf("res %s\n", string); */
+    return string;
+    } /* pre>0 */
+
+  /* -5<=pre<=0: here for plain 0.ddd or 0.000ddd forms (can never have E) */
+  t=c+1-pre;
+  *(t+1)='\0';				/* can add terminator now */
+  for (; s>=cstart; s--, t--) *t=*s;	/* shift whole coefficient right */
+  c=cstart;
+  *c++='0';				/* always starts with 0. */
+  *c++='.';
+  for (; pre<0; pre++) *c++='0';	/* add any 0's after '.' */
+  /*printf("res %s\n", string); */
   return string;
-}
+  } /* decimal128ToString */
 
 /* ------------------------------------------------------------------ */
-/* to-number -- conversion from numeric string                        */
-/*                                                                    */
-/*   decimal128FromString(result, string, set);                       */
-/*                                                                    */
+/* to-number -- conversion from numeric string			      */
+/*								      */
+/*   decimal128FromString(result, string, set);			      */
+/*								      */
 /*  result  is the decimal128 format number which gets the result of  */
-/*          the conversion                                            */
+/*	    the conversion					      */
 /*  *string is the character string which should contain a valid      */
-/*          number (which may be a special value)                     */
-/*  set     is the context                                            */
-/*                                                                    */
+/*	    number (which may be a special value)		      */
+/*  set	    is the context					      */
+/*								      */
 /* The context is supplied to this routine is used for error handling */
 /* (setting of status and traps) and for the rounding mode, only.     */
 /* If an error occurs, the result will be a valid decimal128 NaN.     */
 /* ------------------------------------------------------------------ */
-decimal128 *
-decimal128FromString (decimal128 * result, const char *string, decContext * set)
-{
-  decContext dc;		/* work */
-  decNumber dn;			/* .. */
-
-  decContextDefault (&dc, DEC_INIT_DECIMAL128);	/* no traps, please */
-  dc.round = set->round;	/* use supplied rounding */
-
-  decNumberFromString (&dn, string, &dc);	/* will round if needed */
-  decimal128FromNumber (result, &dn, &dc);
-  if (dc.status != 0)
-    {				/* something happened */
-      decContextSetStatus (set, dc.status);	/* .. pass it on */
+decimal128 * decimal128FromString(decimal128 *result, const char *string,
+				  decContext *set) {
+  decContext dc;			     /* work */
+  decNumber dn;				     /* .. */
+
+  decContextDefault(&dc, DEC_INIT_DECIMAL128); /* no traps, please */
+  dc.round=set->round;			       /* use supplied rounding */
+
+  decNumberFromString(&dn, string, &dc);     /* will round if needed */
+  decimal128FromNumber(result, &dn, &dc);
+  if (dc.status!=0) {			     /* something happened */
+    decContextSetStatus(set, dc.status);     /* .. pass it on */
     }
   return result;
-}
+  } /* decimal128FromString */
+
+/* ------------------------------------------------------------------ */
+/* decimal128IsCanonical -- test whether encoding is canonical	      */
+/*   d128 is the source decimal128				      */
+/*   returns 1 if the encoding of d128 is canonical, 0 otherwise      */
+/* No error is possible.					      */
+/* ------------------------------------------------------------------ */
+uint32_t decimal128IsCanonical(const decimal128 *d128) {
+  decNumber dn;				/* work */
+  decimal128 canon;			 /* .. */
+  decContext dc;			/* .. */
+  decContextDefault(&dc, DEC_INIT_DECIMAL128);
+  decimal128ToNumber(d128, &dn);
+  decimal128FromNumber(&canon, &dn, &dc);/* canon will now be canonical */
+  return memcmp(d128, &canon, DECIMAL128_Bytes)==0;
+  } /* decimal128IsCanonical */
 
+/* ------------------------------------------------------------------ */
+/* decimal128Canonical -- copy an encoding, ensuring it is canonical  */
+/*   d128 is the source decimal128				      */
+/*   result is the target (may be the same decimal128)		      */
+/*   returns result						      */
+/* No error is possible.					      */
+/* ------------------------------------------------------------------ */
+decimal128 * decimal128Canonical(decimal128 *result, const decimal128 *d128) {
+  decNumber dn;				/* work */
+  decContext dc;			/* .. */
+  decContextDefault(&dc, DEC_INIT_DECIMAL128);
+  decimal128ToNumber(d128, &dn);
+  decimal128FromNumber(result, &dn, &dc);/* result will now be canonical */
+  return result;
+  } /* decimal128Canonical */
 
 #if DECTRACE || DECCHECK
+/* Macros for accessing decimal128 fields.  These assume the argument
+   is a reference (pointer) to the decimal128 structure, and the
+   decimal128 is in network byte order (big-endian) */
+/* Get sign */
+#define decimal128Sign(d)	((unsigned)(d)->bytes[0]>>7)
+
+/* Get combination field */
+#define decimal128Comb(d)	(((d)->bytes[0] & 0x7c)>>2)
+
+/* Get exponent continuation [does not remove bias] */
+#define decimal128ExpCon(d)	((((d)->bytes[0] & 0x03)<<10)	      \
+			      | ((unsigned)(d)->bytes[1]<<2)	      \
+			      | ((unsigned)(d)->bytes[2]>>6))
+
+/* Set sign [this assumes sign previously 0] */
+#define decimal128SetSign(d, b) {				      \
+  (d)->bytes[0]|=((unsigned)(b)<<7);}
+
+/* Set exponent continuation [does not apply bias] */
+/* This assumes range has been checked and exponent previously 0; */
+/* type of exponent must be unsigned */
+#define decimal128SetExpCon(d, e) {				      \
+  (d)->bytes[0]|=(uint8_t)((e)>>10);				      \
+  (d)->bytes[1] =(uint8_t)(((e)&0x3fc)>>2);			      \
+  (d)->bytes[2]|=(uint8_t)(((e)&0x03)<<6);}
+
 /* ------------------------------------------------------------------ */
-/* decimal128Show -- display a single in hexadecimal [debug aid]      */
-/*   d128 -- the number to show                                       */
+/* decimal128Show -- display a decimal128 in hexadecimal [debug aid]  */
+/*   d128 -- the number to show					      */
 /* ------------------------------------------------------------------ */
 /* Also shows sign/cob/expconfields extracted */
-void
-decimal128Show (const decimal128 * d128)
-{
-  char buf[DECIMAL128_Bytes * 2 + 1];
-  Int i, j;
-  j = 0;
-  for (i = 0; i < DECIMAL128_Bytes; i++)
-    {
-      sprintf (&buf[j], "%02x", d128->bytes[i]);
-      j = j + 2;
+void decimal128Show(const decimal128 *d128) {
+  char buf[DECIMAL128_Bytes*2+1];
+  Int i, j=0;
+
+  if (DECLITEND) {
+    for (i=0; i<DECIMAL128_Bytes; i++, j+=2) {
+      sprintf(&buf[j], "%02x", d128->bytes[15-i]);
+      }
+    printf(" D128> %s [S:%d Cb:%02x Ec:%02x] LittleEndian\n", buf,
+	   d128->bytes[15]>>7, (d128->bytes[15]>>2)&0x1f,
+	   ((d128->bytes[15]&0x3)<<10)|(d128->bytes[14]<<2)|
+	   (d128->bytes[13]>>6));
+    }
+   else {
+    for (i=0; i<DECIMAL128_Bytes; i++, j+=2) {
+      sprintf(&buf[j], "%02x", d128->bytes[i]);
+      }
+    printf(" D128> %s [S:%d Cb:%02x Ec:%02x] BigEndian\n", buf,
+	   decimal128Sign(d128), decimal128Comb(d128),
+	   decimal128ExpCon(d128));
     }
-  printf (" D128> %s [S:%d Cb:%02x E:%d]\n", buf,
-	  decimal128Sign (d128), decimal128Comb (d128),
-	  decimal128ExpCon (d128));
-}
+  } /* decimal128Show */
 #endif
diff --git a/libdecnumber/dpd/decimal128.h b/libdecnumber/dpd/decimal128.h
index a6bc87bb4a3..f8f5b5a8ff2 100644
--- a/libdecnumber/dpd/decimal128.h
+++ b/libdecnumber/dpd/decimal128.h
@@ -1,5 +1,5 @@
-/* Decimal 128-bit format module header for the decNumber C Library
-   Copyright (C) 2005 Free Software Foundation, Inc.
+/* Decimal 128-bit format module header for the decNumber C Library.
+   Copyright (C) 2005, 2007 Free Software Foundation, Inc.
    Contributed by IBM Corporation.  Author Mike Cowlishaw.
 
    This file is part of GCC.
@@ -28,103 +28,74 @@
    Software Foundation, 51 Franklin Street, Fifth Floor, Boston, MA
    02110-1301, USA.  */
 
+/* ------------------------------------------------------------------ */
+/* Decimal 128-bit format module header				      */
+/* ------------------------------------------------------------------ */
+
 #if !defined(DECIMAL128)
-#define DECIMAL128
-#define DEC128NAME     "decimal128"	/* Short name */
-#define DEC128FULLNAME "Decimal 128-bit Number"	/* Verbose name */
-#define DEC128AUTHOR   "Mike Cowlishaw"	/* Who to blame */
-
-#if defined(DECIMAL32)
-#error decimal128.h must precede decimal32.h for correct DECNUMDIGITS
-#else
-#if defined(DECIMAL64)
-#error decimal128.h must precede decimal64.h for correct DECNUMDIGITS
-#endif
-#endif
+  #define DECIMAL128
+  #define DEC128NAME	 "decimal128"		      /* Short name   */
+  #define DEC128FULLNAME "Decimal 128-bit Number"     /* Verbose name */
+  #define DEC128AUTHOR	 "Mike Cowlishaw"	      /* Who to blame */
 
   /* parameters for decimal128s */
-#define DECIMAL128_Bytes  16	/* length */
-#define DECIMAL128_Pmax   34	/* maximum precision (digits) */
-#define DECIMAL128_Emax   6144	/* maximum adjusted exponent */
-#define DECIMAL128_Emin  -6143	/* minimum adjusted exponent */
-#define DECIMAL128_Bias   6176	/* bias for the exponent */
-#define DECIMAL128_String 43	/* maximum string length, +1 */
-  /* highest biased exponent (Elimit-1) */
-#define DECIMAL128_Ehigh  (DECIMAL128_Emax+DECIMAL128_Bias-DECIMAL128_Pmax+1)
-
-#ifndef DECNUMDIGITS
-#define DECNUMDIGITS DECIMAL128_Pmax	/* size if not already defined */
-#endif
-#ifndef DECNUMBER
-#include "decNumber.h"		/* context and number library */
-#endif
-
-  /* Decimal 128-bit type, accessible by bytes */
-typedef struct
-{
-  uint8_t bytes[DECIMAL128_Bytes];	/* decimal128: 1, 5, 12, 110 bits */
-} decimal128;
-
-  /* special values [top byte excluding sign bit; last two bits are
-     don't-care for Infinity on input, last bit don't-care for NaN] */
-#if !defined(DECIMAL_NaN)
-#define DECIMAL_NaN     0x7c	/* 0 11111 00 NaN */
-#define DECIMAL_sNaN    0x7e	/* 0 11111 10 sNaN */
-#define DECIMAL_Inf     0x78	/* 0 11110 00 Infinity */
-#endif
-
-  /* Macros for accessing decimal128 fields.  These assume the argument
-     is a reference (pointer) to the decimal128 structure */
-  /* Get sign */
-#define decimal128Sign(d)       ((unsigned)(d)->bytes[0]>>7)
-
-  /* Get combination field */
-#define decimal128Comb(d)       (((d)->bytes[0] & 0x7c)>>2)
-
-  /* Get exponent continuation [does not remove bias] */
-#define decimal128ExpCon(d)     ((((d)->bytes[0] & 0x03)<<10)       \
-                                | ((unsigned)(d)->bytes[1]<<2)        \
-                                | ((unsigned)(d)->bytes[2]>>6))
-
-  /* Set sign [this assumes sign previously 0] */
-#define decimal128SetSign(d, b) {                                   \
-    (d)->bytes[0]|=((unsigned)(b)<<7);}
-
-  /* Clear sign */
-#define decimal128ClearSign(d) {(d)->bytes[0]&=~0x80;}
-
-  /* Flip sign */
-#define decimal128FlipSign(d) {(d)->bytes[0]^=0x80;}
-
-  /* Set exponent continuation [does not apply bias] */
-  /* This assumes range has been checked and exponent previously 0; */
-  /* type of exponent must be unsigned */
-#define decimal128SetExpCon(d, e) {                                 \
-    (d)->bytes[0]|=(uint8_t)((e)>>10);                                \
-    (d)->bytes[1] =(uint8_t)(((e)&0x3fc)>>2);                         \
-    (d)->bytes[2]|=(uint8_t)(((e)&0x03)<<6);}
-
-  /* ------------------------------------------------------------------ */
-  /* Routines                                                           */
-  /* ------------------------------------------------------------------ */
-
-#ifdef IN_LIBGCC2
-#ifndef decimal128FromString
-#define decimal128FromString __decimal128FromString
-#define decimal128ToString __decimal128ToString
-#define decimal128ToEngString __decimal128ToEngString
-#define decimal128FromNumber __decimal128FromNumber
-#define decimal128ToNumber __decimal128ToNumber
-#endif
-#endif
-
-  /* String conversions */
-decimal128 *decimal128FromString (decimal128 *, const char *, decContext *);
-char *decimal128ToString (const decimal128 *, char *);
-char *decimal128ToEngString (const decimal128 *, char *);
-
-  /* decNumber conversions */
-decimal128 *decimal128FromNumber (decimal128 *, const decNumber *, decContext *);
-decNumber *decimal128ToNumber (const decimal128 *, decNumber *);
+  #define DECIMAL128_Bytes  16		/* length		      */
+  #define DECIMAL128_Pmax   34		/* maximum precision (digits) */
+  #define DECIMAL128_Emax   6144	/* maximum adjusted exponent  */
+  #define DECIMAL128_Emin  -6143	/* minimum adjusted exponent  */
+  #define DECIMAL128_Bias   6176	/* bias for the exponent      */
+  #define DECIMAL128_String 43		/* maximum string length, +1  */
+  #define DECIMAL128_EconL  12		/* exp. continuation length   */
+  /* highest biased exponent (Elimit-1)				      */
+  #define DECIMAL128_Ehigh  (DECIMAL128_Emax+DECIMAL128_Bias-DECIMAL128_Pmax+1)
+
+  /* check enough digits, if pre-defined			      */
+  #if defined(DECNUMDIGITS)
+    #if (DECNUMDIGITS<DECIMAL128_Pmax)
+      #error decimal128.h needs pre-defined DECNUMDIGITS>=34 for safe use
+    #endif
+  #endif
+
+  #ifndef DECNUMDIGITS
+    #define DECNUMDIGITS DECIMAL128_Pmax /* size if not already defined*/
+  #endif
+  #ifndef DECNUMBER
+    #include "decNumber.h"		/* context and number library */
+  #endif
+
+  /* Decimal 128-bit type, accessible by bytes			      */
+  typedef struct {
+    uint8_t bytes[DECIMAL128_Bytes]; /* decimal128: 1, 5, 12, 110 bits*/
+    } decimal128;
+
+  /* special values [top byte excluding sign bit; last two bits are   */
+  /* don't-care for Infinity on input, last bit don't-care for NaN]   */
+  #if !defined(DECIMAL_NaN)
+    #define DECIMAL_NaN	    0x7c	/* 0 11111 00 NaN	      */
+    #define DECIMAL_sNaN    0x7e	/* 0 11111 10 sNaN	      */
+    #define DECIMAL_Inf	    0x78	/* 0 11110 00 Infinity	      */
+  #endif
+
+  #include "decimal128Local.h"
+
+  /* ---------------------------------------------------------------- */
+  /* Routines							      */
+  /* ---------------------------------------------------------------- */
+
+  #include "decimal128Symbols.h"
+
+  /* String conversions						      */
+  decimal128 * decimal128FromString(decimal128 *, const char *, decContext *);
+  char * decimal128ToString(const decimal128 *, char *);
+  char * decimal128ToEngString(const decimal128 *, char *);
+
+  /* decNumber conversions					      */
+  decimal128 * decimal128FromNumber(decimal128 *, const decNumber *,
+				    decContext *);
+  decNumber * decimal128ToNumber(const decimal128 *, decNumber *);
+
+  /* Format-dependent utilities					      */
+  uint32_t    decimal128IsCanonical(const decimal128 *);
+  decimal128 * decimal128Canonical(decimal128 *, const decimal128 *);
 
 #endif
diff --git a/libdecnumber/decUtility.h b/libdecnumber/dpd/decimal128Local.h
index 4cf65e542ba..b4130b53425 100644
--- a/libdecnumber/decUtility.h
+++ b/libdecnumber/dpd/decimal128Local.h
@@ -1,6 +1,5 @@
-/* Utility functions for decimal floating point support via decNumber.
-   Copyright (C) 2005 Free Software Foundation, Inc.
-   Contributed by IBM Corporation.  Author Mike Cowlishaw.
+/* Local definitions for use with the decNumber C Library.
+   Copyright (C) 2007 Free Software Foundation, Inc.
 
