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Diffstat (limited to 'Documentation/Changes')
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diff --git a/Documentation/Changes b/Documentation/Changes index ec97b77c8b00..7564ae1682ba 100644..120000 --- a/Documentation/Changes +++ b/Documentation/Changes @@ -1,411 +1 @@ -Intro -===== - -This document is designed to provide a list of the minimum levels of -software necessary to run the 3.0 kernels. - -This document is originally based on my "Changes" file for 2.0.x kernels -and therefore owes credit to the same people as that file (Jared Mauch, -Axel Boldt, Alessandro Sigala, and countless other users all over the -'net). - -Current Minimal Requirements -============================ - -Upgrade to at *least* these software revisions before thinking you've -encountered a bug! If you're unsure what version you're currently -running, the suggested command should tell you. - -Again, keep in mind that this list assumes you are already functionally -running a Linux kernel. Also, not all tools are necessary on all -systems; obviously, if you don't have any ISDN hardware, for example, -you probably needn't concern yourself with isdn4k-utils. - -o GNU C 3.2 # gcc --version -o GNU make 3.80 # make --version -o binutils 2.12 # ld -v -o util-linux 2.10o # fdformat --version -o module-init-tools 0.9.10 # depmod -V -o e2fsprogs 1.41.4 # e2fsck -V -o jfsutils 1.1.3 # fsck.jfs -V -o reiserfsprogs 3.6.3 # reiserfsck -V -o xfsprogs 2.6.0 # xfs_db -V -o squashfs-tools 4.0 # mksquashfs -version -o btrfs-progs 0.18 # btrfsck -o pcmciautils 004 # pccardctl -V -o quota-tools 3.09 # quota -V -o PPP 2.4.0 # pppd --version -o isdn4k-utils 3.1pre1 # isdnctrl 2>&1|grep version -o nfs-utils 1.0.5 # showmount --version -o procps 3.2.0 # ps --version -o oprofile 0.9 # oprofiled --version -o udev 081 # udevd --version -o grub 0.93 # grub --version || grub-install --version -o mcelog 0.6 # mcelog --version -o iptables 1.4.2 # iptables -V -o openssl & libcrypto 1.0.0 # openssl version -o bc 1.06.95 # bc --version - - -Kernel compilation -================== - -GCC ---- - -The gcc version requirements may vary depending on the type of CPU in your -computer. - -Make ----- - -You will need GNU make 3.80 or later to build the kernel. - -Binutils --------- - -Linux on IA-32 has recently switched from using as86 to using gas for -assembling the 16-bit boot code, removing the need for as86 to compile -your kernel. This change does, however, mean that you need a recent -release of binutils. - -Perl ----- - -You will need perl 5 and the following modules: Getopt::Long, Getopt::Std, -File::Basename, and File::Find to build the kernel. - -BC --- - -You will need bc to build kernels 3.10 and higher - - -OpenSSL -------- - -Module signing and external certificate handling use the OpenSSL program and -crypto library to do key creation and signature generation. - -You will need openssl to build kernels 3.7 and higher if module signing is -enabled. You will also need openssl development packages to build kernels 4.3 -and higher. - - -System utilities -================ - -Architectural changes ---------------------- - -DevFS has been obsoleted in favour of udev -(http://www.kernel.org/pub/linux/utils/kernel/hotplug/) - -32-bit UID support is now in place. Have fun! - -Linux documentation for functions is transitioning to inline -documentation via specially-formatted comments near their -definitions in the source. These comments can be combined with the -SGML templates in the Documentation/DocBook directory to make DocBook -files, which can then be converted by DocBook stylesheets to PostScript, -HTML, PDF files, and several other formats. In order to convert from -DocBook format to a format of your choice, you'll need to install Jade as -well as the desired DocBook stylesheets. - -Util-linux ----------- - -New versions of util-linux provide *fdisk support for larger