aboutsummaryrefslogtreecommitdiff
path: root/mm/ksm.c
blob: 1bbe785aa559cb2f1c8bb87c329b4b9239b4d01d (plain)
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
31
32
33
34
35
36
37
38
39
40
41
42
43
44
45
46
47
48
49
50
51
52
53
54
55
56
57
58
59
60
61
62
63
64
65
66
67
68
69
70
71
72
73
74
75
76
77
78
79
80
81
82
83
84
85
86
87
88
89
90
91
92
93
94
95
96
97
98
99
100
101
102
103
104
105
106
107
108
109
110
111
112
113
114
115
116
117
118
119
120
121
122
123
124
125
126
127
128
129
130
131
132
133
134
135
136
137
138
139
140
141
142
143
144
145
146
147
148
149
150
151
152
153
154
155
156
157
158
159
160
161
162
163
164
165
166
167
168
169
170
171
172
173
174
175
176
177
178
179
180
181
182
183
184
185
186
187
188
189
190
191
192
193
194
195
196
197
198
199
200
201
202
203
204
205
206
207
208
209
210
211
212
213
214
215
216
217
218
219
220
221
222
223
224
225
226
227
228
229
230
231
232
233
234
235
236
237
238
239
240
241
242
243
244
245
246
247
248
249
250
251
252
253
254
255
256
257
258
259
260
261
262
263
264
265
266
267
268
269
270
271
272
273
274
275
276
277
278
279
280
281
282
283
284
285
286
287
288
289
290
291
292
293
294
295
296
297
298
299
300
301
302
303
304
305
306
307
308
309
310
311
312
313
314
315
316
317
318
319
320
321
322
323
324
325
326
327
328
329
330
331
332
333
334
335
336
337
338
339
340
341
342
343
344
345
346
347
348
349
350
351
352
353
354
355
356
357
358
359
360
361
362
363
364
365
366
367
368
369
370
371
372
373
374
375
376
377
378
379
380
381
382
383
384
385
386
387
388
389
390
391
392
393
394
395
396
397
398
399
400
401
402
403
404
405
406
407
408
409
410
411
412
413
414
415
416
417
418
419
420
421
422
423
424
425
426
427
428
429
430
431
432
433
434
435
436
437
438
439
440
441
442
443
444
445
446
447
448
449
450
451
452
453
454
455
456
457
458
459
460
461
462
463
464
465
466
467
468
469
470
471
472
473
474
475
476
477
478
479
480
481
482
483
484
485
486
487
488
489
490
491
492
493
494
495
496
497
498
499
500
501
502
503
504
505
506
507
508
509
510
511
512
513
514
515
516
517
518
519
520
521
522
523
524
525
526
527
528
529
530
531
532
533
534
535
536
537
538
539
540
541
542
543
544
545
546
547
548
549
550
551
552
553
554
555
556
557
558
559
560
561
562
563
564
565
566
567
568
569
570
571
572
573
574
575
576
577
578
579
580
581
582
583
584
585
586
587
588
589
590
591
592
593
594
595
596
597
598
599
600
601
602
603
604
605
606
607
608
609
610
611
612
613
614
615
616
617
618
619
620
621
622
623
624
625
626
627
628
629
630
631
632
633
634
635
636
637
638
639
640
641
642
643
644
645
646
647
648
649
650
651
652
653
654
655
656
657
658
659
660
661
662
663
664
665
666
667
668
669
670
671
672
673
674
675
676
677
678
679
680
681
682
683
684
685
686
687
688
689
690
691
692
693
694
695
696
697
698
699
700
701
702
703
704
705
706
707
708
709
710
711
712
713
714
715
716
717
718
719
720
721
722
723
724
725
726
727
728
729
730
731
732
733
734
735
736
737
738
739
740
741
742
743
744
745
746
747
748
749
750
751
752
753
754
755
756
757
758
759
760
761
762
763
764
765
766
767
768
769
770
771
772
773
774
775
776
777
778
779
780
781
782
783
784
785
786
787
788
789
790
791
792
793
794
795
796
797
798
799
800
801
802
803
804
805
806
807
808
809
810
811
812
813
814
815
816
817
818
819
820
821
822
823
824
825
826
827
828
829
830
831
832
833
834
835
836
837
838
839
840
841
842
843
844
845
846
847
848
849
850
851
852
853
854
855
856
857
858
859
860
861
862
863
864
865
866
867
868
869
870
871
872
873
874
875
876
877
878
879
880
881
882
883
884
885
886
887
888
889
890
891
892
893
894
895
896
897
898
899
900
901
902
903
904
905
906
907
908
909
910
911
912
913
914
915
916
917
918
919
920
921
922
923
924
925
926
927
928
929
930
931
932
933
934
935
936
937
938
939
940
941
942
943
944
945
946
947
948
949
950
951
952
953
954
955
956
957
958
959
960
961
962
963
964
965
966
967
968
969
970
971
972
973
974
975
976
977
978
979
980
981
982
983
984
985
986
987
988
989
990
991
992
993
994
995
996
997
998
999
1000
1001
1002
1003
1004
1005
1006
1007
1008
1009
1010
1011
1012
1013
1014
1015
1016
1017
1018
1019
1020
1021
1022
1023
1024
1025
1026
1027
1028
1029
1030
1031
1032
1033
1034
1035
1036
1037
1038
1039
1040
1041
1042
1043
1044
1045
1046
1047
1048
1049
1050
1051
1052
1053
1054
1055
1056
1057
1058
1059
1060
1061
1062
1063
1064
1065
1066
1067
1068
1069
1070
1071
1072
1073
1074
1075
1076
1077
1078
1079
1080
1081
1082
1083
1084
1085
1086
1087
1088
1089
1090
1091
1092
1093
1094
1095
1096
1097
1098
1099
1100
1101
1102
1103
1104
1105
1106
1107
1108
1109
1110
1111
1112
1113
1114
1115
1116
1117
1118
1119
1120
1121
1122
1123
1124
1125
1126
1127
1128
1129
1130
1131
1132
1133
1134
1135
1136
1137
1138
1139
1140
1141
1142
1143
1144
1145
1146
1147
1148
1149
1150
1151
1152
1153
1154
1155
1156
1157
1158
1159
1160
1161
1162
1163
1164
1165
1166
1167
1168
1169
1170
1171
1172
1173
1174
1175
1176
1177
1178
1179
1180
1181
1182
1183
1184
1185
1186
1187
1188
1189
1190
1191
1192
1193
1194
1195
1196
1197
1198
1199
1200
1201
1202
1203
1204
1205
1206
1207
1208
1209
1210
1211
1212
1213
1214
1215
1216
1217
1218
1219
1220
1221
1222
1223
1224
1225
1226
1227
1228
1229
1230
1231
1232
1233
1234
1235
1236
1237
1238
1239
1240
1241
1242
1243
1244
1245
1246
1247
1248
1249
1250
1251
1252
1253
1254
1255
1256
1257
1258
1259
1260
1261
1262
1263
1264
1265
1266
1267
1268
1269
1270
1271
1272
1273
1274
1275
1276
1277
1278
1279
1280
1281
1282
1283
1284
1285
1286
1287
1288
1289
1290
1291
1292
1293
1294
1295
1296
1297
1298
1299
1300
1301
1302
1303
1304
1305
1306
1307
1308
1309
1310
1311
1312
1313
1314
1315
1316
1317
1318
1319
1320
1321
1322
1323
1324
1325
1326
1327
1328
1329
1330
1331
1332
1333
1334
1335
1336
1337
1338
1339
1340
1341
1342
1343
1344
1345
1346
1347
1348
1349
1350
1351
1352
1353
1354
1355
1356
1357
1358
1359
1360
1361
1362
1363
1364
1365
1366
1367
1368
1369
1370
1371
1372
1373
1374
1375
1376
1377
1378
1379
1380
1381
1382
1383
1384
1385
1386
1387
1388
1389
1390
1391
1392
1393
1394
1395
1396
1397
1398
1399
1400
1401
1402
1403
1404
1405
1406
1407
1408
1409
1410
1411
1412
1413
1414
1415
1416
1417
1418
1419
1420
1421
1422
1423
1424
1425
1426
1427
1428
1429
1430
1431
1432
1433
1434
1435
1436
1437
1438
1439
1440
1441
1442
1443
1444
1445
1446
1447
1448
1449
1450
1451
1452
1453
1454
1455
1456
1457
1458
1459
1460
1461
1462
1463
1464
1465
1466
1467
1468
1469
1470
1471
1472
1473
1474
1475
1476
1477
1478
1479
1480
1481
1482
1483
1484
1485
1486
1487
1488
1489
1490
1491
1492
1493
1494
1495
1496
1497
1498
1499
1500
1501
1502
1503
1504
1505
1506
1507
1508
1509
1510
1511
1512
1513
1514
1515
1516
1517
1518
1519
1520
1521
1522
1523
1524
1525
1526
1527
1528
1529
1530
1531
1532
1533
1534
1535
1536
1537
1538
1539
1540
1541
1542
1543
1544
1545
1546
1547
1548
1549
1550
1551
1552
1553
1554
1555
1556
1557
1558
1559
1560
1561
1562
1563
1564
1565
1566
1567
1568
1569
1570
1571
1572
1573
1574
1575
1576
1577
1578
1579
1580
1581
1582
1583
1584
1585
1586
1587
1588
1589
1590
1591
1592
1593
1594
1595
1596
1597
1598
1599
1600
1601
1602
1603
1604
1605
1606
1607
1608
1609
1610
1611
1612
1613
1614
1615
1616
1617
1618
1619
1620
1621
1622
1623
1624
1625
1626
1627
1628
1629
1630
1631
1632
1633
1634
1635
1636
1637
1638
1639
1640
1641
1642
1643
1644
1645
1646
1647
1648
1649
1650
1651
1652
1653
1654
1655
1656
1657
1658
1659
1660
1661
1662
1663
1664
1665
1666
1667
1668
1669
1670
1671
1672
1673
1674
1675
1676
1677
1678
1679
1680
1681
1682
1683
1684
1685
1686
1687
1688
1689
1690
1691
1692
1693
1694
1695
1696
1697
1698
1699
1700
1701
1702
1703
1704
1705
1706
1707
1708
1709
1710
1711
1712
1713
1714
1715
1716
1717
1718
1719
1720
1721
1722
1723
1724
1725
1726
1727
1728
1729
1730
1731
1732
1733
1734
1735
1736
1737
1738
1739
1740
1741
1742
1743
1744
1745
1746
1747
1748
1749
1750
1751
1752
1753
1754
1755
1756
1757
1758
1759
1760
1761
1762
1763
1764
1765
1766
1767
1768
1769
1770
1771
1772
1773
1774
1775
1776
1777
1778
1779
1780
1781
1782
1783
1784
1785
1786
1787
1788
1789
1790
1791
1792
1793
1794
1795
1796
1797
1798
1799
1800
1801
1802
1803
1804
1805
1806
1807
1808
1809
1810
1811
1812
1813
1814
1815
1816
1817
1818
1819
1820
1821
1822
1823
1824
1825
1826
1827
1828
1829
1830
1831
1832
1833
1834
1835
1836
1837
1838
1839
1840
1841
1842
1843
1844
1845
1846
1847
1848
1849
1850
1851
1852
1853
1854
1855
1856
1857
1858
1859
1860
1861
1862
1863
1864
1865
1866
1867
1868
1869
1870
1871
1872
1873
1874
1875
1876
1877
1878
1879
1880
1881
1882
1883
1884
1885
1886
1887
1888
1889
1890
1891
1892
1893
1894
1895
1896
1897
1898
1899
1900
1901
1902
1903
1904
1905
1906
1907
1908
1909
1910
1911
1912
1913
1914
1915
1916
1917
1918
1919
1920
1921
1922
1923
1924
1925
1926
1927
1928
1929
1930
1931
1932
1933
1934
1935
1936
1937
1938
1939
1940
1941
1942
1943
1944
1945
1946
1947
1948
1949
1950
1951
1952
1953
1954
1955
1956
1957
1958
1959
1960
1961
1962
1963
1964
1965
1966
1967
1968
1969
1970
1971
1972
1973
1974
1975
1976
1977
1978
1979
1980
1981
1982
1983
1984
1985
1986
1987
1988
1989
1990
1991
1992
1993
1994
1995
1996
1997
1998
1999
2000
2001
2002
2003
2004
2005
2006
2007
2008
2009
2010
2011
2012
2013
2014
2015
2016
2017
2018
2019
2020
/*
 * Memory merging support.
 *
 * This code enables dynamic sharing of identical pages found in different
 * memory areas, even if they are not shared by fork()
 *
 * Copyright (C) 2008-2009 Red Hat, Inc.
 * Authors:
 *	Izik Eidus
 *	Andrea Arcangeli
 *	Chris Wright
 *	Hugh Dickins
 *
 * This work is licensed under the terms of the GNU GPL, version 2.
 */