    This file is part of GCC.
 
@@ -28,10 +27,21 @@
    Software Foundation, 51 Franklin Street, Fifth Floor, Boston, MA
    02110-1301, USA.  */
 
-#ifdef IN_LIBGCC2
-#define decDensePackCoeff __decDensePackCoeff
-#define decDenseUnpackCoeff __decDenseUnpackCoeff
-#endif
+#if !defined(DECIMAL128LOCAL)
+
+/* The compiler needs sign manipulation functions for decimal128 which
+   are not part of the decNumber package.  */
+
+/* Set sign; this assumes the sign was previously zero.  */
+#define decimal128SetSign(d,b) \
+  { (d)->bytes[FLOAT_WORDS_BIG_ENDIAN ? 0 : 15] |= ((unsigned) (b) << 7); }
 
-extern void decDensePackCoeff (const decNumber *, uByte *, Int, Int);
-extern void decDenseUnpackCoeff (const uByte *, Int, decNumber *, Int, Int);
+/* Clear sign.  */
+#define decimal128ClearSign(d) \
+  { (d)->bytes[FLOAT_WORDS_BIG_ENDIAN ? 0 : 15] &= ~0x80; }
+
+/* Flip sign.  */
+#define decimal128FlipSign(d) \
+  { (d)->bytes[FLOAT_WORDS_BIG_ENDIAN ? 0 : 15] ^= 0x80; }
+
+#endif
diff --git a/libdecnumber/dpd/decimal128Symbols.h b/libdecnumber/dpd/decimal128Symbols.h
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000..b30687c2b4b
--- /dev/null
+++ b/libdecnumber/dpd/decimal128Symbols.h
@@ -0,0 +1,26 @@
+#if !defined(DECIMAL128SYMBOLS)
+#define DECIMAL128SYMBOLS
+
+#ifdef IN_LIBGCC2
+#define decDigitsFromDPD __decDigitsFromDPD
+#define decDigitsToDPD __decDigitsToDPD
+#define decimal128Canonical __decimal128Canonical
+#define decimal128FromNumber __decimal128FromNumber
+#define decimal128FromString __decimal128FromString
+#define decimal128IsCanonical __decimal128IsCanonical
+#define decimal128ToEngString __decimal128ToEngString
+#define decimal128ToNumber __decimal128ToNumber
+#define decimal128ToString __decimal128ToString
+#define COMBEXP __decnnCOMBEXP
+#define COMBMSD __decnnCOMBMSD
+
+/* DPD2BIN and BIN2DPD are used in support for decimal32/decimal64/decimal128
+   and also in support for decSingle/decDouble/decQuad.  Rename them in case
+   both types of support are used in the same executable.  */
+#undef DPD2BIN
+#define DPD2BIN __decnnDPD2BIN
+#undef BIN2DPD
+#define BIN2DPD __decnnBIN2DPD
+#endif
+
+#endif
diff --git a/libdecnumber/dpd/decimal32.c b/libdecnumber/dpd/decimal32.c
index 86912864c9f..42bddf172af 100644
--- a/libdecnumber/dpd/decimal32.c
+++ b/libdecnumber/dpd/decimal32.c
@@ -1,5 +1,5 @@
-/* Decimal 32-bit format module for the decNumber C Library
-   Copyright (C) 2005 Free Software Foundation, Inc.
+/* Decimal 32-bit format module for the decNumber C Library.
+   Copyright (C) 2005, 2007 Free Software Foundation, Inc.
    Contributed by IBM Corporation.  Author Mike Cowlishaw.
 
    This file is part of GCC.
@@ -29,26 +29,37 @@
    02110-1301, USA.  */
 
 /* ------------------------------------------------------------------ */
+/* Decimal 32-bit format module					      */
+/* ------------------------------------------------------------------ */
 /* This module comprises the routines for decimal32 format numbers.   */
-/* Conversions are supplied to and from decNumber and String.         */
-/*                                                                    */
-/* No arithmetic routines are included; decNumber provides these.     */
-/*                                                                    */
-/* Error handling is the same as decNumber (qv.).                     */
+/* Conversions are supplied to and from decNumber and String.	      */
+/*								      */
+/* This is used when decNumber provides operations, either for all    */
+/* operations or as a proxy between decNumber and decSingle.	      */
+/*								      */
+/* Error handling is the same as decNumber (qv.).		      */
 /* ------------------------------------------------------------------ */
-#include <string.h>		/* [for memset/memcpy] */
-#include <stdio.h>		/* [for printf] */
+#include <string.h>	      /* [for memset/memcpy] */
+#include <stdio.h>	      /* [for printf] */
+
+#include "config.h"	      /* GCC definitions */
+#define	 DECNUMDIGITS  7      /* make decNumbers with space for 7 */
+#include "decNumber.h"	      /* base number library */
+#include "decNumberLocal.h"   /* decNumber local types, etc. */
+#include "decimal32.h"	      /* our primary include */
 
-#define  DECNUMDIGITS  7	/* we need decNumbers with space for 7 */
-#include "config.h"
-#include "decNumber.h"		/* base number library */
-#include "decNumberLocal.h"	/* decNumber local types, etc. */
-#include "decimal32.h"		/* our primary include */
-#include "decUtility.h"		/* utility routines */
+/* Utility tables and routines [in decimal64.c] */
+extern const uInt   COMBEXP[32], COMBMSD[32];
+extern const uShort DPD2BIN[1024];
+extern const uShort BIN2DPD[1000];
+extern const uByte  BIN2CHAR[4001];
+
+extern void decDigitsToDPD(const decNumber *, uInt *, Int);
+extern void decDigitsFromDPD(decNumber *, const uInt *, Int);
 
 #if DECTRACE || DECCHECK
-void decimal32Show (const decimal32 *);	/* for debug */
-void decNumberShow (const decNumber *);	/* .. */
+void decimal32Show(const decimal32 *);		  /* for debug */
+extern void decNumberShow(const decNumber *);	  /* .. */
 #endif
 
 /* Useful macro */
@@ -56,282 +67,425 @@ void decNumberShow (const decNumber *);	/* .. */
 #define DEC_clear(d) memset(d, 0, sizeof(*d))
 
 /* ------------------------------------------------------------------ */
-/* decimal32FromNumber -- convert decNumber to decimal32              */
-/*                                                                    */
-/*   ds is the target decimal32                                       */
-/*   dn is the source number (assumed valid)                          */
-/*   set is the context, used only for reporting errors               */
-/*                                                                    */
+/* decimal32FromNumber -- convert decNumber to decimal32	      */
+/*								      */
+/*   ds is the target decimal32					      */
+/*   dn is the source number (assumed valid)			      */
+/*   set is the context, used only for reporting errors		      */
+/*								      */
 /* The set argument is used only for status reporting and for the     */
 /* rounding mode (used if the coefficient is more than DECIMAL32_Pmax */
-/* digits or an overflow is detected).  If the exponent is out of the */
-/* valid range then Overflow or Underflow will be raised.             */
-/* After Underflow a subnormal result is possible.                    */
-/*                                                                    */
+/* digits or an overflow is detected).	If the exponent is out of the */
+/* valid range then Overflow or Underflow will be raised.	      */
+/* After Underflow a subnormal result is possible.		      */
+/*								      */
 /* DEC_Clamped is set if the number has to be 'folded down' to fit,   */
 /* by reducing its exponent and multiplying the coefficient by a      */
 /* power of ten, or if the exponent on a zero had to be clamped.      */
 /* ------------------------------------------------------------------ */
-decimal32 *
-decimal32FromNumber (decimal32 * d32, const decNumber * dn, decContext * set)
-{
-  uInt status = 0;		/* status accumulator */
-  Int pad = 0;			/* coefficient pad digits */
-  decNumber dw;			/* work */
-  decContext dc;		/* .. */
-  uByte isneg = dn->bits & DECNEG;	/* non-0 if original sign set */
-  uInt comb, exp;		/* work */
-
-  /* If the number is finite, and has too many digits, or the exponent */
-  /* could be out of range then we reduce the number under the */
-  /* appropriate constraints */
-  if (!(dn->bits & DECSPECIAL))
-    {				/* not a special value */
-      Int ae = dn->exponent + dn->digits - 1;	/* adjusted exponent */
-      if (dn->digits > DECIMAL32_Pmax	/* too many digits */
-	  || ae > DECIMAL32_Emax	/* likely overflow */
-	  || ae < DECIMAL32_Emin)
-	{			/* likely underflow */
-	  decContextDefault (&dc, DEC_INIT_DECIMAL32);	/* [no traps] */
-	  dc.round = set->round;	/* use supplied rounding */
-	  decNumberPlus (&dw, dn, &dc);	/* (round and check) */
-	  /* [this changes -0 to 0, but it will be restored below] */
-	  status |= dc.status;	/* save status */
-	  dn = &dw;		/* use the work number */
-	}
-      /* [this could have pushed number to Infinity or zero, so this */
-      /* rounding must be done before we generate the decimal32] */
-    }
+decimal32 * decimal32FromNumber(decimal32 *d32, const decNumber *dn,
+			      decContext *set) {
+  uInt status=0;		   /* status accumulator */
+  Int ae;			   /* adjusted exponent */
+  decNumber  dw;		   /* work */
+  decContext dc;		   /* .. */
+  uInt *pu;			   /* .. */
+  uInt comb, exp;		   /* .. */
+  uInt targ=0;			   /* target 32-bit */
+
+  /* If the number has too many digits, or the exponent could be */
+  /* out of range then reduce the number under the appropriate */
+  /* constraints.  This could push the number to Infinity or zero, */
+  /* so this check and rounding must be done before generating the */
+  /* decimal32] */
+  ae=dn->exponent+dn->digits-1;		     /* [0 if special] */
+  if (dn->digits>DECIMAL32_Pmax		     /* too many digits */
+   || ae>DECIMAL32_Emax			     /* likely overflow */
+   || ae<DECIMAL32_Emin) {		     /* likely underflow */
+    decContextDefault(&dc, DEC_INIT_DECIMAL32); /* [no traps] */
+    dc.round=set->round;		     /* use supplied rounding */
+    decNumberPlus(&dw, dn, &dc);	     /* (round and check) */
+    /* [this changes -0 to 0, so enforce the sign...] */
+    dw.bits|=dn->bits&DECNEG;
+    status=dc.status;			     /* save status */
+    dn=&dw;				     /* use the work number */
+    } /* maybe out of range */
 
-  DEC_clear (d32);		/* clean the target */
-  if (dn->bits & DECSPECIAL)
-    {				/* a special value */
-      uByte top;		/* work */
-      if (dn->bits & DECINF)
-	top = DECIMAL_Inf;
-      else
-	{			/* sNaN or qNaN */
-	  if ((*dn->lsu != 0 || dn->digits > 1)	/* non-zero coefficient */
-	      && (dn->digits < DECIMAL32_Pmax))
-	    {			/* coefficient fits */
-	      decDensePackCoeff (dn, d32->bytes, sizeof (d32->bytes), 0);
-	    }
-	  if (dn->bits & DECNAN)
-	    top = DECIMAL_NaN;
-	  else
-	    top = DECIMAL_sNaN;
+  if (dn->bits&DECSPECIAL) {			  /* a special value */
+    if (dn->bits&DECINF) targ=DECIMAL_Inf<<24;
+     else {					  /* sNaN or qNaN */
+      if ((*dn->lsu!=0 || dn->digits>1)		  /* non-zero coefficient */
+       && (dn->digits<DECIMAL32_Pmax)) {	  /* coefficient fits */
+	decDigitsToDPD(dn, &targ, 0);
 	}
-      d32->bytes[0] = top;
-    }
-  else if (decNumberIsZero (dn))
-    {				/* a zero */
+      if (dn->bits&DECNAN) targ|=DECIMAL_NaN<<24;
+       else targ|=DECIMAL_sNaN<<24;
+      } /* a NaN */
+    } /* special */
+
+   else { /* is finite */
+    if (decNumberIsZero(dn)) {		     /* is a zero */
       /* set and clamp exponent */
-      if (dn->exponent < -DECIMAL32_Bias)
-	{
-	  exp = 0;
-	  status |= DEC_Clamped;
+      if (dn->exponent<-DECIMAL32_Bias) {
+	exp=0;				     /* low clamp */
+	status|=DEC_Clamped;
 	}
-      else
-	{
-	  exp = dn->exponent + DECIMAL32_Bias;	/* bias exponent */
-	  if (exp > DECIMAL32_Ehigh)
-	    {			/* top clamp */
-	      exp = DECIMAL32_Ehigh;
-	      status |= DEC_Clamped;
-	    }
+       else {
+	exp=dn->exponent+DECIMAL32_Bias;     /* bias exponent */
+	if (exp>DECIMAL32_Ehigh) {	     /* top clamp */
+	  exp=DECIMAL32_Ehigh;
+	  status|=DEC_Clamped;
+	  }
 	}
-      comb = (exp >> 3) & 0x18;	/* combination field */
-      d32->bytes[0] = (uByte) (comb << 2);
-      exp &= 0x3f;		/* remaining exponent bits */
-      decimal32SetExpCon (d32, exp);
-    }
-  else
-    {				/* non-zero finite number */
-      uInt msd;			/* work */
-
-      /* we have a dn that fits, but it may need to be padded */
-      exp = (uInt) (dn->exponent + DECIMAL32_Bias);	/* bias exponent */
-
-      if (exp > DECIMAL32_Ehigh)
-	{			/* fold-down case */
-	  pad = exp - DECIMAL32_Ehigh;
-	  exp = DECIMAL32_Ehigh;	/* [to maximum] */
-	  status |= DEC_Clamped;
+      comb=(exp>>3) & 0x18;		/* msd=0, exp top 2 bits .. */
+      }
+     else {				/* non-zero finite number */
+      uInt msd;				/* work */
+      Int pad=0;			/* coefficient pad digits */
+
+      /* the dn is known to fit, but it may need to be padded */
+      exp=(uInt)(dn->exponent+DECIMAL32_Bias);	  /* bias exponent */
+      if (exp>DECIMAL32_Ehigh) {		  /* fold-down case */
+	pad=exp-DECIMAL32_Ehigh;
+	exp=DECIMAL32_Ehigh;			  /* [to maximum] */
+	status|=DEC_Clamped;
 	}
 
