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The standard memcmp function on a Westmere system shows up hot in
profiles in the `git diff` workload (both parallel and single threaded),
and it is likely due to the costs associated with trapping into
microcode, and little opportunity to improve memory access (dentry
name is not likely to take up more than a cacheline).
So replace it with an open-coded byte comparison. This increases code
size by 8 bytes in the critical __d_lookup_rcu function, but the
speedup is huge, averaging 10 runs of each:
git diff st user sys elapsed CPU
before 1.15 2.57 3.82 97.1
after 1.14 2.35 3.61 96.8
git diff mt user sys elapsed CPU
before 1.27 3.85 1.46 349
after 1.26 3.54 1.43 333
Elapsed time for single threaded git diff at 95.0% confidence:
-0.21 +/- 0.01
-5.45% +/- 0.24%
It's -0.66% +/- 0.06% elapsed time on my Opteron, so rep cmp costs on the
fam10h seem to be relatively smaller, but there is still a win.
Signed-off-by: Nick Piggin <npiggin@kernel.dk>
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This makes single threaded git diff -1.25% +/- 0.05% elapsed time on my
2s12c24t Westmere system, and -0.86% +/- 0.05% on my 2s8c Barcelona, by
prefetching the important first cacheline of the inode in while we do the
actual name compare and other operations on the dentry.
There was no measurable slowdown in the single file stat case, or the creat
case (where negative dentries would be common).
Signed-off-by: Nick Piggin <npiggin@kernel.dk>
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Regardless of how much we possibly try to scale dcache, there is likely
always going to be some fundamental contention when adding or removing children
under the same parent. Pseudo filesystems do not seem need to have connected
dentries because by definition they are disconnected.
Signed-off-by: Nick Piggin <npiggin@kernel.dk>
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dcache_inode_lock can be replaced with per-inode locking. Use existing
inode->i_lock for this. This is slightly non-trivial because we sometimes
need to find the inode from the dentry, which requires d_inode to be
stabilised (either with refcount or d_lock).
Signed-off-by: Nick Piggin <npiggin@kernel.dk>
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We can turn the dcache hash locking from a global dcache_hash_lock into
per-bucket locking.
Signed-off-by: Nick Piggin <npiggin@kernel.dk>
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Put dentry and inode fields into top of data structure. This allows RCU path
traversal to perform an RCU dentry lookup in a path walk by touching only the
first 56 bytes of the dentry.
We also fit in 8 bytes of inline name in the first 64 bytes, so for short
names, only 64 bytes needs to be touched to perform the lookup. We should
get rid of the hash->prev pointer from the first 64 bytes, and fit 16 bytes
of name in there, which will take care of 81% rather than 32% of the kernel
tree.
inode is also rearranged so that RCU lookup will only touch a single cacheline
in the inode, plus one in the i_ops structure.
This is important for directory component lookups in RCU path walking. In the
kernel source, directory names average is around 6 chars, so this works.
When we reach the last element of the lookup, we need to lock it and take its
refcount which requires another cacheline access.
Align dentry and inode operations structs, so members will be at predictable
offsets and we can group common operations into head of structure.
Signed-off-by: Nick Piggin <npiggin@kernel.dk>
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Reduce some branches and memory accesses in dcache lookup by adding dentry
flags to indicate common d_ops are set, rather than having to check them.
This saves a pointer memory access (dentry->d_op) in common path lookup
situations, and saves another pointer load and branch in cases where we
have d_op but not the particular operation.
Patched with:
git grep -E '[.>]([[:space:]])*d_op([[:space:]])*=' | xargs sed -e 's/\([^\t ]*\)->d_op = \(.*\);/d_set_d_op(\1, \2);/' -e 's/\([^\t ]*\)\.d_op = \(.*\);/d_set_d_op(\&\1, \2);/' -i
Signed-off-by: Nick Piggin <npiggin@kernel.dk>
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Rather than keep a d_mounted count in the dentry, set a dentry flag instead.
The flag can be cleared by checking the hash table to see if there are any
mounts left, which is not time critical because it is performed at detach time.
The mounted state of a dentry is only used to speculatively take a look in the
mount hash table if it is set -- before following the mount, vfsmount lock is
taken and mount re-checked without races.