#include <linux/errno.h>
#include <linux/mm.h>
#include <linux/fs.h>
#include <linux/mman.h>
#include <linux/sched.h>
#include <linux/rwsem.h>
#include <linux/pagemap.h>
#include <linux/rmap.h>
#include <linux/spinlock.h>
#include <linux/jhash.h>
#include <linux/delay.h>
#include <linux/kthread.h>
#include <linux/wait.h>
#include <linux/slab.h>
#include <linux/rbtree.h>
#include <linux/memory.h>
#include <linux/mmu_notifier.h>
#include <linux/swap.h>
#include <linux/ksm.h>
#include <linux/hash.h>
#include <linux/freezer.h>

#include <asm/tlbflush.h>
#include "internal.h"

/*
 * A few notes about the KSM scanning process,
 * to make it easier to understand the data structures below:
 *
 * In order to reduce excessive scanning, KSM sorts the memory pages by their
 * contents into a data structure that holds pointers to the pages' locations.
 *
 * Since the contents of the pages may change at any moment, KSM cannot just
 * insert the pages into a normal sorted tree and expect it to find anything.
 * Therefore KSM uses two data structures - the stable and the unstable tree.
 *
 * The stable tree holds pointers to all the merged pages (ksm pages), sorted
 * by their contents.  Because each such page is write-protected, searching on
 * this tree is fully assured to be working (except when pages are unmapped),
 * and therefore this tree is called the stable tree.
 *
 * In addition to the stable tree, KSM uses a second data structure called the
 * unstable tree: this tree holds pointers to pages which have been found to
 * be "unchanged for a period of time".  The unstable tree sorts these pages
 * by their contents, but since they are not write-protected, KSM cannot rely
 * upon the unstable tree to work correctly - the unstable tree is liable to
 * be corrupted as its contents are modified, and so it is called unstable.
 *
 * KSM solves this problem by several techniques:
 *
 * 1) The unstable tree is flushed every time KSM completes scanning all
 *    memory areas, and then the tree is rebuilt again from the beginning.
 * 2) KSM will only insert into the unstable tree, pages whose hash value
 *    has not changed since the previous scan of all memory areas.
 * 3) The unstable tree is a RedBlack Tree - so its balancing is based on the
 *    colors of the nodes and not on their contents, assuring that even when
 *    the tree gets "corrupted" it won't get out of balance, so scanning time
 *    remains the same (also, searching and inserting nodes in an rbtree uses
 *    the same algorithm, so we have no overhead when we flush and rebuild).
 * 4) KSM never flushes the stable tree, which means that even if it were to
 *    take 10 attempts to find a page in the unstable tree, once it is found,
 *    it is secured in the stable tree.  (When we scan a new page, we first
 *    compare it against the stable tree, and then against the unstable tree.)
 */

/**
 * struct mm_slot - ksm information per mm that is being scanned
 * @link: link to the mm_slots hash list
 * @mm_list: link into the mm_slots list, rooted in ksm_mm_head
 * @rmap_list: head for this mm_slot's singly-linked list of rmap_items
 * @mm: the mm that this information is valid for
 */
struct mm_slot {
	struct hlist_node link;
	struct list_head mm_list;
	struct rmap_item *rmap_list;
	struct mm_struct *mm;
};

/**
 * struct ksm_scan - cursor for scanning
 * @mm_slot: the current mm_slot we are scanning
 * @address: the next address inside that to be scanned
 * @rmap_list: link to the next rmap to be scanned in the rmap_list
 * @seqnr: count of completed full scans (needed when removing unstable node)
 *
 * There is only the one ksm_scan instance of this cursor structure.
 */
struct ksm_scan {
	struct mm_slot *mm_slot;
	unsigned long address;
	struct rmap_item **rmap_list;
	unsigned long seqnr;
};

/**
 * struct stable_node - node of the stable rbtree
 * @node: rb node of this ksm page in the stable tree
 * @hlist: hlist head of rmap_items using this ksm page
 * @kpfn: page frame number of this ksm page
 */
struct stable_node {
	struct rb_node node;
	struct hlist_head hlist;
	unsigned long kpfn;
};

/**
 * struct rmap_item - reverse mapping item for virtual addresses
 * @rmap_list: next rmap_item in mm_slot's singly-linked rmap_list
 * @anon_vma: pointer to anon_vma for this mm,address, when in stable tree
 * @mm: the memory structure this rmap_item is pointing into
 * @address: the virtual address this rmap_item tracks (+ flags in low bits)
 * @oldchecksum: previous checksum of the page at that virtual address
 * @node: rb node of this rmap_item in the unstable tree
 * @head: pointer to stable_node heading this list in the stable tree
 * @hlist: link into hlist of rmap_items hanging off that stable_node
 */
struct rmap_item {
	struct rmap_item *rmap_list;
	struct anon_vma *anon_vma;	/* when stable */
	struct mm_struct *mm;
	unsigned long address;		/* + low bits used for flags below */
	unsigned int oldchecksum;	/* when unstable */
	union {
		struct rb_node node;	/* when node of unstable tree */
		struct {		/* when listed from stable tree */
			struct stable_node *head;
			struct hlist_node hlist;
		};
	};
};

#define SEQNR_MASK	0x0ff	/* low bits of unstable tree seqnr */
#define UNSTABLE_FLAG	0x100	/* is a node of the unstable tree */
#define STABLE_FLAG	0x200	/* is listed from the stable tree */

/* The stable and unstable tree heads */
static struct rb_root root_stable_tree = RB_ROOT;
static struct rb_root root_unstable_tree = RB_ROOT;

#define MM_SLOTS_HASH_SHIFT 10
#define MM_SLOTS_HASH_HEADS (1 << MM_SLOTS_HASH_SHIFT)
static struct hlist_head mm_slots_hash[MM_SLOTS_HASH_HEADS];

static struct mm_slot ksm_mm_head = {
	.mm_list = LIST_HEAD_INIT(ksm_mm_head.mm_list),
};
static struct ksm_scan ksm_scan = {
	.mm_slot = &ksm_mm_head,
};

static struct kmem_cache *rmap_item_cache;
static struct kmem_cache *stable_node_cache;
static struct kmem_cache *mm_slot_cache;

/* The number of nodes in the stable tree */
static unsigned long ksm_pages_shared;

/* The number of page slots additionally sharing those nodes */
static unsigned long ksm_pages_sharing;

/* The number of nodes in the unstable tree */
static unsigned long ksm_pages_unshared;

/* The number of rmap_items in use: to calculate pages_volatile */
static unsigned long ksm_rmap_items;

/* Number of pages ksmd should scan in one batch */
static unsigned int ksm_thread_pages_to_scan = 100;

/* Milliseconds ksmd should sleep between batches */
static unsigned int ksm_thread_sleep_millisecs = 20;