-      decDensePackCoeff (dn, d32->bytes, sizeof (d32->bytes), pad);
+      /* fastpath common case */
+      if (DECDPUN==3 && pad==0) {
+	targ=BIN2DPD[dn->lsu[0]];
+	if (dn->digits>3) targ|=(uInt)(BIN2DPD[dn->lsu[1]])<<10;
+	msd=(dn->digits==7 ? dn->lsu[2] : 0);
+	}
+       else { /* general case */
+	decDigitsToDPD(dn, &targ, pad);
+	/* save and clear the top digit */
+	msd=targ>>20;
+	targ&=0x000fffff;
+	}
 
-      /* save and clear the top digit */
-      msd = ((unsigned) d32->bytes[1] >> 4);
-      d32->bytes[1] &= 0x0f;
       /* create the combination field */
-      if (msd >= 8)
-	comb = 0x18 | (msd & 0x01) | ((exp >> 5) & 0x06);
-      else
-	comb = (msd & 0x07) | ((exp >> 3) & 0x18);
-      d32->bytes[0] = (uByte) (comb << 2);
-      exp &= 0x3f;		/* remaining exponent bits */
-      decimal32SetExpCon (d32, exp);
-    }
+      if (msd>=8) comb=0x18 | ((exp>>5) & 0x06) | (msd & 0x01);
+	     else comb=((exp>>3) & 0x18) | msd;
+      }
+    targ|=comb<<26;		   /* add combination field .. */
+    targ|=(exp&0x3f)<<20;	   /* .. and exponent continuation */
+    } /* finite */
+
+  if (dn->bits&DECNEG) targ|=0x80000000;  /* add sign bit */
 
-  if (isneg)
-    decimal32SetSign (d32, 1);
-  if (status != 0)
-    decContextSetStatus (set, status);	/* pass on status */
+  /* now write to storage; this is endian */
+  pu=(uInt *)d32->bytes;	   /* overlay */
+  *pu=targ;			   /* directly store the int */
 
-  /*decimal32Show(d32); */
+  if (status!=0) decContextSetStatus(set, status); /* pass on status */
+  /* decimal32Show(d32); */
   return d32;
-}
+  } /* decimal32FromNumber */
 
 /* ------------------------------------------------------------------ */
-/* decimal32ToNumber -- convert decimal32 to decNumber                */
-/*   d32 is the source decimal32                                      */
-/*   dn is the target number, with appropriate space                  */
-/* No error is possible.                                              */
+/* decimal32ToNumber -- convert decimal32 to decNumber		      */
+/*   d32 is the source decimal32				      */
+/*   dn is the target number, with appropriate space		      */
+/* No error is possible.					      */
 /* ------------------------------------------------------------------ */
-decNumber *
-decimal32ToNumber (const decimal32 * d32, decNumber * dn)
-{
-  uInt msd;			/* coefficient MSD */
-  decimal32 wk;			/* working copy, if needed */
-  uInt top = d32->bytes[0] & 0x7f;	/* top byte, less sign bit */
-  decNumberZero (dn);		/* clean target */
-  /* set the sign if negative */
-  if (decimal32Sign (d32))
-    dn->bits = DECNEG;
-
-  if (top >= 0x78)
-    {				/* is a special */
-      if ((top & 0x7c) == (DECIMAL_Inf & 0x7c))
-	dn->bits |= DECINF;
-      else if ((top & 0x7e) == (DECIMAL_NaN & 0x7e))
-	dn->bits |= DECNAN;
-      else
-	dn->bits |= DECSNAN;
-      msd = 0;			/* no top digit */
+decNumber * decimal32ToNumber(const decimal32 *d32, decNumber *dn) {
+  uInt msd;			   /* coefficient MSD */
+  uInt exp;			   /* exponent top two bits */
+  uInt comb;			   /* combination field */
+  uInt sour;			   /* source 32-bit */
+  const uInt *pu;		   /* work */
+
+  /* load source from storage; this is endian */
+  pu=(const uInt *)d32->bytes;	   /* overlay */
+  sour=*pu;			   /* directly load the int */
+
+  comb=(sour>>26)&0x1f;		   /* combination field */
+
+  decNumberZero(dn);		   /* clean number */
+  if (sour&0x80000000) dn->bits=DECNEG; /* set sign if negative */
+
+  msd=COMBMSD[comb];		   /* decode the combination field */
+  exp=COMBEXP[comb];		   /* .. */
+
+  if (exp==3) {			   /* is a special */
+    if (msd==0) {
+      dn->bits|=DECINF;
+      return dn;		   /* no coefficient needed */
+      }
+    else if (sour&0x02000000) dn->bits|=DECSNAN;
+    else dn->bits|=DECNAN;
+    msd=0;			   /* no top digit */
     }
-  else
-    {				/* have a finite number */
-      uInt comb = top >> 2;	/* combination field */
-      uInt exp;			/* working exponent */
-
-      if (comb >= 0x18)
-	{
-	  msd = 8 + (comb & 0x01);
-	  exp = (comb & 0x06) << 5;	/* MSBs */
-	}
-      else
-	{
-	  msd = comb & 0x07;
-	  exp = (comb & 0x18) << 3;
-	}
-      dn->exponent = exp + decimal32ExpCon (d32) - DECIMAL32_Bias;	/* remove bias */
+   else {			   /* is a finite number */
+    dn->exponent=(exp<<6)+((sour>>20)&0x3f)-DECIMAL32_Bias; /* unbiased */
     }
 
-  /* get the coefficient, unless infinite */
-  if (!(dn->bits & DECINF))
-    {
-      Int bunches = DECIMAL32_Pmax / 3;	/* coefficient full bunches to convert */
-      Int odd = 0;		/* assume MSD is 0 (no odd bunch) */
-      if (msd != 0)
-	{			/* coefficient has leading non-0 digit */
-	  /* make a copy of the decimal32, with an extra bunch which has */
-	  /* the top digit ready for conversion */
-	  wk = *d32;		/* take a copy */
-	  wk.bytes[0] = 0;	/* clear all but coecon */
-	  wk.bytes[1] &= 0x0f;	/* .. */
-	  wk.bytes[1] |= (msd << 4);	/* and prefix MSD */
-	  odd++;		/* indicate the extra */
-	  d32 = &wk;		/* use the work copy */
-	}
-      decDenseUnpackCoeff (d32->bytes, sizeof (d32->bytes), dn, bunches, odd);
+  /* get the coefficient */
+  sour&=0x000fffff;		   /* clean coefficient continuation */
+  if (msd) {			   /* non-zero msd */
+    sour|=msd<<20;		   /* prefix to coefficient */
+    decDigitsFromDPD(dn, &sour, 3); /* process 3 declets */
+    return dn;
     }
+  /* msd=0 */
+  if (!sour) return dn;		   /* easy: coefficient is 0 */
+  if (sour&0x000ffc00)		   /* need 2 declets? */
+    decDigitsFromDPD(dn, &sour, 2); /* process 2 declets */
+   else
+    decDigitsFromDPD(dn, &sour, 1); /* process 1 declet */
   return dn;
-}
+  } /* decimal32ToNumber */
 
 /* ------------------------------------------------------------------ */
-/* to-scientific-string -- conversion to numeric string               */
-/* to-engineering-string -- conversion to numeric string              */
-/*                                                                    */
-/*   decimal32ToString(d32, string);                                  */
-/*   decimal32ToEngString(d32, string);                               */
-/*                                                                    */
-/*  d32 is the decimal32 format number to convert                     */
-/*  string is the string where the result will be laid out            */
-/*                                                                    */
-/*  string must be at least 24 characters                             */
-/*                                                                    */
-/*  No error is possible, and no status can be set.                   */
+/* to-scientific-string -- conversion to numeric string		      */
+/* to-engineering-string -- conversion to numeric string	      */
+/*								      */
+/*   decimal32ToString(d32, string);				      */
+/*   decimal32ToEngString(d32, string);				      */
+/*								      */
+/*  d32 is the decimal32 format number to convert		      */
+/*  string is the string where the result will be laid out	      */
+/*								      */
+/*  string must be at least 24 characters			      */
+/*								      */
+/*  No error is possible, and no status can be set.		      */
 /* ------------------------------------------------------------------ */
-char *
-decimal32ToString (const decimal32 * d32, char *string)
-{
-  decNumber dn;			/* work */
-  decimal32ToNumber (d32, &dn);
-  decNumberToString (&dn, string);
+char * decimal32ToEngString(const decimal32 *d32, char *string){
+  decNumber dn;				/* work */
+  decimal32ToNumber(d32, &dn);
+  decNumberToEngString(&dn, string);
   return string;
-}
-
-char *
-decimal32ToEngString (const decimal32 * d32, char *string)
-{
-  decNumber dn;			/* work */
-  decimal32ToNumber (d32, &dn);
-  decNumberToEngString (&dn, string);
+  } /* decimal32ToEngString */
+
+char * decimal32ToString(const decimal32 *d32, char *string){
+  uInt msd;			   /* coefficient MSD */
+  Int  exp;			   /* exponent top two bits or full */
+  uInt comb;			   /* combination field */
+  char *cstart;			   /* coefficient start */
+  char *c;			   /* output pointer in string */
+  const uInt *pu;		   /* work */
+  const uByte *u;		   /* .. */
+  char *s, *t;			   /* .. (source, target) */
+  Int  dpd;			   /* .. */
+  Int  pre, e;			   /* .. */
+  uInt sour;			   /* source 32-bit */
+
+  /* load source from storage; this is endian */
+  pu=(const uInt *)d32->bytes;	   /* overlay */
+  sour=*pu;			   /* directly load the int */
+
+  c=string;			   /* where result will go */
+  if (((Int)sour)<0) *c++='-';	   /* handle sign */
+
+  comb=(sour>>26)&0x1f;		   /* combination field */
+  msd=COMBMSD[comb];		   /* decode the combination field */
+  exp=COMBEXP[comb];		   /* .. */
+
+  if (exp==3) {
+    if (msd==0) {		   /* infinity */
+      strcpy(c,	  "Inf");
+      strcpy(c+3, "inity");
+      return string;		   /* easy */
+      }
+    if (sour&0x02000000) *c++='s'; /* sNaN */
+    strcpy(c, "NaN");		   /* complete word */
+    c+=3;			   /* step past */
+    if ((sour&0x000fffff)==0) return string; /* zero payload */
+    /* otherwise drop through to add integer; set correct exp */
+    exp=0; msd=0;		   /* setup for following code */
+    }
+   else exp=(exp<<6)+((sour>>20)&0x3f)-DECIMAL32_Bias; /* unbiased */
+
+  /* convert 7 digits of significand to characters */
+  cstart=c;			   /* save start of coefficient */
+  if (msd) *c++='0'+(char)msd;	   /* non-zero most significant digit */
+
+  /* Now decode the declets.  After extracting each one, it is */
+  /* decoded to binary and then to a 4-char sequence by table lookup; */
+  /* the 4-chars are a 1-char length (significant digits, except 000 */
+  /* has length 0).  This allows us to left-align the first declet */
+  /* with non-zero content, then remaining ones are full 3-char */
+  /* length.  We use fixed-length memcpys because variable-length */
+  /* causes a subroutine call in GCC.  (These are length 4 for speed */
+  /* and are safe because the array has an extra terminator byte.) */
+  #define dpd2char u=&BIN2CHAR[DPD2BIN[dpd]*4];			  \
+		   if (c!=cstart) {memcpy(c, u+1, 4); c+=3;}	  \
+		    else if (*u)  {memcpy(c, u+4-*u, 4); c+=*u;}
+
+  dpd=(sour>>10)&0x3ff;		   /* declet 1 */
+  dpd2char;
+  dpd=(sour)&0x3ff;		   /* declet 2 */
+  dpd2char;
+
+  if (c==cstart) *c++='0';	   /* all zeros -- make 0 */
+
+  if (exp==0) {			   /* integer or NaN case -- easy */
+    *c='\0';			   /* terminate */
+    return string;
+    }
+
+  /* non-0 exponent */
+  e=0;				   /* assume no E */
+  pre=c-cstart+exp;
+  /* [here, pre-exp is the digits count (==1 for zero)] */
+  if (exp>0 || pre<-5) {	   /* need exponential form */
+    e=pre-1;			   /* calculate E value */
+    pre=1;			   /* assume one digit before '.' */
+    } /* exponential form */
+
+  /* modify the coefficient, adding 0s, '.', and E+nn as needed */
+  s=c-1;			   /* source (LSD) */
+  if (pre>0) {			   /* ddd.ddd (plain), perhaps with E */
+    char *dotat=cstart+pre;
+    if (dotat<c) {		   /* if embedded dot needed... */
+      t=c;				/* target */
+      for (; s>=dotat; s--, t--) *t=*s; /* open the gap; leave t at gap */
+      *t='.';				/* insert the dot */
+      c++;				/* length increased by one */
+      }
+
+    /* finally add the E-part, if needed; it will never be 0, and has */
+    /* a maximum length of 3 digits (E-101 case) */
+    if (e!=0) {
+      *c++='E';			   /* starts with E */
+      *c++='+';			   /* assume positive */
+      if (e<0) {
+	*(c-1)='-';		   /* oops, need '-' */
+	e=-e;			   /* uInt, please */
+	}
+      u=&BIN2CHAR[e*4];		   /* -> length byte */
+      memcpy(c, u+4-*u, 4);	   /* copy fixed 4 characters [is safe] */
+      c+=*u;			   /* bump pointer appropriately */
+      }
+    *c='\0';			   /* add terminator */
+    /*printf("res %s\n", string); */
+    return string;
+    } /* pre>0 */
+
+  /* -5<=pre<=0: here for plain 0.ddd or 0.000ddd forms (can never have E) */
+  t=c+1-pre;
+  *(t+1)='\0';				/* can add terminator now */
+  for (; s>=cstart; s--, t--) *t=*s;	/* shift whole coefficient right */
+  c=cstart;
+  *c++='0';				/* always starts with 0. */
+  *c++='.';
+  for (; pre<0; pre++) *c++='0';	/* add any 0's after '.' */
+  /*printf("res %s\n", string); */
   return string;
-}
+  } /* decimal32ToString */
 