This saves 4 bytes on 32-bit, nothing on 64-bit but it does provide a hole I
might use later (and some configs have larger than 32-bit spinlocks which might
make use of the hole).
Autofs4 conversion and changelog by Ian Kent <raven@themaw.net>:
In autofs4, when expring direct (or offset) mounts we need to ensure that we
block user path walks into the autofs mount, which is covered by another mount.
To do this we clear the mounted status so that follows stop before walking into
the mount and are essentially blocked until the expire is completed. The
automount daemon still finds the correct dentry for the umount due to the
follow mount logic in fs/autofs4/root.c:autofs4_follow_link(), which is set as
an inode operation for direct and offset mounts only and is called following
the lookup that stopped at the covered mount.
At the end of the expire the covering mount probably has gone away so the
mounted status need not be restored. But we need to check this and only restore
the mounted status if the expire failed.
XXX: autofs may not work right if we have other mounts go over the top of it?
Signed-off-by: Nick Piggin <npiggin@kernel.dk>
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Perform common cases of path lookups without any stores or locking in the
ancestor dentry elements. This is called rcu-walk, as opposed to the current
algorithm which is a refcount based walk, or ref-walk.
This results in far fewer atomic operations on every path element,
significantly improving path lookup performance. It also avoids cacheline
bouncing on common dentries, significantly improving scalability.
The overall design is like this:
* LOOKUP_RCU is set in nd->flags, which distinguishes rcu-walk from ref-walk.
* Take the RCU lock for the entire path walk, starting with the acquiring
of the starting path (eg. root/cwd/fd-path). So now dentry refcounts are
not required for dentry persistence.
* synchronize_rcu is called when unregistering a filesystem, so we can
access d_ops and i_ops during rcu-walk.
* Similarly take the vfsmount lock for the entire path walk. So now mnt
refcounts are not required for persistence. Also we are free to perform mount
lookups, and to assume dentry mount points and mount roots are stable up and
down the path.
* Have a per-dentry seqlock to protect the dentry name, parent, and inode,
so we can load this tuple atomically, and also check whether any of its
members have changed.
* Dentry lookups (based on parent, candidate string tuple) recheck the parent
sequence after the child is found in case anything changed in the parent
during the path walk.
* inode is also RCU protected so we can load d_inode and use the inode for
limited things.
* i_mode, i_uid, i_gid can be tested for exec permissions during path walk.
* i_op can be loaded.
When we reach the destination dentry, we lock it, recheck lookup sequence,
and increment its refcount and mountpoint refcount. RCU and vfsmount locks
are dropped. This is termed "dropping rcu-walk". If the dentry refcount does
not match, we can not drop rcu-walk gracefully at the current point in the
lokup, so instead return -ECHILD (for want of a better errno). This signals the
path walking code to re-do the entire lookup with a ref-walk.
Aside from the final dentry, there are other situations that may be encounted
where we cannot continue rcu-walk. In that case, we drop rcu-walk (ie. take
a reference on the last good dentry) and continue with a ref-walk. Again, if
we can drop rcu-walk gracefully, we return -ECHILD and do the whole lookup
using ref-walk. But it is very important that we can continue with ref-walk
for most cases, particularly to avoid the overhead of double lookups, and to
gain the scalability advantages on common path elements (like cwd and root).
The cases where rcu-walk cannot continue are:
* NULL dentry (ie. any uncached path element)
* parent with d_inode->i_op->permission or ACLs
* dentries with d_revalidate
* Following links
In future patches, permission checks and d_revalidate become rcu-walk aware. It
may be possible eventually to make following links rcu-walk aware.
Uncached path elements will always require dropping to ref-walk mode, at the
very least because i_mutex needs to be grabbed, and objects allocated.
Signed-off-by: Nick Piggin <npiggin@kernel.dk>
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The tricky locking for disposing of a dentry is duplicated 3 times in the
dcache (dput, pruning a dentry from the LRU, and pruning its ancestors).
Consolidate them all into a single function dentry_kill.