#define KSM_RUN_STOP	0
#define KSM_RUN_MERGE	1
#define KSM_RUN_UNMERGE	2
static unsigned int ksm_run = KSM_RUN_STOP;

static DECLARE_WAIT_QUEUE_HEAD(ksm_thread_wait);
static DEFINE_MUTEX(ksm_thread_mutex);
static DEFINE_SPINLOCK(ksm_mmlist_lock);

#define KSM_KMEM_CACHE(__struct, __flags) kmem_cache_create("ksm_"#__struct,\
		sizeof(struct __struct), __alignof__(struct __struct),\
		(__flags), NULL)

static int __init ksm_slab_init(void)
{
	rmap_item_cache = KSM_KMEM_CACHE(rmap_item, 0);
	if (!rmap_item_cache)
		goto out;

	stable_node_cache = KSM_KMEM_CACHE(stable_node, 0);
	if (!stable_node_cache)
		goto out_free1;

	mm_slot_cache = KSM_KMEM_CACHE(mm_slot, 0);
	if (!mm_slot_cache)
		goto out_free2;

	return 0;

out_free2:
	kmem_cache_destroy(stable_node_cache);
out_free1:
	kmem_cache_destroy(rmap_item_cache);
out:
	return -ENOMEM;
}

static void __init ksm_slab_free(void)
{
	kmem_cache_destroy(mm_slot_cache);
	kmem_cache_destroy(stable_node_cache);
	kmem_cache_destroy(rmap_item_cache);
	mm_slot_cache = NULL;
}

static inline struct rmap_item *alloc_rmap_item(void)
{
	struct rmap_item *rmap_item;

	rmap_item = kmem_cache_zalloc(rmap_item_cache, GFP_KERNEL);
	if (rmap_item)
		ksm_rmap_items++;
	return rmap_item;
}

static inline void free_rmap_item(struct rmap_item *rmap_item)
{
	ksm_rmap_items--;
	rmap_item->mm = NULL;	/* debug safety */
	kmem_cache_free(rmap_item_cache, rmap_item);
}

static inline struct stable_node *alloc_stable_node(void)
{
	return kmem_cache_alloc(stable_node_cache, GFP_KERNEL);
}

static inline void free_stable_node(struct stable_node *stable_node)
{
	kmem_cache_free(stable_node_cache, stable_node);
}

static inline struct mm_slot *alloc_mm_slot(void)
{
	if (!mm_slot_cache)	/* initialization failed */
		return NULL;
	return kmem_cache_zalloc(mm_slot_cache, GFP_KERNEL);
}

static inline void free_mm_slot(struct mm_slot *mm_slot)
{
	kmem_cache_free(mm_slot_cache, mm_slot);
}

static struct mm_slot *get_mm_slot(struct mm_struct *mm)
{
	struct mm_slot *mm_slot;
	struct hlist_head *bucket;
	struct hlist_node *node;

	bucket = &mm_slots_hash[hash_ptr(mm, MM_SLOTS_HASH_SHIFT)];
	hlist_for_each_entry(mm_slot, node, bucket, link) {
		if (mm == mm_slot->mm)
			return mm_slot;
	}
	return NULL;
}

static void insert_to_mm_slots_hash(struct mm_struct *mm,
				    struct mm_slot *mm_slot)
{
	struct hlist_head *bucket;

	bucket = &mm_slots_hash[hash_ptr(mm, MM_SLOTS_HASH_SHIFT)];
	mm_slot->mm = mm;
	hlist_add_head(&mm_slot->link, bucket);
}

static inline int in_stable_tree(struct rmap_item *rmap_item)
{
	return rmap_item->address & STABLE_FLAG;
}

/*
 * ksmd, and unmerge_and_remove_all_rmap_items(), must not touch an mm's
 * page tables after it has passed through ksm_exit() - which, if necessary,
 * takes mmap_sem briefly to serialize against them.  ksm_exit() does not set
 * a special flag: they can just back out as soon as mm_users goes to zero.
 * ksm_test_exit() is used throughout to make this test for exit: in some
 * places for correctness, in some places just to avoid unnecessary work.
 */
static inline bool ksm_test_exit(struct mm_struct *mm)
{
	return atomic_read(&mm->mm_users) == 0;
}

/*
 * We use break_ksm to break COW on a ksm page: it's a stripped down
 *
 *	if (get_user_pages(current, mm, addr, 1, 1, 1, &page, NULL) == 1)
 *		put_page(page);
 *
 * but taking great care only to touch a ksm page, in a VM_MERGEABLE vma,
 * in case the application has unmapped and remapped mm,addr meanwhile.
 * Could a ksm page appear anywhere else?  Actually yes, in a VM_PFNMAP
 * mmap of /dev/mem or /dev/kmem, where we would not want to touch it.
 */
static int break_ksm(struct vm_area_struct *vma, unsigned long addr)
{
	struct page *page;
	int ret = 0;

	do {
		cond_resched();
		page = follow_page(vma, addr, FOLL_GET);
		if (IS_ERR_OR_NULL(page))
			break;
		if (PageKsm(page))
			ret = handle_mm_fault(vma->vm_mm, vma, addr,
							FAULT_FLAG_WRITE);
		else
			ret = VM_FAULT_WRITE;
		put_page(page);
	} while (!(ret & (VM_FAULT_WRITE | VM_FAULT_SIGBUS | VM_FAULT_OOM)));
	/*
	 * We must loop because handle_mm_fault() may back out if there's
	 * any difficulty e.g. if pte accessed bit gets updated concurrently.
	 *
	 * VM_FAULT_WRITE is what we have been hoping for: it indicates that
	 * COW has been broken, even if the vma does not permit VM_WRITE;
	 * but note that a concurrent fault might break PageKsm for us.
	 *
	 * VM_FAULT_SIGBUS could occur if we race with truncation of the
	 * backing file, which also invalidates anonymous pages: that's
	 * okay, that truncation will have unmapped the PageKsm for us.
	 *
	 * VM_FAULT_OOM: at the time of writing (late July 2009), setting
	 * aside mem_cgroup limits, VM_FAULT_OOM would only be set if the
	 * current task has TIF_MEMDIE set, and will be OOM killed on return
	 * to user; and ksmd, having no mm, would never be chosen for that.
	 *
	 * But if the mm is in a limited mem_cgroup, then the fault may fail
	 * with VM_FAULT_OOM even if the current task is not TIF_MEMDIE; and
	 * even ksmd can fail in this way - though it's usually breaking ksm
	 * just to undo a merge it made a moment before, so unlikely to oom.
	 *
	 * That's a pity: we might therefore have more kernel pages allocated
	 * than we're counting as nodes in the stable tree; but ksm_do_scan
	 * will retry to break_cow on each pass, so should recover the page
	 * in due course.  The important thing is to not let VM_MERGEABLE
	 * be cleared while any such pages might remain in the area.
	 */
	return (ret & VM_FAULT_OOM) ? -ENOMEM : 0;
}

static void break_cow(struct rmap_item *rmap_item)
{
	struct mm_struct *mm = rmap_item->mm;
	unsigned long addr = rmap_item->address;
	struct vm_area_struct *vma;

	/*
	 * It is not an accident that whenever we want to break COW
	 * to undo, we also need to drop a reference to the anon_vma.
	 */
	put_anon_vma(rmap_item->anon_vma);

	down_read(&mm->mmap_sem);
	if (ksm_test_exit(mm))
		goto out;
	vma = find_vma(mm, addr);
	if (!vma || vma->vm_start > addr)
		goto out;
	if (!(vma->vm_flags & VM_MERGEABLE) || !vma->anon_vma)
		goto out;
	break_ksm(vma, addr);
out:
	up_read(&mm->mmap_sem);
}

static struct page *page_trans_compound_anon(struct page *page)
{
	if (PageTransCompound(page)) {
		struct page *head = compound_trans_head(page);
		/*
		 * head may actually be splitted and freed from under
		 * us but it's ok here.
		 */
		if (PageAnon(head))
			return head;
	}
	return NULL;
}

static struct page *get_mergeable_page(struct rmap_item *rmap_item)
{
	struct mm_struct *mm = rmap_item->mm;
	unsigned long addr = rmap_item->address;
	struct vm_area_struct *vma;
	struct page *page;

	down_read(&mm->mmap_sem);
	if (ksm_test_exit(mm))
		goto out;
	vma = find_vma(mm, addr);
	if (!vma || vma->vm_start > addr)
		goto out;
	if (!(vma->vm_flags & VM_MERGEABLE) || !vma->anon_vma)
		goto out;

	page = follow_page(vma, addr, FOLL_GET);
	if (IS_ERR_OR_NULL(page))
		goto out;
	if (PageAnon(page) || page_trans_compound_anon(page)) {
		flush_anon_page(vma, page, addr);
		flush_dcache_page(page);
	} else {
		put_page(page);
out:		page = NULL;
	}
	up_read(&mm->mmap_sem);
	return page;
}

static void remove_node_from_stable_tree(struct stable_node *stable_node)
{
	struct rmap_item *rmap_item;
	struct hlist_node *hlist;

	hlist_for_each_entry(rmap_item, hlist, &stable_node->hlist, hlist) {
		if (rmap_item->hlist.next)
			ksm_pages_sharing--;
		else
			ksm_pages_shared--;
		put_anon_vma(rmap_item->anon_vma);
		rmap_item->address &= PAGE_MASK;
		cond_resched();
	}

	rb_erase(&stable_node->node, &root_stable_tree);
	free_stable_node(stable_node);
}

