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-<!DOCTYPE HTML PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD HTML 4.0 Transitional//EN">
-<html>
-<head>
-<title>Concepts</title>
-<meta name="GENERATOR" content="Microsoft Visual Studio .NET 7.1">
-<meta name="vs_targetSchema" content="http://schemas.microsoft.com/intellisense/ie5">
-</head>
-<body bgcolor = "white">
-<h1>Concepts</h1>
-
-<p>
-Following are some concepts used throughout the documentation.
-</p>
-
-<ol>
- <li><a href = "#concepts_null_policies">Null Policy Classes</a></li>
- <li><a href = "#concepts_find_and_range_iterators">Find and Range Iterators</a></li>
- <li><a href = "#concepts_mapping_levels">Mapping Levels</a></li>
-</ol>
-
-<h2><a name = "concepts_null_policies">Null Policy Classes</a></h2>
-
-<p>
- Associative containers are typically parameterized by various policies.
-For example, a hash-based associative
-container is parameterized by a hash-functor, transforming each key into an non-negative numerical type. Each such value is then further mapped into a position within the table.
-The mapping of a key into a position within the table is therefore a two-step process.
-</p>
-
-<p>
-In some
-cases, instantiations are <i>redundant</i>. For example, when the keys are integers, it is possible to use a <i>redundant</i>
-hash policy, which transforms each key into its value.
-</p>
-
-<p>
- In some other cases, these policies are <i>irrelevent</i>. For example,
-a hash-based associative container might transform keys into positions within
-a table by a different method than the two-step method described above. In such a case, the hash functor is simply irrelevent.
-</p>
-
-<p>
- <tt>pb_assoc</tt> uses special pre-defined &quot;null policies&quot; classes
-for these cases. Some null policies in <tt>pb_assoc</tt>
-are:
-</p>
-<ol>
- <li <a href = "null_data_type.html"><tt>null_data_type</tt></a></li>
- <li><a href = "null_node_updator.html"><tt>null_node_updator</tt></a></li>
- <li><a href = "null_hash_fn.html"><tt>null_hash_fn</tt></a></li>
- <li><a href = "null_probe_fn.html"><tt>null_probe_fn</tt></a></li>
-</ol>
-
-<p>
-A &quot;set&quot; in <tt>pb_assoc</tt> is an associative container with its <tt>Data_Parameter</tt> instantiated by
-<a href = "null_data_type.html"><tt>null_data_type</tt></a>.
-<a href = "tree_based_containers.html#node_invariants.html">Tree-Based Containers::Node Invariants</a>
-explains another case where a null policy is needed.
-</p>
-
-
-
-<h2><a name = "concepts_find_and_range_iterators">Find and Range Methods and Iterators</a></h2>
-
-<p>
- Associative containers allow access to their elements via iterators. <i>E.g.</i>,
-<tt>find</tt> returns an iterator to an element with a given key and
-<tt>begin</tt> returns an iterator to the first element in the container.
-</p>
-
-<p>
-In general, there are two types of methods: <i>find types</i>, and <i>range types</i>.
- Find-type
-methods return iterators corresponding to elements which have been found in some sense, as
-the container searched for them in order to access them (<i>i.e.</i>, via the
-<tt>find</tt> method) or searched for their location in order to insert them
-(<i>i.e.</i>, via the <tt>insert</tt> method). Range-type methods return iterators
-which can be used to traverse the range of all stored elements, (<i>i.e.</i>, via the
-<tt>begin</tt> and <tt>end</tt> methods).
-</p>
-
-<p>Correspondingly, in <tt>pb_assoc</tt> there are two types of iterators: <i>find type</i>
-iterators are returned by find methods, and range iterators are returned by range methods. For example,
-if <tt>T</tt> is any associative container with integer keys, and <tt>t</tt>
-is a container of type <tt>T</tt>,
-then the following snippet is valid:
-</p>
-
-<pre>
-<b>typename</b> T::find_iterator it0 = t.find(3);
-<b>typename</b> T::const_find_iterator it0 = t.find(3);
-
-<b>typename</b> T::iterator it0 = t.begin();
-<b>typename</b> T::const_iterator it0 = t.begin();
-</pre>
-
-
-<p>
- This is motivated and explained further in
-<a href = "ds_gen.html#find_range">Data-Structure Genericity::Find-Type and Range-Type Methods and Iterators</a>, which also explains the relationship between find-type and range-type iterators.
-</p>
-
-<h2><a href = "#concepts_mapping_levels">Mapping Levels</a></h2>
-
-<p>
- In <tt>pb_assoc</tt> &quot;multimaps&quot; are
-&quot;maps&quot; of &quot;sets&quot;. While this design allows efficient
-operations, it makes for cumbersome use at points. For example a
-&quot;multimap&quot; of integers to characters does not
-directly support <tt>inser(std::make_pair(2, 'b')</tt>, since 2 is mapped
-to a &quot;set&quot; of characters, and not to a character.
-</p>
-
-<p>
- Consequently, <tt>pb_assoc</tt> contains a rebind-like mechanism so that
-containers can support such operations. To dispel ambiguity, container types are
-assigned mapping levels. &quot;Maps&quot; and &quot;sets&quot; have
-a mapping level 1, since they use a single association level. The &quot;multimap&quot;
-above has a mapping level 2, since it uses two association levels: one for integers, and one for characters. The rebind mechanism can be used to alter the association level. This is described in
-<a href = "ms_gen.html">Mapping Semantics</a>.
-</p>
-
-</body>
-</html>