Signed-off-by: Nick Piggin <npiggin@kernel.dk>
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Signed-off-by: Nick Piggin <npiggin@kernel.dk>
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Signed-off-by: Nick Piggin <npiggin@kernel.dk>
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prune_one_dentry can avoid quite a bit of locking in the common case where
ancestors have an elevated refcount. Alternatively, we could have gone the
other way and made fewer trylocks in the case where d_count goes to zero, but
is probably less common.
Signed-off-by: Nick Piggin <npiggin@kernel.dk>
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Use RCU to simplify locking in dget_parent.
Signed-off-by: Nick Piggin <npiggin@kernel.dk>
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dget_locked was a shortcut to avoid the lazy lru manipulation when we already
held dcache_lock (lru manipulation was relatively cheap at that point).
However, how that the lru lock is an innermost one, we never hold it at any
caller, so the lock cost can now be avoided. We already have well working lazy
dcache LRU, so it should be fine to defer LRU manipulations to scan time.
Signed-off-by: Nick Piggin <npiggin@kernel.dk>
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dcache_inode_lock can be avoided in d_delete() and d_materialise_unique()
in cases where it is not required.
Signed-off-by: Nick Piggin <npiggin@kernel.dk>
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Signed-off-by: Nick Piggin <npiggin@kernel.dk>
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It is possible to run dput without taking data structure locks up-front. In
many cases where we don't kill the dentry anyway, these locks are not required.
Signed-off-by: Nick Piggin <npiggin@kernel.dk>
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Long lived dcache "multi-step" operations which retry on rename seq can
be starved with a lot of rename activity. If they fail after the 1st pass,
take the rename_lock for writing to avoid further starvation.
Signed-off-by: Nick Piggin <npiggin@kernel.dk>
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dcache_lock no longer protects anything. remove it.
Signed-off-by: Nick Piggin <npiggin@kernel.dk>
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The remaining usages for dcache_lock is to allow atomic, multi-step read-side
operations over the directory tree by excluding modifications to the tree.
Also, to walk in the leaf->root direction in the tree where we don't have
a natural d_lock ordering.
This could be accomplished by taking every d_lock, but this would mean a
huge number of locks and actually gets very tricky.
Solve this instead by using the rename seqlock for multi-step read-side
operations, retry in case of a rename so we don't walk up the wrong parent.
Concurrent dentry insertions are not serialised against. Concurrent deletes
are tricky when walking up the directory: our parent might have been deleted
when dropping locks so also need to check and retry for that.
We can also use the rename lock in cases where livelock is a worry (and it
is introduced in subsequent patch).
Signed-off-by: Nick Piggin <npiggin@kernel.dk>
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Cover d_name with d_lock in more cases, where there may be concurrent
modification to it.
Signed-off-by: Nick Piggin <npiggin@kernel.dk>
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Add a new lock, dcache_inode_lock, to protect the inode's i_dentry list
from concurrent modification. d_alias is also protected by d_lock.
Signed-off-by: Nick Piggin <npiggin@kernel.dk>
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Protect d_subdirs and d_child with d_lock, except in filesystems that aren't
using dcache_lock for these anyway (eg. using i_mutex).
Note: if we change the locking rule in future so that ->d_child protection is
provided only with ->d_parent->d_lock, it may allow us to reduce some locking.
But it would be an exception to an otherwise regular locking scheme, so we'd
have to see some good results. Probably not worthwhile.
Signed-off-by: Nick Piggin <npiggin@kernel.dk>
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Protect d_unhashed(dentry) condition with d_lock. This means keeping
DCACHE_UNHASHED bit in synch with hash manipulations.
Signed-off-by: Nick Piggin <npiggin@kernel.dk>
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Make d_count non-atomic and protect it with d_lock. This allows us to ensure a
0 refcount dentry remains 0 without dcache_lock. It is also fairly natural when
we start protecting many other dentry members with d_lock.
Signed-off-by: Nick Piggin <npiggin@kernel.dk>
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Add a new lock, dcache_lru_lock, to protect the dcache LRU list from concurrent
modification. d_lru is also protected by d_lock, which allows LRU lists to be
accessed without the lru lock, using RCU in future patches.
Signed-off-by: Nick Piggin <npiggin@kernel.dk>
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Add a new lock, dcache_hash_lock, to protect the dcache hash table from
concurrent modification. d_hash is also protected by d_lock.