/*
 * get_ksm_page: checks if the page indicated by the stable node
 * is still its ksm page, despite having held no reference to it.
 * In which case we can trust the content of the page, and it
 * returns the gotten page; but if the page has now been zapped,
 * remove the stale node from the stable tree and return NULL.
 *
 * You would expect the stable_node to hold a reference to the ksm page.
 * But if it increments the page's count, swapping out has to wait for
 * ksmd to come around again before it can free the page, which may take
 * seconds or even minutes: much too unresponsive.  So instead we use a
 * "keyhole reference": access to the ksm page from the stable node peeps
 * out through its keyhole to see if that page still holds the right key,
 * pointing back to this stable node.  This relies on freeing a PageAnon
 * page to reset its page->mapping to NULL, and relies on no other use of
 * a page to put something that might look like our key in page->mapping.
 *
 * include/linux/pagemap.h page_cache_get_speculative() is a good reference,
 * but this is different - made simpler by ksm_thread_mutex being held, but
 * interesting for assuming that no other use of the struct page could ever
 * put our expected_mapping into page->mapping (or a field of the union which
 * coincides with page->mapping).  The RCU calls are not for KSM at all, but
 * to keep the page_count protocol described with page_cache_get_speculative.
 *
 * Note: it is possible that get_ksm_page() will return NULL one moment,
 * then page the next, if the page is in between page_freeze_refs() and
 * page_unfreeze_refs(): this shouldn't be a problem anywhere, the page
 * is on its way to being freed; but it is an anomaly to bear in mind.
 */
static struct page *get_ksm_page(struct stable_node *stable_node)
{
	struct page *page;
	void *expected_mapping;

	page = pfn_to_page(stable_node->kpfn);
	expected_mapping = (void *)stable_node +
				(PAGE_MAPPING_ANON | PAGE_MAPPING_KSM);
	rcu_read_lock();
	if (page->mapping != expected_mapping)
		goto stale;
	if (!get_page_unless_zero(page))
		goto stale;
	if (page->mapping != expected_mapping) {
		put_page(page);
		goto stale;
	}
	rcu_read_unlock();
	return page;
stale:
	rcu_read_unlock();
	remove_node_from_stable_tree(stable_node);
	return NULL;
}

/*
 * Removing rmap_item from stable or unstable tree.
 * This function will clean the information from the stable/unstable tree.
 */
static void remove_rmap_item_from_tree(struct rmap_item *rmap_item)
{
	if (rmap_item->address & STABLE_FLAG) {
		struct stable_node *stable_node;
		struct page *page;

		stable_node = rmap_item->head;
		page = get_ksm_page(stable_node);
		if (!page)
			goto out;

		lock_page(page);
		hlist_del(&rmap_item->hlist);
		unlock_page(page);
		put_page(page);

		if (stable_node->hlist.first)
			ksm_pages_sharing--;
		else
			ksm_pages_shared--;

		put_anon_vma(rmap_item->anon_vma);
		rmap_item->address &= PAGE_MASK;

	} else if (rmap_item->address & UNSTABLE_FLAG) {
		unsigned char age;
		/*
		 * Usually ksmd can and must skip the rb_erase, because
		 * root_unstable_tree was already reset to RB_ROOT.
		 * But be careful when an mm is exiting: do the rb_erase
		 * if this rmap_item was inserted by this scan, rather
		 * than left over from before.
		 */
		age = (unsigned char)(ksm_scan.seqnr - rmap_item->address);
		BUG_ON(age > 1);
		if (!age)
			rb_erase(&rmap_item->node, &root_unstable_tree);

		ksm_pages_unshared--;
		rmap_item->address &= PAGE_MASK;
	}
out:
	cond_resched();		/* we're called from many long loops */
}

static void remove_trailing_rmap_items(struct mm_slot *mm_slot,
				       struct rmap_item **rmap_list)
{
	while (*rmap_list) {
		struct rmap_item *rmap_item = *rmap_list;
		*rmap_list = rmap_item->rmap_list;
		remove_rmap_item_from_tree(rmap_item);
		free_rmap_item(rmap_item);
	}
}

/*
 * Though it's very tempting to unmerge in_stable_tree(rmap_item)s rather
 * than check every pte of a given vma, the locking doesn't quite work for
 * that - an rmap_item is assigned to the stable tree after inserting ksm
 * page and upping mmap_sem.  Nor does it fit with the way we skip dup'ing
 * rmap_items from parent to child at fork time (so as not to waste time
 * if exit comes before the next scan reaches it).
 *
 * Similarly, although we'd like to remove rmap_items (so updating counts
 * and freeing memory) when unmerging an area, it's easier to leave that
 * to the next pass of ksmd - consider, for example, how ksmd might be
 * in cmp_and_merge_page on one of the rmap_items we would be removing.
 */
static int unmerge_ksm_pages(struct vm_area_struct *vma,
			     unsigned long start, unsigned long end)
{
	unsigned long addr;
	int err = 0;

	for (addr = start; addr < end && !err; addr += PAGE_SIZE) {
		if (ksm_test_exit(vma->vm_mm))
			break;
		if (signal_pending(current))
			err = -ERESTARTSYS;
		else
			err = break_ksm(vma, addr);
	}
	return err;
}

#ifdef CONFIG_SYSFS
/*
 * Only called through the sysfs control interface:
 */
static int unmerge_and_remove_all_rmap_items(void)
{
	struct mm_slot *mm_slot;
	struct mm_struct *mm;
	struct vm_area_struct *vma;
	int err = 0;

	spin_lock(&ksm_mmlist_lock);
	ksm_scan.mm_slot = list_entry(ksm_mm_head.mm_list.next,
						struct mm_slot, mm_list);
	spin_unlock(&ksm_mmlist_lock);

	for (mm_slot = ksm_scan.mm_slot;
			mm_slot != &ksm_mm_head; mm_slot = ksm_scan.mm_slot) {
		mm = mm_slot->mm;
		down_read(&mm->mmap_sem);
		for (vma = mm->mmap; vma; vma = vma->vm_next) {
			if (ksm_test_exit(mm))
				break;
			if (!(vma->vm_flags & VM_MERGEABLE) || !vma->anon_vma)
				continue;
			err = unmerge_ksm_pages(vma,
						vma->vm_start, vma->vm_end);
			if (err)
				goto error;
		}

		remove_trailing_rmap_items(mm_slot, &mm_slot->rmap_list);

		spin_lock(&ksm_mmlist_lock);
		ksm_scan.mm_slot = list_entry(mm_slot->mm_list.next,
						struct mm_slot, mm_list);
		if (ksm_test_exit(mm)) {
			hlist_del(&mm_slot->link);
			list_del(&mm_slot->mm_list);
			spin_unlock(&ksm_mmlist_lock);

			free_mm_slot(mm_slot);
			clear_bit(MMF_VM_MERGEABLE, &mm->flags);
			up_read(&mm->mmap_sem);
			mmdrop(mm);
		} else {
			spin_unlock(&ksm_mmlist_lock);
			up_read(&mm->mmap_sem);
		}
	}

	ksm_scan.seqnr = 0;
	return 0;

error:
	up_read(&mm->mmap_sem);
	spin_lock(&ksm_mmlist_lock);
	ksm_scan.mm_slot = &ksm_mm_head;
	spin_unlock(&ksm_mmlist_lock);
	return err;
}
#endif /* CONFIG_SYSFS */

static u32 calc_checksum(struct page *page)
{
	u32 checksum;
	void *addr = kmap_atomic(page, KM_USER0);
	checksum = jhash2(addr, PAGE_SIZE / 4, 17);
	kunmap_atomic(addr, KM_USER0);
	return checksum;
}

static int memcmp_pages(struct page *page1, struct page *page2)
{
	char *addr1, *addr2;
	int ret;

	addr1 = kmap_atomic(page1, KM_USER0);
	addr2 = kmap_atomic(page2, KM_USER1);
	ret = memcmp(addr1, addr2, PAGE_SIZE);
	kunmap_atomic(addr2, KM_USER1);
	kunmap_atomic(addr1, KM_USER0);
	return ret;
}

static inline int pages_identical(struct page *page1, struct page *page2)
{
	return !memcmp_pages(page1, page2);
}

static int write_protect_page(struct vm_area_struct *vma, struct page *page,
			      pte_t *orig_pte)
{
	struct mm_struct *mm = vma->vm_mm;
	unsigned long addr;
	pte_t *ptep;
	spinlock_t *ptl;
	int swapped;
	int err = -EFAULT;

	addr = page_address_in_vma(page, vma);
	if (addr == -EFAULT)
		goto out;

	BUG_ON(PageTransCompound(page));
	ptep = page_check_address(page, mm, addr, &ptl, 0);
	if (!ptep)
		goto out;

	if (pte_write(*ptep) || pte_dirty(*ptep)) {
		pte_t entry;

		swapped = PageSwapCache(page);
		flush_cache_page(vma, addr, page_to_pfn(page));
		/*
		 * Ok this is tricky, when get_user_pages_fast() run it doesnt
		 * take any lock, therefore the check that we are going to make
		 * with the pagecount against the mapcount is racey and
		 * O_DIRECT can happen right after the check.
		 * So we clear the pte and flush the tlb before the check
		 * this assure us that no O_DIRECT can happen after the check
		 * or in the middle of the check.
		 */
		entry = ptep_clear_flush(vma, addr, ptep);
		/*
		 * Check that no O_DIRECT or similar I/O is in progress on the
		 * page
		 */
		if (page_mapcount(page) + 1 + swapped != page_count(page)) {
			set_pte_at(mm, addr, ptep, entry);
			goto out_unlock;
		}
		if (pte_dirty(entry))
			set_page_dirty(page);
		entry = pte_mkclean(pte_wrprotect(entry));
		set_pte_at_notify(mm, addr, ptep, entry);
	}
	*orig_pte = *ptep;
	err = 0;