disks, -support new options to mount, recognize more supported partition -types, have a fdformat which works with 2.4 kernels, and similar goodies. -You'll probably want to upgrade. - -Ksymoops --------- - -If the unthinkable happens and your kernel oopses, you may need the -ksymoops tool to decode it, but in most cases you don't. -It is generally preferred to build the kernel with CONFIG_KALLSYMS so -that it produces readable dumps that can be used as-is (this also -produces better output than ksymoops). If for some reason your kernel -is not build with CONFIG_KALLSYMS and you have no way to rebuild and -reproduce the Oops with that option, then you can still decode that Oops -with ksymoops. - -Module-Init-Tools ------------------ - -A new module loader is now in the kernel that requires module-init-tools -to use. It is backward compatible with the 2.4.x series kernels. - -Mkinitrd --------- - -These changes to the /lib/modules file tree layout also require that -mkinitrd be upgraded. - -E2fsprogs ---------- - -The latest version of e2fsprogs fixes several bugs in fsck and -debugfs. Obviously, it's a good idea to upgrade. - -JFSutils --------- - -The jfsutils package contains the utilities for the file system. -The following utilities are available: -o fsck.jfs - initiate replay of the transaction log, and check - and repair a JFS formatted partition. -o mkfs.jfs - create a JFS formatted partition. -o other file system utilities are also available in this package. - -Reiserfsprogs -------------- - -The reiserfsprogs package should be used for reiserfs-3.6.x -(Linux kernels 2.4.x). It is a combined package and contains working -versions of mkreiserfs, resize_reiserfs, debugreiserfs and -reiserfsck. These utils work on both i386 and alpha platforms. - -Xfsprogs --------- - -The latest version of xfsprogs contains mkfs.xfs, xfs_db, and the -xfs_repair utilities, among others, for the XFS filesystem. It is -architecture independent and any version from 2.0.0 onward should -work correctly with this version of the XFS kernel code (2.6.0 or -later is recommended, due to some significant improvements). - -PCMCIAutils ------------ - -PCMCIAutils replaces pcmcia-cs. It properly sets up -PCMCIA sockets at system startup and loads the appropriate modules -for 16-bit PCMCIA devices if the kernel is modularized and the hotplug -subsystem is used. - -Quota-tools ------------ - -Support for 32 bit uid's and gid's is required if you want to use -the newer version 2 quota format. Quota-tools version 3.07 and -newer has this support. Use the recommended version or newer -from the table above. - -Intel IA32 microcode --------------------- - -A driver has been added to allow updating of Intel IA32 microcode, -accessible as a normal (misc) character device. If you are not using -udev you may need to: - -mkdir /dev/cpu -mknod /dev/cpu/microcode c 10 184 -chmod 0644 /dev/cpu/microcode - -as root before you can use this. You'll probably also want to -get the user-space microcode_ctl utility to use with this. - -udev ----- -udev is a userspace application for populating /dev dynamically with -only entries for devices actually present. udev replaces the basic -functionality of devfs, while allowing persistent device naming for -devices. - -FUSE ----- - -Needs libfuse 2.4.0 or later. Absolute minimum is 2.3.0 but mount -options 'direct_io' and 'kernel_cache' won't work. - -Networking -========== - -General changes ---------------- - -If you have advanced network configuration needs, you should probably -consider using the network tools from ip-route2. - -Packet Filter / NAT -------------------- -The packet filtering and NAT code uses the same tools like the previous 2.4.x -kernel series (iptables). It still includes backwards-compatibility modules -for 2.2.x-style ipchains and 2.0.x-style ipfwadm. - -PPP ---- - -The PPP driver has been restructured to support multilink and to -enable it to operate over