Signed-off-by: Nick Piggin <npiggin@kernel.dk>
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Remove dcache_lock locking from hostfs filesystem, and move it into dcache
helpers. All that is required is a coherent path name. Protection from
concurrent modification of the namespace after path name generation is not
provided in current code, because dcache_lock is dropped before the path is
used.
Signed-off-by: Nick Piggin <npiggin@kernel.dk>
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Change d_hash so it may be called from lock-free RCU lookups. See similar
patch for d_compare for details.
For in-tree filesystems, this is just a mechanical change.
Signed-off-by: Nick Piggin <npiggin@kernel.dk>
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Change d_compare so it may be called from lock-free RCU lookups. This
does put significant restrictions on what may be done from the callback,
however there don't seem to have been any problems with in-tree fses.
If some strange use case pops up that _really_ cannot cope with the
rcu-walk rules, we can just add new rcu-unaware callbacks, which would
cause name lookup to drop out of rcu-walk mode.
For in-tree filesystems, this is just a mechanical change.
Signed-off-by: Nick Piggin <npiggin@kernel.dk>
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smpfs and ncpfs want to update a live dentry name in-place. Rather than
have them open code the locking, provide a documented dcache API.
Signed-off-by: Nick Piggin <npiggin@kernel.dk>
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Change d_delete from a dentry deletion notification to a dentry caching
advise, more like ->drop_inode. Require it to be constant and idempotent,
and not take d_lock. This is how all existing filesystems use the callback
anyway.
This makes fine grained dentry locking of dput and dentry lru scanning
much simpler.
Signed-off-by: Nick Piggin <npiggin@kernel.dk>
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percpu_counter library generates quite nasty code, so unless you need
to dynamically allocate counters or take fast approximate value, a
simple per cpu set of counters is much better.
The percpu_counter can never be made to work as well, because it has an
indirection from pointer to percpu memory, and it can't use direct
this_cpu_inc interfaces because it doesn't use static PER_CPU data, so
code will always be worse.
In the fastpath, it is the difference between this:
incl %gs:nr_dentry # nr_dentry
and this:
movl percpu_counter_batch(%rip), %edx # percpu_counter_batch,
movl $1, %esi #,
movq $nr_dentry, %rdi #,
call __percpu_counter_add # (plus I clobber registers)
__percpu_counter_add:
pushq %rbp #
movq %rsp, %rbp #,
subq $32, %rsp #,
movq %rbx, -24(%rbp) #,
movq %r12, -16(%rbp) #,
movq %r13, -8(%rbp) #,
movq %rdi, %rbx # fbc, fbc
#APP
# 216 "/home/npiggin/usr/src/linux-2.6/arch/x86/include/asm/thread_info.h" 1
movq %gs:kernel_stack,%rax #, pfo_ret__
# 0 "" 2
#NO_APP
incl -8124(%rax) # <variable>.preempt_count
movq 32(%rdi), %r12 # <variable>.counters, tcp_ptr__
#APP
# 78 "lib/percpu_counter.c" 1
add %gs:this_cpu_off, %r12 # this_cpu_off, tcp_ptr__
# 0 "" 2
#NO_APP
movslq (%r12),%r13 #* tcp_ptr__, tmp73
movslq %edx,%rax # batch, batch
addq %rsi, %r13 # amount, count
cmpq %rax, %r13 # batch, count
jge .L27 #,
negl %edx # tmp76
movslq %edx,%rdx # tmp76, tmp77
cmpq %rdx, %r13 # tmp77, count
jg .L28 #,
.L27:
movq %rbx, %rdi # fbc,
call _raw_spin_lock #
addq %r13, 8(%rbx) # count, <variable>.count
movq %rbx, %rdi # fbc,
movl $0, (%r12) #,* tcp_ptr__
call _raw_spin_unlock #
.L29:
#APP
# 216 "/home/npiggin/usr/src/linux-2.6/arch/x86/include/asm/thread_info.h" 1
movq %gs:kernel_stack,%rax #, pfo_ret__
# 0 "" 2
#NO_APP
decl -8124(%rax) # <variable>.preempt_count
movq -8136(%rax), %rax #, D.14625
testb $8, %al #, D.14625
jne .L32 #,
.L31:
movq -24(%rbp), %rbx #,
movq -16(%rbp), %r12 #,
movq -8(%rbp), %r13 #,
leave
ret
.p2align 4,,10
.p2align 3
.L28:
movl %r13d, (%r12) # count,*
jmp .L29 #
.L32:
call preempt_schedule #
.p2align 4,,6
jmp .L31 #
.size __percpu_counter_add, .-__percpu_counter_add
.p2align 4,,15
Signed-off-by: Nick Piggin <npiggin@kernel.dk>
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The nr_unused counters count the number of objects on an LRU, and as such they
are synchronized with LRU object insertion and removal and scanning, and
protected under the LRU lock.