out_unlock:
	pte_unmap_unlock(ptep, ptl);
out:
	return err;
}

/**
 * replace_page - replace page in vma by new ksm page
 * @vma:      vma that holds the pte pointing to page
 * @page:     the page we are replacing by kpage
 * @kpage:    the ksm page we replace page by
 * @orig_pte: the original value of the pte
 *
 * Returns 0 on success, -EFAULT on failure.
 */
static int replace_page(struct vm_area_struct *vma, struct page *page,
			struct page *kpage, pte_t orig_pte)
{
	struct mm_struct *mm = vma->vm_mm;
	pgd_t *pgd;
	pud_t *pud;
	pmd_t *pmd;
	pte_t *ptep;
	spinlock_t *ptl;
	unsigned long addr;
	int err = -EFAULT;

	addr = page_address_in_vma(page, vma);
	if (addr == -EFAULT)
		goto out;

	pgd = pgd_offset(mm, addr);
	if (!pgd_present(*pgd))
		goto out;

	pud = pud_offset(pgd, addr);
	if (!pud_present(*pud))
		goto out;

	pmd = pmd_offset(pud, addr);
	BUG_ON(pmd_trans_huge(*pmd));
	if (!pmd_present(*pmd))
		goto out;

	ptep = pte_offset_map_lock(mm, pmd, addr, &ptl);
	if (!pte_same(*ptep, orig_pte)) {
		pte_unmap_unlock(ptep, ptl);
		goto out;
	}

	get_page(kpage);
	page_add_anon_rmap(kpage, vma, addr);

	flush_cache_page(vma, addr, pte_pfn(*ptep));
	ptep_clear_flush(vma, addr, ptep);
	set_pte_at_notify(mm, addr, ptep, mk_pte(kpage, vma->vm_page_prot));

	page_remove_rmap(page);
	if (!page_mapped(page))
		try_to_free_swap(page);
	put_page(page);

	pte_unmap_unlock(ptep, ptl);
	err = 0;
out:
	return err;
}

static int page_trans_compound_anon_split(struct page *page)
{
	int ret = 0;
	struct page *transhuge_head = page_trans_compound_anon(page);
	if (transhuge_head) {
		/* Get the reference on the head to split it. */
		if (get_page_unless_zero(transhuge_head)) {
			/*
			 * Recheck we got the reference while the head
			 * was still anonymous.
			 */
			if (PageAnon(transhuge_head))
				ret = split_huge_page(transhuge_head);
			else
				/*
				 * Retry later if split_huge_page run
				 * from under us.
				 */
				ret = 1;
			put_page(transhuge_head);
		} else
			/* Retry later if split_huge_page run from under us. */
			ret = 1;
	}
	return ret;
}

/*
 * try_to_merge_one_page - take two pages and merge them into one
 * @vma: the vma that holds the pte pointing to page
 * @page: the PageAnon page that we want to replace with kpage
 * @kpage: the PageKsm page that we want to map instead of page,
 *         or NULL the first time when we want to use page as kpage.
 *
 * This function returns 0 if the pages were merged, -EFAULT otherwise.
 */
static int try_to_merge_one_page(struct vm_area_struct *vma,
				 struct page *page, struct page *kpage)
{
	pte_t orig_pte = __pte(0);
	int err = -EFAULT;

	if (page == kpage)			/* ksm page forked */
		return 0;

	if (!(vma->vm_flags & VM_MERGEABLE))
		goto out;
	if (PageTransCompound(page) && page_trans_compound_anon_split(page))
		goto out;
	BUG_ON(PageTransCompound(page));
	if (!PageAnon(page))
		goto out;

	/*
	 * We need the page lock to read a stable PageSwapCache in
	 * write_protect_page().  We use trylock_page() instead of
	 * lock_page() because we don't want to wait here - we
	 * prefer to continue scanning and merging different pages,
	 * then come back to this page when it is unlocked.
	 */
	if (!trylock_page(page))
		goto out;
	/*
	 * If this anonymous page is mapped only here, its pte may need
	 * to be write-protected.  If it's mapped elsewhere, all of its
	 * ptes are necessarily already write-protected.  But in either
	 * case, we need to lock and check page_count is not raised.
	 */
	if (write_protect_page(vma, page, &orig_pte) == 0) {
		if (!kpage) {
			/*
			 * While we hold page lock, upgrade page from
			 * PageAnon+anon_vma to PageKsm+NULL stable_node:
			 * stable_tree_insert() will update stable_node.
			 */
			set_page_stable_node(page, NULL);
			mark_page_accessed(page);
			err = 0;
		} else if (pages_identical(page, kpage))
			err = replace_page(vma, page, kpage, orig_pte);
	}

	if ((vma->vm_flags & VM_LOCKED) && kpage && !err) {
		munlock_vma_page(page);
		if (!PageMlocked(kpage)) {
			unlock_page(page);
			lock_page(kpage);
			mlock_vma_page(kpage);
			page = kpage;		/* for final unlock */
		}
	}

	unlock_page(page);
out:
	return err;
}

/*
 * try_to_merge_with_ksm_page - like try_to_merge_two_pages,
 * but no new kernel page is allocated: kpage must already be a ksm page.
 *
 * This function returns 0 if the pages were merged, -EFAULT otherwise.
 */
static int try_to_merge_with_ksm_page(struct rmap_item *rmap_item,
				      struct page *page, struct page *kpage)
{
	struct mm_struct *mm = rmap_item->mm;
	struct vm_area_struct *vma;
	int err = -EFAULT;

	down_read(&mm->mmap_sem);
	if (ksm_test_exit(mm))
		goto out;
	vma = find_vma(mm, rmap_item->address);
	if (!vma || vma->vm_start > rmap_item->address)
		goto out;

	err = try_to_merge_one_page(vma, page, kpage);
	if (err)
		goto out;

	/* Must get reference to anon_vma while still holding mmap_sem */
	rmap_item->anon_vma = vma->anon_vma;
	get_anon_vma(vma->anon_vma);
out:
	up_read(&mm->mmap_sem);
	return err;
}

/*
 * try_to_merge_two_pages - take two identical pages and prepare them
 * to be merged into one page.
 *
 * This function returns the kpage if we successfully merged two identical
 * pages into one ksm page, NULL otherwise.
 *
 * Note that this function upgrades page to ksm page: if one of the pages
 * is already a ksm page, try_to_merge_with_ksm_page should be used.
 */
static struct page *try_to_merge_two_pages(struct rmap_item *rmap_item,
					   struct page *page,
					   struct rmap_item *tree_rmap_item,
					   struct page *tree_page)
{
	int err;

	err = try_to_merge_with_ksm_page(rmap_item, page, NULL);
	if (!err) {
		err = try_to_merge_with_ksm_page(tree_rmap_item,
							tree_page, page);
		/*
		 * If that fails, we have a ksm page with only one pte
		 * pointing to it: so break it.
		 */
		if (err)
			break_cow(rmap_item);
	}
	return err ? NULL : page;
}

/*
 * stable_tree_search - search for page inside the stable tree
 *
 * This function checks if there is a page inside the stable tree
 * with identical content to the page that we are scanning right now.
 *
 * This function returns the stable tree node of identical content if found,
 * NULL otherwise.
 */
static struct page *stable_tree_search(struct page *page)
{
	struct rb_node *node = root_stable_tree.rb_node;
	struct stable_node *stable_node;

	stable_node = page_stable_node(page);
	if (stable_node) {			/* ksm page forked */
		get_page(page);
		return page;
	}

	while (node) {
		struct page *tree_page;
		int ret;

		cond_resched();
		stable_node = rb_entry(node, struct stable_node, node);
		tree_page = get_ksm_page(stable_node);
		if (!tree_page)
			return NULL;

		ret = memcmp_pages(page, tree_page);

		if (ret < 0) {
			put_page(tree_page);
			node = node->rb_left;
		} else if (ret > 0) {
			put_page(tree_page);
			node = node->rb_right;
		} else
			return tree_page;
	}

	return NULL;
}

/*
 * stable_tree_insert - insert rmap_item pointing to new ksm page
 * into the stable tree.
 *
 * This function returns the stable tree node just allocated on success,
 * NULL otherwise.
 */
static struct stable_node *stable_tree_insert(struct page *kpage)
{
	struct rb_node **new = &root_stable_tree.rb_node;
	struct rb_node *parent = NULL;
	struct stable_node *stable_node;

	while (*new) {
		struct page *tree_page;
		int ret;

		cond_resched();
		stable_node = rb_entry(*new, struct stable_node, node);
		tree_page = get_ksm_page(stable_node);
		if (!tree_page)
			return NULL;

		ret = memcmp_pages(kpage, tree_page);
		put_page(tree_page);

		parent = *new;
		if (ret < 0)
			new = &parent->rb_left;
		else if (ret > 0)
			new = &parent->rb_right;
		else {
			/*
			 * It is not a bug that stable_tree_search() didn't
			 * find this node: because at that time our page was
			 * not yet write-protected, so may have changed since.
			 */
			return NULL;
		}
	}

	stable_node = alloc_stable_node();
	if (!stable_node)
		return NULL;

	rb_link_node(&stable_node->node, parent, new);
	rb_insert_color(&stable_node->node, &root_stable_tree);

	INIT_HLIST_HEAD(&stable_node->hlist);

	stable_node->kpfn = page_to_pfn(kpage);
	set_page_stable_node(kpage, stable_node);

	return stable_node;
}

/*
 * unstable_tree_search_insert - search for identical page,
 * else insert rmap_item into the unstable tree.
 *
 * This function searches for a page in the unstable tree identical to the
 * page currently being scanned; and if no identical page is found in the
 * tree, we insert rmap_item as a new object into the unstable tree.
 *
 * This function returns pointer to rmap_item found to be identical
 * to the currently scanned page, NULL otherwise.
 *
 * This function does both searching and inserting, because they share
 * the same walking algorithm in an rbtree.
 */
static
struct rmap_item *unstable_tree_search_insert(struct rmap_item *rmap_item,
					      struct page *page,
					      struct page **tree_pagep)