 /* ------------------------------------------------------------------ */
-/* to-number -- conversion from numeric string                        */
-/*                                                                    */
-/*   decimal32FromString(result, string, set);                        */
-/*                                                                    */
+/* to-number -- conversion from numeric string			      */
+/*								      */
+/*   decimal32FromString(result, string, set);			      */
+/*								      */
 /*  result  is the decimal32 format number which gets the result of   */
-/*          the conversion                                            */
+/*	    the conversion					      */
 /*  *string is the character string which should contain a valid      */
-/*          number (which may be a special value)                     */
-/*  set     is the context                                            */
-/*                                                                    */
+/*	    number (which may be a special value)		      */
+/*  set	    is the context					      */
+/*								      */
 /* The context is supplied to this routine is used for error handling */
 /* (setting of status and traps) and for the rounding mode, only.     */
 /* If an error occurs, the result will be a valid decimal32 NaN.      */
 /* ------------------------------------------------------------------ */
-decimal32 *
-decimal32FromString (decimal32 * result, const char *string, decContext * set)
-{
-  decContext dc;		/* work */
-  decNumber dn;			/* .. */
-
-  decContextDefault (&dc, DEC_INIT_DECIMAL32);	/* no traps, please */
-  dc.round = set->round;	/* use supplied rounding */
-
-  decNumberFromString (&dn, string, &dc);	/* will round if needed */
-  decimal32FromNumber (result, &dn, &dc);
-  if (dc.status != 0)
-    {				/* something happened */
-      decContextSetStatus (set, dc.status);	/* .. pass it on */
+decimal32 * decimal32FromString(decimal32 *result, const char *string,
+				decContext *set) {
+  decContext dc;			     /* work */
+  decNumber dn;				     /* .. */
+
+  decContextDefault(&dc, DEC_INIT_DECIMAL32); /* no traps, please */
+  dc.round=set->round;			      /* use supplied rounding */
+
+  decNumberFromString(&dn, string, &dc);     /* will round if needed */
+  decimal32FromNumber(result, &dn, &dc);
+  if (dc.status!=0) {			     /* something happened */
+    decContextSetStatus(set, dc.status);     /* .. pass it on */
     }
   return result;
-}
+  } /* decimal32FromString */
+
+/* ------------------------------------------------------------------ */
+/* decimal32IsCanonical -- test whether encoding is canonical	      */
+/*   d32 is the source decimal32				      */
+/*   returns 1 if the encoding of d32 is canonical, 0 otherwise	      */
+/* No error is possible.					      */
+/* ------------------------------------------------------------------ */
+uint32_t decimal32IsCanonical(const decimal32 *d32) {
+  decNumber dn;				/* work */
+  decimal32 canon;			/* .. */
+  decContext dc;			/* .. */
+  decContextDefault(&dc, DEC_INIT_DECIMAL32);
+  decimal32ToNumber(d32, &dn);
+  decimal32FromNumber(&canon, &dn, &dc);/* canon will now be canonical */
+  return memcmp(d32, &canon, DECIMAL32_Bytes)==0;
+  } /* decimal32IsCanonical */
+
+/* ------------------------------------------------------------------ */
+/* decimal32Canonical -- copy an encoding, ensuring it is canonical   */
+/*   d32 is the source decimal32				      */
+/*   result is the target (may be the same decimal32)		      */
+/*   returns result						      */
+/* No error is possible.					      */
+/* ------------------------------------------------------------------ */
+decimal32 * decimal32Canonical(decimal32 *result, const decimal32 *d32) {
+  decNumber dn;				/* work */
+  decContext dc;			/* .. */
+  decContextDefault(&dc, DEC_INIT_DECIMAL32);
+  decimal32ToNumber(d32, &dn);
+  decimal32FromNumber(result, &dn, &dc);/* result will now be canonical */
+  return result;
+  } /* decimal32Canonical */
 
 #if DECTRACE || DECCHECK
+/* Macros for accessing decimal32 fields.  These assume the argument
+   is a reference (pointer) to the decimal32 structure, and the
+   decimal32 is in network byte order (big-endian) */
+/* Get sign */
+#define decimal32Sign(d)       ((unsigned)(d)->bytes[0]>>7)
+
+/* Get combination field */
+#define decimal32Comb(d)       (((d)->bytes[0] & 0x7c)>>2)
+
+/* Get exponent continuation [does not remove bias] */
+#define decimal32ExpCon(d)     ((((d)->bytes[0] & 0x03)<<4)	      \
+			     | ((unsigned)(d)->bytes[1]>>4))
+
+/* Set sign [this assumes sign previously 0] */
+#define decimal32SetSign(d, b) {				      \
+  (d)->bytes[0]|=((unsigned)(b)<<7);}
+
+/* Set exponent continuation [does not apply bias] */
+/* This assumes range has been checked and exponent previously 0; */
+/* type of exponent must be unsigned */
+#define decimal32SetExpCon(d, e) {				      \
+  (d)->bytes[0]|=(uint8_t)((e)>>4);				      \
+  (d)->bytes[1]|=(uint8_t)(((e)&0x0F)<<4);}
+
 /* ------------------------------------------------------------------ */
-/* decimal32Show -- display a single in hexadecimal [debug aid]       */
-/*   d32 -- the number to show                                        */
+/* decimal32Show -- display a decimal32 in hexadecimal [debug aid]    */
+/*   d32 -- the number to show					      */
 /* ------------------------------------------------------------------ */
-/* Also shows sign/cob/expconfields extracted */
-void
-decimal32Show (const decimal32 * d32)
-{
-  char buf[DECIMAL32_Bytes * 2 + 1];
-  Int i, j;
-  j = 0;
-  for (i = 0; i < DECIMAL32_Bytes; i++)
-    {
-      sprintf (&buf[j], "%02x", d32->bytes[i]);
-      j = j + 2;
+/* Also shows sign/cob/expconfields extracted - valid bigendian only */
+void decimal32Show(const decimal32 *d32) {
+  char buf[DECIMAL32_Bytes*2+1];
+  Int i, j=0;
+
+  if (DECLITEND) {
+    for (i=0; i<DECIMAL32_Bytes; i++, j+=2) {
+      sprintf(&buf[j], "%02x", d32->bytes[3-i]);
+      }
+    printf(" D32> %s [S:%d Cb:%02x Ec:%02x] LittleEndian\n", buf,
+	   d32->bytes[3]>>7, (d32->bytes[3]>>2)&0x1f,
+	   ((d32->bytes[3]&0x3)<<4)| (d32->bytes[2]>>4));
+    }
+   else {
+    for (i=0; i<DECIMAL32_Bytes; i++, j+=2) {
+      sprintf(&buf[j], "%02x", d32->bytes[i]);
+      }
+    printf(" D32> %s [S:%d Cb:%02x Ec:%02x] BigEndian\n", buf,
+	   decimal32Sign(d32), decimal32Comb(d32), decimal32ExpCon(d32));
     }
-  printf (" D32> %s [S:%d Cb:%02x E:%d]\n", buf,
-	  decimal32Sign (d32), decimal32Comb (d32), decimal32ExpCon (d32));
-}
+  } /* decimal32Show */
 #endif
diff --git a/libdecnumber/dpd/decimal32.h b/libdecnumber/dpd/decimal32.h
index cbe8ab4a65c..0d530464172 100644
--- a/libdecnumber/dpd/decimal32.h
+++ b/libdecnumber/dpd/decimal32.h
@@ -1,5 +1,5 @@
-/* Decimal 32-bit format module header for the decNumber C Library
-   Copyright (C) 2005 Free Software Foundation, Inc.
+/* Decimal 32-bit format module header for the decNumber C Library.
+   Copyright (C) 2005, 2007 Free Software Foundation, Inc.
    Contributed by IBM Corporation.  Author Mike Cowlishaw.
 
    This file is part of GCC.
@@ -28,93 +28,72 @@
    Software Foundation, 51 Franklin Street, Fifth Floor, Boston, MA
    02110-1301, USA.  */
 
+/* ------------------------------------------------------------------ */
+/* Decimal 32-bit format module header				      */
+/* ------------------------------------------------------------------ */
+
 #if !defined(DECIMAL32)
-#define DECIMAL32
-#define DEC32NAME     "decimal32"	/* Short name */
-#define DEC32FULLNAME "Decimal 32-bit Number"	/* Verbose name */
-#define DEC32AUTHOR   "Mike Cowlishaw"	/* Who to blame */
+  #define DECIMAL32
+  #define DEC32NAME	"decimal32"		      /* Short name   */
+  #define DEC32FULLNAME "Decimal 32-bit Number"	      /* Verbose name */
+  #define DEC32AUTHOR	"Mike Cowlishaw"	      /* Who to blame */
 
   /* parameters for decimal32s */
-#define DECIMAL32_Bytes  4	/* length */
-#define DECIMAL32_Pmax   7	/* maximum precision (digits) */
-#define DECIMAL32_Emax   96	/* maximum adjusted exponent */
-#define DECIMAL32_Emin  -95	/* minimum adjusted exponent */
-#define DECIMAL32_Bias   101	/* bias for the exponent */
-#define DECIMAL32_String 15	/* maximum string length, +1 */
-  /* highest biased exponent (Elimit-1) */
-#define DECIMAL32_Ehigh  (DECIMAL32_Emax+DECIMAL32_Bias-DECIMAL32_Pmax+1)
-
-#ifndef DECNUMDIGITS
-#define DECNUMDIGITS DECIMAL32_Pmax	/* size if not already defined */
-#endif
-#ifndef DECNUMBER
-#include "decNumber.h"		/* context and number library */
-#endif
+  #define DECIMAL32_Bytes  4		/* length		      */
+  #define DECIMAL32_Pmax   7		/* maximum precision (digits) */
+  #define DECIMAL32_Emax   96		/* maximum adjusted exponent  */
+  #define DECIMAL32_Emin  -95		/* minimum adjusted exponent  */
+  #define DECIMAL32_Bias   101		/* bias for the exponent      */
+  #define DECIMAL32_String 15		/* maximum string length, +1  */
+  #define DECIMAL32_EconL  6		/* exp. continuation length   */
+  /* highest biased exponent (Elimit-1)				      */
+  #define DECIMAL32_Ehigh  (DECIMAL32_Emax+DECIMAL32_Bias-DECIMAL32_Pmax+1)
+
+  /* check enough digits, if pre-defined			      */
+  #if defined(DECNUMDIGITS)
+    #if (DECNUMDIGITS<DECIMAL32_Pmax)
+      #error decimal32.h needs pre-defined DECNUMDIGITS>=7 for safe use
+    #endif
+  #endif
+
+  #ifndef DECNUMDIGITS
+    #define DECNUMDIGITS DECIMAL32_Pmax /* size if not already defined*/
+  #endif
+  #ifndef DECNUMBER
+    #include "decNumber.h"		/* context and number library */
+  #endif
 
   /* Decimal 32-bit type, accessible by bytes */
-typedef struct
-{
-  uint8_t bytes[DECIMAL32_Bytes];	/* decimal32: 1, 5, 6, 20 bits */
-} decimal32;
-
-  /* special values [top byte excluding sign bit; last two bits are
-     don't-care for Infinity on input, last bit don't-care for NaN] */
-#if !defined(DECIMAL_NaN)
-#define DECIMAL_NaN     0x7c	/* 0 11111 00 NaN */
-#define DECIMAL_sNaN    0x7e	/* 0 11111 10 sNaN */
-#define DECIMAL_Inf     0x78	/* 0 11110 00 Infinity */
-#endif
-
-  /* Macros for accessing decimal32 fields.  These assume the argument
-     is a reference (pointer) to the decimal32 structure */
-  /* Get sign */
-#define decimal32Sign(d)       ((unsigned)(d)->bytes[0]>>7)
-
-  /* Get combination field */
-#define decimal32Comb(d)       (((d)->bytes[0] & 0x7c)>>2)
-
-  /* Get exponent continuation [does not remove bias] */
-#define decimal32ExpCon(d)     ((((d)->bytes[0] & 0x03)<<4)         \
-                               | ((unsigned)(d)->bytes[1]>>4))
-
-  /* Set sign [this assumes sign previously 0] */
-#define decimal32SetSign(d, b) {                                    \
-    (d)->bytes[0]|=((unsigned)(b)<<7);}
-
-  /* Clear sign */
-#define decimal32ClearSign(d) {(d)->bytes[0]&=~0x80;}
-
-  /* Flip sign */
-#define decimal32FlipSign(d) {(d)->bytes[0]^=0x80;}
-
-  /* Set exponent continuation [does not apply bias] */
-  /* This assumes range has been checked and exponent previously 0; */
-  /* type of exponent must be unsigned */
-#define decimal32SetExpCon(d, e) {                                  \
-    (d)->bytes[0]|=(uint8_t)((e)>>4);                                 \
-    (d)->bytes[1]|=(uint8_t)(((e)&0x0F)<<4);}
-
-  /* ------------------------------------------------------------------ */
-  /* Routines                                                           */
-  /* ------------------------------------------------------------------ */
-
-#ifdef IN_LIBGCC2
-#ifndef decimal32FromString
-#define decimal32FromString __decimal32FromString
-#define decimal32ToString __decimal32ToString
-#define decimal32ToEngString __decimal32ToEngString
-#define decimal32FromNumber __decimal32FromNumber
-#define decimal32ToNumber __decimal32ToNumber
-#endif
-#endif
-
-/* String conversions.  */
-decimal32 *decimal32FromString (decimal32 *, const char *, decContext *);
-char *decimal32ToString (const decimal32 *, char *);
-char *decimal32ToEngString (const decimal32 *, char *);
-
-/* decNumber conversions.  */
-decimal32 *decimal32FromNumber (decimal32 *, const decNumber *, decContext *);
-decNumber *decimal32ToNumber (const decimal32 *, decNumber *);
+  typedef struct {
+    uint8_t bytes[DECIMAL32_Bytes];	/* decimal32: 1, 5, 6, 20 bits*/
+    } decimal32;
+
+  /* special values [top byte excluding sign bit; last two bits are   */
+  /* don't-care for Infinity on input, last bit don't-care for NaN]   */
+  #if !defined(DECIMAL_NaN)
+    #define DECIMAL_NaN	    0x7c	/* 0 11111 00 NaN	      */
+    #define DECIMAL_sNaN    0x7e	/* 0 11111 10 sNaN	      */
+    #define DECIMAL_Inf	    0x78	/* 0 11110 00 Infinity	      */
+  #endif
+
+  /* ---------------------------------------------------------------- */
+  /* Routines							      */
+  /* ---------------------------------------------------------------- */
+
+  #include "decimal32Symbols.h"
+
+  /* String conversions						      */
+  decimal32 * decimal32FromString(decimal32 *, const char *, decContext *);
+  char * decimal32ToString(const decimal32 *, char *);
+  char * decimal32ToEngString(const decimal32 *, char *);
+
+  /* decNumber conversions					      */
+  decimal32 * decimal32FromNumber(decimal32 *, const decNumber *,
+				  decContext *);
+  decNumber * decimal32ToNumber(const decimal32 *, decNumber *);
+
+  /* Format-dependent utilities					      */
+  uint32_t    decimal32IsCanonical(const decimal32 *);
+  decimal32 * decimal32Canonical(decimal32 *, const decimal32 *);
 