Making it per-cpu does not actually get any concurrency improvements because of
this lock, and summing the counter is much slower, and
incrementing/decrementing it costs more code size and is slower too.
These counters should stay per-LRU, which currently means global.
Signed-off-by: Nick Piggin <npiggin@kernel.dk>
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d_validate has been broken for a long time.
kmem_ptr_validate does not guarantee that a pointer can be dereferenced
if it can go away at any time. Even rcu_read_lock doesn't help, because
the pointer might be queued in RCU callbacks but not executed yet.
So the parent cannot be checked, nor the name hashed. The dentry pointer
can not be touched until it can be verified under lock. Hashing simply
cannot be used.
Instead, verify the parent/child relationship by traversing parent's
d_child list. It's slow, but only ncpfs and the destaged smbfs care
about it, at this point.
Signed-off-by: Nick Piggin <npiggin@kernel.dk>
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This reverts commit 3825bdb7ed920845961f32f364454bee5f469abb.
You cannot dget() a dentry without having a reference, or holding
a lock that guarantees it remains valid.
Signed-off-by: Nick Piggin <npiggin@kernel.dk>
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d_validate does a purely read lookup in the dentry hash, so use RCU read side
locking instead of dcache_lock. Split out from a larget patch by
Nick Piggin <npiggin@suse.de>.
Signed-off-by: Christoph Hellwig <hch@lst.de>
Signed-off-by: Al Viro <viro@zeniv.linux.org.uk>
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Always do a list_del_init on the LRU to make sure the list_empty invariant for
not beeing on the LRU always holds true, and fold dentry_lru_del_init into
dentry_lru_del. Replace the dentry_lru_add_tail primitive with a
dentry_lru_move_tail operations that simpler when the dentry already is one
the list, which is always is. Move the list_empty into dentry_lru_add to
fit the scheme of the other lru helpers, and simplify locking once we
move to a separate LRU lock.
Signed-off-by: Christoph Hellwig <hch@lst.de>
Signed-off-by: Al Viro <viro@zeniv.linux.org.uk>
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Currently __shrink_dcache_sb has an extremly awkward calling convention
because it tries to please very different callers. Split out the
main loop into a shrink_dentry_list helper, which gets called directly
from shrink_dcache_sb for the cases where all dentries need to be pruned,
or from __shrink_dcache_sb for pruning only a certain number of dentries.
Signed-off-by: Christoph Hellwig <hch@lst.de>
Signed-off-by: Al Viro <viro@zeniv.linux.org.uk>
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dentry referenced bit is only set when installing the dentry back
onto the LRU. However with lazy LRU, the dentry can already be on
the LRU list at dput time, thus missing out on setting the referenced
bit. Fix this.
Signed-off-by: Nick Piggin <npiggin@suse.de>
Signed-off-by: Christoph Hellwig <hch@lst.de>
Signed-off-by: Al Viro <viro@zeniv.linux.org.uk>
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The nr_dentry stat is a globally touched cacheline and atomic operation
twice over the lifetime of a dentry. It is used for the benfit of userspace
only. Turn it into a per-cpu counter and always decrement it in d_free instead
of doing various batching operations to reduce lock hold times in the callers.
Based on an earlier patch from Nick Piggin <npiggin@suse.de>.
Signed-off-by: Christoph Hellwig <hch@lst.de>
Signed-off-by: Al Viro <viro@zeniv.linux.org.uk>
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Remove d_callback and always call __d_free with a RCU head.