{
	struct rb_node **new = &root_unstable_tree.rb_node;
	struct rb_node *parent = NULL;

	while (*new) {
		struct rmap_item *tree_rmap_item;
		struct page *tree_page;
		int ret;

		cond_resched();
		tree_rmap_item = rb_entry(*new, struct rmap_item, node);
		tree_page = get_mergeable_page(tree_rmap_item);
		if (IS_ERR_OR_NULL(tree_page))
			return NULL;

		/*
		 * Don't substitute a ksm page for a forked page.
		 */
		if (page == tree_page) {
			put_page(tree_page);
			return NULL;
		}

		ret = memcmp_pages(page, tree_page);

		parent = *new;
		if (ret < 0) {
			put_page(tree_page);
			new = &parent->rb_left;
		} else if (ret > 0) {
			put_page(tree_page);
			new = &parent->rb_right;
		} else {
			*tree_pagep = tree_page;
			return tree_rmap_item;
		}
	}

	rmap_item->address |= UNSTABLE_FLAG;
	rmap_item->address |= (ksm_scan.seqnr & SEQNR_MASK);
	rb_link_node(&rmap_item->node, parent, new);
	rb_insert_color(&rmap_item->node, &root_unstable_tree);

	ksm_pages_unshared++;
	return NULL;
}

/*
 * stable_tree_append - add another rmap_item to the linked list of
 * rmap_items hanging off a given node of the stable tree, all sharing
 * the same ksm page.
 */
static void stable_tree_append(struct rmap_item *rmap_item,
			       struct stable_node *stable_node)
{
	rmap_item->head = stable_node;
	rmap_item->address |= STABLE_FLAG;
	hlist_add_head(&rmap_item->hlist, &stable_node->hlist);

	if (rmap_item->hlist.next)
		ksm_pages_sharing++;
	else
		ksm_pages_shared++;
}

/*
 * cmp_and_merge_page - first see if page can be merged into the stable tree;
 * if not, compare checksum to previous and if it's the same, see if page can
 * be inserted into the unstable tree, or merged with a page already there and
 * both transferred to the stable tree.
 *
 * @page: the page that we are searching identical page to.
 * @rmap_item: the reverse mapping into the virtual address of this page
 */
static void cmp_and_merge_page(struct page *page, struct rmap_item *rmap_item)
{
	struct rmap_item *tree_rmap_item;
	struct page *tree_page = NULL;
	struct stable_node *stable_node;
	struct page *kpage;
	unsigned int checksum;
	int err;

	remove_rmap_item_from_tree(rmap_item);

	/* We first start with searching the page inside the stable tree */
	kpage = stable_tree_search(page);
	if (kpage) {
		err = try_to_merge_with_ksm_page(rmap_item, page, kpage);
		if (!err) {
			/*
			 * The page was successfully merged:
			 * add its rmap_item to the stable tree.
			 */
			lock_page(kpage);
			stable_tree_append(rmap_item, page_stable_node(kpage));
			unlock_page(kpage);
		}
		put_page(kpage);
		return;
	}

	/*
	 * If the hash value of the page has changed from the last time
	 * we calculated it, this page is changing frequently: therefore we
	 * don't want to insert it in the unstable tree, and we don't want
	 * to waste our time searching for something identical to it there.
	 */
	checksum = calc_checksum(page);
	if (rmap_item->oldchecksum != checksum) {
		rmap_item->oldchecksum = checksum;
		return;
	}

	tree_rmap_item =
		unstable_tree_search_insert(rmap_item, page, &tree_page);
	if (tree_rmap_item) {
		kpage = try_to_merge_two_pages(rmap_item, page,
						tree_rmap_item, tree_page);
		put_page(tree_page);
		/*
		 * As soon as we merge this page, we want to remove the
		 * rmap_item of the page we have merged with from the unstable
		 * tree, and insert it instead as new node in the stable tree.
		 */
		if (kpage) {
			remove_rmap_item_from_tree(tree_rmap_item);

			lock_page(kpage);
			stable_node = stable_tree_insert(kpage);
			if (stable_node) {
				stable_tree_append(tree_rmap_item, stable_node);
				stable_tree_append(rmap_item, stable_node);
			}
			unlock_page(kpage);

			/*
			 * If we fail to insert the page into the stable tree,
			 * we will have 2 virtual addresses that are pointing
			 * to a ksm page left outside the stable tree,
			 * in which case we need to break_cow on both.
			 */
			if (!stable_node) {
				break_cow(tree_rmap_item);
				break_cow(rmap_item);
			}
		}
	}
}

static struct rmap_item *get_next_rmap_item(struct mm_slot *mm_slot,
					    struct rmap_item **rmap_list,
					    unsigned long addr)
{
	struct rmap_item *rmap_item;

	while (*rmap_list) {
		rmap_item = *rmap_list;
		if ((rmap_item->address & PAGE_MASK) == addr)
			return rmap_item;
		if (rmap_item->address > addr)
			break;
		*rmap_list = rmap_item->rmap_list;
		remove_rmap_item_from_tree(rmap_item);
		free_rmap_item(rmap_item);
	}

	rmap_item = alloc_rmap_item();
	if (rmap_item) {
		/* It has already been zeroed */
		rmap_item->mm = mm_slot->mm;
		rmap_item->address = addr;
		rmap_item->rmap_list = *rmap_list;
		*rmap_list = rmap_item;
	}
	return rmap_item;
}

static struct rmap_item *scan_get_next_rmap_item(struct page **page)
{
	struct mm_struct *mm;
	struct mm_slot *slot;
	struct vm_area_struct *vma;
	struct rmap_item *rmap_item;

	if (list_empty(&ksm_mm_head.mm_list))
		return NULL;

	slot = ksm_scan.mm_slot;
	if (slot == &ksm_mm_head) {
		/*
		 * A number of pages can hang around indefinitely on per-cpu
		 * pagevecs, raised page count preventing write_protect_page
		 * from merging them.  Though it doesn't really matter much,
		 * it is puzzling to see some stuck in pages_volatile until
		 * other activity jostles them out, and they also prevented
		 * LTP's KSM test from succeeding deterministically; so drain
		 * them here (here rather than on entry to ksm_do_scan(),
		 * so we don't IPI too often when pages_to_scan is set low).
		 */
		lru_add_drain_all();

		root_unstable_tree = RB_ROOT;

		spin_lock(&ksm_mmlist_lock);
		slot = list_entry(slot->mm_list.next, struct mm_slot, mm_list);
		ksm_scan.mm_slot = slot;
		spin_unlock(&ksm_mmlist_lock);
next_mm:
		ksm_scan.address = 0;
		ksm_scan.rmap_list = &slot->rmap_list;
	}

	mm = slot->mm;
	down_read(&mm->mmap_sem);
	if (ksm_test_exit(mm))
		vma = NULL;
	else
		vma = find_vma(mm, ksm_scan.address);

	for (; vma; vma = vma->vm_next) {
		if (!(vma->vm_flags & VM_MERGEABLE))
			continue;
		if (ksm_scan.address < vma->vm_start)
			ksm_scan.address = vma->vm_start;
		if (!vma->anon_vma)
			ksm_scan.address = vma->vm_end;

		while (ksm_scan.address < vma->vm_end) {
			if (ksm_test_exit(mm))
				break;
			*page = follow_page(vma, ksm_scan.address, FOLL_GET);
			if (IS_ERR_OR_NULL(*page)) {
				ksm_scan.address += PAGE_SIZE;
				cond_resched();
				continue;
			}
			if (PageAnon(*page) ||
			    page_trans_compound_anon(*page)) {
				flush_anon_page(vma, *page, ksm_scan.address);
				flush_dcache_page(*page);
				rmap_item = get_next_rmap_item(slot,
					ksm_scan.rmap_list, ksm_scan.address);
				if (rmap_item) {
					ksm_scan.rmap_list =
							&rmap_item->rmap_list;
					ksm_scan.address += PAGE_SIZE;
				} else
					put_page(*page);
				up_read(&mm->mmap_sem);
				return rmap_item;
			}
			put_page(*page);
			ksm_scan.address += PAGE_SIZE;
			cond_resched();
		}
	}

	if (ksm_test_exit(mm)) {
		ksm_scan.address = 0;
		ksm_scan.rmap_list = &slot->rmap_list;
	}
	/*
	 * Nuke all the rmap_items that are above this current rmap:
	 * because there were no VM_MERGEABLE vmas with such addresses.
	 */
	remove_trailing_rmap_items(slot, ksm_scan.rmap_list);

	spin_lock(&ksm_mmlist_lock);
	ksm_scan.mm_slot = list_entry(slot->mm_list.next,
						struct mm_slot, mm_list);
	if (ksm_scan.address == 0) {
		/*
		 * We've completed a full scan of all vmas, holding mmap_sem
		 * throughout, and found no VM_MERGEABLE: so do the same as
		 * __ksm_exit does to remove this mm from all our lists now.
		 * This applies either when cleaning up after __ksm_exit
		 * (but beware: we can reach here even before __ksm_exit),
		 * or when all VM_MERGEABLE areas have been unmapped (and
		 * mmap_sem then protects against race with MADV_MERGEABLE).
		 */
		hlist_del(&slot->link);
		list_del(&slot->mm_list);
		spin_unlock(&ksm_mmlist_lock);

		free_mm_slot(slot);
		clear_bit(MMF_VM_MERGEABLE, &mm->flags);
		up_read(&mm->mmap_sem);
		mmdrop(mm);
	} else {
		spin_unlock(&ksm_mmlist_lock);
		up_read(&mm->mmap_sem);
	}