 #endif
diff --git a/libdecnumber/dpd/decimal32Symbols.h b/libdecnumber/dpd/decimal32Symbols.h
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000..c4aa74fdfd3
--- /dev/null
+++ b/libdecnumber/dpd/decimal32Symbols.h
@@ -0,0 +1,26 @@
+#if !defined(DECIMAL32SYMBOLS)
+#define DECIMAL32SYMBOLS
+
+#ifdef IN_LIBGCC2
+#define decDigitsFromDPD __decDigitsFromDPD
+#define decDigitsToDPD __decDigitsToDPD
+#define decimal32Canonical __decimal32Canonical
+#define decimal32FromNumber __decimal32FromNumber
+#define decimal32FromString __decimal32FromString
+#define decimal32IsCanonical __decimal32IsCanonical
+#define decimal32ToEngString __decimal32ToEngString
+#define decimal32ToNumber __decimal32ToNumber
+#define decimal32ToString __decimal32ToString
+#define COMBEXP __decnnCOMBEXP
+#define COMBMSD __decnnCOMBMSD
+
+/* DPD2BIN and BIN2DPD are used in support for decimal32/decimal64/decimal128
+   and also in support for decSingle/decDouble/decQuad.  Rename them in case
+   both types of support are used in the same executable.  */
+#undef DPD2BIN
+#define DPD2BIN __decnnDPD2BIN
+#undef BIN2DPD
+#define BIN2DPD __decnnBIN2DPD
+#endif
+
+#endif
diff --git a/libdecnumber/dpd/decimal64.c b/libdecnumber/dpd/decimal64.c
index c1c1c7c9b09..c3617c46c08 100644
--- a/libdecnumber/dpd/decimal64.c
+++ b/libdecnumber/dpd/decimal64.c
@@ -1,5 +1,5 @@
-/* Decimal 64-bit format module for the decNumber C Library
-   Copyright (C) 2005 Free Software Foundation, Inc.
+/* Decimal 64-bit format module for the decNumber C Library.
+   Copyright (C) 2005, 2007 Free Software Foundation, Inc.
    Contributed by IBM Corporation.  Author Mike Cowlishaw.
 
    This file is part of GCC.
@@ -29,309 +29,824 @@
    02110-1301, USA.  */
 
 /* ------------------------------------------------------------------ */
+/* Decimal 64-bit format module					      */
+/* ------------------------------------------------------------------ */
 /* This module comprises the routines for decimal64 format numbers.   */
-/* Conversions are supplied to and from decNumber and String.         */
-/*                                                                    */
-/* No arithmetic routines are included; decNumber provides these.     */
-/*                                                                    */
-/* Error handling is the same as decNumber (qv.).                     */
+/* Conversions are supplied to and from decNumber and String.	      */
+/*								      */
+/* This is used when decNumber provides operations, either for all    */
+/* operations or as a proxy between decNumber and decSingle.	      */
+/*								      */
+/* Error handling is the same as decNumber (qv.).		      */
 /* ------------------------------------------------------------------ */
-#include <string.h>		/* [for memset/memcpy] */
-#include <stdio.h>		/* [for printf] */
+#include <string.h>	      /* [for memset/memcpy] */
+#include <stdio.h>	      /* [for printf] */
+
+#include "config.h"	      /* GCC definitions */
+#define	 DECNUMDIGITS 16      /* make decNumbers with space for 16 */
+#include "decNumber.h"	      /* base number library */
+#include "decNumberLocal.h"   /* decNumber local types, etc. */
+#include "decimal64.h"	      /* our primary include */
 
-#define  DECNUMDIGITS 16	/* we need decNumbers with space for 16 */
-#include "config.h"
-#include "decNumber.h"		/* base number library */
-#include "decNumberLocal.h"	/* decNumber local types, etc. */
-#include "decimal64.h"		/* our primary include */
-#include "decUtility.h"		/* utility routines */
+/* Utility routines and tables [in decimal64.c]; externs for C++ */
+extern const uInt COMBEXP[32], COMBMSD[32];
+extern const uShort DPD2BIN[1024];
+extern const uShort BIN2DPD[1000];
+extern const uByte  BIN2CHAR[4001];
+
+extern void decDigitsFromDPD(decNumber *, const uInt *, Int);
+extern void decDigitsToDPD(const decNumber *, uInt *, Int);
 
 #if DECTRACE || DECCHECK
-void decimal64Show (const decimal64 *);	/* for debug */
-void decNumberShow (const decNumber *);	/* .. */
+void decimal64Show(const decimal64 *);		  /* for debug */
+extern void decNumberShow(const decNumber *);	  /* .. */
 #endif
 
 /* Useful macro */
 /* Clear a structure (e.g., a decNumber) */
 #define DEC_clear(d) memset(d, 0, sizeof(*d))
 
+/* define and include the tables to use for conversions */
+#define DEC_BIN2CHAR 1
+#define DEC_DPD2BIN  1
+#define DEC_BIN2DPD  1		   /* used for all sizes */
+#include "decDPD.h"		   /* lookup tables */
+
 /* ------------------------------------------------------------------ */
-/* decimal64FromNumber -- convert decNumber to decimal64              */
-/*                                                                    */
-/*   ds is the target decimal64                                       */
-/*   dn is the source number (assumed valid)                          */
-/*   set is the context, used only for reporting errors               */
-/*                                                                    */
+/* decimal64FromNumber -- convert decNumber to decimal64	      */
+/*								      */
+/*   ds is the target decimal64					      */
+/*   dn is the source number (assumed valid)			      */
+/*   set is the context, used only for reporting errors		      */
+/*								      */
 /* The set argument is used only for status reporting and for the     */
 /* rounding mode (used if the coefficient is more than DECIMAL64_Pmax */
-/* digits or an overflow is detected).  If the exponent is out of the */
-/* valid range then Overflow or Underflow will be raised.             */
-/* After Underflow a subnormal result is possible.                    */
-/*                                                                    */
+/* digits or an overflow is detected).	If the exponent is out of the */
+/* valid range then Overflow or Underflow will be raised.	      */
+/* After Underflow a subnormal result is possible.		      */
+/*								      */
 /* DEC_Clamped is set if the number has to be 'folded down' to fit,   */
 /* by reducing its exponent and multiplying the coefficient by a      */
 /* power of ten, or if the exponent on a zero had to be clamped.      */
 /* ------------------------------------------------------------------ */
-decimal64 *
-decimal64FromNumber (decimal64 * d64, const decNumber * dn, decContext * set)
-{
-  uInt status = 0;		/* status accumulator */
-  Int pad = 0;			/* coefficient pad digits */
-  decNumber dw;			/* work */
-  decContext dc;		/* .. */
-  uByte isneg = dn->bits & DECNEG;	/* non-0 if original sign set */
-  uInt comb, exp;		/* work */
-
-  /* If the number is finite, and has too many digits, or the exponent */
-  /* could be out of range then we reduce the number under the */
-  /* appropriate constraints */
-  if (!(dn->bits & DECSPECIAL))
-    {				/* not a special value */
-      Int ae = dn->exponent + dn->digits - 1;	/* adjusted exponent */
-      if (dn->digits > DECIMAL64_Pmax	/* too many digits */
-	  || ae > DECIMAL64_Emax	/* likely overflow */
-	  || ae < DECIMAL64_Emin)
-	{			/* likely underflow */
-	  decContextDefault (&dc, DEC_INIT_DECIMAL64);	/* [no traps] */
-	  dc.round = set->round;	/* use supplied rounding */
-	  decNumberPlus (&dw, dn, &dc);	/* (round and check) */
-	  /* [this changes -0 to 0, but it will be restored below] */
-	  status |= dc.status;	/* save status */
-	  dn = &dw;		/* use the work number */
-	}
-      /* [this could have pushed number to Infinity or zero, so this */
-      /* rounding must be done before we generate the decimal64] */
-    }
+decimal64 * decimal64FromNumber(decimal64 *d64, const decNumber *dn,
+				decContext *set) {
+  uInt status=0;		   /* status accumulator */
+  Int ae;			   /* adjusted exponent */
+  decNumber  dw;		   /* work */
+  decContext dc;		   /* .. */
+  uInt *pu;			   /* .. */
+  uInt comb, exp;		   /* .. */
+  uInt targar[2]={0, 0};	   /* target 64-bit */
+  #define targhi targar[1]	   /* name the word with the sign */
+  #define targlo targar[0]	   /* and the other */
+
+  /* If the number has too many digits, or the exponent could be */
+  /* out of range then reduce the number under the appropriate */
+  /* constraints.  This could push the number to Infinity or zero, */
+  /* so this check and rounding must be done before generating the */
+  /* decimal64] */
+  ae=dn->exponent+dn->digits-1;		     /* [0 if special] */
+  if (dn->digits>DECIMAL64_Pmax		     /* too many digits */
+   || ae>DECIMAL64_Emax			     /* likely overflow */
+   || ae<DECIMAL64_Emin) {		     /* likely underflow */
+    decContextDefault(&dc, DEC_INIT_DECIMAL64); /* [no traps] */
+    dc.round=set->round;		     /* use supplied rounding */
+    decNumberPlus(&dw, dn, &dc);	     /* (round and check) */
+    /* [this changes -0 to 0, so enforce the sign...] */
+    dw.bits|=dn->bits&DECNEG;
+    status=dc.status;			     /* save status */
+    dn=&dw;				     /* use the work number */
+    } /* maybe out of range */
 
-  DEC_clear (d64);		/* clean the target */
-  if (dn->bits & DECSPECIAL)
-    {				/* a special value */
-      uByte top;		/* work */
-      if (dn->bits & DECINF)
-	top = DECIMAL_Inf;
-      else
-	{			/* sNaN or qNaN */
-	  if ((*dn->lsu != 0 || dn->digits > 1)	/* non-zero coefficient */
-	      && (dn->digits < DECIMAL64_Pmax))
-	    {			/* coefficient fits */
-	      decDensePackCoeff (dn, d64->bytes, sizeof (d64->bytes), 0);
-	    }
-	  if (dn->bits & DECNAN)
-	    top = DECIMAL_NaN;
-	  else
-	    top = DECIMAL_sNaN;
+  if (dn->bits&DECSPECIAL) {			  /* a special value */
+    if (dn->bits&DECINF) targhi=DECIMAL_Inf<<24;
+     else {					  /* sNaN or qNaN */
+      if ((*dn->lsu!=0 || dn->digits>1)		  /* non-zero coefficient */
+       && (dn->digits<DECIMAL64_Pmax)) {	  /* coefficient fits */
+	decDigitsToDPD(dn, targar, 0);
 	}
-      d64->bytes[0] = top;
-    }
-  else if (decNumberIsZero (dn))
-    {				/* a zero */
+      if (dn->bits&DECNAN) targhi|=DECIMAL_NaN<<24;
+       else targhi|=DECIMAL_sNaN<<24;
+      } /* a NaN */
+    } /* special */
+
+   else { /* is finite */
+    if (decNumberIsZero(dn)) {		     /* is a zero */
       /* set and clamp exponent */
-      if (dn->exponent < -DECIMAL64_Bias)
-	{
-	  exp = 0;
-	  status |= DEC_Clamped;
+      if (dn->exponent<-DECIMAL64_Bias) {
+	exp=0;				     /* low clamp */
+	status|=DEC_Clamped;
 	}
-      else
-	{
-	  exp = dn->exponent + DECIMAL64_Bias;	/* bias exponent */
-	  if (exp > DECIMAL64_Ehigh)
-	    {			/* top clamp */
-	      exp = DECIMAL64_Ehigh;
-	      status |= DEC_Clamped;
-	    }
+       else {
+	exp=dn->exponent+DECIMAL64_Bias;     /* bias exponent */
+	if (exp>DECIMAL64_Ehigh) {	     /* top clamp */
+	  exp=DECIMAL64_Ehigh;
+	  status|=DEC_Clamped;
+	  }
 	}
-      comb = (exp >> 5) & 0x18;	/* combination field */
-      d64->bytes[0] = (uByte) (comb << 2);
-      exp &= 0xff;		/* remaining exponent bits */
-      decimal64SetExpCon (d64, exp);
-    }
-  else
-    {				/* non-zero finite number */
-      uInt msd;			/* work */
-
-      /* we have a dn that fits, but it may need to be padded */
-      exp = (uInt) (dn->exponent + DECIMAL64_Bias);	/* bias exponent */
-      if (exp > DECIMAL64_Ehigh)
-	{			/* fold-down case */
-	  pad = exp - DECIMAL64_Ehigh;
-	  exp = DECIMAL64_Ehigh;	/* [to maximum] */
-	  status |= DEC_Clamped;
+      comb=(exp>>5) & 0x18;		/* msd=0, exp top 2 bits .. */
+      }
+     else {				/* non-zero finite number */
+      uInt msd;				/* work */
+      Int pad=0;			/* coefficient pad digits */
+
+      /* the dn is known to fit, but it may need to be padded */
+      exp=(uInt)(dn->exponent+DECIMAL64_Bias);	  /* bias exponent */
+      if (exp>DECIMAL64_Ehigh) {		  /* fold-down case */
+	pad=exp-DECIMAL64_Ehigh;
+	exp=DECIMAL64_Ehigh;			  /* [to maximum] */
+	status|=DEC_Clamped;
 	}
 
-      decDensePackCoeff (dn, d64->bytes, sizeof (d64->bytes), pad);
+      /* fastpath common case */
+      if (DECDPUN==3 && pad==0) {
+	uInt dpd[6]={0,0,0,0,0,0};
+	uInt i;
+	Int d=dn->digits;
+	for (i=0; d>0; i++, d-=3) dpd[i]=BIN2DPD[dn->lsu[i]];
+	targlo =dpd[0];
+	targlo|=dpd[1]<<10;
+	targlo|=dpd[2]<<20;
+	if (dn->digits>6) {
+	  targlo|=dpd[3]<<30;
+	  targhi =dpd[3]>>2;
+	  targhi|=dpd[4]<<8;
+	  }
+	msd=dpd[5];		   /* [did not really need conversion] */
+	}
+       else { /* general case */
+	decDigitsToDPD(dn, targar, pad);
+	/* save and clear the top digit */
+	msd=targhi>>18;
+	targhi&=0x0003ffff;
+	}
 