Signed-off-by: Christoph Hellwig <hch@lst.de>
Signed-off-by: Al Viro <viro@zeniv.linux.org.uk>
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All callers take dcache_lock just around the call to __d_path, so
take the lock into it in preparation of getting rid of dcache_lock.
Signed-off-by: Christoph Hellwig <hch@lst.de>
Signed-off-by: Al Viro <viro@zeniv.linux.org.uk>
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fs: brlock vfsmount_lock
Use a brlock for the vfsmount lock. It must be taken for write whenever
modifying the mount hash or associated fields, and may be taken for read when
performing mount hash lookups.
A new lock is added for the mnt-id allocator, so it doesn't need to take
the heavy vfsmount write-lock.
The number of atomics should remain the same for fastpath rlock cases, though
code would be slightly slower due to per-cpu access. Scalability is not not be
much improved in common cases yet, due to other locks (ie. dcache_lock) getting
in the way. However path lookups crossing mountpoints should be one case where
scalability is improved (currently requiring the global lock).
The slowpath is slower due to use of brlock. On a 64 core, 64 socket, 32 node
Altix system (high latency to remote nodes), a simple umount microbenchmark
(mount --bind mnt mnt2 ; umount mnt2 loop 1000 times), before this patch it
took 6.8s, afterwards took 7.1s, about 5% slower.
Cc: Al Viro <viro@ZenIV.linux.org.uk>
Signed-off-by: Nick Piggin <npiggin@kernel.dk>
Signed-off-by: Al Viro <viro@zeniv.linux.org.uk>
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fs: remove extra lookup in __lookup_hash
Optimize lookup for create operations, where no dentry should often be
common-case. In cases where it is not, such as unlink, the added overhead
is much smaller than the removed.
Also, move comments about __d_lookup racyness to the __d_lookup call site.
d_lookup is intuitive; __d_lookup is what needs commenting. So in that same
vein, add kerneldoc comments to __d_lookup and clean up some of the comments:
- We are interested in how the RCU lookup works here, particularly with
renames. Make that explicit, and point to the document where it is explained
in more detail.
- RCU is pretty standard now, and macros make implementations pretty mindless.
If we want to know about RCU barrier details, we look in RCU code.
- Delete some boring legacy comments because we don't care much about how the
code used to work, more about the interesting parts of how it works now. So
comments about lazy LRU may be interesting, but would better be done in the
LRU or refcount management code.
Signed-off-by: Nick Piggin <npiggin@kernel.dk>
Signed-off-by: Al Viro <viro@zeniv.linux.org.uk>
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Fix parameter name in kernel-doc notation (causes a warning).
Signed-off-by: Randy Dunlap <randy.dunlap@oracle.com>
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>
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Prepend "(unreachable)" to path strings if the path is not reachable
from the current root.
Two places updated are
- the return string from getcwd()
- and symlinks under /proc/$PID.
Other uses of d_path() are left unchanged (we know that some old
software crashes if /proc/mounts is changed).
Signed-off-by: Miklos Szeredi <mszeredi@suse.cz>
Signed-off-by: Al Viro <viro@zeniv.linux.org.uk>
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__d_path() has 4 callers:
d_path()
sys_getcwd()
seq_path_root()
tomoyo_realpath_from_path2()
Of these the only one which needs the " (deleted)" ending is d_path().
sys_getcwd() checks for existence before calling __d_path().
seq_path_root() is used to show the mountpoint path in
/proc/PID/mountinfo, which is always a positive.
And tomoyo doesn't want the deleted ending.
Create a helper "path_with_deleted()" as subsequent patches will need
this in multiple places.
Signed-off-by: Miklos Szeredi <mszeredi@suse.cz>
Signed-off-by: Al Viro <viro@zeniv.linux.org.uk>
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Split off prepend_path() from __d_path(). This new helper takes an
end-of-buffer pointer and buffer-length pointer just like the other
prepend_* functions. Move the " (deleted)" postfix out to __d_path().
This patch doesn't change any functionality but paves the way for the
following patches.
Signed-off-by: Miklos Szeredi <mszeredi@suse.cz>
Signed-off-by: Al Viro <viro@zeniv.linux.org.uk>
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