	/* Repeat until we've completed scanning the whole list */
	slot = ksm_scan.mm_slot;
	if (slot != &ksm_mm_head)
		goto next_mm;

	ksm_scan.seqnr++;
	return NULL;
}

/**
 * ksm_do_scan  - the ksm scanner main worker function.
 * @scan_npages - number of pages we want to scan before we return.
 */
static void ksm_do_scan(unsigned int scan_npages)
{
	struct rmap_item *rmap_item;
	struct page *uninitialized_var(page);

	while (scan_npages-- && likely(!freezing(current))) {
		cond_resched();
		rmap_item = scan_get_next_rmap_item(&page);
		if (!rmap_item)
			return;
		if (!PageKsm(page) || !in_stable_tree(rmap_item))
			cmp_and_merge_page(page, rmap_item);
		put_page(page);
	}
}

static int ksmd_should_run(void)
{
	return (ksm_run & KSM_RUN_MERGE) && !list_empty(&ksm_mm_head.mm_list);
}

static int ksm_scan_thread(void *nothing)
{
	set_freezable();
	set_user_nice(current, 5);

	while (!kthread_should_stop()) {
		mutex_lock(&ksm_thread_mutex);
		if (ksmd_should_run())
			ksm_do_scan(ksm_thread_pages_to_scan);
		mutex_unlock(&ksm_thread_mutex);

		try_to_freeze();

		if (ksmd_should_run()) {
			schedule_timeout_interruptible(
				msecs_to_jiffies(ksm_thread_sleep_millisecs));
		} else {
			wait_event_freezable(ksm_thread_wait,
				ksmd_should_run() || kthread_should_stop());
		}
	}
	return 0;
}

int ksm_madvise(struct vm_area_struct *vma, unsigned long start,
		unsigned long end, int advice, unsigned long *vm_flags)
{
	struct mm_struct *mm = vma->vm_mm;
	int err;

	switch (advice) {
	case MADV_MERGEABLE:
		/*
		 * Be somewhat over-protective for now!
		 */
		if (*vm_flags & (VM_MERGEABLE | VM_SHARED  | VM_MAYSHARE   |
				 VM_PFNMAP    | VM_IO      | VM_DONTEXPAND |
				 VM_RESERVED  | VM_HUGETLB | VM_INSERTPAGE |
				 VM_NONLINEAR | VM_MIXEDMAP | VM_SAO))
			return 0;		/* just ignore the advice */

		if (!test_bit(MMF_VM_MERGEABLE, &mm->flags)) {
			err = __ksm_enter(mm);
			if (err)
				return err;
		}

		*vm_flags |= VM_MERGEABLE;
		break;

	case MADV_UNMERGEABLE:
		if (!(*vm_flags & VM_MERGEABLE))
			return 0;		/* just ignore the advice */

		if (vma->anon_vma) {
			err = unmerge_ksm_pages(vma, start, end);
			if (err)
				return err;
		}

		*vm_flags &= ~VM_MERGEABLE;
		break;
	}

	return 0;
}

int __ksm_enter(struct mm_struct *mm)
{
	struct mm_slot *mm_slot;
	int needs_wakeup;

	mm_slot = alloc_mm_slot();
	if (!mm_slot)
		return -ENOMEM;

	/* Check ksm_run too?  Would need tighter locking */
	needs_wakeup = list_empty(&ksm_mm_head.mm_list);

	spin_lock(&ksm_mmlist_lock);
	insert_to_mm_slots_hash(mm, mm_slot);
	/*
	 * Insert just behind the scanning cursor, to let the area settle
	 * down a little; when fork is followed by immediate exec, we don't
	 * want ksmd to waste time setting up and tearing down an rmap_list.
	 */
	list_add_tail(&mm_slot->mm_list, &ksm_scan.mm_slot->mm_list);
	spin_unlock(&ksm_mmlist_lock);

	set_bit(MMF_VM_MERGEABLE, &mm->flags);
	atomic_inc(&mm->mm_count);

	if (needs_wakeup)
		wake_up_interruptible(&ksm_thread_wait);

	return 0;
}

void __ksm_exit(struct mm_struct *mm)
{
	struct mm_slot *mm_slot;
	int easy_to_free = 0;

	/*
	 * This process is exiting: if it's straightforward (as is the
	 * case when ksmd was never running), free mm_slot immediately.
	 * But if it's at the cursor or has rmap_items linked to it, use
	 * mmap_sem to synchronize with any break_cows before pagetables
	 * are freed, and leave the mm_slot on the list for ksmd to free.
	 * Beware: ksm may already have noticed it exiting and freed the slot.
	 */

	spin_lock(&ksm_mmlist_lock);
	mm_slot = get_mm_slot(mm);
	if (mm_slot && ksm_scan.mm_slot != mm_slot) {
		if (!mm_slot->rmap_list) {
			hlist_del(&mm_slot->link);
			list_del(&mm_slot->mm_list);
			easy_to_free = 1;
		} else {
			list_move(&mm_slot->mm_list,
				  &ksm_scan.mm_slot->mm_list);
		}
	}
	spin_unlock(&ksm_mmlist_lock);

	if (easy_to_free) {
		free_mm_slot(mm_slot);
		clear_bit(MMF_VM_MERGEABLE, &mm->flags);
		mmdrop(mm);
	} else if (mm_slot) {
		down_write(&mm->mmap_sem);
		up_write(&mm->mmap_sem);
	}
}

struct page *ksm_does_need_to_copy(struct page *page,
			struct vm_area_struct *vma, unsigned long address)
{
	struct page *new_page;

	new_page = alloc_page_vma(GFP_HIGHUSER_MOVABLE, vma, address);
	if (new_page) {
		copy_user_highpage(new_page, page, address, vma);

		SetPageDirty(new_page);
		__SetPageUptodate(new_page);
		SetPageSwapBacked(new_page);
		__set_page_locked(new_page);

		if (page_evictable(new_page, vma))
			lru_cache_add_lru(new_page, LRU_ACTIVE_ANON);
		else
			add_page_to_unevictable_list(new_page);
	}

	return new_page;
}

int page_referenced_ksm(struct page *page, struct mem_cgroup *memcg,
			unsigned long *vm_flags)
{
	struct stable_node *stable_node;
	struct rmap_item *rmap_item;
	struct hlist_node *hlist;
	unsigned int mapcount = page_mapcount(page);
	int referenced = 0;
	int search_new_forks = 0;

	VM_BUG_ON(!PageKsm(page));
	VM_BUG_ON(!PageLocked(page));

	stable_node = page_stable_node(page);
	if (!stable_node)
		return 0;
again:
	hlist_for_each_entry(rmap_item, hlist, &stable_node->hlist, hlist) {
		struct anon_vma *anon_vma = rmap_item->anon_vma;
		struct anon_vma_chain *vmac;
		struct vm_area_struct *vma;

		anon_vma_lock(anon_vma);
		list_for_each_entry(vmac, &anon_vma->head, same_anon_vma) {
			vma = vmac->vma;
			if (rmap_item->address < vma->vm_start ||
			    rmap_item->address >= vma->vm_end)
				continue;
			/*
			 * Initially we examine only the vma which covers this
			 * rmap_item; but later, if there is still work to do,
			 * we examine covering vmas in other mms: in case they
			 * were forked from the original since ksmd passed.
			 */
			if ((rmap_item->mm == vma->vm_mm) == search_new_forks)
				continue;

			if (memcg && !mm_match_cgroup(vma->vm_mm, memcg))
				continue;

			referenced += page_referenced_one(page, vma,
				rmap_item->address, &mapcount, vm_flags);
			if (!search_new_forks || !mapcount)
				break;
		}
		anon_vma_unlock(anon_vma);
		if (!mapcount)
			goto out;
	}
	if (!search_new_forks++)
		goto again;
out:
	return referenced;
}

int try_to_unmap_ksm(struct page *page, enum ttu_flags flags)
{
	struct stable_node *stable_node;
	struct hlist_node *hlist;
	struct rmap_item *rmap_item;
	int ret = SWAP_AGAIN;
	int search_new_forks = 0;

	VM_BUG_ON(!PageKsm(page));
	VM_BUG_ON(!PageLocked(page));

	stable_node = page_stable_node(page);
	if (!stable_node)
		return SWAP_FAIL;
again:
	hlist_for_each_entry(rmap_item, hlist, &stable_node->hlist, hlist) {
		struct anon_vma *anon_vma = rmap_item->anon_vma;
		struct anon_vma_chain *vmac;
		struct vm_area_struct *vma;

		anon_vma_lock(anon_vma);
		list_for_each_entry(vmac, &anon_vma->head, same_anon_vma) {
			vma = vmac->vma;
			if (rmap_item->address < vma->vm_start ||
			    rmap_item->address >= vma->vm_end)
				continue;
			/*
			 * Initially we examine only the vma which covers this
			 * rmap_item; but later, if there is still work to do,
			 * we examine covering vmas in other mms: in case they
			 * were forked from the original since ksmd passed.
			 */
			if ((rmap_item->mm == vma->vm_mm) == search_new_forks)
				continue;

			ret = try_to_unmap_one(page, vma,
					rmap_item->address, flags);
			if (ret != SWAP_AGAIN || !page_mapped(page)) {
				anon_vma_unlock(anon_vma);
				goto out;
			}
		}
		anon_vma_unlock(anon_vma);
	}
	if (!search_new_forks++)
		goto again;
out:
	return ret;
}

#ifdef CONFIG_MIGRATION
int rmap_walk_ksm(struct page *page, int (*rmap_one)(struct page *,
		  struct vm_area_struct *, unsigned long, void *), void *arg)
{
	struct stable_node *stable_node;
	struct hlist_node *hlist;
	struct rmap_item *rmap_item;
	int ret = SWAP_AGAIN;
	int search_new_forks = 0;