-      /* save and clear the top digit */
-      msd = ((unsigned) d64->bytes[1] >> 2) & 0x0f;
-      d64->bytes[1] &= 0x03;
       /* create the combination field */
-      if (msd >= 8)
-	comb = 0x18 | (msd & 0x01) | ((exp >> 7) & 0x06);
-      else
-	comb = (msd & 0x07) | ((exp >> 5) & 0x18);
-      d64->bytes[0] = (uByte) (comb << 2);
-      exp &= 0xff;		/* remaining exponent bits */
-      decimal64SetExpCon (d64, exp);
-    }
+      if (msd>=8) comb=0x18 | ((exp>>7) & 0x06) | (msd & 0x01);
+	     else comb=((exp>>5) & 0x18) | msd;
+      }
+    targhi|=comb<<26;		   /* add combination field .. */
+    targhi|=(exp&0xff)<<18;	   /* .. and exponent continuation */
+    } /* finite */
+
+  if (dn->bits&DECNEG) targhi|=0x80000000; /* add sign bit */
 
-  if (isneg)
-    decimal64SetSign (d64, 1);
-  if (status != 0)
-    decContextSetStatus (set, status);	/* pass on status */
+  /* now write to storage; this is now always endian */
+  pu=(uInt *)d64->bytes;	   /* overlay */
+  if (DECLITEND) {
+    pu[0]=targar[0];		   /* directly store the low int */
+    pu[1]=targar[1];		   /* then the high int */
+    }
+   else {
+    pu[0]=targar[1];		   /* directly store the high int */
+    pu[1]=targar[0];		   /* then the low int */
+    }
 
-  /*decimal64Show(d64); */
+  if (status!=0) decContextSetStatus(set, status); /* pass on status */
+  /* decimal64Show(d64); */
   return d64;
-}
+  } /* decimal64FromNumber */
 
 /* ------------------------------------------------------------------ */
-/* decimal64ToNumber -- convert decimal64 to decNumber                */
-/*   d64 is the source decimal64                                      */
-/*   dn is the target number, with appropriate space                  */
-/* No error is possible.                                              */
+/* decimal64ToNumber -- convert decimal64 to decNumber		      */
+/*   d64 is the source decimal64				      */
+/*   dn is the target number, with appropriate space		      */
+/* No error is possible.					      */
 /* ------------------------------------------------------------------ */
-decNumber *
-decimal64ToNumber (const decimal64 * d64, decNumber * dn)
-{
-  uInt msd;			/* coefficient MSD */
-  decimal64 wk;			/* working copy, if needed */
-  uInt top = d64->bytes[0] & 0x7f;	/* top byte, less sign bit */
-  decNumberZero (dn);		/* clean target */
-  /* set the sign if negative */
-  if (decimal64Sign (d64))
-    dn->bits = DECNEG;
-
-  if (top >= 0x78)
-    {				/* is a special */
-      if ((top & 0x7c) == (DECIMAL_Inf & 0x7c))
-	dn->bits |= DECINF;
-      else if ((top & 0x7e) == (DECIMAL_NaN & 0x7e))
-	dn->bits |= DECNAN;
-      else
-	dn->bits |= DECSNAN;
-      msd = 0;			/* no top digit */
+decNumber * decimal64ToNumber(const decimal64 *d64, decNumber *dn) {
+  uInt msd;			   /* coefficient MSD */
+  uInt exp;			   /* exponent top two bits */
+  uInt comb;			   /* combination field */
+  const uInt *pu;		   /* work */
+  Int  need;			   /* .. */
+  uInt sourar[2];		   /* source 64-bit */
+  #define sourhi sourar[1]	   /* name the word with the sign */
+  #define sourlo sourar[0]	   /* and the lower word */
+
+  /* load source from storage; this is endian */
+  pu=(const uInt *)d64->bytes;	   /* overlay */
+  if (DECLITEND) {
+    sourlo=pu[0];		   /* directly load the low int */
+    sourhi=pu[1];		   /* then the high int */
     }
-  else
-    {				/* have a finite number */
-      uInt comb = top >> 2;	/* combination field */
-      uInt exp;			/* exponent */
-
-      if (comb >= 0x18)
-	{
-	  msd = 8 + (comb & 0x01);
-	  exp = (comb & 0x06) << 7;	/* MSBs */
-	}
-      else
-	{
-	  msd = comb & 0x07;
-	  exp = (comb & 0x18) << 5;
-	}
-      dn->exponent = exp + decimal64ExpCon (d64) - DECIMAL64_Bias;	/* remove bias */
+   else {
+    sourhi=pu[0];		   /* directly load the high int */
+    sourlo=pu[1];		   /* then the low int */
     }
 
-  /* get the coefficient, unless infinite */
-  if (!(dn->bits & DECINF))
-    {
-      Int bunches = DECIMAL64_Pmax / 3;	/* coefficient full bunches to convert */
-      Int odd = 0;		/* assume MSD is 0 (no odd bunch) */
-      if (msd != 0)
-	{			/* coefficient has leading non-0 digit */
-	  /* make a copy of the decimal64, with an extra bunch which has */
-	  /* the top digit ready for conversion */
-	  wk = *d64;		/* take a copy */
-	  wk.bytes[0] = 0;	/* clear all but coecon */
-	  wk.bytes[1] &= 0x03;	/* .. */
-	  wk.bytes[1] |= (msd << 2);	/* and prefix MSD */
-	  odd++;		/* indicate the extra */
-	  d64 = &wk;		/* use the work copy */
-	}
-      decDenseUnpackCoeff (d64->bytes, sizeof (d64->bytes), dn, bunches, odd);
+  comb=(sourhi>>26)&0x1f;	   /* combination field */
+
+  decNumberZero(dn);		   /* clean number */
+  if (sourhi&0x80000000) dn->bits=DECNEG; /* set sign if negative */
+
+  msd=COMBMSD[comb];		   /* decode the combination field */
+  exp=COMBEXP[comb];		   /* .. */
+
+  if (exp==3) {			   /* is a special */
+    if (msd==0) {
+      dn->bits|=DECINF;
+      return dn;		   /* no coefficient needed */
+      }
+    else if (sourhi&0x02000000) dn->bits|=DECSNAN;
+    else dn->bits|=DECNAN;
+    msd=0;			   /* no top digit */
+    }
+   else {			   /* is a finite number */
+    dn->exponent=(exp<<8)+((sourhi>>18)&0xff)-DECIMAL64_Bias; /* unbiased */
     }
+
+  /* get the coefficient */
+  sourhi&=0x0003ffff;		   /* clean coefficient continuation */
+  if (msd) {			   /* non-zero msd */
+    sourhi|=msd<<18;		   /* prefix to coefficient */
+    need=6;			   /* process 6 declets */
+    }
+   else { /* msd=0 */
+    if (!sourhi) {		   /* top word 0 */
+      if (!sourlo) return dn;	   /* easy: coefficient is 0 */
+      need=3;			   /* process at least 3 declets */
+      if (sourlo&0xc0000000) need++; /* process 4 declets */
+      /* [could reduce some more, here] */
+      }
+     else {			   /* some bits in top word, msd=0 */
+      need=4;			   /* process at least 4 declets */
+      if (sourhi&0x0003ff00) need++; /* top declet!=0, process 5 */
+      }
+    } /*msd=0 */
+
+  decDigitsFromDPD(dn, sourar, need);	/* process declets */
   return dn;
-}
+  } /* decimal64ToNumber */
+
 
 /* ------------------------------------------------------------------ */
-/* to-scientific-string -- conversion to numeric string               */
-/* to-engineering-string -- conversion to numeric string              */
-/*                                                                    */
-/*   decimal64ToString(d64, string);                                  */
-/*   decimal64ToEngString(d64, string);                               */
-/*                                                                    */
-/*  d64 is the decimal64 format number to convert                     */
-/*  string is the string where the result will be laid out            */
-/*                                                                    */
-/*  string must be at least 24 characters                             */
-/*                                                                    */
-/*  No error is possible, and no status can be set.                   */
+/* to-scientific-string -- conversion to numeric string		      */
+/* to-engineering-string -- conversion to numeric string	      */
+/*								      */
+/*   decimal64ToString(d64, string);				      */
+/*   decimal64ToEngString(d64, string);				      */
+/*								      */
+/*  d64 is the decimal64 format number to convert		      */
+/*  string is the string where the result will be laid out	      */
+/*								      */
+/*  string must be at least 24 characters			      */
+/*								      */
+/*  No error is possible, and no status can be set.		      */
 /* ------------------------------------------------------------------ */
-char *
-decimal64ToString (const decimal64 * d64, char *string)
-{
-  decNumber dn;			/* work */
-  decimal64ToNumber (d64, &dn);
-  decNumberToString (&dn, string);
+char * decimal64ToEngString(const decimal64 *d64, char *string){
+  decNumber dn;				/* work */
+  decimal64ToNumber(d64, &dn);
+  decNumberToEngString(&dn, string);
   return string;
-}
-
-char *
-decimal64ToEngString (const decimal64 * d64, char *string)
-{
-  decNumber dn;			/* work */
-  decimal64ToNumber (d64, &dn);
-  decNumberToEngString (&dn, string);
+  } /* decimal64ToEngString */
+
+char * decimal64ToString(const decimal64 *d64, char *string){
+  uInt msd;			   /* coefficient MSD */
+  Int  exp;			   /* exponent top two bits or full */
+  uInt comb;			   /* combination field */
+  char *cstart;			   /* coefficient start */
+  char *c;			   /* output pointer in string */
+  const uInt *pu;		   /* work */
+  char *s, *t;			   /* .. (source, target) */
+  Int  dpd;			   /* .. */
+  Int  pre, e;			   /* .. */
+  const uByte *u;		   /* .. */
+
+  uInt sourar[2];		   /* source 64-bit */
+  #define sourhi sourar[1]	   /* name the word with the sign */
+  #define sourlo sourar[0]	   /* and the lower word */
+
+  /* load source from storage; this is endian */
+  pu=(const uInt *)d64->bytes;	   /* overlay */
+  if (DECLITEND) {
+    sourlo=pu[0];		   /* directly load the low int */
+    sourhi=pu[1];		   /* then the high int */
+    }
+   else {
+    sourhi=pu[0];		   /* directly load the high int */
+    sourlo=pu[1];		   /* then the low int */
+    }
+
+  c=string;			   /* where result will go */
+  if (((Int)sourhi)<0) *c++='-';   /* handle sign */
+
+  comb=(sourhi>>26)&0x1f;	   /* combination field */
+  msd=COMBMSD[comb];		   /* decode the combination field */
+  exp=COMBEXP[comb];		   /* .. */
+
+  if (exp==3) {
+    if (msd==0) {		   /* infinity */
+      strcpy(c,	  "Inf");
+      strcpy(c+3, "inity");
+      return string;		   /* easy */
+      }
+    if (sourhi&0x02000000) *c++='s'; /* sNaN */
+    strcpy(c, "NaN");		   /* complete word */
+    c+=3;			   /* step past */
+    if (sourlo==0 && (sourhi&0x0003ffff)==0) return string; /* zero payload */
+    /* otherwise drop through to add integer; set correct exp */
+    exp=0; msd=0;		   /* setup for following code */
+    }
+   else exp=(exp<<8)+((sourhi>>18)&0xff)-DECIMAL64_Bias;
+
+  /* convert 16 digits of significand to characters */
+  cstart=c;			   /* save start of coefficient */
+  if (msd) *c++='0'+(char)msd;	   /* non-zero most significant digit */
+
+  /* Now decode the declets.  After extracting each one, it is */
+  /* decoded to binary and then to a 4-char sequence by table lookup; */
+  /* the 4-chars are a 1-char length (significant digits, except 000 */
+  /* has length 0).  This allows us to left-align the first declet */
+  /* with non-zero content, then remaining ones are full 3-char */
+  /* length.  We use fixed-length memcpys because variable-length */
+  /* causes a subroutine call in GCC.  (These are length 4 for speed */
+  /* and are safe because the array has an extra terminator byte.) */
+  #define dpd2char u=&BIN2CHAR[DPD2BIN[dpd]*4];			  \
+		   if (c!=cstart) {memcpy(c, u+1, 4); c+=3;}	  \
+		    else if (*u)  {memcpy(c, u+4-*u, 4); c+=*u;}
+
+  dpd=(sourhi>>8)&0x3ff;		     /* declet 1 */
+  dpd2char;
+  dpd=((sourhi&0xff)<<2) | (sourlo>>30);     /* declet 2 */
+  dpd2char;
+  dpd=(sourlo>>20)&0x3ff;		     /* declet 3 */
+  dpd2char;
+  dpd=(sourlo>>10)&0x3ff;		     /* declet 4 */
+  dpd2char;
+  dpd=(sourlo)&0x3ff;			     /* declet 5 */
+  dpd2char;
+
+  if (c==cstart) *c++='0';	   /* all zeros -- make 0 */
+
+  if (exp==0) {			   /* integer or NaN case -- easy */
+    *c='\0';			   /* terminate */
+    return string;
+    }
+
+  /* non-0 exponent */
+  e=0;				   /* assume no E */
+  pre=c-cstart+exp;
+  /* [here, pre-exp is the digits count (==1 for zero)] */
+  if (exp>0 || pre<-5) {	   /* need exponential form */
+    e=pre-1;			   /* calculate E value */
+    pre=1;			   /* assume one digit before '.' */
+    } /* exponential form */
+
+  /* modify the coefficient, adding 0s, '.', and E+nn as needed */
+  s=c-1;			   /* source (LSD) */
+  if (pre>0) {			   /* ddd.ddd (plain), perhaps with E */
+    char *dotat=cstart+pre;
+    if (dotat<c) {		   /* if embedded dot needed... */
+      t=c;				/* target */
+      for (; s>=dotat; s--, t--) *t=*s; /* open the gap; leave t at gap */
+      *t='.';				/* insert the dot */
+      c++;				/* length increased by one */
+      }
+
+    /* finally add the E-part, if needed; it will never be 0, and has */
+    /* a maximum length of 3 digits */
+    if (e!=0) {
+      *c++='E';			   /* starts with E */
+      *c++='+';			   /* assume positive */
+      if (e<0) {
+	*(c-1)='-';		   /* oops, need '-' */
+	e=-e;			   /* uInt, please */
+	}
+      u=&BIN2CHAR[e*4];		   /* -> length byte */
+      memcpy(c, u+4-*u, 4);	   /* copy fixed 4 characters [is safe] */
+      c+=*u;			   /* bump pointer appropriately */
+      }
+    *c='\0';			   /* add terminator */
+    /*printf("res %s\n", string); */
+    return string;
+    } /* pre>0 */
+
+  /* -5<=pre<=0: here for plain 0.ddd or 0.000ddd forms (can never have E) */
+  t=c+1-pre;
+  *(t+1)='\0';				/* can add terminator now */
+  for (; s>=cstart; s--, t--) *t=*s;	/* shift whole coefficient right */
+  c=cstart;
+  *c++='0';				/* always starts with 0. */
+  *c++='.';
+  for (; pre<0; pre++) *c++='0';	/* add any 0's after '.' */
+  /*printf("res %s\n", string); */
   return string;
-}
+  } /* decimal64ToString */
 