diverse media layers. If you use PPP, -upgrade pppd to at least 2.4.0. - -If you are not using udev, you must have the device file /dev/ppp -which can be made by: - -mknod /dev/ppp c 108 0 - -as root. - -Isdn4k-utils ------------- - -Due to changes in the length of the phone number field, isdn4k-utils -needs to be recompiled or (preferably) upgraded. - -NFS-utils ---------- - -In ancient (2.4 and earlier) kernels, the nfs server needed to know -about any client that expected to be able to access files via NFS. This -information would be given to the kernel by "mountd" when the client -mounted the filesystem, or by "exportfs" at system startup. exportfs -would take information about active clients from /var/lib/nfs/rmtab. - -This approach is quite fragile as it depends on rmtab being correct -which is not always easy, particularly when trying to implement -fail-over. Even when the system is working well, rmtab suffers from -getting lots of old entries that never get removed. - -With modern kernels we have the option of having the kernel tell mountd -when it gets a request from an unknown host, and mountd can give -appropriate export information to the kernel. This removes the -dependency on rmtab and means that the kernel only needs to know about -currently active clients. - -To enable this new functionality, you need to: - - mount -t nfsd nfsd /proc/fs/nfsd - -before running exportfs or mountd. It is recommended that all NFS -services be protected from the internet-at-large by a firewall where -that is possible. - -mcelog ------- - -On x86 kernels the mcelog utility is needed to process and log machine check -events when CONFIG_X86_MCE is enabled. Machine check events are errors reported -by the CPU. Processing them is strongly encouraged. - -Getting updated software -======================== - -Kernel compilation -****************** - -gcc ---- -o <ftp://ftp.gnu.org/gnu/gcc/> - -Make ----- -o <ftp://ftp.gnu.org/gnu/make/> - -Binutils --------- -o <ftp://ftp.kernel.org/pub/linux/devel/binutils/> - -OpenSSL -------- -o <https://www.openssl.org/> - -System utilities -**************** - -Util-linux ----------- -o <ftp://ftp.kernel.org/pub/linux/utils/util-linux/> - -Ksymoops --------- -o <ftp://ftp.kernel.org/pub/linux/utils/kernel/ksymoops/v2.4/> - -Module-Init-Tools ------------------ -o <ftp://ftp.kernel.org/pub/linux/kernel/people/rusty/modules/> - -Mkinitrd --------- -o <https://code.launchpad.net/initrd-tools/main> - -E2fsprogs ---------- -o <http://prdownloads.sourceforge.net/e2fsprogs/e2fsprogs-1.29.tar.gz> - -JFSutils --------- -o <http://jfs.sourceforge.net/> - -Reiserfsprogs -------------- -o <http://www.kernel.org/pub/linux/utils/fs/reiserfs/> - -Xfsprogs --------- -o <ftp://oss.sgi.com/projects/xfs/> - -Pcmciautils ------------ -o <ftp://ftp.kernel.org/pub/linux/utils/kernel/pcmcia/> - -Quota-tools ----------- -o <http://sourceforge.net/projects/linuxquota/> - -DocBook Stylesheets -------------------- -o <http://sourceforge.net/projects/docbook/files/docbook-dsssl/> - -XMLTO XSLT Frontend -------------------- -o <http://cyberelk.net/tim/xmlto/> - -Intel P6 microcode ------------------- -o <https://downloadcenter.intel.com/> - -udev ----- -o <http://www.freedesktop.org/software/systemd/man/udev.html> - -FUSE ----- -o <http://sourceforge.net/projects/fuse> - -mcelog ------- -o <http://www.mcelog.org/> - -Networking -********** - -PPP ---- -o <ftp://ftp.samba.org/pub/ppp/> - -Isdn4k-utils ------------- -o <ftp://ftp.isdn4linux.de/pub/isdn4linux/utils/> - -NFS-utils ---------- -o <http://sourceforge.net/project/showfiles.php?group_id=14> - -Iptables --------- -o <http://www.iptables.org/downloads.html> - -Ip-route2 ---------- -o <https://www.kernel.org/pub/linux/utils/net/iproute2/> - -OProfile --------- -o <http://oprofile.sf.net/download/> - -NFS-Utils ---------- -o <http://nfs.sourceforge.net/> +process/changes.rst
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