	VM_BUG_ON(!PageKsm(page));
	VM_BUG_ON(!PageLocked(page));

	stable_node = page_stable_node(page);
	if (!stable_node)
		return ret;
again:
	hlist_for_each_entry(rmap_item, hlist, &stable_node->hlist, hlist) {
		struct anon_vma *anon_vma = rmap_item->anon_vma;
		struct anon_vma_chain *vmac;
		struct vm_area_struct *vma;

		anon_vma_lock(anon_vma);
		list_for_each_entry(vmac, &anon_vma->head, same_anon_vma) {
			vma = vmac->vma;
			if (rmap_item->address < vma->vm_start ||
			    rmap_item->address >= vma->vm_end)
				continue;
			/*
			 * Initially we examine only the vma which covers this
			 * rmap_item; but later, if there is still work to do,
			 * we examine covering vmas in other mms: in case they
			 * were forked from the original since ksmd passed.
			 */
			if ((rmap_item->mm == vma->vm_mm) == search_new_forks)
				continue;

			ret = rmap_one(page, vma, rmap_item->address, arg);
			if (ret != SWAP_AGAIN) {
				anon_vma_unlock(anon_vma);
				goto out;
			}
		}
		anon_vma_unlock(anon_vma);
	}
	if (!search_new_forks++)
		goto again;
out:
	return ret;
}

void ksm_migrate_page(struct page *newpage, struct page *oldpage)
{
	struct stable_node *stable_node;

	VM_BUG_ON(!PageLocked(oldpage));
	VM_BUG_ON(!PageLocked(newpage));
	VM_BUG_ON(newpage->mapping != oldpage->mapping);

	stable_node = page_stable_node(newpage);
	if (stable_node) {
		VM_BUG_ON(stable_node->kpfn != page_to_pfn(oldpage));
		stable_node->kpfn = page_to_pfn(newpage);
	}
}
#endif /* CONFIG_MIGRATION */

#ifdef CONFIG_MEMORY_HOTREMOVE
static struct stable_node *ksm_check_stable_tree(unsigned long start_pfn,
						 unsigned long end_pfn)
{
	struct rb_node *node;

	for (node = rb_first(&root_stable_tree); node; node = rb_next(node)) {
		struct stable_node *stable_node;

		stable_node = rb_entry(node, struct stable_node, node);
		if (stable_node->kpfn >= start_pfn &&
		    stable_node->kpfn < end_pfn)
			return stable_node;
	}
	return NULL;
}

static int ksm_memory_callback(struct notifier_block *self,
			       unsigned long action, void *arg)
{
	struct memory_notify *mn = arg;
	struct stable_node *stable_node;

	switch (action) {
	case MEM_GOING_OFFLINE:
		/*
		 * Keep it very simple for now: just lock out ksmd and
		 * MADV_UNMERGEABLE while any memory is going offline.
		 * mutex_lock_nested() is necessary because lockdep was alarmed
		 * that here we take ksm_thread_mutex inside notifier chain
		 * mutex, and later take notifier chain mutex inside
		 * ksm_thread_mutex to unlock it.   But that's safe because both
		 * are inside mem_hotplug_mutex.
		 */
		mutex_lock_nested(&ksm_thread_mutex, SINGLE_DEPTH_NESTING);
		break;

	case MEM_OFFLINE:
		/*
		 * Most of the work is done by page migration; but there might
		 * be a few stable_nodes left over, still pointing to struct
		 * pages which have been offlined: prune those from the tree.
		 */
		while ((stable_node = ksm_check_stable_tree(mn->start_pfn,
					mn->start_pfn + mn->nr_pages)) != NULL)
			remove_node_from_stable_tree(stable_node);
		/* fallthrough */

	case MEM_CANCEL_OFFLINE:
		mutex_unlock(&ksm_thread_mutex);
		break;
	}
	return NOTIFY_OK;
}
#endif /* CONFIG_MEMORY_HOTREMOVE */

#ifdef CONFIG_SYSFS
/*
 * This all compiles without CONFIG_SYSFS, but is a waste of space.
 */

#define KSM_ATTR_RO(_name) \
	static struct kobj_attribute _name##_attr = __ATTR_RO(_name)
#define KSM_ATTR(_name) \
	static struct kobj_attribute _name##_attr = \
		__ATTR(_name, 0644, _name##_show, _name##_store)

static ssize_t sleep_millisecs_show(struct kobject *kobj,
				    struct kobj_attribute *attr, char *buf)
{
	return sprintf(buf, "%u\n", ksm_thread_sleep_millisecs);
}

static ssize_t sleep_millisecs_store(struct kobject *kobj,
				     struct kobj_attribute *attr,
				     const char *buf, size_t count)
{
	unsigned long msecs;
	int err;

	err = strict_strtoul(buf, 10, &msecs);
	if (err || msecs > UINT_MAX)
		return -EINVAL;

	ksm_thread_sleep_millisecs = msecs;

	return count;
}
KSM_ATTR(sleep_millisecs);

static ssize_t pages_to_scan_show(struct kobject *kobj,
				  struct kobj_attribute *attr, char *buf)
{
	return sprintf(buf, "%u\n", ksm_thread_pages_to_scan);
}

static ssize_t pages_to_scan_store(struct kobject *kobj,
				   struct kobj_attribute *attr,
				   const char *buf, size_t count)
{
	int err;
	unsigned long nr_pages;

	err = strict_strtoul(buf, 10, &nr_pages);
	if (err || nr_pages > UINT_MAX)
		return -EINVAL;

	ksm_thread_pages_to_scan = nr_pages;

	return count;
}
KSM_ATTR(pages_to_scan);

static ssize_t run_show(struct kobject *kobj, struct kobj_attribute *attr,
			char *buf)
{
	return sprintf(buf, "%u\n", ksm_run);
}

static ssize_t run_store(struct kobject *kobj, struct kobj_attribute *attr,
			 const char *buf, size_t count)
{
	int err;
	unsigned long flags;

	err = strict_strtoul(buf, 10, &flags);
	if (err || flags > UINT_MAX)
		return -EINVAL;
	if (flags > KSM_RUN_UNMERGE)
		return -EINVAL;

	/*
	 * KSM_RUN_MERGE sets ksmd running, and 0 stops it running.
	 * KSM_RUN_UNMERGE stops it running and unmerges all rmap_items,
	 * breaking COW to free the pages_shared (but leaves mm_slots
	 * on the list for when ksmd may be set running again).
	 */

	mutex_lock(&ksm_thread_mutex);
	if (ksm_run != flags) {
		ksm_run = flags;
		if (flags & KSM_RUN_UNMERGE) {
			current->flags |= PF_OOM_ORIGIN;
			err = unmerge_and_remove_all_rmap_items();
			current->flags &= ~PF_OOM_ORIGIN;
			if (err) {
				ksm_run = KSM_RUN_STOP;
				count = err;
			}
		}
	}
	mutex_unlock(&ksm_thread_mutex);

	if (flags & KSM_RUN_MERGE)
		wake_up_interruptible(&ksm_thread_wait);

	return count;
}
KSM_ATTR(run);

static ssize_t pages_shared_show(struct kobject *kobj,
				 struct kobj_attribute *attr, char *buf)
{
	return sprintf(buf, "%lu\n", ksm_pages_shared);
}
KSM_ATTR_RO(pages_shared);

static ssize_t pages_sharing_show(struct kobject *kobj,
				  struct kobj_attribute *attr, char *buf)
{
	return sprintf(buf, "%lu\n", ksm_pages_sharing);
}
KSM_ATTR_RO(pages_sharing);

static ssize_t pages_unshared_show(struct kobject *kobj,
				   struct kobj_attribute *attr, char *buf)
{
	return sprintf(buf, "%lu\n", ksm_pages_unshared);
}
KSM_ATTR_RO(pages_unshared);

static ssize_t pages_volatile_show(struct kobject *kobj,
				   struct kobj_attribute *attr, char *buf)
{
	long ksm_pages_volatile;

	ksm_pages_volatile = ksm_rmap_items - ksm_pages_shared
				- ksm_pages_sharing - ksm_pages_unshared;
	/*
	 * It was not worth any locking to calculate that statistic,
	 * but it might therefore sometimes be negative: conceal that.
	 */
	if (ksm_pages_volatile < 0)
		ksm_pages_volatile = 0;
	return sprintf(buf, "%ld\n", ksm_pages_volatile);
}
KSM_ATTR_RO(pages_volatile);

static ssize_t full_scans_show(struct kobject *kobj,
			       struct kobj_attribute *attr, char *buf)
{
	return sprintf(buf, "%lu\n", ksm_scan.seqnr);
}
KSM_ATTR_RO(full_scans);

static struct attribute *ksm_attrs[] = {
	&sleep_millisecs_attr.attr,
	&pages_to_scan_attr.attr,
	&run_attr.attr,
	&pages_shared_attr.attr,
	&pages_sharing_attr.attr,
	&pages_unshared_attr.attr,
	&pages_volatile_attr.attr,
	&full_scans_attr.attr,
	NULL,
};

static struct attribute_group ksm_attr_group = {
	.attrs = ksm_attrs,
	.name = "ksm",
};
#endif /* CONFIG_SYSFS */

static int __init ksm_init(void)
{
	struct task_struct *ksm_thread;
	int err;

	err = ksm_slab_init();
	if (err)
		goto out;

	ksm_thread = kthread_run(ksm_scan_thread, NULL, "ksmd");
	if (IS_ERR(ksm_thread)) {
		printk(KERN_ERR "ksm: creating kthread failed\n");
		err = PTR_ERR(ksm_thread);
		goto out_free;
	}

#ifdef CONFIG_SYSFS
	err = sysfs_create_group(mm_kobj, &ksm_attr_group);
	if (err) {
		printk(KERN_ERR "ksm: register sysfs failed\n");
		kthread_stop(ksm_thread);
		goto out_free;
	}
#else
	ksm_run = KSM_RUN_MERGE;	/* no way for user to start it */

#endif /* CONFIG_SYSFS */

#ifdef CONFIG_MEMORY_HOTREMOVE
	/*
	 * Choose a high priority since the callback takes ksm_thread_mutex:
	 * later callbacks could only be taking locks which nest within that.
	 */
	hotplug_memory_notifier(ksm_memory_callback, 100);
#endif
	return 0;

out_free:
	ksm_slab_free();
out:
	return err;
}
module_init(ksm_init)