 /* ------------------------------------------------------------------ */
-/* to-number -- conversion from numeric string                        */
-/*                                                                    */
-/*   decimal64FromString(result, string, set);                        */
-/*                                                                    */
+/* to-number -- conversion from numeric string			      */
+/*								      */
+/*   decimal64FromString(result, string, set);			      */
+/*								      */
 /*  result  is the decimal64 format number which gets the result of   */
-/*          the conversion                                            */
+/*	    the conversion					      */
 /*  *string is the character string which should contain a valid      */
-/*          number (which may be a special value)                     */
-/*  set     is the context                                            */
-/*                                                                    */
+/*	    number (which may be a special value)		      */
+/*  set	    is the context					      */
+/*								      */
 /* The context is supplied to this routine is used for error handling */
 /* (setting of status and traps) and for the rounding mode, only.     */
 /* If an error occurs, the result will be a valid decimal64 NaN.      */
 /* ------------------------------------------------------------------ */
-decimal64 *
-decimal64FromString (decimal64 * result, const char *string, decContext * set)
-{
-  decContext dc;		/* work */
-  decNumber dn;			/* .. */
+decimal64 * decimal64FromString(decimal64 *result, const char *string,
+				decContext *set) {
+  decContext dc;			     /* work */
+  decNumber dn;				     /* .. */
 
-  decContextDefault (&dc, DEC_INIT_DECIMAL64);	/* no traps, please */
-  dc.round = set->round;	/* use supplied rounding */
+  decContextDefault(&dc, DEC_INIT_DECIMAL64); /* no traps, please */
+  dc.round=set->round;			      /* use supplied rounding */
 
-  decNumberFromString (&dn, string, &dc);	/* will round if needed */
+  decNumberFromString(&dn, string, &dc);     /* will round if needed */
 
-  decimal64FromNumber (result, &dn, &dc);
-  if (dc.status != 0)
-    {				/* something happened */
-      decContextSetStatus (set, dc.status);	/* .. pass it on */
+  decimal64FromNumber(result, &dn, &dc);
+  if (dc.status!=0) {			     /* something happened */
+    decContextSetStatus(set, dc.status);     /* .. pass it on */
     }
   return result;
-}
+  } /* decimal64FromString */
+
+/* ------------------------------------------------------------------ */
+/* decimal64IsCanonical -- test whether encoding is canonical	      */
+/*   d64 is the source decimal64				      */
+/*   returns 1 if the encoding of d64 is canonical, 0 otherwise	      */
+/* No error is possible.					      */
+/* ------------------------------------------------------------------ */
+uint32_t decimal64IsCanonical(const decimal64 *d64) {
+  decNumber dn;				/* work */
+  decimal64 canon;			/* .. */
+  decContext dc;			/* .. */
+  decContextDefault(&dc, DEC_INIT_DECIMAL64);
+  decimal64ToNumber(d64, &dn);
+  decimal64FromNumber(&canon, &dn, &dc);/* canon will now be canonical */
+  return memcmp(d64, &canon, DECIMAL64_Bytes)==0;
+  } /* decimal64IsCanonical */
+
+/* ------------------------------------------------------------------ */
+/* decimal64Canonical -- copy an encoding, ensuring it is canonical   */
+/*   d64 is the source decimal64				      */
+/*   result is the target (may be the same decimal64)		      */
+/*   returns result						      */
+/* No error is possible.					      */
+/* ------------------------------------------------------------------ */
+decimal64 * decimal64Canonical(decimal64 *result, const decimal64 *d64) {
+  decNumber dn;				/* work */
+  decContext dc;			/* .. */
+  decContextDefault(&dc, DEC_INIT_DECIMAL64);
+  decimal64ToNumber(d64, &dn);
+  decimal64FromNumber(result, &dn, &dc);/* result will now be canonical */
+  return result;
+  } /* decimal64Canonical */
 
 #if DECTRACE || DECCHECK
+/* Macros for accessing decimal64 fields.  These assume the
+   argument is a reference (pointer) to the decimal64 structure,
+   and the decimal64 is in network byte order (big-endian) */
+/* Get sign */
+#define decimal64Sign(d)       ((unsigned)(d)->bytes[0]>>7)
+
+/* Get combination field */
+#define decimal64Comb(d)       (((d)->bytes[0] & 0x7c)>>2)
+
+/* Get exponent continuation [does not remove bias] */
+#define decimal64ExpCon(d)     ((((d)->bytes[0] & 0x03)<<6)	      \
+			     | ((unsigned)(d)->bytes[1]>>2))
+
+/* Set sign [this assumes sign previously 0] */
+#define decimal64SetSign(d, b) {				      \
+  (d)->bytes[0]|=((unsigned)(b)<<7);}
+
+/* Set exponent continuation [does not apply bias] */
+/* This assumes range has been checked and exponent previously 0; */
+/* type of exponent must be unsigned */
+#define decimal64SetExpCon(d, e) {				      \
+  (d)->bytes[0]|=(uint8_t)((e)>>6);				      \
+  (d)->bytes[1]|=(uint8_t)(((e)&0x3F)<<2);}
+
 /* ------------------------------------------------------------------ */
-/* decimal64Show -- display a single in hexadecimal [debug aid]       */
-/*   d64 -- the number to show                                        */
+/* decimal64Show -- display a decimal64 in hexadecimal [debug aid]    */
+/*   d64 -- the number to show					      */
 /* ------------------------------------------------------------------ */
 /* Also shows sign/cob/expconfields extracted */
-void
-decimal64Show (const decimal64 * d64)
-{
-  char buf[DECIMAL64_Bytes * 2 + 1];
-  Int i, j;
-  j = 0;
-  for (i = 0; i < DECIMAL64_Bytes; i++)
-    {
-      sprintf (&buf[j], "%02x", d64->bytes[i]);
-      j = j + 2;
+void decimal64Show(const decimal64 *d64) {
+  char buf[DECIMAL64_Bytes*2+1];
+  Int i, j=0;
+
+  if (DECLITEND) {
+    for (i=0; i<DECIMAL64_Bytes; i++, j+=2) {
+      sprintf(&buf[j], "%02x", d64->bytes[7-i]);
+      }
+    printf(" D64> %s [S:%d Cb:%02x Ec:%02x] LittleEndian\n", buf,
+	   d64->bytes[7]>>7, (d64->bytes[7]>>2)&0x1f,
+	   ((d64->bytes[7]&0x3)<<6)| (d64->bytes[6]>>2));
+    }
+   else { /* big-endian */
+    for (i=0; i<DECIMAL64_Bytes; i++, j+=2) {
+      sprintf(&buf[j], "%02x", d64->bytes[i]);
+      }
+    printf(" D64> %s [S:%d Cb:%02x Ec:%02x] BigEndian\n", buf,
+	   decimal64Sign(d64), decimal64Comb(d64), decimal64ExpCon(d64));
     }
-  printf (" D64> %s [S:%d Cb:%02x E:%d]\n", buf,
-	  decimal64Sign (d64), decimal64Comb (d64), decimal64ExpCon (d64));
-}
+  } /* decimal64Show */
 #endif
+
+/* ================================================================== */
+/* Shared utility routines and tables				      */
+/* ================================================================== */
+/* define and include the conversion tables to use for shared code */
+#if DECDPUN==3
+  #define DEC_DPD2BIN 1
+#else
+  #define DEC_DPD2BCD 1
+#endif
+#include "decDPD.h"	      /* lookup tables */
+
+/* The maximum number of decNumberUnits needed for a working copy of */
+/* the units array is the ceiling of digits/DECDPUN, where digits is */
+/* the maximum number of digits in any of the formats for which this */
+/* is used.  decimal128.h must not be included in this module, so, as */
+/* a very special case, that number is defined as a literal here. */
+#define DECMAX754   34
+#define DECMAXUNITS ((DECMAX754+DECDPUN-1)/DECDPUN)
+
+/* ------------------------------------------------------------------ */
+/* Combination field lookup tables (uInts to save measurable work)    */
+/*								      */
+/*	COMBEXP - 2-bit most-significant-bits of exponent	      */
+/*		  [11 if an Infinity or NaN]			      */
+/*	COMBMSD - 4-bit most-significant-digit			      */
+/*		  [0=Infinity, 1=NaN if COMBEXP=11]		      */
+/*								      */
+/* Both are indexed by the 5-bit combination field (0-31)	      */
+/* ------------------------------------------------------------------ */
+const uInt COMBEXP[32]={0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0,
+			1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1,
+			2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2,
+			0, 0, 1, 1, 2, 2, 3, 3};
+const uInt COMBMSD[32]={0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7,
+			0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7,
+			0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7,
+			8, 9, 8, 9, 8, 9, 0, 1};
+
+/* ------------------------------------------------------------------ */
+/* decDigitsToDPD -- pack coefficient into DPD form		      */
+/*								      */
+/*   dn	  is the source number (assumed valid, max DECMAX754 digits)  */
+/*   targ is 1, 2, or 4-element uInt array, which the caller must     */
+/*	  have cleared to zeros					      */
+/*   shift is the number of 0 digits to add on the right (normally 0) */
+/*								      */
+/* The coefficient must be known small enough to fit.  The full	      */
+/* coefficient is copied, including the leading 'odd' digit.  This    */
+/* digit is retrieved and packed into the combination field by the    */
+/* caller.							      */
+/*								      */
+/* The target uInts are altered only as necessary to receive the      */
+/* digits of the decNumber.  When more than one uInt is needed, they  */
+/* are filled from left to right (that is, the uInt at offset 0 will  */
+/* end up with the least-significant digits).			      */
+/*								      */
+/* shift is used for 'fold-down' padding.			      */
+/*								      */
+/* No error is possible.					      */
+/* ------------------------------------------------------------------ */
+#if DECDPUN<=4
+/* Constant multipliers for divide-by-power-of five using reciprocal */
+/* multiply, after removing powers of 2 by shifting, and final shift */
+/* of 17 [we only need up to **4] */
+static const uInt multies[]={131073, 26215, 5243, 1049, 210};
+/* QUOT10 -- macro to return the quotient of unit u divided by 10**n */
+#define QUOT10(u, n) ((((uInt)(u)>>(n))*multies[n])>>17)
+#endif
+void decDigitsToDPD(const decNumber *dn, uInt *targ, Int shift) {
+  Int  cut;		      /* work */
+  Int  n;		      /* output bunch counter */
+  Int  digits=dn->digits;     /* digit countdown */
+  uInt dpd;		      /* densely packed decimal value */
+  uInt bin;		      /* binary value 0-999 */
+  uInt *uout=targ;	      /* -> current output uInt */
+  uInt	uoff=0;		      /* -> current output offset [from right] */
+  const Unit *inu=dn->lsu;    /* -> current input unit */
+  Unit	uar[DECMAXUNITS];     /* working copy of units, iff shifted */
+  #if DECDPUN!=3	      /* not fast path */
+    Unit in;		      /* current unit */
+  #endif
+
+  if (shift!=0) {	      /* shift towards most significant required */
+    /* shift the units array to the left by pad digits and copy */
+    /* [this code is a special case of decShiftToMost, which could */
+    /* be used instead if exposed and the array were copied first] */
+    const Unit *source;			/* .. */
+    Unit  *target, *first;		/* .. */
+    uInt  next=0;			/* work */
+
+    source=dn->lsu+D2U(digits)-1;	/* where msu comes from */
+    target=uar+D2U(digits)-1+D2U(shift);/* where upper part of first cut goes */
+    cut=DECDPUN-MSUDIGITS(shift);	/* where to slice */
+    if (cut==0) {			/* unit-boundary case */
+      for (; source>=dn->lsu; source--, target--) *target=*source;
+      }
+     else {
+      first=uar+D2U(digits+shift)-1;	/* where msu will end up */
+      for (; source>=dn->lsu; source--, target--) {
+	/* split the source Unit and accumulate remainder for next */
+	#if DECDPUN<=4
+	  uInt quot=QUOT10(*source, cut);
+	  uInt rem=*source-quot*DECPOWERS[cut];
+	  next+=quot;
+	#else
+	  uInt rem=*source%DECPOWERS[cut];
+	  next+=*source/DECPOWERS[cut];
+	#endif
+	if (target<=first) *target=(Unit)next; /* write to target iff valid */
+	next=rem*DECPOWERS[DECDPUN-cut];       /* save remainder for next Unit */
+	}
+      } /* shift-move */
+    /* propagate remainder to one below and clear the rest */
+    for (; target>=uar; target--) {
+      *target=(Unit)next;
+      next=0;
+      }
+    digits+=shift;		   /* add count (shift) of zeros added */
+    inu=uar;			   /* use units in working array */
+    }
+
+  /* now densely pack the coefficient into DPD declets */
+
+  #if DECDPUN!=3		   /* not fast path */
+    in=*inu;			   /* current unit */
+    cut=0;			   /* at lowest digit */
+    bin=0;			   /* [keep compiler quiet] */
+  #endif
+
+  for(n=0; digits>0; n++) {	   /* each output bunch */
+    #if DECDPUN==3		   /* fast path, 3-at-a-time */
+      bin=*inu;			   /* 3 digits ready for convert */
+      digits-=3;		   /* [may go negative] */
+      inu++;			   /* may need another */
+
+    #else			   /* must collect digit-by-digit */
+      Unit dig;			   /* current digit */
+      Int j;			   /* digit-in-declet count */
+      for (j=0; j<3; j++) {
+	#if DECDPUN<=4
+	  Unit temp=(Unit)((uInt)(in*6554)>>16);
+	  dig=(Unit)(in-X10(temp));
+	  in=temp;
+	#else
+	  dig=in%10;
+	  in=in/10;
+	#endif
+	if (j==0) bin=dig;
+	 else if (j==1)	 bin+=X10(dig);
+	 else /* j==2 */ bin+=X100(dig);
+	digits--;
+	if (digits==0) break;	   /* [also protects *inu below] */
+	cut++;
+	if (cut==DECDPUN) {inu++; in=*inu; cut=0;}
+	}
+    #endif
+    /* here there are 3 digits in bin, or have used all input digits */
+
+    dpd=BIN2DPD[bin];
+
+    /* write declet to uInt array */
+    *uout|=dpd<<uoff;
+    uoff+=10;
+    if (uoff<32) continue;	   /* no uInt boundary cross */
+    uout++;
+    uoff-=32;
+    *uout|=dpd>>(10-uoff);	   /* collect top bits */
+    } /* n declets */
+  return;
+  } /* decDigitsToDPD */
+
+/* ------------------------------------------------------------------ */
+/* decDigitsFromDPD -- unpack a format's coefficient		      */
+/*								      */
+/*   dn is the target number, with 7, 16, or 34-digit space.	      */
+/*   sour is a 1, 2, or 4-element uInt array containing only declets  */
+/*   declets is the number of (right-aligned) declets in sour to      */
+/*     be processed.  This may be 1 more than the obvious number in   */
+/*     a format, as any top digit is prefixed to the coefficient      */
+/*     continuation field.  It also may be as small as 1, as the      */
+/*     caller may pre-process leading zero declets.		      */
+/*								      */
+/* When doing the 'extra declet' case care is taken to avoid writing  */
+/* extra digits when there are leading zeros, as these could overflow */
+/* the units array when DECDPUN is not 3.			      */
+/*								      */
+/* The target uInts are used only as necessary to process declets     */
+/* declets into the decNumber.	When more than one uInt is needed,    */
+/* they are used from left to right (that is, the uInt at offset 0    */
+/* provides the least-significant digits).			      */
+/*								      */
+/* dn->digits is set, but not the sign or exponent.		      */
+/* No error is possible [the redundant 888 codes are allowed].	      */
+/* ------------------------------------------------------------------ */
+void decDigitsFromDPD(decNumber *dn, const uInt *sour, Int declets) {
+
+  uInt	dpd;			   /* collector for 10 bits */
+  Int	n;			   /* counter */
+  Unit	*uout=dn->lsu;		   /* -> current output unit */
+  Unit	*last=uout;		   /* will be unit containing msd */
+  const uInt *uin=sour;		   /* -> current input uInt */
+  uInt	uoff=0;			   /* -> current input offset [from right] */
+
+  #if DECDPUN!=3
+  uInt	bcd;			   /* BCD result */
+  uInt	nibble;			   /* work */
+  Unit	out=0;			   /* accumulator */
+  Int	cut=0;			   /* power of ten in current unit */
+  #endif
+  #if DECDPUN>4
+  uInt const *pow;		   /* work */
+  #endif
+
+  /* Expand the densely-packed integer, right to left */
+  for (n=declets-1; n>=0; n--) {   /* count down declets of 10 bits */
+    dpd=*uin>>uoff;
+    uoff+=10;
+    if (uoff>32) {		   /* crossed uInt boundary */
+      uin++;
+      uoff-=32;
+      dpd|=*uin<<(10-uoff);	   /* get waiting bits */
+      }
+    dpd&=0x3ff;			   /* clear uninteresting bits */
+
+  #if DECDPUN==3
+    if (dpd==0) *uout=0;
+     else {
+      *uout=DPD2BIN[dpd];	   /* convert 10 bits to binary 0-999 */
+      last=uout;		   /* record most significant unit */
+      }
+    uout++;
+    } /* n */
+
+  #else /* DECDPUN!=3 */
+    if (dpd==0) {		   /* fastpath [e.g., leading zeros] */
+      /* write out three 0 digits (nibbles); out may have digit(s) */
+      cut++;
+      if (cut==DECDPUN) {*uout=out; if (out) {last=uout; out=0;} uout++; cut=0;}
+      if (n==0) break;		   /* [as below, works even if MSD=0] */
+      cut++;
+      if (cut==DECDPUN) {*uout=out; if (out) {last=uout; out=0;} uout++; cut=0;}
+      cut++;
+      if (cut==DECDPUN) {*uout=out; if (out) {last=uout; out=0;} uout++; cut=0;}
+      continue;
+      }
+
+    bcd=DPD2BCD[dpd];		   /* convert 10 bits to 12 bits BCD */
+
+    /* now accumulate the 3 BCD nibbles into units */
+    nibble=bcd & 0x00f;
+    if (nibble) out=(Unit)(out+nibble*DECPOWERS[cut]);
+    cut++;
+    if (cut==DECDPUN) {*uout=out; if (out) {last=uout; out=0;} uout++; cut=0;}
+    bcd>>=4;
+
+    /* if this is the last declet and the remaining nibbles in bcd */
+    /* are 00 then process no more nibbles, because this could be */
+    /* the 'odd' MSD declet and writing any more Units would then */
+    /* overflow the unit array */
+    if (n==0 && !bcd) break;
+
+    nibble=bcd & 0x00f;
+    if (nibble) out=(Unit)(out+nibble*DECPOWERS[cut]);
+    cut++;
+    if (cut==DECDPUN) {*uout=out; if (out) {last=uout; out=0;} uout++; cut=0;}
+    bcd>>=4;
+
+    nibble=bcd & 0x00f;
+    if (nibble) out=(Unit)(out+nibble*DECPOWERS[cut]);
+    cut++;
+    if (cut==DECDPUN) {*uout=out; if (out) {last=uout; out=0;} uout++; cut=0;}
+    } /* n */
+  if (cut!=0) {				/* some more left over */
+    *uout=out;				/* write out final unit */
+    if (out) last=uout;			/* and note if non-zero */
+    }
+  #endif
+
+  /* here, last points to the most significant unit with digits; */
+  /* inspect it to get the final digits count -- this is essentially */
+  /* the same code as decGetDigits in decNumber.c */
+  dn->digits=(last-dn->lsu)*DECDPUN+1;	/* floor of digits, plus */
+					/* must be at least 1 digit */
+  #if DECDPUN>1
+  if (*last<10) return;			/* common odd digit or 0 */
+  dn->digits++;				/* must be 2 at least */
+  #if DECDPUN>2
+  if (*last<100) return;		/* 10-99 */
+  dn->digits++;				/* must be 3 at least */
+  #if DECDPUN>3
+  if (*last<1000) return;		/* 100-999 */
+  dn->digits++;				/* must be 4 at least */
+  #if DECDPUN>4
+  for (pow=&DECPOWERS[4]; *last>=*pow; pow++) dn->digits++;
+  #endif
+  #endif
+  #endif
+  #endif
+  return;
+  } /*decDigitsFromDPD */
diff --git a/libdecnumber/dpd/decimal64.h b/libdecnumber/dpd/decimal64.h
index fb7339512dc..549b626536c 100644
--- a/libdecnumber/dpd/decimal64.h
+++ b/libdecnumber/dpd/decimal64.h
@@ -1,5 +1,5 @@
-/* Decimal 64-bit format module header for the decNumber C Library
-   Copyright (C) 2005 Free Software Foundation, Inc.
+/* Decimal 64-bit format module header for the decNumber C Library.
+   Copyright (C) 2005, 2007 Free Software Foundation, Inc.
    Contributed by IBM Corporation.  Author Mike Cowlishaw.
 
    This file is part of GCC.
@@ -28,97 +28,74 @@
    Software Foundation, 51 Franklin Street, Fifth Floor, Boston, MA
    02110-1301, USA.  */
 
-#if !defined(DECIMAL64)
-#define DECIMAL64
-#define DEC64NAME     "decimal64"	/* Short name */
-#define DEC64FULLNAME "Decimal 64-bit Number"	/* Verbose name */
-#define DEC64AUTHOR   "Mike Cowlishaw"	/* Who to blame */
-
-#if defined(DECIMAL32)
-#error decimal64.h must precede decimal32.h for correct DECNUMDIGITS
-#endif
+/* ------------------------------------------------------------------ */
+/* Decimal 64-bit format module header				      */
+/* ------------------------------------------------------------------ */
 
-  /* parameters for decimal64s */
-#define DECIMAL64_Bytes  8	/* length */
-#define DECIMAL64_Pmax   16	/* maximum precision (digits) */
-#define DECIMAL64_Emax   384	/* maximum adjusted exponent */
-#define DECIMAL64_Emin  -383	/* minimum adjusted exponent */
-#define DECIMAL64_Bias   398	/* bias for the exponent */
-#define DECIMAL64_String 24	/* maximum string length, +1 */
-  /* highest biased exponent (Elimit-1) */
-#define DECIMAL64_Ehigh  (DECIMAL64_Emax+DECIMAL64_Bias-DECIMAL64_Pmax+1)
-
-#ifndef DECNUMDIGITS
-#define DECNUMDIGITS DECIMAL64_Pmax	/* size if not already defined */
-#endif
-#ifndef DECNUMBER
-#include "decNumber.h"		/* context and number library */
-#endif
-
-  /* Decimal 64-bit type, accessible by bytes */
-typedef struct
-{
-  uint8_t bytes[DECIMAL64_Bytes];	/* decimal64: 1, 5, 8, 50 bits */
-} decimal64;
-
-  /* special values [top byte excluding sign bit; last two bits are
-     don't-care for Infinity on input, last bit don't-care for NaN] */
-#if !defined(DECIMAL_NaN)
-#define DECIMAL_NaN     0x7c	/* 0 11111 00 NaN */
-#define DECIMAL_sNaN    0x7e	/* 0 11111 10 sNaN */
-#define DECIMAL_Inf     0x78	/* 0 11110 00 Infinity */
-#endif
-
-  /* Macros for accessing decimal64 fields.  These assume the argument
-     is a reference (pointer) to the decimal64 structure */
-  /* Get sign */
-#define decimal64Sign(d)       ((unsigned)(d)->bytes[0]>>7)
-
-  /* Get combination field */
-#define decimal64Comb(d)       (((d)->bytes[0] & 0x7c)>>2)
-
-  /* Get exponent continuation [does not remove bias] */
-#define decimal64ExpCon(d)     ((((d)->bytes[0] & 0x03)<<6)         \
-                               | ((unsigned)(d)->bytes[1]>>2))
-
-  /* Set sign [this assumes sign previously 0] */
-#define decimal64SetSign(d, b) {                                    \
-    (d)->bytes[0]|=((unsigned)(b)<<7);}
-
-  /* Clear sign */
-#define decimal64ClearSign(d) {(d)->bytes[0]&=~0x80;}
-
-  /* Flip sign */
-#define decimal64FlipSign(d) {(d)->bytes[0]^=0x80;}
-
-  /* Set exponent continuation [does not apply bias] */
-  /* This assumes range has been checked and exponent previously 0; type */
-  /* of exponent must be unsigned */
-#define decimal64SetExpCon(d, e) {                                  \
-    (d)->bytes[0]|=(uint8_t)((e)>>6);                                 \
-    (d)->bytes[1]|=(uint8_t)(((e)&0x3F)<<2);}
-
-  /* ------------------------------------------------------------------ */
-  /* Routines                                                           */
-  /* ------------------------------------------------------------------ */
-
-#ifdef IN_LIBGCC2
-#ifndef decimal64FromString
-#define decimal64FromString __decimal64FromString
-#define decimal64ToString __decimal64ToString
-#define decimal64ToEngString __decimal64ToEngString
-#define decimal64FromNumber __decimal64FromNumber
-#define decimal64ToNumber __decimal64ToNumber
-#endif
-#endif
-
-  /* String conversions */
-decimal64 *decimal64FromString (decimal64 *, const char *, decContext *);
-char *decimal64ToString (const decimal64 *, char *);
-char *decimal64ToEngString (const decimal64 *, char *);
-
-  /* decNumber conversions */
-decimal64 *decimal64FromNumber (decimal64 *, const decNumber *, decContext *);
-decNumber *decimal64ToNumber (const decimal64 *, decNumber *);
+#if !defined(DECIMAL64)
+  #define DECIMAL64
+  #define DEC64NAME	"decimal64"		      /* Short name   */
+  #define DEC64FULLNAME "Decimal 64-bit Number"	      /* Verbose name */
+  #define DEC64AUTHOR	"Mike Cowlishaw"	      /* Who to blame */
+
+
+  /* parameters for decimal64s					      */
+  #define DECIMAL64_Bytes  8		/* length		      */
+  #define DECIMAL64_Pmax   16		/* maximum precision (digits) */
+  #define DECIMAL64_Emax   384		/* maximum adjusted exponent  */
+  #define DECIMAL64_Emin  -383		/* minimum adjusted exponent  */
+  #define DECIMAL64_Bias   398		/* bias for the exponent      */
+  #define DECIMAL64_String 24		/* maximum string length, +1  */
+  #define DECIMAL64_EconL  8		/* exp. continuation length   */
+  /* highest biased exponent (Elimit-1)				      */
+  #define DECIMAL64_Ehigh  (DECIMAL64_Emax+DECIMAL64_Bias-DECIMAL64_Pmax+1)
+
+  /* check enough digits, if pre-defined			      */
+  #if defined(DECNUMDIGITS)
+    #if (DECNUMDIGITS<DECIMAL64_Pmax)
+      #error decimal64.h needs pre-defined DECNUMDIGITS>=16 for safe use
+    #endif
+  #endif
+
+
+  #ifndef DECNUMDIGITS
+    #define DECNUMDIGITS DECIMAL64_Pmax /* size if not already defined*/
+  #endif
+  #ifndef DECNUMBER
+    #include "decNumber.h"		/* context and number library */
+  #endif
+
+  /* Decimal 64-bit type, accessible by bytes			      */
+  typedef struct {
+    uint8_t bytes[DECIMAL64_Bytes];	/* decimal64: 1, 5, 8, 50 bits*/
+    } decimal64;
+
+  /* special values [top byte excluding sign bit; last two bits are   */
+  /* don't-care for Infinity on input, last bit don't-care for NaN]   */
+  #if !defined(DECIMAL_NaN)
+    #define DECIMAL_NaN	    0x7c	/* 0 11111 00 NaN	      */
+    #define DECIMAL_sNaN    0x7e	/* 0 11111 10 sNaN	      */
+    #define DECIMAL_Inf	    0x78	/* 0 11110 00 Infinity	      */
+  #endif
+
+  /* ---------------------------------------------------------------- */
+  /* Routines							      */
+  /* ---------------------------------------------------------------- */
+
+  #include "decimal64Symbols.h"
+
+  /* String conversions						      */
+  decimal64 * decimal64FromString(decimal64 *, const char *, decContext *);
+  char * decimal64ToString(const decimal64 *, char *);
+  char * decimal64ToEngString(const decimal64 *, char *);
+
+  /* decNumber conversions					      */
+  decimal64 * decimal64FromNumber(decimal64 *, const decNumber *,
+				  decContext *);
+  decNumber * decimal64ToNumber(const decimal64 *, decNumber *);
+
+  /* Format-dependent utilities					      */
+  uint32_t    decimal64IsCanonical(const decimal64 *);
+  decimal64 * decimal64Canonical(decimal64 *, const decimal64 *);
 
 #endif
diff --git a/libdecnumber/dpd/decimal64Symbols.h b/libdecnumber/dpd/decimal64Symbols.h
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000..efb64463817
--- /dev/null
+++ b/libdecnumber/dpd/decimal64Symbols.h
@@ -0,0 +1,26 @@
+#if !defined(DECIMAL64SYMBOLS)
+#define DECIMAL64SYMBOLS
+
+#ifdef IN_LIBGCC2
+#define decDigitsFromDPD __decDigitsFromDPD
+#define decDigitsToDPD __decDigitsToDPD
+#define decimal64Canonical __decimal64Canonical
+#define decimal64FromNumber __decimal64FromNumber
+#define decimal64FromString __decimal64FromString
+#define decimal64IsCanonical __decimal64IsCanonical
+#define decimal64ToEngString __decimal64ToEngString
+#define decimal64ToNumber __decimal64ToNumber
+#define decimal64ToString __decimal64ToString
+#define COMBEXP __decnnCOMBEXP
+#define COMBMSD __decnnCOMBMSD
+
+/* DPD2BIN and BIN2DPD are used in support for decimal32/decimal64/decimal128
+   and also in support for decSingle/decDouble/decQuad.  Rename them in case
+   both types of support are used in the same executable.  */
+#undef DPD2BIN
+#define DPD2BIN __decnnDPD2BIN
+#undef BIN2DPD
+#define BIN2DPD __decnnBIN2DPD
+#endif
+
+#endif